A global phylogeny of the fern genus Tectaria (Tectariaceae: Polypodiales) based on plastid and nuclear markers identifies major evolutionary lineages and suggests repeated evolution of free venation from anastomosing venation

Accepted Manuscript A global phylogeny of the fern genus Tectaria (Tectariaceae: Polypodiales) based on plastid and nuclear markers identifies major evolutionary lineages and suggests repeated evolution of free venation from anastomosing venation Liang Zhang, Xin-Mao Zhou, De-Kui Chen, Eric Schuettpelz, Ralf Knapp, Ngan Thi Lu, Thien Tam Luong, Minh Tri Dang, Yi-Fan Duan, Hai He, Xin-Fen Gao, Li-Bing Zhang PII: DOI: Reference:

S1055-7903(16)30404-3 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2017.05.020 YMPEV 5833

To appear in:

Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution

Received Date: Revised Date: Accepted Date:

9 December 2016 24 April 2017 22 May 2017

Please cite this article as: Zhang, L., Zhou, X-M., Chen, D-K., Schuettpelz, E., Knapp, R., Thi Lu, N., Tam Luong, T., Tri Dang, M., Duan, Y-F., He, H., Gao, X-F., Zhang, L-B., A global phylogeny of the fern genus Tectaria (Tectariaceae: Polypodiales) based on plastid and nuclear markers identifies major evolutionary lineages and suggests repeated evolution of free venation from anastomosing venation, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution (2017), doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2017.05.020

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Running title: Zhang et al. - Phylogeny and morphological evolution of Tectaria

A global phylogeny of the fern genus Tectaria (Tectariaceae: Polypodiales) based on plastid and nuclear markers identifies major evolutionary lineages and suggests repeated evolution of free venation from anastomosing venation Liang Zhanga, b, k, *, Xin-Mao Zhoua, k, *, De-Kui Chenc, *, Eric Schuettpelzd, Ralf Knappe, Ngan Thi Lua, f, g, Thien Tam Luongh, Minh Tri Dangi, Yi-Fan Duanj, Hai Hec, Xin-Fen Gaoa, † , and Li-Bing Zhanga, k, † a

CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 416, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; b Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China; c College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Shapingba, Chongqing 400047, China; d Department of Botany (MRC 166), National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, Washington DC 20013-7012, U.S.A.; e Correspondent of the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN, Paris, France), Steigestrasse 78, 69412 Eberbach, Germany; f Department of Biology, Vietnam National Museum of Nature, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18th Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Ha Noi, Việt Nam; g University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; h Department of Ecology - Evolutionary Biology, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City (VNUHCM) - University of Science, 227 Nguyen Van Cu Street, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Việt Nam; i Southern Institute of Ecology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 1 Mạc Đĩnh Chi, District 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Việt Nam; j Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University and International Cultivar Registration Center for Osmanthus, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210037, China; k Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, Missouri 63166-0299, U.S.A. *Co-first authors. † Corresponding authors: E-mails: [email protected]; [email protected]

Abstract Tectaria (Tectariaceae) is one of the most confusing fern genus in terms of its circumscription and phylogeny. Since its original description, a number of genera had been moved into or related with this genus, while others had been segregated from it. Tectaria is 1

also among the largest fern genera, comprising 150–210 mostly tropical species. Previous molecular studies have been far from comprehensive (sampling no more than 76 accessions from 52 species), limited in geographic scope (mainly restricted to Asia), and based exclusively on plastid markers. In the present study, DNA sequences of eight plastid and one nuclear marker of 360 accessions representing ca. 130 species of Tectaria, ca. 36 species of six non-Tectaria genera in Tectariaceae, 12 species of Davalliaceae, Oleandraceae, and Polypodiaceae, and 13 species of Lomariopsidaceae were used to infer a phylogeny with maximum likelihood, Bayesian inference, and maximum parsimony approaches. Our major results include: (1) the most recently proposed circumscription of Tectaria is strongly supported as monophyletic; (2) the genera Lenda, Microbrochis, Phlebiogonium, and Sagenia, sampled here for the first time, are resolved as part of Tectaria; (3) four superclades representing early splits in Tectaria are identified, with the Old World species being sister to the New World species; (4) 12 well-supported major clades in Tectaria are revealed, differing from one another in molecular, morphological, and geographical features; (5) evolution of 13 morphological characters is inferred in a phylogenetic context and morphological synapomorphies of various clades are identified; and in particular (6) free venation in Tectaria is inferred to be repeatedly derived from anastomosing venation, an evolutionary phenomenon not documented previously in vascular plants in a phylogenetic context based on both plastid and nuclear evidence. Key words: Convergence, evolution of leaf venation, eupolypods I, fern phylogeny, morphological evolution

Introduction As the largest genus in the fern family Tectariaceae (Smith et al., 2006; Zhang et al., 2016) and one of the largest genera of ferns, Tectaria Cav. (Figs. 1, 2) contains 150 to 210 species distributed mostly in the tropics (Tryon et al., 1989; Holttum, 1991). This genus had perhaps been one of the most confusing genera in ferns in terms of its circumscription and phylogeny. Since its description by Cavanilles (1799), a number of genera had been moved into or related with Tectaria by various authors based on various characters. Soon after the description of Tectaria, Aspidium Sw. (Swartz, 1801) was described, with the latter originally containing most species of Tectaria as currently delimited (Zhang et al., 2016), as well as species now placed in other genera. Although Aspidium was widely adopted by pteridologists at the time (Smith, 1841; Presl, 1836; Hooker and Baker, 1874), it was ultimately recognized as a superfluous name. The concept of Tectaria was gradually accepted by pteridologists in the 20th century (Underwood, 1906; Ching, 1931; Christensen, 1934). Underwood (1903) also accepted Arcypteris Underw., Pleocnemia C. Presl, and Sagenia C. Presl, while these genera were treated as synonyms of Tectaria by most other authors (Copeland, 1907, 1947; Ching, 1931). Holttum (1947) also recognized Arcypteris and Pleocnemia, together with Pteridrys C.Chr. & Ching, as a distinct subgroup in Tectariaceae. Later, he re-defined Pleocnemia and differentiated it from Arcypteris and Tectaria (Holttum, 1951). Under 2

Dennstaedtiaceae subfamily Tectarioideae, Holttum (1947) listed: (a) Amphiblestra C. Presl, Ctenitis (C.Chr.) C.Chr., Cyclopeltis J. Sm., Dictyoxiphium Hook., Hemigramma Christ, Heterogonium C. Presl, Lastreopsis Ching, Pleuroderris Maxon, Quercifilix Copel., Stenosemia C. Presl, and Tectaria; and (b) Arcypteris, Pleocnemia, and Pteridrys. Noting the value of characters such as leaf architecture and frond dimorphism, Tryon and Tryon (1982) synonymized Amphiblestra, Camptodium Fée, Dictyoxiphium, Fadyenia Hook., and Pleuroderris with Tectaria. In contrast, a number of different genera had been segregated from Tectaria s.l. including: Aenigmopteris Holttum, Amphiblestra, Aspidium, Camptodium, Cardiochlaena Fée, Chlamydogramme Holttum, Cionidium T. Moore, Ctenitopsis Ching ex Tardieu & C.Chr., Dictyoxiphium, Dictyopteris J.V. Lamour., Dryomensis Fée, Fadyenia, Hemigramma, Heterogonium, Lenda Koidz., Luerssenia Kuhn ex Luerssen, Microbrochis C. Presl, Phlebiogonium Fée, Pleocnemia, Pleuroderris, Podopeltis Fée, Psomiocarpa C. Presl, Pseudotectaria Tardieu-Blot, Quercifilix, Sagenia, Stenosemia, and Trichiocarpa (Hook.) J. Sm. (Morton, 1966; Pichi Sermolli, 1977; Holttum, 1986a, b). In addition, some species of Ctenitis and Dryopteris Adans. are often treated as members of Tectaria which has on occasion led to unstable delimitations of those genera (Kramer, 1978; Tryon and Tryon, 1982; Holttum, 1984). In spite of the different definitions of Tectaria, various infrageneric classifications have been proposed partly reflecting early phylogenetic hypotheses based on morphology. When studying the Philippine species, Copeland (1907) recognized seven groups: the Arcypteris group, the Cicutariae group, the Crenatae group, the Decurrentes group, the Pleocnemia group, the Trifoliatae-Polymorphae group, and the Vastae group. For the treatment of the material of Tectaria from China and Sikkim-Himalaya, Ching (1931) divided the genus into three sections: T. sect. Arcypteris (Underw.) C. Chr., T. sect. Pleocnemia (C. Presl) Diels, and "T. sect. Eutectaria Ching" (= T. sect. Tectaria). Holttum (1983) recognized three groups for the Mascarene species (excl. Pleocnemia): the main group, the Sagenia group, and the Tectaria dissecta group. Later, Holttum (1991) recognized two sections under Tectaria: T. sect. Sagenia (C. Presl) Holttum and T. sect. Tectaria. Wu and Ching (1991) and Wang (1999) divided the Chinese material into two sections: "T. sect. Myriocarpos" and T. sect. Tectaria. Recent molecular studies incorporating Tectaria have greatly improved our knowledge of its circumscription and phylogeny. Plastid data have confirmed the inclusion of Cionidium, Ctenitopsis, Dictyoxiphium, Fadyenia, Hemigramma, Heterogonium, Podopeltis, Psomiocarpa, Quercifilix, and Stenosemia in Tectaria (Schuettpelz and Pryer, 2007; Liu et al., 2013, 2014; Ding et al., 2014; Moran et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2014). Based on four plastid genes (atpA, atpB, rbcL, rps4), Christenhusz et al. (2013) showed that T. plantaginea (Jacq.) Maxon should be transferred to Dracoglossum Christenh. Using four plastid DNA markers (rbcL, rps4-trnS, trnG-trnR, trnL-F), Moran et al. (2014) demonstrated that T. brauniana (H. Karst.) C.Chr. and T. nicotianifolia (Baker) C.Chr. should be moved to Hypoderris R. Br. ex Hook. At the same time, based on three plastid markers (atpA, rbcL, trnL-F), Wang et al. (2014) found the same results for T. brauniana and identified three major clades in the genus. A recent study by Ding et al. (2014) contributed most notably to our understanding of relationships within Tectaria. With a focus on the Old World species, Ding et al. (2014) uncovered four major clades in Tectaria. They also found the four included New World 3

accessions of the genus to be monophyletic and embedded among the Old World species. However, Ding et al. (2014) used only plastid data and sampled just 76 accessions representing ca. 53 (ca. 30%) species from the Old World (mainly Chinese and Philippine taxa) and four accessions representing four (ca. 13%) species from the New World, leaving all or most taxa from Africa, Oceania, Indochina, Malesia, and the New World taxa unsampled. Using both plastid and nuclear data, Zhang et al. (2016) subsequently explored the phylogeny of Tectariaceae and found the family to contain seven genera: Arthropteris J. Sm. (treated in Arthropteridaceae by Liu et al., 2013), Draconopteris Li Bing Zhang & Liang Zhang, Hypoderris R. Br. ex Hook., Malaifilix Li Bing Zhang & Schuettp., Pteridrys, Tectaria, and Triplophyllum Holttum. However, only 23 accessions representing 17 (8.5%) species of Tectaria were sampled. Much of the controversy concerning the delimitation of Tectaria has stemmed from morphological convergence, a phenomenon that has been well documented in other fern groups (e.g., Ranker et al., 2004; Rothfels et al., 2008; Sundue and Rothfels, 2013). Ding et al. (2014) analyzed 13 morphological characters in Tectaria and demonstrated that all 13 are homoplasious, an uncommon case in ferns at the generic level. It remains unclear if the morphological homoplasy in Tectaria will intensify with a more comprehensively sampled phylogeny. One of the key morphological characters in Tectaria we are particularly interested in is the venation patterns. As one of the very few fern genera with substantial numbers of species having free and anastomosing veins, Tectaria is an ideal taxon to study the evolution of venation patterns in a phylogenetic context. It is generally recognized that anastomosing venation repeatedly evolved from free venation in both fossil and extant taxa of ferns and seed plants (Wagner, 1979; Roth-Nebelsick et al., 2001). Wagner (1979) even suggested that anastomosing venation evolved independently at least 50 times in ferns. However, the reversal evolution of free from anastomosing venation in vascular plants has only rarely been documented in literature. Based on sequences of two plastid intergenic spacers Moran et al. (2010) inferred one or two origins of free venation from anastomosing venation in two species of Bolbitis Schott (Dryopteridaceae), B. appendiculata (Willd.) K. Iwats. and B. major (Bedd.) Hennipman. Based on data from six plastid markers Zhang (2013) inferred an origin of free venation from anastomosing venation in one species of the genus Pteris L. (Pteridaceae), P. pallens Mett., and the relationships of the species are confirmed in a later study (Zhang et al., 2015). Based on the phylogeny of Pteris from sequences of two plastid genes, Chao et al. (2014) discovered the origin of free venation from anastomosing venation in their Clade A, but they wrongly coded the venation features in most species of the clade A (in their Fig. 5). Using sequences of five plastid markers Ding et al. (2014) discovered the most extensive reversal evolution of venation in ferns; in detail, fully or partly free veins in Tectaria were inferred to have evolved four times from anastomosing veins. However, Ding et al.'s (2014) work is based on a relatively small sampling for the large genus Tectaria and for non-Tectaria taxa in the family only five species in two genera were studied for evolution of venation patterns. Notably, all these earlier findings of evolution of free venation from anastomosing venation in ferns are exclusively based on plastid phylogenies which reflect the maternal evolution only. In this study, we aim: (1) to test the monophyly of Tectaria with broad taxonomic 4

(including 62–87% of global diversity) and character (incorporating plastid and nuclear markers) sampling; (2) to resolve relationships of some segregates never sampled before, such as Lenda, Microbrochis, Phlebiogonium, and Sagenia; (3) to determine the relationships of the New World species of Tectaria and test the monophyly of the Old World species; (4) to better resolve relationships across Tectaria and identify major evolutionary lineages; and (5) to evaluate the evolutionary history of key morphological characters based on a largely expanded plastid and nuclear phylogeny, particularly in how venation patterns in Tectariaceae evolved.

Materials and Methods Taxon Sampling Based on previous studies (Liu et al., 2007a; Ding et al., 2013; Liu et al., 2013, 2014; Ding et al., 2014; Moran et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2014; Zhang and Zhang, 2015; Zhang et al., 2016), all seven currently recognized genera in the Tectariaceae (Arthropteris, Draconopteris, Hypoderris, Malaifilix, Pteridrys, Tectaria, and Triplophyllum; Zhang et al., 2016) were sampled. We included: eight accessions representing eight species of Arthropteris; two accessions of Draconopteris draconoptera (D. C. Eaton) Li Bing Zhang & Liang Zhang; nine accessions representing all three species of Hypoderris recognized by Moran et al. (2014); one accession of Malaifilix grandidentata (Ces.) Li Bing Zhang & Schuettp.; 13 accessions representing eight species of Pteridrys; 19 accessions representing ca. 13 species of Triplophyllum; and 279 accessions representing 130 species of Tectaria. Within the Tectariaceae, but outside of Tectaria, we sampled a total of 52 accessions representing ca. 36 (71%) species. Within Tectaria, we included six accessions representing five (40%) species from Africa, 32 accessions representing ca. 22 (ca. 85%) species from the New World, 235 accessions representing ca. 98 (ca. 65–90%) species from Asia, one accession of one (ca. 33%) species from Mauritius, one accession of one species from New Guinea, one accession of one species from New Caledonia, one accession of one (100% native) species of Hawaii, and two accessions representing two (ca. 30%) species from the Solomon Islands. We made a special effort to sample multiple accessions from widely distributed or morphologically variable species. For our analyses based on plastid markers, following Liu et al. (2014), Zhang and Zhang (2015), and Zhang et al. (2016), we selected an outgroup consisting of: 13 species in four genera of Lomariopsidaceae sensu Smith et al. (2006) and Zhang et al. (2016), Cyclopeltis, Dracoglossum, Lomariopsis, and Nephrolepis; six species of Oleandra (Oleandraceae); two species representing two genera of Polypodiaceae; and two species representing two genera of Davalliaceae. For our analyses based on nuclear data, Lomariopsis alone was used as the outgroup. In our nuclear analyses, we also restricted our ingroup sampling, to include only one accession of each species showing no or very little plastid variation. Our earlier study (Zhang et al., 2016) showed that the nuclear pgiC was less variable than the eight plastid markers (see below) combined for Tectariaceae. In total, 360 accessions representing ca. 191 species of Tectaria and related taxa in eupolypods I were included. Voucher information and GenBank accession numbers for each sampled taxon are provided in the Appendix. 5

