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core nanofibers for drug controlled release
Materials Letters ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎
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Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Materials Letters journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matlet
A facile approach to prepare shell/core nanofibers for drug controlled release Tonghe Zhu a,d, Chunyu Yang b,d, Sihao Chen b,d,n, Wenyao Li e,nn, Jianzhong Lou b,c,d, Jihu Wang b,d a
School of Fashion Design, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China c Department of Chemical Engineering and Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina A&T State University, 1601 E. Market St, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA d Multidisciplinary Center for Advanced Materials of Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China e School of Materials Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China b
art ic l e i nf o
a b s t r a c t
Article history: Received 23 November 2014 Accepted 25 February 2015
Model drug-loaded coaxial electrospun PVP@nano-biopolymers core–shell composite nanofibers were fabricated by a facile coaxial electrospinning successfully. The model drug FA, which is a kind of lipid microsphere non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, was shown to be successfully adsorbed in the PVP, and the formed FA/PVP/biopolymers composite nanofibers exhibit a uniform and smooth morphology. The loaded FA within the PVP/biopolymers coaxial nanofibers showed a sustained release profile. With the significantly reduced burst-release profile, the developed FA/PVP/biopolymers composite nanofibers were proposed to be a promising material in the fields of pharmaceutical science. & 2015 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Keywords: Coaxial electrospinning Shell/core structure Membranes Sustained release
1. Introduction The distinctive features of nanofibers such as flexibility in surface functionalities, superior mechanical durability, and interconnected and readily controlled secondary structures afford them to be used as a unique drug delivery system [1–4]. Until now, a number of different drug-loading methods have been developed via conventional, emulsion, or coaxial electrospinning techniques. In particular, coaxial electrospinning has been widely applied to control fiber secondary structures [5], to encapsulate drugs or biological agents into fibers [6,7], prepare nanofibers from materials that lack filament forming properties [8,9], and enclose functional liquids within the fiber matrix [10–12]. The flurbiprofen axetil (FA) drug molecules were physically encapsulated within the polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), followed by electrospinning the mixture solution of biopolymers and FA-loaded PVP to form a composite drug incorporated nanofiber, which was proven to be able to significantly alleviate the burst release of the FA [13]. This preliminary success leads us to hypothesize that other n
Corresponding author at: College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China. Tel.: þ86 21 67791239; fax: þ 86 21 67791239. nn Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (S. Chen), [email protected] (W. Li).
naturally occurring or synthetic polymer materials that have been used for drug delivery applications may also be able to be incorporated to encapsulate PVP to improve the drug release profile for various biomedical applications. In this work, we attempted to develop a facile approach to fabricating PVP-doped biomaterials nanofibers via electrospinning for drug encapsulation and release. A model drug FA was loaded in the PVP via physical blend. Then the FA-loaded PVP solution was coaxial electrostatic spinning with polymer solution for subsequent formation of electrospun FA/PVP/Biopolymers composite nanofibers (Scheme 1). The morphology and drug release behavior of the nanofibers were investigated and were compared with nanofibers of different shell materials. It was found that the approach in present work could successfully prepare nanofibers that have a burst drug release at the initial stage and subsequently a sustained drug release for a long period.
2. Materials and methods Materials: PLGA (MW ¼100,000 g/mol) and FA (purity 499%) were purchased from Jinan Daigang Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (China) and Shanghai Xinya Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (China), respectively. PVP (K30) was obtained from Shanghai Zhanyun Chemical Co., Ltd. (China). PLA (MW ¼ 240,000 g/mol) and PCL (MW ¼85,000 g/mol) were from Shenzhen Guanghuaweiye Biotechnology Co.,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2015.02.120 0167-577X/& 2015 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Please cite this article as: Zhu T, et al. A facile approach to prepare shell/core nanofibers for drug controlled release. Mater Lett (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2015.02.120i
67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 Q2 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97
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T. Zhu et al. / Materials Letters ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎
Ltd. (China). Dichloromethane (DCM), Trichloromethane (TCM), Ethanol absolute (EtOH), Acetone and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) were from Shanghai Lingfeng Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (China). All chemicals were used as received. Fabrication of composite nanofibers with shell/core structure: Biopolymers (PLGA, PLA, PCL) were dissolved in a mixture of DCM and DMF, TCM and DCM, Acetone and DMF with a volume ratio of 3:1, 3:1, 2:1, respectively, as shell layer solution. A mixture of EtOH and DMF (volume ratio 2:1) used as the solvent for dissolving PVP and FA at a concentration of 6 wt% as core layer solution. The mixture solution of shell layer and core layer was stirred for more than 8 h and ultrasound about 5 min before using. The coaxial spinneret consisted of two concentrically arranged capillaries. The inner capillary had inner and outer diameters of 0.35 mm and 0.65 mm, respectively, while the outer capillary had inner and outer diameters of 1.05 mm and 1.20 mm, respectively. 10 mL biopolymers solution and 10 mL PVP with FA solutions were contained in two individual syringes and connected to the coaxial spinneret respectively. The flow rates in the capillaries were controlled by two separate pumps. Both capillaries were connected to the same high voltage power supply. The coaxial electrospun nanofibers were collected on an aluminum foil placed above the flat grounded metal plate. The applied voltage and the distance between the tip of the spinneret and the collector were
Scheme 1. Schematic illustration of the encapsulation drug within shell/core structure nanofibers by coaxial electrospinning.