DNA extraction, amplification, and sequencing Total genomic DNA was extracted from silica-dried material or sometimes from herbarium fragments using the TIANGEN plant genomic DNA extraction kit (TIANGEN Biotech., Beijing, China) or the DNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Shanghai, China) following the manufacturers’ protocols. Eight plastid markers (atpA, matK, rbcL, rps4, the rps4-trnS intergenic spacer, the rps16-matK intergenic spacer, the trnL intron, and the trnL-F intergenic spacer), plus one nuclear marker (pgiC) were selected for amplification and sequencing based on their resolving power as demonstrated in earlier studies of the Tectariaceae and other families in eupolypods I (Liu et al., 2007a, b, 2013, 2014; Juslén et al., 2011; Zhang and Zhang, 2012, 2015; Zhang et al., 2012; Rothfels et al., 2013; Ding et al., 2014; Moran et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2016). The atpA gene was amplified with primers ESATPF412F and ESTRNR46F (Schuettpelz et al., 2006). The rbcL gene was amplified with primers F1 (Fay et al., 1997) and 1379R originally designed by Zurawski et al. (1984) and modified by Wolf et al. (1999). For some herbarium specimens with degraded DNA, newly designed internal primers of the rbcL gene 595F (5’-AATTCYCARCCRTTCATGCGT-3’; Le Péchon et al., 2016a), 650R (5’-AGAGCTTCYGCYACRAATA-3’), and 819R (5’-AGCTAAGCTGGTRTTKGCRGT-3’) were employed when amplification of the larger region was unsuccessful. The rps4 gene and rps4-trnS intergenic spacer were amplified with primers TRNS (Souza-Chies et al., 1997) and an unnamed primer derived from Li and Lu (2006). The rps16-matK intergenic spacer and the matK gene were amplified with forward primers Tec rps16 F1 and Tec matK F and reverse primers Tec matK R and Tec matK RMED (Ding et al., 2014). The trnL intron and trnL-F intergenic spacer were amplified together using the primers FERN1 (Trewick et al., 2002) and F (Taberlet et al., 1991). The nuclear gene pgiC was amplified with 14F2 and 16R2 (Juslén et al., 2011) based on the 14F and 16R primers of Ishikawa et al. (2002). All PCR conditions followed Zhang et al. (2001). Amplified fragments were purified with the TIANquick Mini Purification Kit (TIANGEN). Purified PCR products were sequenced by Invitrogen (Shanghai, China). Most nuclear pgiC data were obtained via direct sequencing, although cloning was necessary in some cases when direct sequencing failed. Cloning was carried out using the pEASY-T3 Cloning Kit (TransGen Biotech, Beijing, China), following the manufacturer's protocols; five colonies per accession were sequenced. When chromatograms of pgiC data showed overlapping peaks and/or length variation (very rare), the pgiC data were excluded, because hybridization/polyploidization is not the focus of the current study and hybridization in Tectaria is rarely known (e.g., Lellinger, 2003). Sequencher 4.1 (Gene Codes Corp., Ann Arbor, MI, USA) was used to assemble and edit contiguous sequences. Sequence Alignment and Phylogenetic Analysis Sequences obtained for each marker were initially aligned using Clustal X 1.81 (Thompson et al., 1997) and then manually adjusted in BioEdit (Hall, 1999). Equally weighted maximum parsimony (MP) analyses for each locus and the combined dataset (nDNA+cpDNA) were conducted in PAUP* ver. 4.0b10 (Swofford, 2002) using 1000 6

tree-bisection-reconnection (TBR) searches with MAXTREES set to increase without limit. Gaps were coded as missing data. Parsimony jackknife (JK) analyses (Farris et al., 1996) were conducted using PAUP* with the removal probability set to approximately 37%, and “jac” resampling emulated. One thousand replicates were performed with 10 TBR searches per replicate and a maximum of 100 trees held per TBR search. jModelTest 0.1.1 (Guindon & Gascuel, 2003; Posada, 2008) was used to select the best-fitting likelihood model for maximum likelihood (ML; Felsenstein, 1973) and Bayesian analyses. The Akaike information criterion (Akaike, 1974) was used to select among models instead of the hierarchical likelihood ratio test, following Pol (2004) and Posada and Buckley (2004). The best-fitting models and parameter values are provided in Table 1. For each marker and the simultaneous analysis (Kluge 1989; Nixon & Carpenter 1996) of all nucleotide characters, maximum likelihood tree searches and ML bootstrapping were conducted using RAxML-HPC2 on TG ver. 7.2.8 on CIPRES web server (Miller et al., 2010; Stamatakis et al., 2008), with 5000 rapid bootstrap (BS) analyses followed by a search for the best-scoring tree in a single run (Stamatakis et al., 2008). Bayesian inference (BI) was conducted for the combined dataset (nDNA+cpDNA) using MrBayes 3.1.2 (Huelsenbeck and Ronquist, 2001; Ronquist and Huelsenbeck, 2003) on Cipres (Miller et al., 2010). Two runs of four Markov chain Monte Carlo chains were conducted, each beginning with a random tree and sampling one tree every 1000 generations of 10,000,000 generations. Convergence among chains was checked using Tracer ver. 1.4 (Rambaut & Drummond, 2007) and the first 25% was discarded as burnin to ensure that stationarity in log-likelihood had been reached. The remaining trees were used to calculate a 50% majority-rule consensus topology and posterior probabilities (PP). Morphology Morphological data were obtained from field observations (e.g., Figs. 1, 2), herbarium investigations, and literature studies conducted mainly by L.Z. and L.-B.Z. Largely following Ding et al. (2014), 13 morphological characters (Fig. 4a, b) were selected based on their usefulness in delimitating species and satellite genera (e.g., Ching, 1938; Ching & Wang, 1964; Holttum, 1991; Wang, 1999; Ding et al., 2013; Zhang et al., 2016). These 13 characters and their states include rhizome habit (erect, creeping), stipe wings (present, absent), leaf dimorphism (monomorphic, distinctly dimorphic, strongly dimorphic), rachis color (stramineous, reddish brown), rachis bud (present, absent), lamina dissection (simple, pinnatifid to 1-pinnate, 2-pinnatifid to 2-pinnate, 3-pinnatifid or more), lamina apex (conform, irregularly lobed, pinnatifid), basal pinnae (reduced, produced), venation patterns (fully free, partly free, partly anastomosing, fully anastomosing), sorus distribution (in two rows, scattered, acrostichoid), indusium occurrence (present, absent), indusium shape (reniform, peltate, inapplicable), and catenate hairs on laminae (absent, present; Fig. 4b, c). Character state definitons for the first 12 characters largely followed Ding et al. (2014), but different from Ding et al. (2014) only two instead of three character states of rhizomes, two instead three character states of rachis colors, and four instead of five character states of lamina dissections are coded. In our coding we did not use the character sporangium form (separate, connected) in Ding et al. (2014) because it is repetitive of another character sorus distribution. The character state "distinctly dimorphic" of leaf dimorphism is defined as the width ratio of 7

fertile frond to sterile frond ranging from 30% to 60%, while "strongly dimorphic" is defined as the width ratio of fertile frond to sterile frond less than 30% (Ding et al. 2014). Mesquite v.2.75 ( Maddison & Maddison, 2011) was used to optimize morphological characters (Figs. 5–17) on the most likely tree inferred from ML analysis. The ancestral states were estimated based on parsimony criterion.

Results A total of 427 sequences were newly generated for this study (Appendix). All 360 accessions were represented by at least one plastid marker, whereas only 69 accessions were chosen or successful in nuclear data acquisition. For details concerning the datasets analyzed and statistics for the resulting trees, see Table 2. The maximum likelihood phylogeny of Tectaria and related genera based on eight plastid markers is presented in Fig. S1; that based on nuclear pgiC is presented in Fig. S2. A comparison of the trees resulting from MPJK analyses of the individual plastid markers, the combined plastid dataset, and the nuclear pgiC dataset did not identify any well-supported conflicts in MP analyses (MPJK > 70%; Mason-Gamer & Kellogg, 1996; Zhang & Simmons, 2006; Zhang et al., 2015; Zhou et al., 2016). The eight plastid markers were therefore concatenated with the pgiC dataset and analyzed in unison. The topology of the tree resulting from ML analysis of this concatenated dataset (Figs. 3, 4) is consistent with the plastid (Fig. S1) tree, but with generally increased support values. Notably, Draconopteris and Malaifilix were resolved as sister to each other in ML and MP analyses based on concatenated dataset (Fig. 4a) and plastid dataset (Fig. S1), but resolved as paraphyletic in relation to Pteridrys in ML analysis based on nuclear pgiC dataset (Fig. S2). This discrepancy is most likely caused by long-branch repulsion (Siddal, 1998) in ML analysis as we discussed elsewhere (Zhang et al., 2016). In the concatenated analysis (Figs. 3 and 4), Tectariaceae are strongly supported as monophyletic (MLBS: 98%, MPJK: 71%, BIPP: 0.97) and are resolved as sister to a clade containing Davalliaceae, Oleandraceae, and Polypodiaceae, and they four together are sister to Lomariopsidaceae (MLBS: 100%, MPJK: 100%, BIPP: 1.0). This agrees with the results of the most recent studies by Zhang & Zhang (2015) and Zhang et al. (2016). Within Tectariaceae, Draconopteris, Malaifilix, and Pteridrys together are resolved as sister to the remainder of the family (MLBS: 98%, MPJK: –, BIPP: 0.97; Fig. 4a), followed by Arthropteris, which is sister (MLBS: 85%, MPJK: –, BIPP: 0.87; Fig. 4a) to a clade containing the Hypoderris + Triplophyllum clade and Tectaria. Within Tectaria, four strongly-supported monophyletic superclades were identified. Based on our reconstructed phylogeny (Fig. 4a, b, c) and in consideration of morphological features and distribution information, 12 major evolutionary lineages of Tectaria were identified (Fig. 4b, c). All 12 of these major clades were well supported in three analyses [10 clades had MLBS ≥ 92%, MPJK ≥ 89%, BIPP = 1.0; two clades (the Polymorphae clade and the Sagenia clade) had MLBS = 81% and 88%, MPJK = 70% and 68%, and BIPP = 1.0 and 1.0, respectively; Fig. 4b, c]. The relationships among the 12 major clades except those among clades X–XII were strongly supported. The Tectaria superclade (MLBS: 99%, MPJK: 95%, BIPP: 1.0) contains clades I (the Tectaria clade; MLBS: 94%, MPJK: 89%, BIPP: 1.0) and II (the Sagenia clade; MLBS: 88%, MPJK: 68%, BIPP: 1.0), the Tectaridium superclade 8

(MLBS: 100%, JPK: 100%, BIPP: 1.0) comprises clades III (the Tectaridium clade; MLBS: 100%, MPJK: 100%, BIPP: 1.0) and IV (the Lenda clade; MLBS: 100%, MPJK: 100%, BIPP: 1.0), the Ctenitopsis superclade (MLBS: 100%, MPJK: 100%, BIPP: 1.0) includes clade V (the Ctenitopsis clade) only, and the Phlebiogonium superclade (MLBS: 99%, MPJK: 93%, BIPP: 1.0) is composed of clades VI (the Phaeocaules clade; MLBS: 89%, MPJK: 80%, BIPP: 1.0), VII (the Podopeltis clade; MLBS: 100%, MPJK: 100%, BIPP: 1.0), VIII (the Decurrentes clade; MLBS: 100%, MPJK: 98%, BIPP: 1.0), IX (the Quinquefidae clade; MLBS: 97%, MPJK: 96%, BIPP: 1.0), X (the Phlebiogonium clade; MLBS: 100%, MPJK: 97%, BIPP: 1.0), XI (the Polymorphae clade; MLBS: 82%, MPJK: 70%, BIPP: 1.0), and XII (the Coadunatae clade; MLBS: 97%, MPJK: 93%, BIPP: 1.0; Fig. 4b, c). The 13 morphological characters and their states are shown in Figs. 5–17. It takes 15 steps for the parsimony reconstruction of the rhizome habit, 30 steps for that of the rachis color, 6 steps for that of the stipe wings, 31 steps for that of the lamina dissection, 24 steps for that of the lamina apex, 27 steps for that of the basal pinnae, 21 steps for that of the rachis bud, 24 steps for that of the venation pattern, 26 steps for that of the leaf dimorphism, 30 steps for that of the sori distribution, 23 steps for that of the indusium occurrence, 29 steps for that of the indusium shape, and 34 steps for that of the catenate hairs.

Discussion The monophyly of Tectaria and other genera Our sampling includes the types or lectotypes of 12 satellite genera that were resolved within Tectaria: T. apiifolia (Schkuhr) Copel. (Fig. 4b: clade II), type of Microbrochis; T. aurita (Sw.) S. Chandra (Fig. 4b: clade IV), type of Stenosemia; T. impressa (Fée) Holttum (Fig. 4c: clade X), type of Phlebiogonium; T. macleanii (Copel.) S.Y.Dong (Fig. 4b: clade III), type of Tectaridium; T. mexicana (Fée) C.V.Morton (= Sagenia latifolia C. Presl; lectotype of Sagenia; Fig. 4b: clade II); T. panamensis (Hook.) R.M.Tryon & A.F.Tryon (Fig. 4b: clade I), type of Dictyoxiphium; T. prolifera (Hook.) R.M.Tryon & A.F.Tryon (Fig. 4b: clade I), type of Fadyenia; T. psomiocarpa S.Y.Dong (Fig. 4b: clade V), lectotype of Psomiocarpa; T. sagenioides (Mett.) Christenh. (Fig. 4b: clade V), type of Ctenitopsis; T. singaporiana (Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.) Copel. (Fig. 4c: clade VII), type of Podopeltis; T. subtriphylla (Hook. & Arn.) Copel. (Fig. 4b: clade IV), type of Lenda Koidz.; and T. zeilanica (Houtt.) Sledge (Fig. 4c: clade X), type of Quercifilix. Our study shows that all these 12 genera are nested within Tectaria and, accordingly, should be synonymized with Tectaria (Fig. 4b, c), as we do not recognize paraphyletic groups as advocated by some authors (e.g., Brummitt, 2014; Ehrendorfer & Barfuss, 2014; George, 2014; Hörandl, 2014; Stuessy & Hörandl, 2014; Stuessy et al., 2014). We also sampled both species (three accessions) of Dracoglossum and our study confirms that this genus is monophyletic and should be recognized as a member of Lomariopsidaceae, not Tectariaceae (Fig. 4a), consistent with results from Christenhusz (2007), Christenhusz et al. (2013), and Zhang et al. (2016). The recognition of Hypoderris with three species, as suggested by Moran et al. (2014), is additionally reinforced in our study (Fig. 4a). The recent segregation of Draconopteris and Malaifilix from Tectaria (Zhang et al., 9

2016) is corroborated as well (Figs. 4a, S1, S2). The 279 accessions of Tectaria in our sampling form a strongly supported monophyletic group (MLBS: 100%, MPJK: 100%, BIPP: 1.0; Fig. 4a). In spite of the considerable homoplasy in morphological characters (see below, our Figs. 4a, 4b, 5–18; also see Ding et al., 2014), Tectaria can generally be defined by the combination of the three following features, in addition to a base chromosome number of x = 40: (1) rhizomes erect (Fig. 5); if rhizomes creeping, veins anastomosing (free-veined species of Tectaria always have erect rhizomes) and leaves dimorphic (T. zeilanica), or apical pinnae similar to the lateral pinnae in shape (not pinnatifid) and sori scattered (XI. the Polymorphae clade; Fig. 4c), or lamina apex irregularly lobed, and multiple rows at each side of main veins (IV. the Linda clade), or laminae 3-pinnate, and lamina apex pinnatifid (T. mexicana; New World) ; (2) veins anastomosing; if veins free, laminae regularly bipinnate, lamina apex pinnatifid, and catenate hairs dense (V. the Ctenitopsis clade; Fig. 4b), or laminae 2-pinnate to 3-pinnatifid, stipes with (T. cf. paradoxa; New Caledonia) or without catenate hairs (T. sp. Zhang et al. 7827; central Vietnam), stipe scales very dark and lobes not connected to each other (T. cf. paradoxa); and (3) rachis without wings; if rachis with wings, wings between two pinnae without a clear and arcuate vein on each side of rachis, parallel to rachis and arising from the proximal costa but not reaching distal costa (Zhang et al., 2016). Deep splits in Tectaria Our analyses resolved the 279 accessions of Tectaria sensu Zhang et al. (2016) into four well-supported superclades: the Tectaria superclade, the Tectaridium superclade (MLBS: 100%, MPJK: 100%, BIPP: 1.0), the Ctenitopsis superclade, and the Phlebiogonium superclade. The Tectaria superclade contains exclusively the New World species, while the remaining three comprise exclusively the Old World species. This resolution of the four superclades is consistent with that by Ding et al. (2014) who named these superclades the T. trifoliata clade, the T. subtriphylla clade, the Ctenitopsis clade, and the T. crenata clade, respectively. However, our data resolved the New World species (the Tectaria superclade) as sister to the rest of the genus, in contrast with the resolution in Ding et al. (2014) who resolved this clade (four accessions sampled) among the Old World clades (with weak or no support). Besides the molecular evidence, the reddish brown rachises further support the recognition of the Old World species (see below; Fig. 6). Our resolution is also different from that in Wang et al. (2014), who found the New World clade (11 accessions sampled) to be sister to an Asian clade corresponding to our clade IV (the Lenda clade; Fig. 4b), again with weak support. Among the clades restricted to the Old World, the Tectaridium superclade is resolved as sister to the remaining two superclades (MLBS: 65%, MPJK: 83%, BIPP: 0.96), which are, in turn, sister to each other (MLBS: 97%, MPJK: 87%, BIPP: 1.0). Superclade A—the Tectaria superclade (Fig. 4b) The Tectaria superclade contains only, but all of, the New World species of Tectaria, including the type species of the genus (T. trifoliate (L.) Cav). Species of this superclade can have simple (e.g., T. fimbriata, T. prolifera, T. panamensis) or 1-pinnate-pinnatifid to 10