maintained at 20 kV and 14 cm, respectively. The shell flow rate was set to 1.0 mL/h, while the core flow rate was varied from 0.1 mL/h to 0.4 mL/h. All the electrospinning processes were carried out at around 25 1C and 50% relative humidity.
3. Results and discussion The formed PVP/FA solution with optimized FA loading percentage was then doped with biopolymers nanofibers via coaxial electrospinning to form FA/PVP/Biopolymers composite nanofibers (Scheme 1). For comparison, pure FA/PLGA blend nanofibers were also fabricated under similar electrospinning conditions. As a demonstration, the presence of FA within PVP/PLGA nanofibers was examined by metallurgical fluorescence microscope, Fig. 1(a). The green fluorescence illustrates that model drug could be homogeneously encapsulated within the core of coaxial nanofibers [14]. In addition, it was further confirmed by TEM, Fig. 1(b), the shell and core can be clearly seen. The surface morphology of the 10 wt% FA/PLGA blend, 10 wt% PLGA(shell)/6 wt% PVP/FA (core), 10 wt% PLA(shell)/6 wt% PVP/FA (core), 10 wt% PCL(shell)/6 wt% PVP/FA(core) nanofibers were observed via SEM (Fig. 2). In this study, SEM was used to characterize the morphology of the formed electrospinning nanofibers with different compositions. The successful incorporation of PVP within PLGA, PLA and PCL nanofibers has been confirmed by the in vitro drug release testing (Fig. S1, Supporting Information). With the easy electrospinnability of PLGA, PLA and PCL [15,16], the incorporation of PVP, FA, or FA-loaded PVP does not seem to significantly alter the uniform and smooth fibrous morphology of biopolymers nanofibers. The diameters of the electrospinning 10 wt% FA/PLGA hybrid nanofibers (Fig. 2(a)), 10 wt% PLGA(shell)/ 6 wt% PVP(core)/FA (Fig. 2(b)), 10 wt% PLA(shell)/6 wt% PVP(core)/ FA (Fig. 2(c)), and 10 wt% PCL (shell)/6 wt% PVP(core)/FA composite nanofibers (Fig. 2(d)) were estimated to be 368 740 nm, 397 721 nm, 710 716 nm, and 714 768 nm, respectively. The smaller diameters of the 10 wt% PLGA(shell)/6 wt% PVP(core)/FA composite nanofibers than that of PLA, PCL coaxial nanofibers are presumably due to the increase of the solution conductivity or the solution viscosity, which was caused by the biopolymers types and the introduction of PVP or FA species in the electrospinning solution. Different diameter distribution may lead to different drug release model. This may due to the effect of the surface morphology, suggesting that narrow diameter of coaxial fibers increase the surface area of nanofibers and allows easy penetration of water into and easy diffusion of biopolymers out of the composite nanofiber core.
Fig. 1. (a) Metallurgical fluorescence microscope image and (b) TEM image of FA within PVP/PLGA nanofibers.
Please cite this article as: Zhu T, et al. A facile approach to prepare shell/core nanofibers for drug controlled release. Mater Lett (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2015.02.120i
67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132
T. Zhu et al. / Materials Letters ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎
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Fig. 2. SEM images of coaxial electrospinning nanofibers: surface morphologies and diameter distribution of (a) FA/PLGA blend fibers, (b) FA/PVP/PLGA coaxial fibers, (c) FA/PVP/PLA coaxial fibers and (d) FA/PVP/PCL coaxial fibers.