2-pinnate laminae, linear (e.g., T. panamensis) or round to oblong and indusiate or exindusiate sori, and rachises with (e.g., T. vivipara Jermy & T.G.Walker) or without proliferous buds. With T. plantaginea transferred to Dracoglossum (Christenhusz, 2007; Christenhusz et al., 2013), T. brauniana and T. nicotianifolia transferred to Hypoderris (Moran et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2014), and T. draconoptera moved out of Tectaria (Zhang et al., 2016), the New World species of Tectaria are more homogeneous and can be characterized by having anastomosing venation, non-winged rachises, and non-spiny perispores [spiny perispores are characteristic of Hypoderris (Moran et al., 2014)]. Within the Tectaria superclade, 32 accessions are resolved into two well-supported clades: the Sagenia clade and the Tectaria clade (Fig. 4b). Superclade B—the Tectaridium superclade (Fig. 4b) The Tectaridium superclade contains Asian species predominantly from southern China, Taiwan, and central to northern Vietnam, with two species from Japan, one each from Indonesia, Laos, and the Philippines. Our sampling includes the type of Tectaridium, T. macleanii. No Malaysian species in our sampling are resolved as a member of this superclade. Species of this superclade are generally characterized by laminae that are irregularly 2-pinnate or 3-pinnate and venation that is anastomosing. One species, T. macleanii from the Philippines has simple sterile laminae. One species from Southeast Asia, T. barberi (Hook.) Copel., has 1-pinnate laminae. One species, T. sp. (Zhang et al. 7827) from Vietnam, has fully free venation. Within the Tectaridium superclade, 46 accessions are resolved into two well-supported clades sister to each other: the Lenda clade and the Tectaridium clade (Fig. 4b). The Tectaridium superclade is recovered as paraphyletic relative to other superclades of the genus in ML analysis based on nuclear pgiC data but the paraphyly is only weakly supported (MLBS: 64%; Fig. S1). This paraphyly is not supported in MP analysis. Superclade C—the Ctenitopsis superclade (Fig. 4b) The Ctenitopsis superclade contains species from southern China, Taiwan, and Southeast Asia. Our sampling here includes the type of Ctenitopsis, C. sagenioides (Mett.) Ching, the lectotype of Psomiocarpa, P. apiifolia (J.Sm.) C.Presl (= Tectaria psomiocarpa), and the type of Stenosemia, S. aurita (Sw.) C.Presl [= T. aurita]. In comparison with the composition of the Tectaridium superclade, this superclade comprises species with more southern Asian distributions. This superclade largely corresponds Ctenitopsis sensu Ching (1938) and is characterized by having fully free, partly free (veins just forming costal and costular areoles, without veinlets included in areoles), or partly anastomosing (veins forming costal and costular areoles and additional areoles, minor areoles having included free veinlets) venation (Ching, 1938; Ding et al., 2014; our Fig. 12), longer and denser catenate hairs (Fig. 2: A), regularly bipinnate laminae, and pinnatifid apical pinnae. Species with fully free venation in the genus are resolved in this superclade only in addition to T. sp. (Zhang et al. 7827) from central Vietnam (the Tectaridium superclade; Fig. 4b) and T. cf. paradoxa (Fée) Sledge from New Caledonia (the Phlebiogonium superclade; Fig. 4c). 11

Tectaria devexa (Kunze) Copel., with catenate hairs (Knapp, 2011), was often included in Ctenitopsis as C. devexa (Kunze ex Mett.) Ching & C.H.Wang based on its catenate hairs and partly free venation (Ching & Wang, 1964), but is resolved as a member of the Tectaridium superclade (clade V; Fig. 4b), suggesting that Ctenitopsis sensu Ching and Wang (1964) is polyphyletic. Based on our current data, the Tectaria devexa complex may contain multiple species. Superclade D—the Phlebiogonium superclade (Fig. 4c) The Phlebiogonium superclade contains species from the Old World including Africa, South Asia, Southeast Asia, southern China, the Indian Ocean islands, Japan, and the Pacific islands. Our sampling includes the type of Phlebiogonium, P. impressum Fée [= T. impressa], the type of Podopeltis, P. singaporiana (Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.) Fée [= T. singaporiana], and the type of Quercifilix, Q. zeilanica (Houtt.) Copel. [= T. zeilanica]. This superclade is the most species-rich of the four superclades recognized in our study and accounts for approximately half of the sampling in our study. Morphologically, species of this superclade are diverse, but most species have 1-pinnate laminae and well-developed anastomosing venation (fully anastomosing venation; Ding et al., 2014) with included free veinlets in most areoles (Fig. 12), and quite a few species have dimorphic leaves (Fig. 13), e.g., T. semipinnata (Roxb.) C.V.Morton (Malesia), T. zeilanica (southern China to South Asia). A few species have 2- or 3-pinnate laminae, e.g., T. ferruginea (Mett.) Copel. (New Guinea), T. melanocaula (Blume) Copel. (Southeast Asia). One species, T. labrusca (Hook.) Copel. (Southeast Asia), has simple laminae. In the genus winged stipes only appear in some species of this superclade (Fig. 7). Within the Phlebiogonium superclade, 152 accessions are resolved in seven well-supported clades: the Phaeocaules clade (VI), the Podopeltis clade (VII), the Decurrentes clade (VIII), the Quinquefidae clade (IX), the Phlebiogonium clade (X), the Polymorphae clade (XI), and the Coadunatae clade (XII; Fig. 4c). The Decurrentes clade is sister (MLBS: 98%, MPJK: 93%, BIPP: 1.0) to the Podopeltis clade. Species of these two clades have leaves often dimorphic and distal rachises more or less winged. They are together sister (MLBS: 97%, MPJK: 92%, BIPP: 1.0) to the Quinquefidae clade. These three clades are resolved as sister (MLBS: 78%, MPJK: 54%, BIPP: 0.83) to the Phaeocaules clade. These four clades together are resolved as sister (MLBS: 99%, MPJK: 93%, BIPP: 1.0) to a clade containing the Phlebiogonium clade (X), the Polymorphae clade (XI), and the Coadunatae clade (XII; Fig. 4c). Species of the Decurrentes clade, the Podopeltis clade, and the Quinquefidae clade have leaves simple to 1-pinnate, pinnae often entire or irregularly lobed (e.g., T. morsei (Baker) P.J. Edwards ex S.Y. Dong); in contrast, species of the Coadunatae clade, the Phlebiogonium clade, and the Polymorphae clade often have bipinnatifid leaves except T. zeilanica. The clade containing the latter three clades is supported as monophyletic (MLBS: 83%, MPJK: 70%, BIPP:1.0; Fig. 4c). Major evolutionary lineages in Tectaria Within Tectaria, as newly defined (i.e., excluding T. draconoptera and T. grandidentata; 12

Zhang et al., 2016), our samples can be grouped into the following 12 well-supported major clades (Figs. 3, 4a, b). Each of these major clades are characterized by morphological characters and/or geographic distribution. These 12 major clades represent major evolutionary lineages of Tectaria at the global level. The names of the 12 lineages were chosen in consideration of the potential for a formal classification and can serve as names for infrageneric subdivisions (e.g., sections). Clade I—the Tectaria clade (Figs. 1: A, B; 4b) As one of the two major clades in the Tectaria superclade recognized here, the Tectaria clade contains the type of Tectaria, T. trifoliata, the type of Fadyenia, F. prolifera Hook. [= T. prolifera], and the type of Dictyoxiphium, D. panamensis Hook. (recognized as a genus by Moran, 1995 and as a monogeneric family by Ching, 1940; = T. panamensis], and might contain the type of Camptodium, C. pedatum (Desv.) Fée [= T. pedata (Desv.) R.M. Tryon & A.F. Tryon; not sampled in our study] based on its 1-pinnate laminae of the latter. This clade contains most species in the New World and members of this clade have lobed or unlobed simple laminae to 2-pinnate laminae. Species of the Tectaria clade occur in the whole range of the New World species of Tectaria, i.e., from southern North America to Central America and the Caribbean islands, and to South America. Twenty-five accessions of this clade are resolved in two subclades: the Fadyenia subclade (I-1; MLBS: 89%, MPJK: 77%, BIPP: 0.94; Fig. 4b) and the Tectaria subclade (I-2; MLBS: 93%, MPJK: 56%, BIPP: 0.93; Fig. 4b). Members of the Fadyenia subclade (I-1), treated in three genera by Hooker and Bauer (1840), have lobed or unlobed simple laminae to 2-pinnate laminae. Four species are included in our sampling, of which T. panamensis and T. prolifera have unlobed simple laminae, T. fimbriata (Willd.) Proctor & Lourteig has lobed simple laminae, and T. cicutaria (L.) Copel. has 2-pinnate laminae. While T. cicutaria, T. prolifera, and T. fimbriata have rounded to oblong sori between main lateral veins, T. panamensis has linear sori along lamina margins (Moran, 1995). Species of this subclade occur from Central to South Americas. Species of the Tectaria subclade (I-2) have 1-pinnate laminae, areoles with included veinlets, and costal areoles lacking or indistinct. Twenty accessions of this subclade are resolved in two well-supported groups: the T. trifoliata group (MLBS: 99%, MPJK: 91%, BIPP: 0.88) and the T. vivipara group (MLBS: 89%, MPJK: 63%, BIPP: 0.75), with the former lacking proliferous rachis buds and the latter having or lacking proliferous rachis buds. Based on the amount of variation at the molecular level, as shown on our Fig. 4b, it would seem both groups contain cryptic species not previously recognized. Species of the Tectaria subclade span the entire range of Tectaria in the New World. Clade II—the Sagenia clade (Figs. 1: C; 4b) As one of the two major clades in the Tectaria superclade, the Sagenia clade contains the lectotype of Sagenia [as selected by Holttum (1986b)], S. latifolia [= T. mexicana] and the type of Microbrochis, M. apiifolia (Schkuhr) C. Presl [= T. apiifolia]. Species of the Sagenia clade have costular areoles (not distinct in T. heracleifolia), 1-pinnate to bipinnate laminae 13

and lack proliferous rachis buds. Among the four species sampled in our study, T. heracleifolia (Willd.) Underw. is resolved as sister to the other three species. Within T. heracleifolia some authors have recognized three (e.g., Morton, 1966) or two (e.g., Moran, 1995) varieties. Based on our data, at least three taxa should be recognized (Fig. 4b). The type of Microbrochis, T. apiifolia is resolved as sister to a clade containing T. dilacerata (Kunze) Maxon and T. mexicana. Very little molecular variation is detected between these two species. Species of the Sagenia clade occur from Central to South Americas. Notably, Holttum (1991) recognized Tectaria sect. Sagenia and this section sensu Holttum (1991) contains portion of the New World and Asian species and thus is polyphyletic based on our current study. Clade III—the Tectaridium clade (Figs. 1: D; 4b) The Tectaridium clade is one of the two major clades in the Tectaridium superclade. This clade contains the type of Tectaridium, Tectaridium macleanii Copel. [= Tectaria macleanii] and other two species in our current sampling. These three species appear to be very different in morphology: Tectaria macleanii has dimorphic leaves and simple sterile laminae (Copeland, 1926) and was transferred to Tectaria only recently by Ding et al. (2013), based on molecular work by Ding et al. (2014). Tectaria barberi has monomorphic leaves and 1-pinnate laminae (Lindsay and Middleton, 2012 and onward), while an undescribed species of Tectaria (Zhang et al. 7872) has monomorphic leaves and bipinnate to 3-pinnatifid laminae. Tectaria macleanii and T. barberi have anastomosing venation, while T. sp. (Zhang et al. 7872) has fully free venation and is in fact the one of the only two species with fully free venation outside of the Ctenitopsis superclade (see above). However, all three species have linear scales on their stipes and occur only in southern Southeast Asia. Clade IV—the Lenda clade (Figs. 1: E; 4b) The Lenda clade is the second of two major clades in the Tectaridium superclade. This clade contains the type of Lenda, L. subtriphylla (Hook. & Arn.) Koidz. [= Tectaria subtriphylla]. Species of this clade can have creeping rhizomes and most species have laminae with irregularly lobed apices (Ding et al., 2014; our Fig. 4b). Species of this clade occur only in northern Southeast Asia (northern Laos, northern Vietnam), southern China, and Japan. Within the Lenda clade, 43 accessions in our sampling are resolved in two well-supported subclades and a monospecific subclade: the Lenda subclade (IV-1), the T. ebenina subclade (IV-2), and the T. devexa subclade (IV-3). Species of the Lenda subclade (MLBS: 100%, MPJK: 100%, BIPP: 1.0) and the T. ebenina subclade have free included veinlets in numerous areoles, while those of the T. devexa subclade (MLBS: 100%, MPJK: 100%, BIPP: 1.0) lack free included veinlets (Xing et al., 2013; Ding et al., 2014) like some species in the Ctenitopsis superclade. Tectaria devexa was, in fact, treated as a member of Ctenitopsis by some authors (e.g., Ching and Wang, 1964; Wang, 1999; see above). The T. devexa subclade has tripinnate laminae and should comprise several species based on the genetic diversity of the 11 accessions included in our study (Fig. 4b). Members of the Lenda 14

subclade other than T. luchunensis S.K.Wu are characterized by having long- or short-creeping rhizomes (Knapp, 2011; Xing et al., 2013), which is rare in Tectaria. Tectaria grossedentata Ching & C.H.Wang, with its marginal sori, is resolved as sister to the rest of the subclade but with weak support. Tectaria subvariolosa S.Y.Dong, with strongly dimorphic leaves, is resolved as sister to a clade containing T. luchunensis and T. simonsii (Baker) Ching. The T. ebenina subclade contains only T. ebenina (C.Chr.) Ching in our sampling and this species has a large lamina up to 70 cm long or longer, blackish stipes, rachises, and costae similar to those of T. simonsii, while its hairy laminae are consistent to most species [e.g., T. devexa, T. subvariolosa] of the Lenda clade (Wang and Wang, 2001; Xing et al., 2013). The relationships among these three subclades are not well resolved with our data. Clade V—the Ctenitopsis clade (/superclade) (Figs. 1: F; 4b) The Ctenitopsis clade is equal to the Ctenitopsis superclade. In addition to having the fully free, partly free or partly anastomosing venation (see below; Ding et al., 2014), species of this clade have regularly bipinnate to tripinnatifid (rarely 1-pinnate) laminae (Fig. 8) with pinnatifid apex (Fig. 9), and distributions from Southeast Asia to southern China. The catenate hairs of this clade are not a synapomorphy but a symplesiomorphy of the Arthropteris + Hypoderris + Tectaria + Triplophyllum clade (Fig. 9). Within the Ctenitopsis clade, relationships are not especially well resolved with our data, but six subclades may be identified (Fig. 4b): the T. fuscipes subclade (V-1), the T. multicaudata subclade (V-2), the T. stenoptera subclade (V-3), the T. Ctenitopsis subclade (V-4), the T. psomiocarpa subclade (V-5), and the T. kusukusensis subclade (V-6). The species-rich T. fuscipes subclade (V-1; MLBS: 72%, MPJK: 54%, BIPP: 0.76; Fig. 4b) contains T. fuscipes (Wall. ex Bedd.) C.Chr., Ctenitopsis hainanensis Ching & C.H.Wang, T. ingens (Atk. ex C.B.Clarke) Holttum, T. setulosa (Baker) Holttum, T. subfuscipes (Tagawa) C.M.Kuo, and T. subsageniacea (Christ) Christenh., in our sampling (Fig. 4b). The T. multicaudata subclade (V-2; MLBS: 100%, MPJK: 100%, BIPP: 1.0; Fig. 4b) comprises T. malayensis Copel. and T. multicaudata (C.B. Clarke) Ching in our sampling. Ding et al. (2013) correctly restored the latter from a synonym of T. griffithii (Baker) C.Chr., a member of the Phlebiogonium superclade (see below; Fig. 4c). The T. stenoptera subclade (V-3; MLBS: 100%, MPJK: 100%, BIPP: 1.0; Fig. 4b) contains T. stenoptera (Baker) Ching and T. cf. dissecta (G.Forst.) Lellinger from Vietnam, and the two species differ from other species of the clade by having anastomosing venation. The Ctenitopsis subclade (V-4; MLBS: 100%, MPJK: 95%, BIPP: 1.0; Fig. 4b), another species-rich subclade, is characterized by dark rachises and contains Heterogonium stenosemioides (Baker) C.Chr., T. aurita (type of Stenosemia), T. gigantea (Blume) Copel., T. pinnata (C.Chr.) R.M.Tryon & A.F.Tryon, T. sagenioides, T. subglabra (Holttum) S.Y.Dong, and two unidentified species from Vietnam. The T. psomiocarpa subclade (V-5) contains T. psomiocarpa [= Psomiocarpa apiifolia] only, the lectotype of Psomiocarpa [a genus also recognized by Holttum (1991)], is isolated in the Ctenitopsis clade. The Ctenitopsis subclade plus the T. psomiocarpa subclade corresponds the subclade III-1 in Ding et al. (2014), which is not confirmed as a strongly-supported clade in our study. The T. kusukusensis subclade (V-6; MLBS: 100%, MPJK: 100%, BIPP: 1.0; Fig. 15

4b) comprises the T. kusukusensis complex. The Tectaria fuscipes subclade (V-1) is resolved as sister (MLBS: 62%, MPJK: –, BIPP: 1.0) to a clade containing the T. multicaudata subclade (V-2), the T. stenoptera subclade (V-3), and an undescribed species of Tectaria (T. sp._Cicuzza 989; Fig. 4b). Clade VI—the Phaeocaules clade (Figs. 1: G; 4c) The Phaeocaules clade is characterized by having stipes covered with dense scales, darkish brown or reddish brown rachises, and two rows of sori (often two marginal sori in T. laotica C.Chr. & Tardieu) between main lateral veins. It contains only three species or species complexes in our sampling: T. griffithii, T. laotica, and T. phaeocaulis (Rosenst.) C.Chr. occurring from southern Laos, central Vietnam to southern China. Like T. grossedentata in the Lenda clade, T. laotica also has marginal sori. The relationships of T. laotica with T. griffithii and T. phaeocaulis are not resolved. Reports of T. griffithii in Malesia (Wang 1999; Xing et al. 2013) are likely erroneous identifications of T. multicaudata (see also Ding et al., 2013) and T. malayensis (see above). Clade VII—the Podopeltis clade (Figs. 1: H; 4c) The Podopeltis clade includes the type of Podopeltis, P. singaporiana [=T. singaporiana]. More than half of the species in this newly identified clade have strongly dimorphic leaves with fertile leaves much smaller than the sterile, except T. fissa (Kunze) Holttum, T. singaporiana, T. tricuspis (Bedd.) Copel., and T. vasta (Blume) Copel. All the early-diverging lineages of this clade have dimorphic leaves. Scattered sorus distribution is a synapomorphy of this clade and acrostichoid sori evolved from scattered sori (Fig. 14). Species of this clade occur from Southeast Asia to southern China. The 34 accessions representing ca. 10 species of the Podopeltis clade are resolved into four well-supported subclades (MLBS > 98%; MPJK > 99%, BIPP: 1.0): the T. semipinnata subclade [VII-1; T. semipinnata and T. vasta], the T. harlandii subclade (VII-2; T. harhandii, and three unidentified species from Vietnam), the T. fissa subclade (VII-3; T. fissa and T. tricuspis) with 1-pinnate leaves, the Podopeltis subclade (VII-4; T. singaporiana) with simple leaves. Relationships among these four subclades are well resolved, with the T. semipinnata subclade (VII-1) being strongly supported (MLBS: 100%, MPJK: 100%, BIPP: 1.0) as sister to the rest, followed by the T. harlandii subclade (VII-2) which is sister to the T. fissa subclade (VII-3) + the Podopeltis subclade (VII-4). Clade VIII—the Decurrentes clade (Figs. 1: I; 4c) About half of the species in the Decurrentes clade have distinctly dimorphic leaves (Ding et al., 2014) and one species (Tectaria decurrens (C. Presl) Copel.) has winged stipes. Species of this clade occur from Southeast Asia, the Pacific islands to southern China. Within the Decurrentes clade, the taxonomy of the species has not been well understood and a few previously circumscribed species are apparently polyphyletic based on our study (Fig. 4c). The Decurrentes clade is well supported (MLBS: 98%, MPJK: 93%, BIPP: 1.0) as sister 16

to the Podopeltis clade. Clade IX—the Quinquefidae clade (Figs. 1: J; 4c) The Quinquefidae clade is characterized by having scattered sori and (in part) proliferous rachis buds rare in the genus (Fig. 11). Scattered sorus distribution is a synapomorphy of this (Fig. 14). Species of this clade occur from southern China, to Southeast Asia, and to the Indian Ocean islands. Within the Quinquefidae clade, Tectaria angulata (Willd.) Copel. + T. labrusca together are resolved as sister to the remainder of the clade that, in turn, forms an unresolved trichotomy containing (1) T. pica (L.) C.Chr.; (2) T. melanocaula + T. ferruginea, and (3) T. faurie Tagawa, T. hekouensis Ching & C.H.Wang, T. morsei, and T. quinquefida (Baker) Ching. Clade X—the Phlebiogonium clade (Figs. 1: K; 4c) The Phlebiogonium clade contains the type of Phlebiogonium and that of Quercifilix (see above). This clade is characterized by dimorphic leaves (Fig. 13) and lamina with irregularly lobed apices (Fig. 9), and (except for T. zeilanica) irregularly bipinnate laminae (Ding et al., 2014). Species of this clade occur from southern China, to Laos and Vietnam, but not in southern Southeast Asia. Within the Phlebiogonium clade, Tectaria zeilanica (strongly dimorphic leaves; Knapp, 2011) is resolved as sister to the rest (slightly dimorphic leaves). Clade XI—the Polymorphae clade (Figs. 1: L; 4c) The Polymorphae clade comprises at least seven species and is characterized by having conform apical pinnae (Wang, 1999), scattered sori, and fully anastomosing venation (Ding et al., 2014). Species of this clade occur from tropical Africa (Equatorial Guinea), Southeast Asia (Laos, Vietnam), India, Nepal, to southern China. Within the Polymorphae clade, relationships are not well resolved with our data with T. barteri C.Chr. from Equatorial Guinea being embedded within Asian species. Clade XII—the Coadunatae clade (Figs. 1: M; 4c) The Coadunatae clade is characterized by having two rows of sori between two main lateral veins, pinnatifid lamina apex (Fig. 9), and two rows of narrow areoles along the costae (partly anastomosing venation; Fig. 12). All African species in our sampling except T. barteri, a member of the Polymorphae clade (see above), are members of this clade. Some species of this clade have rachis bud which evolved once in the clade (Fig. 11). Species of this clade occur from tropical Africa, Oceania (Hawaii, New Caledonia) to southern China. African species (six accessions) are polyphyletic based on our study as they are resolved in two major clades. Within the Coadunatae clade, the African species form a monophyletic clade with T. cf. 17

paradoxa from New Caledonia (MLBS: 78%, MPJK: 74%, BIPP: 1.0). Two of the African species, T. fernandensis C. Chr. and T. gemmifera (Fée) Alston have buds on rachis. Morphological evolution in Tectariaceae The distribution of character states across our phylogeny (Figs. 4b, c, 5–17) for the 13 morphological characters examined reveals that morphological homoplasy is common in Tectariaceae. Indeed, all 13 characters appear to exhibit convergent evolution. Nevertheless, nine of the 13 characters show moderate homoplasy and each of these can help define one or more major clades recognized above. Geographically, it appears that many character states have independently evolved in different areas based on the relationships resolved in this study (Fig. 4a, b, c) and in an earlier study (Ding et al., 2014). For example, species of Tectaria with simple laminae occur in Americas [T. panamensis], Malaysia [T. labrusca], the Philippines [T. macleanii], and Singapore [T. singaporiana] (Fig. 8). Likewise, species with fully free venation occur from southern China to Southeast Asia (the Ctenitopsis superclade), New Caledonia (T. cf. paradoxa), and Vietnam (T. sp. Zhang et al. 7827) (Fig. 12). Species with dimorphic leaves occur in southern China [T. zeilanica], the Himalaya to Southeast Asia [T. decurrens], Indonesia (T. aurita), Malaysia (T. semipinnata), and the Philippines (Heterogonium pinnatum (Copel.) Holttum, T. macleanii, T. psomiocarpa) (Fig. 13). Character 1—Rhizome habit Rhizomes in Tectariaceae can be erect/suberect or creeping. Based on our reconstruction, the ancestral state of rhizome habit for Tectariaceae is creeping, while for Tectaria, it is erect. Within Tectaria, creeping rhizomes evolved at least five times from erect rhizomes (some branches are not strong supported; Fig. 5). Erect rhizome appears to be a morphological synapomorphy of Tectaria and creeping rhizomes in Tectaria are derived from erect rhizomes. Character 2—Rachis color Rachis color in Tectariaceae can be stramineous or reddish brown. The ancestral state appears to be stramineous and stramineous rachises are symplesiomorphic, based on our reconstructions. Stramineous rachises are retained in most New World species of Tectaria, but evolved to reddish brown rachises in the Old World and one New World species. Reddish brown rachises reversed to stramineous at least (well supported) 13 times in the Old World Tectaria. A reddish brown rachis appears to be a morphological synapomorphy of the Old World Tectaria, while stramineous rachis is symplesiomorphic in New World Tectaria (Fig. 6). Character 3—Stipe wings Stipes in the Tectariaceae can be winged or wingless. The wingless condition is ancestral 18

for both Tectariaceae and Tectaria. Stipe wings evolved at least four times in the Phlebiogonium superclade of Tectaria and once in the genus Malaifilix (Fig. 7). The stipe wings in the two accessions of T. tricuspis could have evolved once; their relationships are not well resolved in the current study (Fig. 4c). Within Tectaria, winged stipes are restricted to the Phlebiogonium superclade. Character 4—Lamina dissection Laminae in Tectariaceae vary from simple to 3-pinnate or more finely dissected. Based on our reconstruction, the ancestral state for Tectariaceae is pinnatifid to 1-pinnate, apparently the plesiomorphic character state for the whole of eupolypods I (Fig. 8). The ancestral state for Tectaria is ambiguous, but it seems clear that simple laminae evolved four times in Tectaria from pinnatifid to 1-pinnate laminae, and again in T. macleanii from ancestors having ambiguous lamina dissection. It is unclear if pinnatifid to 1-pinnate laminae (black) in the New World Tectaria (the Tectaria Superclade), the Polymorphae clade (XI), and the clade containing the Podopeltis clade (VII), the Decurrentes clade (VIII), and the Quinquefidae clade (IX), respectively, are a synapomorphy or a plesiomorphy. It is also ambiguous if 2-pinnatifid to 2-pinnate laminae (blue) are a synapomorphy of the Coadunatae clade (XII), the Ctenitopsis Superclade, the Lenda clade (IV), and the Phaeocaules clade (VI), respectively, while 3-pinnate laminae (yellow) in the Ctenitopsis Superclade and the Lenda clade (IV) evolved from 2-pinnatifid to 2-pinnate laminae (blue). Tripinnate laminae evolved once from pinnatifid to 1-pinnate laminae in the New World Tectaria, and at least twice from 2-pinnate laminae in the Old World Tectaria. Character 5—Lamina apex Lamina apices in Tectariaceae can be conform, irregularly lobed, or pinnatifid. It appears that the ancestral state of lamina apex in Tectariaceae is pinnatifid. Both irregularly lobed lamina apex and conform lamina apex evolved at least five times, respectively, in the family based on our current sampling. Most interestingly, the pinnatifid lamina apex seems to be a morphological synapomorphy of the family based on our analysis (Fig. 9). The climbing fern genus, Arthropteris, sometimes treated in its own family (Liu et al., 2014; see above), fits in Tectariaceae very well in terms of evolution of its pinnatifid lamina apex. This is new morphological evidence supporting the broadly defined Tectariaceae sensu Zhang et al. (2016). It is unclear if conform lamina apex is a morphological synapomorphy of the Polymorphae clade (XI) and the clade containing the Podopeltis clade (VII), the Decurrentes clade (VIII), and the Quinquefidae clade (IX), respectively. Irregularly lobed lamina apex can be a synapomorphy of the Phlebiogonium clade (X) or plesiomorphic in the whole genus Tectaria. Pinnatifid lamina apex can be a synapomorphy of the Coadunatae clade (XII) and the Ctenitopsis Superclade, respectively, or plesiomorphic in the whole family (Fig. 9). Character 6—Basal pinnae Basal pinnae in Tectariaceae can be reduced or produced. The ancestral state of basal 19

pinnae in Tectariaceae is reduced. The produced basal pinnae evolved in the common ancestor of the Hypoderris + Triplophyllum + Tectaria clade discovered with our molecular data and are a morphological synapomorphy of this clade. Produced basal pinnae reversed to reduced basal pinnae once in Hypoderris and at least 10 times in Tectaria. In addition to Tectaria, the produced basal pinnae evolved independently in Draconopteris and Pteridrys four times (Fig. 10). The distribution of character states of basal pinnae in Tectariaceae supports the phylogeny based on our molecular data in which Arthropteris and the DMP clade (the Draconopteris + Malaifilix + Pteridrys clade; Zhang et al., 2016) formed a grade sister to the clade containing the remaining three genera in the family (Fig. 4a). Character 7—Rachis bud Rachis bud in Tectariaceae can be present or absent. Rachis without bud is obviously plesiomorphic in our sampling. In Tectariaceae only two species of Triplophyllum and a number of species of Tectaria have rachis bud. The rachis buds in Triplophyllum evolved once. In Tectaria, rachis buds evolved at least nine times (Fig. 11). In the Coadunatae clade (XII) and the Quinquefidae clade (IX), both rich in rachis bud-bearing species (Fig. 4c), the rachis buds only evolved once in the former clade or twice in the latter clade. Figure 11 seems to suggest that at least four reversals of rachis without bud from bud-bearing rachis, but the relationships of species involved are not well supported (Fig. 4c). Character 8—Venation pattern Of the seven genera in Tectariaceae sensu Zhang et al. (2016), Arthropteris, Pteridrys, Triplophyllum, and parts of Hypoderris and Tectaria have free venation, while Draconopteris, Malaifilix, part of Hypoderris, and most of Tectaria have anastomosing venation (Zhang et al., 2016; our Fig. 12). Ding et al. (2014) identified four venation patterns within Tectaria: (A) fully free (Fig. 2: A, B); (B) partly free (i.e., with veins forming costal and costular areoles only, lacking included veinlets; Fig. 2: C); (C) partly anastomosing (i.e., with veins forming costal and costular areoles and additional areoles, minor areoles having included free veinlets; Fig. 2: D); and (D) fully anastomosing with free veinlets in most areoles (Fig. 2: E, F). This classification of venation patterns can apply to other genera in Tectariaceae, as well as to other fern families (Fig. 12). Notably, Tectaria fuscipes (Wall.) C.Chr. has fully free venation but sometimes it can have angular areoles near sinus; here we treated its venation as fully free venation. Triplophyllum jenseniae (C.Chr.) Holttum usually has free venation and rarely has veins slightly anastomosing near the leaf margin; we treated its venation as fully free venation. Such treatment does not affect the overall reconstruction. Our morphological analysis suggests that free venation is the ancestral state of venation in Tectariaceae, while anastomosing venation evolved four times independently in Arthropteris, Draconopteris and Malaifilix, Hypoderris, and Tectaria (Fig. 12). Within Tectaria, partly anastomosing venation appears in T. cicutaria, the Tectaria clade, the T. multicaudata subclade in the Ctenitopsis clade, T. sp._Cicuzza 989, the Phlebiogonium clade, and the Coadunatae clade (Fig. 12). Partly anastomosing venation evolved from various ancestral states; in T. cicutaria, the Tectaria clade, the Phlebiogonium clade, and the 20

Coadunatae clade, it evolved from fully anastomosing venation, while in the T. multicaudata subclade of the Ctenitopsis clade and T. sp_Cicuzza 989 it evolved from fully free venation (Fig. 12). Both our study and that by Ding et al. (2014) resolved the Ctenitopsis superclade (I. T. subtriphylla clade in Ding et al., 2014) as the third branching lineage in Tectaria, sister to the Phlebiogonium superclade (IV. T. crenata clade in Ding et al., 2014). Free venation in Tectaria only appears in T. sp._Zhang et al. 7827 (IV. the Tectaridium clade), T. cf. paradoxa (XII. the Coadunatae clade), and the Ctenitopsis superclade. Because anastomosing venation is the ancestral state in Tectaria (Fig. 12), it is thus unambiguous that (1) (fully or partly) free venation evolved at least five times independently in Tectaria in the T. devexa complex, T. cf. paradoxa, T. ferruginea, the whole Ctenitopsis clade, and T. sp._Zhang et al. 7827, respectively; (2) the partly anastomosing venation evolved at least three times from the fully anastomosing venation in Tectaria depending on ultimate relationships among X. the Phlebiogonium clade, XI. the Polymorphae clade, and XII. the Coadunatae clade, which are not resolved in our study (Fig. 4c); and (3) the free venation evolved from anastomosing venation in the genus (Fig. 12). This repeated reversals of free to anastomosing venation have never been documented in any other vascular plant groups before in a phylogenetic context based on both plastid and nuclear markers. In Lomariopsidaceae, our morphological analysis shows that (1) free venation is the ancestral state for the family; and (2) the anastomosing venation in Dracoglossum evolved once from free venation of the most recent common ancestor of Dracoglossum and Lomariopsis (Fig. 12). Character 9—Leaf dimorphism Leaf dimorphism had been used to define some satellite genera, e.g., Quercifilix (Copeland, 1928). The leaves of Tectariaceae can be monomorphic, distinctly dimorphic, and strongly dimorphic. Our analysis shows that the evolution of leaf dimorphism in Tectariaceae is somewhat homoplasious. All species in the family with leaf dimorphism are members of Tectaria. Leaf dimorphism evolved at least 16 times independently in Tectaria under current coding of the character states (Fig. 13). In the Decurrentes and Podopeltis clades leaf dimorphism is dominant, but their most common ancestor had monomorphic leaves. However, if the character states "distinctly dimorphic" and "strongly dimorphic" (see above for their definitions) are coded as the same "dimorphic", it is more parsimonious to assume (1) that the most recent common ancestor of the Decurrentes and Podopeltis clades had dimorphic leaves (three steps shorter); and (2) that the leaf dimorphism evolved once in the Phlebiogonium clade (two steps shorter). In another word, leaf dimorphism appears to be a morphological synapomorphy of each of the Phlebiogonium clade and the clade (well supported; Fig. 4c) containing the Decurrentes and Podopeltis clades. Character 10—Sorus distribution The sori of Tectariaceae can be arranged in two rows, scattered on leaf surfaces, and acrostichoid. The ancestral state of sorus distribution in Tectariaceae is in two rows. Six out 21