4. Conclusion
Appendix A. Supporting information
In summary, we have developed a facile coaxial electrospinning approach to fabricate smooth and uniform FA/PVP/biopolymers composite nanofibers with improved FA release profile. The combination of two pathways for the FA dissociation first from PVP to biopolymers (PLGA, PLA or PCL) fiber matrix and then from biopolymers fiber matrix to the release medium is proven to be an efficient strategy to slow down the release rate of FA. It is important for biomedical applications requiring the drug to maintain long term analgesic efficacy.
Supplementary data associated with this article can be found in the online version at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2015.02.120.
Acknowledgments The authors sincerely appreciate the supports of Shanghai Major Construction Projects (11XK18BXKCZ1205), the Program of Shanghai Science and Technology Capacity Building Project Local Universities (11490501500) and Shanghai Graduate Innovation Entrepreneurial Training Projects”.
References [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16]
Jeffrey A, Hubbell, Ashutosh C. Science 2012;303:337. Wang XF, Ding B, Sun G, Wang MR, Yu JY. Prog. Mater. Sci. 2013;58:1173–243. Hu XL, Liu S, Zhou GY, et al. J. Control Release 2014;185:12–21. Malherbe I, Sanderson RD, Smit E. Polymer 2010;51:5037–43. Drexler JW, Powell HM. Acta Biomater. 2011;7:1133–9. Ji W, Yang F, Seyednejad H, et al. Biomaterials 2012;33:6604–14. Agarwal S, Greiner A, Wendorff JH. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2013;38:963–91. Jiang G, Qin X. Mater. Lett. 2014;128:259–62. Sill TJ, Recum HA. Biomaterials 2008;29:1989–2006. Sun B, Long YZ, Zhang HD, et al. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2014;39:862–90. Yu H, Jia YT, Yao CM, et al. Int. J. Pharm. 2014;469:17–22. Maretschek S, Greiner A, Kissel T. J. Control Release 2008;127:180–7. Przemysław B, Bożena K, Maciej G, Janusz P. Sci. World J. 2014:861904. Man ZT, Yin L, Shao ZX, et al. Biomaterials 2014;35:5250–60. Guo BL, Glavas L, Albertsson AC. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2013;38:1263–86. Zhang J, Wang Q, Wang A. Acta Biomater. 2010;6:445–54.
Please cite this article as: Zhu T, et al. A facile approach to prepare shell/core nanofibers for drug controlled release. Mater Lett (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2015.02.120i
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Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Materials Letters journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matlet
A facile approach to prepare shell/core nanofibers for drug controlled release Tonghe Zhu a,d, Chunyu Yang b,d, Sihao Chen b,d,n, Wenyao Li e,nn, Jianzhong Lou b,c,d, Jihu Wang b,d a
School of Fashion Design, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China c Department of Chemical Engineering and Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina A&T State University, 1601 E. Market St, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA d Multidisciplinary Center for Advanced Materials of Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China e School of Materials Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China b
art ic l e i nf o
a b s t r a c t
Article history: Received 23 November 2014 Accepted 25 February 2015
Model drug-loaded coaxial electrospun PVP@nano-biopolymers core–shell composite nanofibers were fabricated by a facile coaxial electrospinning successfully. The model drug FA, which is a kind of lipid microsphere non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, was shown to be successfully adsorbed in the PVP, and the formed FA/PVP/biopolymers composite nanofibers exhibit a uniform and smooth morphology. The loaded FA within the PVP/biopolymers coaxial nanofibers showed a sustained release profile. With the significantly reduced burst-release profile, the developed FA/PVP/biopolymers composite nanofibers were proposed to be a promising material in the fields of pharmaceutical science. & 2015 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Keywords: Coaxial electrospinning Shell/core structure Membranes Sustained release
1. Introduction The distinctive features of nanofibers such as flexibility in surface functionalities, superior mechanical durability, and interconnected and readily controlled secondary structures afford them to be used as a unique drug delivery system [1–4]. Until now, a number of different drug-loading methods have been developed via conventional, emulsion, or coaxial electrospinning techniques. In particular, coaxial electrospinning has been widely applied to control fiber secondary structures [5], to encapsulate drugs or biological agents into fibers [6,7], prepare nanofibers from materials that lack filament forming properties [8,9], and enclose functional liquids within the fiber matrix [10–12]. The flurbiprofen axetil (FA) drug molecules were physically encapsulated within the polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), followed by electrospinning the mixture solution of biopolymers and FA-loaded PVP to form a composite drug incorporated nanofiber, which was proven to be able to significantly alleviate the burst release of the FA [13]. This preliminary success leads us to hypothesize that other n
Corresponding author at: College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China. Tel.: þ86 21 67791239; fax: þ 86 21 67791239. nn Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (S. Chen), [email protected] (W. Li).