of seven genera in Tectariaceae sensu Zhang et al. (2016) have some species with sori not in two rows but either scattered or in acrostichoid shape. Among these six genera the scattered and acrostichoid sori appear to be highly homoplasious. However in some clades of Tectaria these character states are less homoplasious. For example, in the Lenda clade (IV), the scattered sorus distribution only evolved once in T. linloensis Ching & C.H. Wang and the rest of the clade, respectively. In the Podopeltis clade (VII) and the Quinquefidae clade (IX) together, and in the Polymorphae clade, scattered sorus distribution evolved only once or twice, respectively. If scattered and acrostichoid sorus distributions are coded as one character state, this character state is a synapomorphy of the clade (well supported; Fig. 4c) containing the Podopeltis (VII) clade, the Decurrentes (VIII) clade, and the Quinquefidae clade (IX; Fig. 14). Character 11—Indusium occurrence The indusia of Tectariaceae can be present or absent. Same as sorus distribution, six out of seven genera in Tectariaceae sensu Zhang et al. (2016) have some species with apomorphic character state (exindusiate sori), and only Pteridrys has plesiomorphic character state (indusiate sori) in all species. But different from sorus distribution, character states of indusium occurrence do not appear to define any major clades recognized here (see above) and have very little value in the reconstruction of the phylogeny of the family. It is obvious that the character state of absence of indusia evolved at least 19 times from the character state of presence of indusia (Fig. 15). Character 12—Indusium shape The indusia of Tectariaceae can be reniform, peltate, and inapplicable (when absent). The character state of reniform indusia is ancestral state in Tectariaceae and peltate indusia only occur in Cyclopeltis, Dracoglossum, and Tectaria in the family. The peltate indusia in Tectaria evolved six times from reniform indusia based on our current sampling. Our analysis suggests that the peltate indusia evolved once in Lomariopsidaceae sensu Christenhusz et al. (2013) and are a synapomorphy of this family, while exindusiate sori of Lomariopsis evolved once from indusiate sori of the most recent common ancestor of Dracoglossum and Lomariopsis (Fig. 16). This evidence supports the circumscription of Lomariopsidaceae sensu Christenhusz et al. (2013), although Thysanosoria A. Gepp, never sampled in any molecular analysis, remains uncertain (Zhang et al., 2016). Character 13—Catenate hairs Catenate hairs in Tectariaceae can be absent (glabrous or slightly hairy) and present on laminae (obviously hairy). They are multicellular and uniseriate hairs and sometimes termed as catenate hairs (Holttum & Edwards 1986; Duan et al., 2017). Our analysis (Fig. 17) suggests: (1) absence of catenate hairs is the ancestral state in Tectariaceae and plesiomorphic in eupolypods I; (2) absence of catenate hairs in Pteridrys and that in the non-Pteridrys genera of Tectariaceae are not homologous: the former is plesiomorphic while the latter is 22

apomorphic and the relevant taxa lost catenate hairs at least 17 times independently based on our current sampling; (3) presence of catenate hairs in Tectariaceae evolved from absence of catenate hairs once in Pteridrys australis Ching and once in the AHTT (Arthropteris-Hypoderris-Triplophyllum-Tectaria) clade in Tectariaceae except four species of Tectaria: T. pubens R.C. Moran in the New World and T. semipinnata, T. subtriphylla cf._Knapp 3583 and T. tricuspis in the Old World, which re-acquired catenate hairs from ancestors that lost catenate hairs; thus presence of catenate hairs in Tectariaceae is not homologous either; (4) a morphological synapomorphy of the AHTT clade of Tectariaceae is presence of catenate hairs and thus the distribution of catenate hairs in Tectariaceae supports the close relationships between Arthropteris and other members of Tectariaceae sensu Zhang et al. (2016); and (5) the absence of catenate hairs in the two newly established genera, Droconopteris and Malaifilix, supports their close relationships with Pteridrys found in previous study (Zhang et al., 2016) and current study (Fig. 17).

Acknowledgments This research was partially supported by a grant from Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, grants from the National Geographical Society of the USA, and a grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (#31628002) to L.-B.Z., a grant from the Fondation Franklinia to the Flora of China project, a grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China to L.Z. (#31400196), and the CAS-TWAS President's Fellowship to N.T.L. Bích Hà Dương and Thành Lực Nguyễn helped with the fieldwork by L.-B.Z., X.-M.Z., T.T.L, and M.T.D. in southern Vietnam, A.T. Nor-Ezzawanis helped with the fieldwork by L.-B.Z. in Malaysia, Carl J. Rothfels provided six samples of Tectaria, Paulo Labiak shared DNA aliquots of Hypoderris, Fa-Guo Wang shared images of three vouchers, and Miguel Chaves and Daniele Cicuzza provided material of two and three accessions, respectively. We thank two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments.

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Table 1. Best-fitting models and parameter values for separate (atpA, atpB, rbcL, rps4-trnS, trnL, trnL-F, and trnL & trnL-F) and simultaneous plastid datasets in this study. “G” = gamma distribution shape parameter (Yang, 1994). “GTR” = general-time-reversible model (Tavaré, 1986). “I” = proportion of invariable sites. “Ti/Tv” = transition/transversion ratio. Region

Selected model

Base frequencies

Substitution model (rate matrix)

I

A

C

G

T

A–C

A–G

A–T

C–G

C–T

G–T

Ti/tv

G

Plastid atpA gene

GTR+I+G

0.3006

0.1913

0.2046

0.3036

1.4534

5.6377

0.4307

1.6317

12.5480

1.0000

–

0.3990

0.9180

Plastid rps16-matK spacer and matK gene

GTR+G

0.3207

0.1626

0.1589

0.3577

1.5089

5.0359

0.2517

0.8058

5.5244

1.0000

–

0

0.8880

Plastid rbcL gene

GTR+I+G

0.2774

0.2099

0.2485

0.2642

1.3375

4.4843

0.7370

0.6437

8.5953

1.0000

–

0.5040

0.8850

Plastid rps4-trnS spacer

TPM1uf+I+G

0.3189

0.1782

0.1808

0.3222

1.0000

2.8434

0.3567

0.3567

2.8434

1.0000

–

0.1460

1.0900

Plastid trnL intron & trnL-F spacer

GTR+G

0.1593

0.1876

0.1762

0.3131

1.2702

2.6575

0.3920

0.9650

3.7493

1.000

–

0

1.0000

Plastid markers combined Nuclear pgiC

GTR+I+G

0.3105

0.1804

0.1931

0.3160

1.3075

3.8327

0.4198

0.7882

5.3653

1.0000

–

0.3110

1.0390

TPM1uf+G

0.3679

0.2215

0.1550

0.2557

1.0000

2.5762

0.6932

0.6932

2.5762

1.0000

–

0

1.1360

Simultaneous

GTR+G

0.3156

0.1845

0.1896

0.3103

1.2583

3.6936

0.4374

0.7716

5.0187

1.0000

–

0.3010

1.0500

30

Table 2. Data matrices and tree statistics for each of the analyses. “PI” = parsimony-informative. “MPT” = most parsimonious trees . “MP” = maximum parsimony. “ML” = maximum likelihood. “JK” = jackknife. “BS” = bootstrap. “CI” = consistency index. “RI” = retention index. a

Inclusive of outgroups. matrix

# accessions 150 179

# chars. 1834 2220

# PI chars. (%)a 496(27) 829(37.3)

MPT length 1761 2584

# MP JK / ML BS clades 102/98 126/143

avg. MP JK / ML BS support (%) 83/86 87/82

CI

RI

0.4691 0.5530

0.5309 0.8967

289 157

1333 1169

403(30.2) 446(38.1)

1686 1315

144/137 93/92

80/83 82/88

0.3665 0.6038

0.6335 0.8613

Plastid trnL intron & trnL-F spacer

286

1274

537(42)

2299

125/130

77/82

0.4933

0.8402

Plastid markers combined

360

7825

2753(35.1)

10144

220/205

83/89

0.4229

0.8460

Nuclear pgiC

69

778

222(28.5)

607

28/33

76/83

0.7381

0.8471

Simultaneous

360

8608

2978(34.6)

10783

221/209

83/87

0.4936

0.8453

Plastid atpA gene Plastid rps16-matK spacer and matK gene Plastid rbcL gene Plastid rps4-trnS spacer

31

Appendix 1. List of taxa sampled with information related to taxonomy, GenBank accession numbers, references, and voucher information. Herbarium acronyms follow Index Herbariorum (Thiers, 2015). Araiostegia pulchra (D.Don) Copel., Wu 2458 (KUN), Laos: rbcL JX103718 (Kim & al., 2013). Arthromeris wallichiana (Spreng.) Ching, Schneider s.n. (E), cultivation: rbcL EF463243 (Schuettpelz & Pryer, 2007), atpA EF463799 (Schuettpelz & Pryer, 2007). Arthropteris altescandens J.Sm, Skottsberg 75 (NY), Chile: rbcL KF667641 (Moran et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KF667610 (Moran et al., 2014), rps4-trnS KF667554 (Moran et al., 2014). Arthropteris articulata (Brack.) C.Chr., Leon Perrie FJ11-50 (WELT), Fiji: rbcL KC977367 (Liu et al., 2013), atpA KC977329 (Liu et al., 2013), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KC977411 (Liu et al., 2013), rps4-trnS KC977437 (Liu et al., 2013). Arthropteris guinanensis H.G.Zhou & Y.Y.Huang, Jiang JRH1506 (IBK), Guangxi, China: rbcL KC977370 (Liu et al., 2013), atpA KC977324 (Liu et al., 2013), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KC977405 (Liu et al., 2013), rps4-trnS KC977446 (Liu et al., 2013). Arthropteris monocarpa (Cordem.) C.Chr., Kukkonen 12551 (H), Ethiopia: rbcL KF887155 (Wang et al., 2014), atpA KF897993 (Wang et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KF897941 (Wang et al., 2014). Arthropteris parallela C.Chr., Schuettpelz 524 (GOET), cultivation: rbcL EF463266 (Schuettpelz & Pryer, 2007), atpA EF463862 (Schuettpelz & Pryer, 2007), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KC977425 (Liu et al, 2013), rps4-trnS KC977425 (Liu et al, 2013). Arthropteris repens (Brack.) C.Chr., FJ11-191 (WELT), Queensland, Australia: rbcL KC977368 (Liu et al., 2013), atpA KC977349 (Liu et al., 2013), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KC977412 (Liu et al., 2013), rps4-trnS KC977438 (Liu et al., 2013). Arthropteris sp., Zhang et al. 7177 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Nghe An, Vietnam: rbcL KU605184 (Zhang et al., 2016), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KU605104 (Zhang et al., 2016), rps4-trnS KU605082 (Zhang et al., 2016), pgiC gene KU605152 (Zhang et al., 2016). Arthropteris sp., Zhang et al. 7657 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Quang Tri, Vietnam: rbcL KU605185 (Zhang et al., 2016), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KU605105 (Zhang et al., 2016), rps4-trnS KU605083 (Zhang et al., 2016), pgiC gene KU605153 (Zhang et al., 2016). Arthropteris submarginalis Domin, Acock PA1031 (BM), Queensland, Australia: rbcL KC977380 (Liu et al., 2013), atpA KC977338 (Liu et al., 2013), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KC977422 (Liu et al., 2013), rps4-trnS KC977451 (Liu et al., 2013). Aspidium kwanonense Hayata, Knapp 3635 (P), Taiwan, China: rbcL KY937321 (this study), atpA KY937577 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937474 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937380 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937210 (this study); Tsutsumi CT1066, Cultivated in Koishikawa: rbcL AB232397 (Tsutsumi & Kato, 2006); TNS:743677, Taiwan, China: rbcL AB575235 (Ebihara et al., 2010). Aspidium pinfaense Christ, Zhang et al. 6144 (CDBI), Guizhou, China: rbcL KY937322 (this study), atpA KY937578 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937475 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937381 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937211 (this study), pgiC gene KY937284 (this study).

32

Ctenitopsis cf. hainanensis Ching & C.H.Wang, Dong 112 (PE), Hainan, China: rbcL EF460681 (Liu et al., 2007); Wang 5496 (K), Hainan, China: rbcL KF887186 (Wang et al., 2014), atpA KF898022 (Wang et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KF897969 (Wang et al., 2014). Cyclopeltis crenata (Fée) C.Chr., Dong 1021 (PE), Hainan, China: rbcL DQ054517 (Li & Lu, 2006); Jin JXH5130 (KUN), China: rbcL DQ508766 (Lu & Li, unpublished), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer DQ514488 (Lu & Li, unpublished); Liu 5524, China: rbcL HM748134 (Hennequin et al., 2010), rps4-trnS HM748161 (Hennequin et al., 2010); Zhang 2312 (PE), China: rbcL EF463119 (Liu et al., 2010), rps4-trnS EF540718 (Liu et al., 2010). Cyclopeltis semicordata (Sw.) J. Sm., Barrington 2129 (VT), Costa Rica: rbcL EF463234 (Schuettpelz & Pryer, 2007), atpA EF463775 (Schuettpelz & Pryer, 2007). Davallia griffithiana Hook., Schuettpelz 506 (DUKE), cultivation: rbcL EF463165 (Schuettpelz & Pryer, 2007), atpA EF463649 (Schuettpelz & Pryer, 2007). Dracoglossum plantagineum (Jacq.) Christenh., Jones 1018 (TUR), Panama: rbcL KC914564 (Christenhusz et al., 2013), atpA KC914562 (Christenhusz et al., 2013), rps4-trnS KC914565 (Christenhusz et al., 2013); van der Werff 22222 (MO), Colón, Panama: rbcL KU605186 (Zhang et al., 2016), rps4-trnS KU605084 (Zhang et al., 2016). Dracoglossum sinuatum (Fée) Christenh., van der Werff 23482 (MO), Cayenne, French Guiana,: trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KU605106 (Zhang et al., 2016), rps4-trnS KU605085 (Zhang et al., 2016). Draconopteris draconoptera (D.C.Eaton) Li Bing Zhang & Liang Zhang, Jones 809 (TUR), Panama: rbcL KJ628848 (Lehtonen et al., 2015); Rothfels 08-173 (DUKE), Heredia, Costa Rica: rbcL KU605195 (Zhang et al., 2016), atpA KU605209 (Zhang et al., 2016), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KU605111 (Zhang et al., 2016), rps4-trnS KU605088 (Zhang et al., 2016), pgiC gene KU605161 (Zhang et al., 2016). Heterogonium pinnatum (Copel.) Holttum, Wade s.n. (TAIF), Luzon, Philippines: rbcL KJ196823 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196699 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196594 (Ding et al., 2014); Schuettpelz 555 (GOET), in cultivation: rbcL EF463267 (Schuettpelz & Kathleen, 2007), atpA EF463863 (Schuettpelz & Kathleen, 2007); Schuettpelz 708 (DUKE, KEP, S), Selangor, Malaysia: rbcL KY937323 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937476 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937212 (this study). Heterogonium stenosemioides (Baker) C.Chr., Dong 3438 (IBSC), Java, Indonesia: rbcL KJ196854 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196642 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196514 (Ding et al., 2014). Heterogonium subglabrum Holttum, Dong 3450 (IBSC), Bogor, Indonesia: rbcL KJ196807 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196676 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196532 (Ding et al., 2014). Hypoderris brauniana (H. Karst.) F.G.Wang & Christenh., Jones 1228 (TUR), Panama: rbcL KF926649 (Wang et al., 2014); van der Werff 22263 (NY), Colón, Panama: rbcL KF667648 (Moran et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KF667619 (Moran et al., 2014); Rojas 4134 33

(NY), Costa Rica: rbcL KF667647 (Moran et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KF667618 (Moran et al., 2014); Tuomisto 11912 (TUR), Ecuador: rbcL KF887171 (Wang et al., 2014), atpA KF898007 (Wang et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KF897955 (Wang et al., 2014). Hypoderris brownii J.Sm., Axelrod 8239 (NY), Puerto Rico, USA: rbcL KF667642 (Moran et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KF667611 (Moran et al., 2014), rps4-trnS KF667555 (Moran et al., 2014); Recart & Falcon 95 (UPRRP), Puerto Rico, USA: rbcL KF887164 (Wang et al., 2014), atpA KF89800 (Wang et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KF897949 (Wang et al., 2014); Sanchez 19 (NY), Puerto Rico, USA: rbcL KF667643 (Moran et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KF667612 (Moran et al., 2014), rps4-trnS KF667556 (Moran et al., 2014). Hypoderris nicotianifolia (Baker) R.C.Moran, Labiak & J. Prado, Moran 6922 (NY), Ecuador: rbcL KF667653 (Moran et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KF667626 (Moran et al., 2014), rps4-trnS KF667568 (Moran et al., 2014); Sundue 1455 (NY), Costa Rica: rbcL KF667654 (Moran et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KF667627 (Moran et al., 2014), rps4-trnS KF667569 (Moran et al., 2014). Lomariopsis pollicina (Willemet) Mett. ex Kuhn, Hennequinet al., 2009-R154 (BM), Réunion: rbcL HM748136 (Hennequin et al., 2010; Liu 5496, China: rbcL HM748135 (Hennequin et al., 2010), rps4-trnS HM748162 (Hennequin et al., 2010). Lomariopsis sorbifolia (L.) Fée, Christenhusz 4070 (TUR), Guadeloupe: rbcL EF463236 (Schuettpelz & Pryer, 2007), atpA EF463777 (Schuettpelz & Pryer, 2007). Lomariopsis sp., Zhang et al. 7185 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Nghe An, Vietnam: rbcL KU605187, trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KU605107 (Zhang et al., 2016), rps4-trnS KU605086 (Zhang et al., 2016), pgiC gene KU605154 (Zhang et al., 2016). Lomariopsis spectabilis (Kunze) Mett., Dong 3597 (IBSC), Yunnan, China: rbcL KJ196811 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene KJ196616 (Ding et al., 2014); TNS:763923, Japan: rbcL AB575226 (Ebihara et al., 2010). Malaifilix grandidentata (Ces.) Li Bing Zhang & Schuettp., Schuettpelz 679 (DUKE, KEP, S, SAR ), Selangor, Malaysia: rbcL KU605197 (Zhang et al., 2016), atpA KU605210 (Zhang et al., 2016), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KU605113 (Zhang et al., 2016), rps4-trnS KU605090 (Zhang et al., 2016), pgiC gene KU605164 (Zhang et al., 2016). Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott, Christenhusz 4865 (BM), Brazil: rbcL HQ157305 (Lehtonen et al., 2012), atpA HQ157268 (Lehtonen et al., 2012), trnL-F spacer HQ157337 (Lehtonen et al., 2012), rps4-trnS HQ157329 (Lehtonen et al., 2012). Nephrolepis davallioides Kunze, Schuettpelz 716 (DUKE), Pahang, Malaysia: rbcL JF832075 (Rothfels et al., 2012), atpA JF832131 (Rothfels et al., 2012). Nephrolepis hirsutula (G. Forst.) C.Presl, Christenhusz 3580 (TUR), Puerto Rico: rbcL EF463237 (Schuettpelz & Pryer, 2007), atpA EF463778 (Schuettpelz & Pryer, 2007). Oleandra articulata (Sw.) C.Presl, Christenhusz 3980 (TUR), Guadeloupe: rbcL EF463242 (Schuettpelz & Pryer, 2007), atpA EF463792 (Schuettpelz & Pryer, 2007); Labiak 3652 (NY), Brazil: rbcL KF667644 (Moran et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KF667613 (Moran et al., 2014), rps4-trnS KF667557 (Moran et al., 2014). Oleandra cumingii J.Sm., Chao 1990 (TAIF), Siem Reap, Cambodia: rbcL KJ196816 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196690 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196602 (Ding et al., 2014). Oleandra 34

neriiformis Cav., Chao 1976 (TAIF), Sarawak, Borneo: rbcL KJ196815 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196689 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene, KJ196620 (Ding et al., 2014). Oleandra pilosa Hook., Palacios 2697 (NY), Colombia: rbcL KF667646 (Moran et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KF667615 (Moran et al., 2014), rps4-trnS KF667559 (Moran et al., 2014). Oleandra pistillaris (Sw.) C.Chr., Tsutsumi et al., IN28, Gunung Gede, Indonesia: rbcL AB232405 (Tsutsumi & Kato, 2006). Oleandra wallichii (Hook.) C.Presl, Tsutsumi TH10 (TI), Chiang Mai, Thailand: rbcL AB212687 (Tsutsumi & Kato, 2005). Phlebodium decumanum (Willd.) J. Sm., Schuettpelz 216 (DUKE), Ecuador: rbcL EF463256 (Schuettpelz & Kathleen, 2007), atpA EF463836 (Schuettpelz & Kathleen, 2007). Polypodium virginianum L., Henry OAC 96886, Canada: rbcL KF186527 (Henry & Newmaster, unpublished), atpA KF186559 (Henry & Newmaster, unpublished). Psammiosorus paucivenius (C.Chr.) C.Chr., Rakotondrainibe 6585 (P), Madagascar: rbcL KJ196902 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196681 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene KJ196619 (Ding et al., 2014). Pteridrys australis Ching, Dong 3560 (IBSC), Yunnan, China: rbcL KJ196892 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196678 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196522 (Ding et al., 2014). Pteridrys cnemidaria (Christ) C.Chr. & Ching, Dong 3429 (IBSC), Yunnan, China: rbcL KJ196874 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196653 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196577 (Ding et al., 2014); Dong 2760 (IBSC), Yunnan, China: rbcL KJ196865 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196635 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196580 (Ding et al., 2014); Liu BJ01, China: rbcL EF460687 (Liu et al., 2007); Shui 80205 (PE), Yunnan, China: rbcL KF709488 (Liu et al., 2014), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KF709517 (Liu et al., 2014), rps4-trnS KF709501 (Liu et al., 2014); Wang 5483 (K), Hainan, China: rbcL KF887169 (Wang et al., 2014), atpA KF898005 (Wang et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KF897953 (Wang et al., 2014). Pteridrys sp., Cicuzza 947 (BM), Sulawesi, Indonesia: rbcL KF709489 (Liu et al., 2014), atpA KF709460 (Liu et al., 2014), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KF709518 (Liu et al., 2014), rps4-trnS KF709503 (Liu et al., 2014); Pteridrys sp., Dong 3465 (IBSC), Manokwari, Indonesia: rbcL KJ196848 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196630 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196549 (Ding et al., 2014). Pteridrys sp._Schuettpelz 872 (DUKE, KEP), Kedah, Malaysia: rbcL KU605192 (Zhang et al., 2016), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KU605108 (Zhang et al., 2016), matK gene & rps16-matK space KU605129 (Zhang et al., 2016), pgiC gene KU605155 (Zhang et al., 2016). Pteridrys sp., Zhang et al. 6554 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Phu Tho, Vietnam: rbcL KU605194 (Zhang et al., 2016), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KU605109 (Zhang et al., 2016), pgiC gene KU605157 (Zhang et al., 2016). Pteridrys sp., Zhang et al. 6517 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Hanoi, Vietnam: rbcL KU605193 (Zhang et al., 2016), pgiC gene KU605156 (Zhang et al., 2016). Pteridrys syrmatica (Willd.) C.Chr. & Ching, Cicuzza 677 (BM), Sulawesi, Indonesia: rbcL KF709490 (Liu et al., 2014), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KF709519 (Liu et al., 2014), rps4-trnS KF709505 (Liu et al., 2014); 35

Dong 3439 (IBSC), Sumatra, Indonesia: rbcL KJ196875 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196654 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196576 (Ding et al., 2014). Tectaria acerifolia R.C.Moran, Jones 990 (TUR), Panama: rbcL KF887170 (Wang et al., 2014), atpA KF898006 (Wang et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KF897954 (Wang et al., 2014). Tectaria angulata (Willd.) Copel., Dong 3451 (IBSC), Kalimantan, Indonesia: rbcL KJ196876 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196656 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196611 (Ding et al., 2014); Schuettpelz 703 (DUKE, KEP), Selangor, Malaysia: trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937478 (this study); Zhang et al. 8192 (CDBI), Rawang, Malaysia: rbcL KY937324 (this study), atpA KY937579 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937477 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937382 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937213 (this study). Tectaria antioquoiana (Baker) C.Chr., Schuettpelz 200 (DUKE), Ecuador: rbcL EF463269 (Schuettpelz & Pryer, 2007), atpA EF463865 (Schuettpelz & Pryer, 2007), trnL-F spacer KJ196683 (Schuettpelz & Pryer, 2007). Tectaria apiifolia (Schkuhr) Copel., Christenhusz 3201 (IJ), Jamaica: rbcL EF463270 (Schuettpelz & Pryer, 2007), atpA EF463866 (Schuettpelz & Pryer, 2007). Tectaria aurita (Sw.) S. Chandra, Dong 3386 (IBSC), Indonesia (Java): rbcL KJ196849 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196631 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196548 (Ding et al., 2014). Tectaria barberi (Hook.) Copel., Dong 3471 (IBSC), Kalimantan, Indonesia: rbcL KJ196846 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196628 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196584 (Ding et al., 2014). Tectaria barteri C.Chr., Carvalho 3449 (NY), Equatorial Guinea: trnL-F spacer KF667617 (Moran et al., 2014), rps4-trnS KF667561 (Moran et al., 2014). Tectaria brachiata (Zoll. & Moritzi) C.V. Morton cf., Wu WS-2510 (MO), Champasak, Laos: trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937480 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937384 (this study); Zhang et al. 8822 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Dak Lak, Vietnam: atpA KY937581 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937479 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937383 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937214 (this study), pgiC gene KY937285 (this study); Zhang et al. 8246 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Dong Nai, Vietnam: atpA KY937580 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937481 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937385 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937215 (this study), pgiC gene KY937286 (this study); Zhang et al. 7870 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Quang Nam, Vietnam: atpA KY937622 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937555 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937448 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937266 (this study). Tectaria cicutaria (L.) Copel., Dong 3583 (IBSC), Yunnan, China: rbcL KJ196851 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196663 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196574 (Ding et al., 2014); Sundue 2095 (TAIF), Puerto Rico, USA: rbcL KJ196905 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196696 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196621 (Ding et al., 2014). Tectaria coadunata (J. Sm.) C.Chr., Wade 0085 (TAIF), New Geogia, Solomon Islands: rbcL KJ196806 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196708 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196563 (Ding et al., 2014); Zhang et al. 7555 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Quang Tri, Vietnam: rbcL KY937325 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937482 (this study). Tectaria coadunata (J. Sm.) C.Chr. cf., Dong 1836 (IBSC), Yunnan, China: rbcL KJ196878 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196661 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196531 (Ding et al., 2014). Tectaria 36

crenata Cav., Kessler 13678 (Z), Philippines: rbcL KF667650 (Moran et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KF667621 (Moran et al., 2014), rps4-trnS KF667563 (Moran et al., 2014); Schuettpelz 841 (DUKE, KEP, S), Pahang, Malaysia: rbcL KY937326 (this study), atpA KY937584 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937485 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937218 (this study), pgiC gene KY937289 (this study). Tectaria crenata Cav. cf., Wade 1837 (TAIF), Java, Indonesia: rbcL KJ196833 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196712 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196559 (Ding et al., 2014); Zhang et al. 7993 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Quang Nam, Vietnam: atpA KY937582 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937483 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937386 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937216 (this study), pgiC gene KY937287 (this study); Zhang et al. 8000 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Quang Nam, Vietnam: atpA KY937583 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937484 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937387 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937217 (this study), pgiC gene KY937288 (this study). Tectaria darienensis A. Rojas, Croat 16955 (NY), Panama: rbcL KF667651 (Moran et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KF667622 (Moran et al., 2014), rps4-trnS KF667564 (Moran et al., 2014). Tectaria decurrens (C. Presl) Copel., Dong 1026 (PE), Hainan, China: rbcL EF460689 (Liu et al., 2007); Dong 3594 (IBSC), Yunnan, China: rbcL KJ196871 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196675 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196534 (Ding et al., 2014); Dong 3559 (IBSC), Yunnan, China: rbcL KJ196870 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196674 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196535 (Ding et al., 2014); TNS:759312, Japan: rbcL AB575232 (Ebihara et al., 2010); Zhang et al. 6497 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Hanoi, Vietnam: rbcL KP271076 (Zhang & Zhang, 2015), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KP271093 (Zhang & Zhang, 2015), rps4-trnS KP271084 (Zhang & Zhang, 2015), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KU605130 (Zhang & Zhang, 2016), pgiC gene KU605158 (Zhang et al., 2016). Tectaria devexa (Kunze) Copel., Dong 180 (PE), Hainan, China: rbcL EF460679 (Liu et al., 2007); Dong 3606 (IBSC), Yunnan, China: rbcL KJ196868 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196649 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196579 (Ding et al., 2014); Dong 3570 (IBSC), Yunnan, China: rbcL KJ196883 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196668 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196605 (Ding et al., 2014); L. Zhang 1561 (CDBI), Guangdong, China: rbcL KY937331 (this study), atpA KY937587 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937490 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937392 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937223 (this study); Wang 5504 (K), Hainan, China: rbcL KF887172 (Wang et al., 2014), atpA KF898008 (Wang et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KF897956 (Wang et al., 2014); Zhang et al. 6564 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Phu Tho, Vietnam: rbcL KY937327 (this study), atpA KY937586 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937486 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937388 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937219 (this study); Zhang et al. 6526 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Phu Tho, Vietnam: rbcL KY937329 (this study), atpA KY937585 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937488 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937390 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937221 (this study); Zhang et al. 6349 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Hoa Binh, Vietnam: rbcL KY937328 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937487 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937389 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937220 (this study); Zhang et al. 6671 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Bac Kan, Vietnam: rbcL KY937330 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937489 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937391 (this study), 37

matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937222 (this study); Zhang et al. 6591 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Lang Son, Vietnam: rbcL KP271077 (Zhang & Zhang, 2015), atpA KP271066 (Zhang & Zhang, 2015), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KP271094 (Zhang & Zhang, 2015), rps4-trnS KP271085 (Zhang & Zhang, 2015), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KU605132 (Zhang & Zhang, 2016), pgiC gene KU605160 (Zhang & Zhang, 2016); Zhang et al. 6331 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Hoa Binh, Vietnam: rbcL KU605203 (Zhang et al., 2016), atpA KU605208 (Zhang et al., 2016), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KU605110 (Zhang et al., 2016), rps4-trnS KU605087 (Zhang et al., 2016), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KU605131 (Zhang et al., 2016), pgiC gene KU605159 (Zhang et al., 2016). Tectaria dilacerata (Kunze) Maxon, Alanko 78-1506 (H), cultivated: rbcL KF887173 (Wang et al., 2014), atpA KF898009 (Wang et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KF897957 (Wang et al., 2014). Tectaria dissecta (G.Forst.) Lellinger cf., Zhang et al. 7212 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Quang Binh, Vietnam: rbcL KY937332 (this study), atpA KY937588 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937491 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937224 (this study). Tectaria ebenina (C.Chr.) Ching, Zhang et al. 6854 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Cao Bang, Vietnam: rbcL KY937333 (this study), atpA KY937589 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937492 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937393 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937225 (this study). Tectaria fauriei Tagawa, Dong 3572 (IBSC), Yunnan, China: rbcL KJ196877 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196658 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196525 (Ding et al., 2014); Dong 3553 (IBSC), Yunnan, China: rbcL KJ196887 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196671 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196526 (Ding et al., 2014); Knapp1590 (KNAPP), Taiwan, China: atpA KY937590 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937493 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937394 (this study); TNS:764229, Japan: rbcL AB575234 (Ebihara et al., 2010); Zhang et al. 7297 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Quang Binh, Vietnam: atpA KY937591 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937494 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937395 (this study). Tectaria fernandensis C.Chr., Fraser-Jenkins 11304 (H), Cameroon: rbcL KF887174 (Wang et al., 2014), atpA KF898010 (Wang et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KF897958 (Wang et al., 2014). Tectaria ferruginea (Mett.) Copel., C.W. Chen 0806 (TAIF), Solomon Islands:, matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196585 (Ding et al., 2014). Tectaria fimbriata (Willd.) Proctor & Lourteig, Christenhusz 3537 (TUR), Puerto Rico, USA: rbcL EF463271 (Schuettpelz & Pryer, 2007), atpA EF463867 (Schuettpelz & Pryer, 2007). Tectaria fissa (Kunze) Holttum, FRI74824 (KEP, MO), Selangor, Malaysia: atpA KY937616 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937569 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937465 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937278 (this study); FRI74826 (KEP, MO), Selangor, Malaysia: trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937571 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937466 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937280 (this study); Schuettpelz 681 (DUKE, KEP), Selangor, Malaysia: rbcL KU605196 (Zhang et al., 2016), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KU605112 (Zhang et al., 2016), rps4-trnS KU605089 (Zhang et al., 2016), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KU605133 (Zhang et al., 2016), pgiC gene KU605162 (Zhang et al., 2016); Schuettpelz 885 (DUKE, KEP, S, SAR ), Pahang, Malaysia: trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937496 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937226 (this study). Zhang et al. 8193 (CDBI), Rawang, Malaysia: atpA KY937592 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937495 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937396 (this study). Tectaria fuscipes (Wall. ex Bedd.) 38