naturally occurring or synthetic polymer materials that have been used for drug delivery applications may also be able to be incorporated to encapsulate PVP to improve the drug release profile for various biomedical applications. In this work, we attempted to develop a facile approach to fabricating PVP-doped biomaterials nanofibers via electrospinning for drug encapsulation and release. A model drug FA was loaded in the PVP via physical blend. Then the FA-loaded PVP solution was coaxial electrostatic spinning with polymer solution for subsequent formation of electrospun FA/PVP/Biopolymers composite nanofibers (Scheme 1). The morphology and drug release behavior of the nanofibers were investigated and were compared with nanofibers of different shell materials. It was found that the approach in present work could successfully prepare nanofibers that have a burst drug release at the initial stage and subsequently a sustained drug release for a long period.
2. Materials and methods Materials: PLGA (MW ¼100,000 g/mol) and FA (purity 499%) were purchased from Jinan Daigang Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (China) and Shanghai Xinya Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (China), respectively. PVP (K30) was obtained from Shanghai Zhanyun Chemical Co., Ltd. (China). PLA (MW ¼ 240,000 g/mol) and PCL (MW ¼85,000 g/mol) were from Shenzhen Guanghuaweiye Biotechnology Co.,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2015.02.120 0167-577X/& 2015 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Please cite this article as: Zhu T, et al. A facile approach to prepare shell/core nanofibers for drug controlled release. Mater Lett (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2015.02.120i
67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 Q2 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66
T. Zhu et al. / Materials Letters ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎
Ltd. (China). Dichloromethane (DCM), Trichloromethane (TCM), Ethanol absolute (EtOH), Acetone and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) were from Shanghai Lingfeng Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (China). All chemicals were used as received. Fabrication of composite nanofibers with shell/core structure: Biopolymers (PLGA, PLA, PCL) were dissolved in a mixture of DCM and DMF, TCM and DCM, Acetone and DMF with a volume ratio of 3:1, 3:1, 2:1, respectively, as shell layer solution. A mixture of EtOH and DMF (volume ratio 2:1) used as the solvent for dissolving PVP and FA at a concentration of 6 wt% as core layer solution. The mixture solution of shell layer and core layer was stirred for more than 8 h and ultrasound about 5 min before using. The coaxial spinneret consisted of two concentrically arranged capillaries. The inner capillary had inner and outer diameters of 0.35 mm and 0.65 mm, respectively, while the outer capillary had inner and outer diameters of 1.05 mm and 1.20 mm, respectively. 10 mL biopolymers solution and 10 mL PVP with FA solutions were contained in two individual syringes and connected to the coaxial spinneret respectively. The flow rates in the capillaries were controlled by two separate pumps. Both capillaries were connected to the same high voltage power supply. The coaxial electrospun nanofibers were collected on an aluminum foil placed above the flat grounded metal plate. The applied voltage and the distance between the tip of the spinneret and the collector were
Scheme 1. Schematic illustration of the encapsulation drug within shell/core structure nanofibers by coaxial electrospinning.
maintained at 20 kV and 14 cm, respectively. The shell flow rate was set to 1.0 mL/h, while the core flow rate was varied from 0.1 mL/h to 0.4 mL/h. All the electrospinning processes were carried out at around 25 1C and 50% relative humidity.