C.Chr., Chao 1553 (TAIF), Quang Tri, Vietnam: rbcL KJ196900 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196711 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196560 (Ding et al., 2014); Dong 1059 (PE), Hainan, China: rbcL EF460680 (Liu et al., 2007); Dong 3557 (IBSC), Yunnan, China: rbcL KJ196880 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196665 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196529 (Ding et al., 2014); Knapp 3198 (P), Taiwan, China: rbcL KY937334 (this study), atpA KY937593 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937497 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937397 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937227 (this study); LJM074 (KUN), China: rbcL DQ508764 (Lu & Li, unpublished), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer DQ514486 (Lu & Li, unpublished); Wang 5492 (K), Hainan, China: rbcL KF887175 (Wang et al., 2014), atpA KF898011 (Wang et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KF897959 (Wang et al., 2014); Zhang et al. 6590 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Lang Son, Vietnam: rbcL KY937335 (this study), atpA KY937594 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937498 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937398 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937228 (this study); Zhang et al. 6639 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Lang Son, Vietnam: rbcL KP271078 (Zhang & Zhang, 2015), atpA KP271067 (Zhang & Zhang, 2015), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KP271095 (Zhang & Zhang, 2015), rps4-trnS KP27108 (Zhang & Zhang, 2015), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KU605134 (Zhang et al., 2016), pgiC gene KU605163 (Zhang et al., 2016). Tectaria gaudichaudii Maxon, Selling 3605 (H), Hawaii, USA: rbcL KF887176 (Wang et al., 2014), atpA KF898012 (Wang et al., 2014). Tectaria gemmifera (Fée) Alston, Kamau & Christenhusz 601 (EA, K), Kenya: rbcL KF887177 (Wang et al., 2014), atpA KF898013 (Wang et al., 2014); Kayombo s.n. (MO), Tanzania: trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937499 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937399 (this study); Mwangoka s.n. (MO), Tanzania: rbcL KY937336 (this study), atpA KY937595 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937500 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937400 (this study); Pichi-Sermolli 7074 (NY), Ethiopia: trnL-F spacer KF667623 (Moran et al., 2014), rps4-trnS KF667565 (Moran et al., 2014). Tectaria gigantea (Blume) Copel., Dong 3380 (IBSC), Java, Indonesia: rbcL KJ196853 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196660 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196530 (Ding et al., 2014). Tectaria griffithii (Baker) C.Chr., Dong 3632 (IBSC), Guangxi, China: rbcL KJ196872 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196651 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196578 (Ding et al., 2014); Dong 3846 (IBSC), Hainan, China: rbcL KJ196825 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196702 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196592 (Ding et al., 2014); Knapp 3072 (KNAPP), Taiwan, China: atpA KY937597 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937502 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937402 (this study); Wu WS-2492 (MO), Champasak, Laos: trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937506 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937406 (this study); Zhang et al. 6765 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Bac Kan, Vietnam: rbcL KY937337 (this study), atpA KY937596 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937501 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937401 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937229 (this study), pgiC gene KY937290 (this study); Zhang et al. 8364 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Lam Dong, Vietnam: atpA KY937598 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937503 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937403 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937230 (this study), pgiC gene KY937291 (this study); Zhang et al. 8413 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Lam Dong, Vietnam: atpA KY937599 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937504 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937404 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937231 (this study), 39

pgiC gene KY937292 (this study); Zhang et al. 8645 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Lam Dong, Vietnam: atpA KY937600 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937505 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937405 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937232 (this study), pgiC gene KY937293 (this study). Tectaria grossedentata Ching & C.H.Wang, Dong 3591 (IBSC), Yunnan, China: rbcL KJ196882 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196667 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196571 (Ding et al., 2014); Zhang et al. 6293 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Hoa Binh, Vietnam: rbcL KY937338 (this study), atpA KY937601 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937507 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937407 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937233 (this study). Tectaria harlandii (Hook.) C.M.Kuo, Chen 4846 (IBSC), Guangdong, China: rbcL KJ196839 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196718 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196612 (Ding et al., 2014); Ding 002 (IBSC), Guangdong, China: rbcL KJ196867 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196648 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196537 (Ding et al., 2014); Knapp 3557 (P), Taiwan, China: trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937508 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937408 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937234 (this study), pgiC gene KY937294 (this study); Knapp3580 (P), Taiwan, China: atpA KY937602 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937509 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937409 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937235 (this study); Knapp 3712 (P), Taiwan, China: atpA KY937604 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937512 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937411 (this study); Knapp 3582 (P), Taiwan, China: trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937510 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937410 (this study); Wang 5503 (K), Hainan, China: rbcL KF887178 (Wang et al., 2014), atpA KF898014 (Wang et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KF897961 (Wang et al., 2014); Wang 5503a (K), Hainan, China: rbcL KF887179 (Wang et al., 2014), atpA KF898015 (Wang et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KF897962 (Wang et al., 2014). Tectaria cf. harlandii (Hook.) C.M.Kuo, Knapp 3579 (KNAPP), Taiwan, China: trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937549 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937445 (this study). Tectaria cf. harlandii (Hook.) C.M.Kuo, Knapp 3593 (P), Taiwan, China: trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937517 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937414 (this study); Zhang et al. 7194 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Ha Tinh, Vietnam: atpA KY937605 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937513 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937412 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937237 (this study). Tectaria hekouensis Ching & C.H.Wang, Dong 3596 (IBSC), Yunnan, China: rbcL KJ196895 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KF561674 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196519 (Ding et al., 2014); Dong 3608 (IBSC), Yunnan, China: rbcL KJ196894 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KF561673 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196520 (Ding et al., 2014); Zhang et al. 6502 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Hanoi, Vietnam: rbcL KY937340 (this study), atpA KY937606 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937514 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937413 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937238 (this study). Tectaria heracleifolia (Willd.) Underw., Ackerman 4707 (UPRRP), Puerto Rico, USA: rbcL KF887180 (Wang et al., 2014), atpA KF898016 (Wang et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KF897963 (Wang et al., 2014); Matos 08-125 (DUKE), Puntarenas, Costa Rica: rbcL KY937341 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937515 (this study), pgiC gene KY937296 (this study); Sundue 2094 (TAIF), Puerto Rico, USA: rbcL KJ196904 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196695 (Ding et al., 2014). Tectaria herpetocaulos Holttum, Dong 40

3555 (IBSC), Yunnan, China: rbcL KJ196884 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196669 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196570 (Ding et al., 2014). Tectaria heterocarpa (Bedd.) C.V. Morton, Fraser-Jenkins 1727 (H), Nepal: rbcL KF887181 (Wang et al., 2014), atpA KF898017 (Wang et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KF897964 (Wang et al., 2014). Tectaria impressa (Fée) Holttum, Dong 1024 (PE), Hainan, China: rbcL EF460690 (Liu et al., 2007); Dong 3615 (IBSC), Yunnan, China: rbcL KJ196841 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196626 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196536 (Ding et al., 2014); Dong 3564 (IBSC), Yunnan, China: rbcL KJ196881 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196677 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196573 (Ding et al., 2014); Fraser-Jenkins 3910 (H), India: rbcL KF887200 (Wang et al., 2014), atpA KF898034 (Wang et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KF897982 (Wang et al., 2014); Zhang et al. 6612 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Lang Son, Vietnam: rbcL KY937342 (this study), atpA KY937608 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937518 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937415 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937240 (this study), pgiC gene KY937298 (this study); Wu ws-2328 (KUN), Saravan, Laos: trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937519 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937416 (this study). Tectaria incisa Cav., Cayola 2415 (MO), Bolivia, La Paz: trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937520 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937417 (this study); Christenhusz 3209 (IJ), Jamaica: rbcL EF463272 (Schuettpelz & Pryer, 2007), atpA EF463868 (Schuettpelz & Pryer, 2007); Christenhusz 4828 (TUR), Brazil: rbcL KF887184 (Wang et al., 2014), atpA KF898020 (Wang et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KF897967 (Wang et al., 2014); Howell 1088 (FLAS), Florida, USA: rbcL GU135254 (Abbott et. al, unpublished); Labiak 4914 (NUPCB), Brazil: trnL-F spacer KF667625 (Moran et al., 2014), rps4-trnS KF667567 (Moran et al., 2014); Possley 94 (FLAS), Florida, USA: rbcL GU135282 (Abbott et. al, unpublished); RBG Kew, living coll 1984-521 (K), Florida, USA: rbcL KF887183 (Wang et al., 2014), atpA KF898019 (Wang et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KF897966 (Wang et al., 2014); Rothfels 08-189 (DUKE), Heredia, Costa Rica: rbcL KY937343 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937521 (this study). Tectaria ingens (Atk. ex C.B.Clarke) Holttum, YLZB1960 (CDBI), Xizang, China: rbcL KY937344 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937522 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937418 (this study). Tectaria kusukusensis (Hayata) Lellinger, Dong 3615 (IBSC), Hainan, China: rbcL KJ196826 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KJ196703 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196591 (Ding et al., 2014); Knapp 3767 (P), Taiwan, China: rbcL KY937345 (this study), atpA KY937609 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937523 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937241 (this study), pgiC gene KY937299 (this study); Wang 5501 (K), Hainan, China: rbcL KF887185 (Wang et al., 2014), atpA KF898021 (Wang et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KF897968 (Wang et al., 2014); Zhang et al. 6545 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Phu Tho, Vietnam: rbcL KY937346 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937242 (this study); Zhang et al. 6466 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Vinh Phuc, Vietnam: rbcL KP271079 (Zhang & Zhang, 2015), atpA KP271068 (Zhang & Zhang, 2015), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KP271096 (Zhang & Zhang, 2015), rps4-trnS KP271087 (Zhang & Zhang, 2015), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KU605135 (Zhang et al., 2016), pgiC gene KU605165 (Zhang et al., 2016). Tectaria labrusca (Hook.) Copel., Chao 1981 (TAIF), Sarawak, Malaysia: rbcL KJ196818 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196692 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196600 (Ding et al., 41

2014). Tectaria laotica C.Chr. & Tardieu, Wu WS-2172 (MO), Laos: trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937524 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937419 (this study). Tectaria linloensis Ching & C.H. Wang, Dong 3641 (IBSC), Guangxi, China: rbcL KJ196843 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196638 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196544 (Ding et al., 2014). Tectaria luchunensis S.K. Wu, Dong 3582 (IBSC), Yunnan, China: rbcL KJ196891 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196673 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196572 (Ding et al., 2014); Dong 3579 (IBSC), Yunnan, China: rbcL KJ196845 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196627 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196613 (Ding et al., 2014). Tectaria macleanii (Copel.) S.Y.Dong, Chao s.n. (TAIF), Philippines: rbcL KJ196810 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196680 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196567 (Ding et al., 2014). Tectaria malayensis (Christ) Copel., FRI74817 (KEP, MO), Selangor, Malaysia: rbcL KY937347 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937525 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937420 (this study); Schuettpelz 892 (DUKE, KEP), Pahang, Malaysia: rbcL KY937348 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937421 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937243 (this study). Tectaria martinicensis (Spreng.) Copel., Sorsa 97/1964 (H), Puerto Rico, USA: rbcL KF898023 (Wang et al., 2014), atpA KF898023 (Wang et al., 2014). Tectaria melanocaula (Blume) Copel., Wade 1865 (TAIF), Java, Indonesia: rbcL KJ196832 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196709 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196562 (Ding et al., 2014). Tectaria mexicana (Fée) C.V. Morton, Grusz 08-011 (DUKE), Provincia de San Josè, Costa Rica: rbcL KU605198 (Zhang et al., 2016), atpA KU605211 (Zhang et al., 2016), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KU605114 (Zhang et al., 2016), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KU605136 (Zhang et al., 2016), pgiC gene KU605166 (Zhang et al., 2016); Rothfels 08-175 (DUKE), Heredia, Costa Rica: rbcL KU605199 (Zhang et al., 2016), atpA KU605212 (Zhang et al., 2016), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KU605115 (Zhang et al., 2016), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KU605137 (Zhang et al., 2016), pgiC gene KU605167 (Zhang et al., 2016). Tectaria morsei (Baker) P.J. Edwards ex S.Y. Dong, Dong 2298 (IBSC), Guangxi, China: rbcL KJ196909 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196721 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196515 (Ding et al., 2014); Dong GZE219 (IBSC), Guizhou, China: rbcL KJ196893 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KF561675 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196521 (Ding et al., 2014); Wu WP-884 (MO), Vietnam: trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937529 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937425 (this study); Zhang et al. 6598 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Lang Son, Vietnam: rbcL KY937351 (this study), atpA KY937610 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937528 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937424 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937246 (this study), pgiC gene KY937302 (this study); Zhang et al. 6584 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Lang Son, Vietnam: rbcL KY937349 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937526 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937422 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937244 (this study), pgiC gene KY937300 (this study); Zhang et al. 6596 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Lang Son, Vietnam: rbcL KY937350 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937527 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937423 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937245 (this study), pgiC gene KY937301 (this study); Zhang et al. 6681 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Bac Kan, Vietnam: rbcL KU605188 (Zhang et al., 2016), atpA KU605213 (Zhang et al., 2016), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KU605116 (Zhang et al., 2016), rps4-trnS KU605091 (Zhang et 42

al., 2016), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KU605138 (Zhang et al., 2016), pgiC gene KU605168 (Zhang et al., 2016); Zhang et al. 7312 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Quang Binh, Vietnam: rbcL KU605205 (Zhang et al., 2016), atpA KU605214 (Zhang et al., 2016), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KU605117 (Zhang et al., 2016), rps4-trnS KU605092 (Zhang et al., 2016), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KU605139 (Zhang et al., 2016), pgiC gene KU605169 (Zhang et al., 2016). Tectaria multicaudata (C.B. Clarke) Ching, Knapp 3592 (P), Taiwan, China: rbcL KY937352 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937426 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937247 (this study); Wade 1382 (TAIF), Binh Phuoc, Vietnam: rbcL KJ196834 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196713 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196558 (Ding et al., 2014 ). Tectaria panamensis (Hook.) R.M. Tryon & A.F. Tryon, Jones 1052 (TUR), Panama: rbcL KF887188 (Wang et al., 2014), atpA KF898024 (Wang et al., 2014). Tectaria cf. paradoxa (Fée) Sledge, RBG Kew 1964-33125 (K), New Caledonia : rbcL KF887189 (Wang et al., 2014), atpA KF898025 (Wang et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KF897971 (Wang et al., 2014). Tectaria phaeocaulis (Rosenst.) C.Chr., Dong 1579 (IBSC), Hainan, China: rbcL KJ196879 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196662 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196546 (Ding et al., 2014); Dong 3656 (IBSC), Guangdong, China: rbcL KJ196852 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196633 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196606 (Ding et al., 2014); Wang 5481 (K), Hainan, China: rbcL KF887190 (Wang et al., 2014), atpA KF898026 (Wang et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KF897972 (Wang et al., 2014); Wu WS-2007 (MO), Laos: trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937532 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937429 (this study); Zhang et al. 6626 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Lang Son, Vietnam: rbcL KY937354 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937531 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937428 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937248 (this study), pgiC gene KY937303 (this study); Zhang et al. 6492 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Hanoi, Vietnam: rbcL KP271080 (Zhang & Zhang, 2015), atpA KP271069 (Zhang & Zhang, 2015), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KP271097 (Zhang & Zhang, 2015), rps4-trnS KP271088 (Zhang & Zhang, 2015), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KU605141 (Zhang et al., 2016), pgiC gene KU605171 (Zhang et al., 2016); Zhang et al. 6636 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Lang Son, Vietnam: rbcL KU605189 (Zhang et al., 2016), atpA KU605215 (Zhang et al., 2016), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KU605118 (Zhang et al., 2016), rps4-trnS KU605093 (Zhang et al., 2016), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KU605140 (Zhang et al., 2016), pgiC gene KU605170 (Zhang et al., 2016); Zhang et al. 7053 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Thanh Hoa, Vietnam: rbcL KU605201 (Zhang et al., 2016), atpA KU605216 (Zhang et al., 2016), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KU605119 (Zhang et al., 2016), rps4-trnS KU605094 (Zhang et al., 2016), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KU605142 (Zhang et al., 2016), pgiC gene KU605172 (Zhang et al., 2016); Knapp 1358 (KNAPP), Taiwan, China: rbcL KY937353 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937530 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937427 (this study). Tectaria pica (L.) C.Chr., RBG Kew 2010-1946 (K), Mauritius: rbcL KF887191 (Wang et al., 2014), atpA KF898027 (Wang et al., 2014). Tectaria pleiosora (Alderw.) C.Chr. cf., Chao 1983 (TAIF), Sarawak, Malaysia: rbcL KJ196819 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196693 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196599 (Ding et al., 2014). Tectaria polymorpha (Wall. ex Hook.) Copel., Dong 3590 (IBSC), Yunnan, China: rbcL KJ196888 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196664 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196523 (Ding et al., 2014); Dong 3554 43

(IBSC), Yunnan, China: rbcL KJ196889 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196657 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196524 (Ding et al., 2014); YLZB1971 (CDBI), Xizang, China: rbcL KY937357 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937535 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937431 (this study); YLZB2003 (CDBI), Xizang, China: atpA KY937611 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937536 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937432 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937249 (this study); YLZB2039 (CDBI), Xizang, China: rbcL KY937355 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937533 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937430 (this study); Wu WS-2445 (MO), Champasak, Laos: rbcL KY937356 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937534 (this study), pgiC gene KY937304 (this study); Zhang et al. 7542 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Quang Tri, Vietnam: rbcL KU605206 (Zhang et al., 2016), atpA KU605217 (Zhang et al., 2016), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KU605120 (Zhang et al., 2016), rps4-trnS KU605095 (Zhang et al., 2016), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KU605143 (Zhang et al., 2016), pgiC gene KU605173 (Zhang et al., 2016). Tectaria prolifera (Hook.) R.M. Tryon & A.F. Tryon, Alanko 78-893 (H), cultivated: atpA KF898028 (Wang et al., 2014); Christenhusz 3368 (IJ), Jamaica: rbcL EF463273 (Schuettpelz & Pryer, 2007), atpA EF463869 (Schuettpelz & Pryer, 2007). Tectaria psomiocarpa S.Y. Dong, Wade s.n. (TAIF), Luzon, Philippines: rbcL KJ196822 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196698 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196595 (Ding et al., 2014). Tectaria pubens R.C. Moran, Tuomisto 11766 (TUR), Ecuador: rbcL KF887193 (Wang et al., 2014), atpA KF898029 (Wang et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KF897975 (Wang et al., 2014). Tectaria quinquefida (Baker) Ching, Chao 1980 (TAIF), Vietnam: rbcL KJ196814 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196814 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196603 (Ding et al., 2014); Dong 1981bis (IBSC), Yunnan, China: rbcL KJ196885 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ396622 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196528 (Ding et al., 2014); Zhang et al. 6315 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Hoa Binh, Vietnam: rbcL KY937358 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937537 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937433 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937250 (this study), pgiC gene KY937305 (this study); Zhang et al. 6343 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Hoa Binh, Vietnam: trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937538 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937434 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937251 (this study), pgiC gene KY937307 (this study); Zhang et al. 6351 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Hoa Binh, Vietnam: rbcL KY937359 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937435 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937252 (this study), pgiC gene KY937308 (this study); Zhang et al. 6572 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Phu Tho, Vietnam: rbcL KY937361 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937539 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937253 (this study), pgiC gene KY937309 (this study); Zhang et al. 6917 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Ha Giang, Vietnam: rbcL KU605190 (Zhang et al., 2016), atpA KU605218 (Zhang et al., 2016), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KU605121 (Zhang et al., 2016), rps4-trnS KU605096 (Zhang et al., 2016), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KU605144 (Zhang et al., 2016), pgiC gene KU605174 (Zhang et al., 2016); Zhang et al. 6317 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Hoa Binh, Vietnam: rbcL KP271081 (Zhang & Zhang, 2015), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KP271098 (Zhang & Zhang, 2015), rps4-trnS KP271089 (Zhang & Zhang, 2015), pgiC gene KY937306 (this study); Zhang et al. 6527 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Phu Tho, Vietnam: rbcL KY937360 (this study). Tectaria repanda (Willd.) Holttum, Wade 0576 (TAIF), New Geogia, Solomon 44