3. Results and discussion The formed PVP/FA solution with optimized FA loading percentage was then doped with biopolymers nanofibers via coaxial electrospinning to form FA/PVP/Biopolymers composite nanofibers (Scheme 1). For comparison, pure FA/PLGA blend nanofibers were also fabricated under similar electrospinning conditions. As a demonstration, the presence of FA within PVP/PLGA nanofibers was examined by metallurgical fluorescence microscope, Fig. 1(a). The green fluorescence illustrates that model drug could be homogeneously encapsulated within the core of coaxial nanofibers [14]. In addition, it was further confirmed by TEM, Fig. 1(b), the shell and core can be clearly seen. The surface morphology of the 10 wt% FA/PLGA blend, 10 wt% PLGA(shell)/6 wt% PVP/FA (core), 10 wt% PLA(shell)/6 wt% PVP/FA (core), 10 wt% PCL(shell)/6 wt% PVP/FA(core) nanofibers were observed via SEM (Fig. 2). In this study, SEM was used to characterize the morphology of the formed electrospinning nanofibers with different compositions. The successful incorporation of PVP within PLGA, PLA and PCL nanofibers has been confirmed by the in vitro drug release testing (Fig. S1, Supporting Information). With the easy electrospinnability of PLGA, PLA and PCL [15,16], the incorporation of PVP, FA, or FA-loaded PVP does not seem to significantly alter the uniform and smooth fibrous morphology of biopolymers nanofibers. The diameters of the electrospinning 10 wt% FA/PLGA hybrid nanofibers (Fig. 2(a)), 10 wt% PLGA(shell)/ 6 wt% PVP(core)/FA (Fig. 2(b)), 10 wt% PLA(shell)/6 wt% PVP(core)/ FA (Fig. 2(c)), and 10 wt% PCL (shell)/6 wt% PVP(core)/FA composite nanofibers (Fig. 2(d)) were estimated to be 368 740 nm, 397 721 nm, 710 716 nm, and 714 768 nm, respectively. The smaller diameters of the 10 wt% PLGA(shell)/6 wt% PVP(core)/FA composite nanofibers than that of PLA, PCL coaxial nanofibers are presumably due to the increase of the solution conductivity or the solution viscosity, which was caused by the biopolymers types and the introduction of PVP or FA species in the electrospinning solution. Different diameter distribution may lead to different drug release model. This may due to the effect of the surface morphology, suggesting that narrow diameter of coaxial fibers increase the surface area of nanofibers and allows easy penetration of water into and easy diffusion of biopolymers out of the composite nanofiber core.
Fig. 1. (a) Metallurgical fluorescence microscope image and (b) TEM image of FA within PVP/PLGA nanofibers.
Please cite this article as: Zhu T, et al. A facile approach to prepare shell/core nanofibers for drug controlled release. Mater Lett (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2015.02.120i
67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132
T. Zhu et al. / Materials Letters ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎
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Fig. 2. SEM images of coaxial electrospinning nanofibers: surface morphologies and diameter distribution of (a) FA/PLGA blend fibers, (b) FA/PVP/PLGA coaxial fibers, (c) FA/PVP/PLA coaxial fibers and (d) FA/PVP/PCL coaxial fibers.
4. Conclusion
Appendix A. Supporting information
In summary, we have developed a facile coaxial electrospinning approach to fabricate smooth and uniform FA/PVP/biopolymers composite nanofibers with improved FA release profile. The combination of two pathways for the FA dissociation first from PVP to biopolymers (PLGA, PLA or PCL) fiber matrix and then from biopolymers fiber matrix to the release medium is proven to be an efficient strategy to slow down the release rate of FA. It is important for biomedical applications requiring the drug to maintain long term analgesic efficacy.
Supplementary data associated with this article can be found in the online version at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2015.02.120.
Acknowledgments The authors sincerely appreciate the supports of Shanghai Major Construction Projects (11XK18BXKCZ1205), the Program of Shanghai Science and Technology Capacity Building Project Local Universities (11490501500) and Shanghai Graduate Innovation Entrepreneurial Training Projects”.
References [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16]
Jeffrey A, Hubbell, Ashutosh C. Science 2012;303:337. Wang XF, Ding B, Sun G, Wang MR, Yu JY. Prog. Mater. Sci. 2013;58:1173–243. Hu XL, Liu S, Zhou GY, et al. J. Control Release 2014;185:12–21. Malherbe I, Sanderson RD, Smit E. Polymer 2010;51:5037–43. Drexler JW, Powell HM. Acta Biomater. 2011;7:1133–9. Ji W, Yang F, Seyednejad H, et al. Biomaterials 2012;33:6604–14. Agarwal S, Greiner A, Wendorff JH. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2013;38:963–91. Jiang G, Qin X. Mater. Lett. 2014;128:259–62. Sill TJ, Recum HA. Biomaterials 2008;29:1989–2006. Sun B, Long YZ, Zhang HD, et al. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2014;39:862–90. Yu H, Jia YT, Yao CM, et al. Int. J. Pharm. 2014;469:17–22. Maretschek S, Greiner A, Kissel T. J. Control Release 2008;127:180–7. Przemysław B, Bożena K, Maciej G, Janusz P. Sci. World J. 2014:861904. Man ZT, Yin L, Shao ZX, et al. Biomaterials 2014;35:5250–60. Guo BL, Glavas L, Albertsson AC. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2013;38:1263–86. Zhang J, Wang Q, Wang A. Acta Biomater. 2010;6:445–54.
Please cite this article as: Zhu T, et al. A facile approach to prepare shell/core nanofibers for drug controlled release. Mater Lett (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2015.02.120i
52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101