Islands: rbcL KJ196831 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196707 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196586 (Ding et al., 2014). Tectaria cf. repanda (Willd.) Holttum, Dong 2565 (IBSC), Philippines: rbcL KJ196908 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196720 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196513 (Ding et al., 2014). Tectaria sagenioides (Mett.) Christenh., Dong 3603 (IBSC), Yunnan, China: rbcL KJ196897 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KF561672 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196518 (Ding et al., 2014); Dong 1599 (IBSC), Hainan, China: rbcL KJ196896 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196625 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196550 (Ding et al., 2014); Schuettpelz 696 (DUKE, KEP), Selangor, Malaysia: trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937540 (this study); Wang 5502 (K), Haina, China: rbcL KF887194 (Wang et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KF897976 (Wang et al., 2014). Tectaria sagenioides (Mett.) Christenh. cf., Zhang et al. 7072 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Hoa Bình, Vietnam: atpA KY937612 (this study). Tectaria semipinnata (Roxb.) C.V.Morton, Chao 1977 (TAIF), Malaysia: rbcL KJ196817 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196691 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196601 (Ding et al., 2014 ); Schuettpelz 888 (DUKE, KEP), Pahang, Malaysia: rbcL KU605200 (Zhang et al., 2016), atpA KU605219 (Zhang et al., 2016), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KU605122 (Zhang et al., 2016), rps4-trnS KU605097 (Zhang et al., 2016), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KU605145 (Zhang et al., 2016), pgiC gene KU605175 (Zhang et al., 2016). Tectaria setulosa (Baker) Holttum, Dong 3049 (IBSC), Guangdong, China: trnL-F spacer KJ196670 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196527 (Ding et al., 2014); Jin 282 (IBSC, PE), Yunnan, China: trnL-F spacer KJ196714 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196557 (Ding et al., 2014); Zhang et al. 6520 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Hanoi, Vietnam: rbcL KU605191 (Zhang et al., 2016), atpA KU605220 (Zhang et al., 2016), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KU605123 (Zhang et al., 2016), rps4-trnS KU605098 (Zhang et al., 2016), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KU605146 (Zhang et al., 2016), pgiC gene KU605176 (Zhang et al., 2016); Zhang et al. 7140 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Nghe An, Vietnam: atpA KU605221 (Zhang et al., 2016), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KU605124 (Zhang et al., 2016), rps4-trnS KU605099 (Zhang et al., 2016), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KU605147 (Zhang et al., 2016), pgiC gene KU605177 (Zhang et al., 2016); Zhang et al. 7124 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Thanh Hoa, Vietnam: rbcL KY937363 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937541 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937436 (this study), pgiC gene KY937311 (this study); Zhang et al. 7120 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Thanh Hoa, Vietnam: rbcL KY937362 (this study), pgiC gene KY937310 (this study). Tectaria simonsii (Baker) Ching, Dong 3645 (IBSC), Guangxi, China: rbcL KJ196838 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196716 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196554 (Ding et al., 2014); Dong 3639 (IBSC), Guangxi, China: rbcL KJ196837 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196717 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196555 (Ding et al., 2014) ; Knapp 3570 (P), Taiwan, China: rbcL KY937364 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937542 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937437 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937254 (this study); Knapp 3572 (KNAPP), Taiwan, China: rbcL KY937365 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937543 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937438 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937255 (this study), pgiC gene KY937312 (this study); Knapp 3629 (KNAPP), Taiwan, China: rbcL KY937366 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937544 (this study), 45

rps4-trnS KY937441 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937257 (this study); Knapp 3586 (P), Taiwan, China: rps4-trnS KY937439 (this study); Knapp 3590 (P), Taiwan, China: rps4-trnS KY937440 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937256 (this study); L. Zhang 1613 (CDBI), Hainan, China: atpA KY937613 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937546 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937443 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937258 (this study); Wang 5495 (K), Hainan, China: rbcL KF887195 (Wang et al., 2014), atpA KF898030 (Wang et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KF897977 (Wang et al., 2014); Wu WS-2711 (MO), Luang Namtha, Laos: trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937545 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937442 (this study); TNS:743680, Japan: rbcL AB575236 (Ebihara et al., 2010); Zhang et al. 7001 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Thanh Hoa, Vietnam: rbcL KU605202 (Zhang et al., 2016), atpA KU605222 (Zhang et al., 2016), rps4-trnS KU605100 (Zhang et al., 2016), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KU605148 (Zhang et al., 2016), pgiC gene KU605178 (Zhang et al., 2016). Tectaria singaporiana (Wall. ex Hook. & Grev.) Copel., Christenhusz 6595 (H), Malaysia: rbcL KF887196 (Wang et al., 2014), atpA KF898031 (Wang et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KF897978 (Wang et al., 2014); Schuettpelz 652 (DUKE, KEP, S), Selangor, Malaysia: trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937547 (this study); Zhang et al. 8198 (CDBI), Rawang, Malaysia: atpA KY937614 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937548 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937444 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937259 (this study). Tectaria sp., Cicuzza 989 (Z), Philippines: rbcL KF667652 (Moran et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KF667624 (Moran et al., 2014), rps4-trnS KF667566 (Moran et al., 2014). Tectaria sp., Cicuzza 683 (Z), Phillippines: rbcL KF667655 (Moran et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KF667628 (Moran et al., 2014), rps4-trnS KF667570 (Moran et al., 2014). Tectaria sp., Dong 3644 (IBSC), Guangxi, China: rbcL KJ196859 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196640 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196542 (Ding et al., 2014). Tectaria sp., Dong 3431 (IBSC), Yunnan, China: rbcL KJ196840 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196624 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196551 (Ding et al., 2014). Tectaria sp., Dong 3631 (IBSC), Hong Kong, China: rbcL KJ196886 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196666 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196568 (Ding et al., 2014). Tectaria sp., Schuettpelz 983 (DUKE, QCA, NY, QCNE), Pichincha, Ecuador: rbcL KY937369 (this study), atpA KY937625 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937558 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937452 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937270 (this study). Tectaria sp., Wu WP-1011 (MO), Vietnam: trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937559 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937453 (this study). Tectaria sp., YLZB2013 (CDBI), Xizang, China: rbcL KY937370 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937454 (this study). Tectaria sp., YLZB2067 (CDBI), Xizang, China: atpA KY937626 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937560 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937455 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937271 (this study). Tectaria sp., YLZB2094 (CDBI), Xizang, China: atpA KY937627 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937561 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937456 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937272 (this study). Tectaria sp., Zhang et al. 7974 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Quang Nam, Vietnam: rbcL KY937375 (this study), atpA KY937631 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937449 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937267 (this study), pgiC gene KY937317 (this study). Tectaria sp., Zhang et al. 7214 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Quang Binh, Vietnam: rbcL KY937368 (this study), atpA KY937618 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F 46

spacer KY937550 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937261 (this study), pgiC gene KY937314 (this study). Tectaria sp., Zhang et al. 7477 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Quang Tri, Vietnam: atpA KY937621 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937553 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937264 (this study), pgiC gene KY937315 (this study). Tectaria sp., Zhang et al. 8250 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Dong Nai, Vietnam: atpA KY937607 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937516 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937239 (this study), pgiC gene KY937297 (this study). Tectaria sp., Zhang et al. 7679 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Thua Thien-Hue, Vietnam: trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937554 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937265 (this study), pgiC gene KY937316 (this study). Tectaria sp., Zhang et al. 7424 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Quang Binh, Vietnam: atpA KY937620 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937552 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937447 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937263 (this study). Tectaria sp., Zhang et al. 7191 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Nghe An, Vietnam: rbcL KY937339 (this study), atpA KY937603 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937511 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937236 (this study), pgiC gene KY937295 (this study). Tectaria sp., Zhang et al. 8801 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Khanh Hoa,Vietnam: atpA KY937623 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937556 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937450 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937268 (this study). Tectaria sp., Zhang et al. 8817 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Khanh Hoa,Vietnam: atpA KY937624 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937557 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937451 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937269 (this study). Tectaria sp., Zhang et al. 7224 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Quang Binh, Vietnam: atpA KY937619 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937551 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937262 (this study). Tectaria sp., Zhang et al. 7827 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Da Nang, Vietnam: rbcL KU605207 (Zhang et al., 2016), atpA KU605223 (Zhang et al., 2016), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KU605125 (Zhang et al., 2016), rps4-trnS KU605101 (Zhang et al., 2016), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KU605149 (Zhang et al., 2016), pgiC gene KU605179 (Zhang et al., 2016). Tectaria stenoptera (Baker) Ching, Zhang et al. 6562 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Phu Tho, Vietnam: rbcL KY937371 (this study), atpA KY937628 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937562 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937457 (this study); Zhang et al. 7717 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Thua Thien-Hue, Vietnam: rbcL KY937372 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937458 (this study). Tectaria subfuscipes (Tagawa) C.M. Kuo, Knapp 3200 (P), Taiwan, China: rbcL KY937374 (this study), atpA KY937630 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937564 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937460 (this study). Tectaria subfuscipes (Tagawa) C.M. Kuo cf., Knapp 3199 (P), Taiwan, China: rbcL KY937373 (this study), atpA KY937629 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937563 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937459 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937273 (this study), pgiC gene KY937318 (this study). Tectaria subsageniacea (Christ) Christenh., Dong 3602 (IBSC), Yunnan, China: rbcL KJ196899 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KF561670 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196516 (Ding et al., 2014); Dong 3617 (IBSC), Yunnan, China: rbcL KJ196847 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196629 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196517 (Ding et al., 2014); Wang 5485 (K), Hainan, China: rbcL KF887197 (Wang et al., 2014), atpA KF898032 (Wang et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KF897979 (Wang et al., 2014). Tectaria subtriphylla (Hook. & Arn.) Copel., Ding 001 47

(IBSC), Guangdong, China: rbcL KJ196866 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196647 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196538 (Ding et al., 2014); Dong 3841 (IBSC), Hainan, China: rbcL KJ196827 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196704 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196590 (Ding et al., 2014); Knapp 3574 (P), Taiwan, China: trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937566 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937462 (this study); TNS:759338, Japan: rbcL AB575237 (Ebihara et al., 2010); Wang 5486 (K), Hainan, China: rbcL KF887198 (Wang et al., 2014), atpA KF898033 (Wang et al., 2014), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KF897980 (Wang et al., 2014); Zhang et al. 6915 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Ha Giang, Vietnam: rbcL KP271082 (Zhang & Zhang, 2015), atpA KP271071 (Zhang & Zhang, 2015), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KP271099 (Zhang & Zhang, 2015), rps4-trnS KP271090 (Zhang & Zhang, 2015), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937276 (this study), pgiC gene KY937319 (this study); Zhang et al. 6619 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Lang Son, Vietnam: rbcL KY937376 (this study), atpA KY937632 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937567 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937463 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937275 (this study); Zhang et al. 7480 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Quang Tri, Vietnam: atpA KY937633 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937568 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937464 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937277 (this study); Zhang et al. 6585 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Lang Son, Vietnam: trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937565 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937461 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937274 (this study). Tectaria cf. subtriphylla (Hook. & Arn.) Copel., Knapp 3583 (P), Taiwan, China: rbcL KY937367 (this study), atpA KY937615 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937446 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937260 (this study), pgiC gene KY937313 (this study). Tectaria subvariolosa S.Y.Dong, Chao 1979 (TAIF), Vietnam: rbcL KJ196821 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196697 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196596 (Ding et al., 2014); Dong 3688 (IBSC), China: rbcL KJ196858 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196639 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196543 (Ding et al., 2014); Zhang et al. 7134 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Nghe An, Vietnam: rbcL KU605204 (Zhang et al., 2016), atpA KU605224 (Zhang et al., 2016), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KU605126 (Zhang et al., 2016), rps4-trnS KU605102 (Zhang et al., 2016), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KU605150 (Zhang et al., 2016), pgiC gene KU605180 (Zhang et al., 2016). Tectaria tricuspis (Bedd.) Copel., Chao 1978 (TAIF), Malaysia: rbcL KJ196820 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196694 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196598 (Ding et al., 2014); FRI74825 (KEP, MO), Selangor, Malaysia: atpA KY937617 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937570 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937279 (this study). Tectaria trifoliata (L.) Cav., Christenhusz 4013 (TUR), Guadeloupe: rbcL EF463274 (Schuettpelz & Pryer, 2007), atpA EF463870 (Schuettpelz & Pryer, 2007); Sorsa 123/1965 (H), Puerto Rico, USA: rbcL KF887199 (Wang et al., 2014); Sundue 2062 (TAIF), Puerto Rico, USA: rbcL KJ196901 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196565 (Ding et al., 2014). Tectaria vasta (Blume) Copel., Dong 3567 (IBSC), Yunnan, China: rbcL KJ196890 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196672 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196569 (Ding et al., 2014); FRI74822 (KEP, MO), Selangor, Malaysia: atpA KY937634 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937572 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937467 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937281 (this study); Schuettpelz 663 (DUKE, 48

KEP, S), Selangor, Malaysia: rbcL KY937377 (this study), atpA KY937636 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937573 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937469 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937283 (this study); Wu WP-1653 (MO), Vietnam: trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937574 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937470 (this study); Zhang et al. 8254 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Dong Nai, Vietnam: atpA KY937635 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937468 (this study), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KY937282 (this study), pgiC gene KY937320 (this study). Tectaria vivipara Jermy & T.G.Walker, Rothfels 08-121 (DUKE), Puntarenas, Costa Rica: rbcL KY937378 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937575 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937471 (this study); Rothfels 08-169 (DUKE), Provincia de Heredia, Costa Rica: rbcL KY937379 (this study), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KY937576 (this study), rps4-trnS KY937472 (this study); Tuomisto 15677 (TUR), Brazil: rbcL KF887201 (Wang et al., 2014), atpA KF898035 (Wang et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KF897983 (Wang et al., 2014). Tectaria wightii Ching, Fraser-Jenkins s.n. (TAIF), Kerala, India: rbcL KJ196906 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196710 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196561 (Ding et al., 2014). Tectaria zeilanica (Houtt.) Sledge, Dong 182 (PE), Hainan, China: rbcL EF460688 (Liu et al., 2007); Dong 3634 (IBSC), Yunnan, China: rbcL KJ196862 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196637 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196540 (Ding et al., 2014); Dong 3642 (IBSC), Guangxi, China: rbcL KJ196844 (Ding et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KJ196644 (Ding et al., 2014), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KJ196583 (Ding et al., 2014); Knapp 3568 (KNAPP), Taiwan, China: rps4-trnS KY937473 (this study); Liu LHM886 (SZG), Hongkong, China: rbcL KF709484 (Liu et al., 2014), atpA KF709457 (Liu et al., 2014), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KF709521 (Liu et al., 2014), rps4-trnS KF709499 (Liu et al., 2014; Schuettpelz 514 (GOET), in cultivation: rbcL EF463275 (Schuettpelz & Pryer, 2007), atpA EF463871 (Schuettpelz & Pryer, 2007); Tsutsumi CT1065, cultivated in Botanical Gardens, University of Tokyo: rbcL AB232395 (Tsutsumi & Kato, 2006); Wang 5451 (K), Hainan, China: rbcL KF887202 (Wang et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KF897984 (Wang et al., 2014); Zhang et al. 6387 (CDBI, MO, VNMN), Hoa Binh, Vietnam: rbcL KP271083 (Zhang & Zhang, 2015), atpA KP271072 (Zhang & Zhang, 2015), trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KP271100 (Zhang & Zhang, 2015), rps4-trnS KP27109 (Zhang & Zhang, 2015), matK gene & rps16-matK spacer KU605151 (Zhang et al., 2016), pgiC gene KU605181 (Zhang et al., 2016). Triplophyllum crassifolium Holttum, Tuomisto 15691 (TUR), Brazil: rbcL KF887203 (Wang et al., 2014), atpA KF898037 (Wang et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KF897985 (Wang et al., 2014). Triplophyllum dicksonioides (Fée) Holttum, Moran 6291(NY), Ecuador: rbcL KF667656 (Moran et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KF667629 (Moran et al., 2014), rps4-trnS KF667571 (Moran et al., 2014); Tuomisto 15222 (TUR), Brazil: rbcL KF887204 (Wang et al., 2014), atpA KF898038 (Wang et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KF897986 (Wang et al., 2014). Triplophyllum funestum (Kunze) Holttum, Carvalho 5899 (NY), Equatorial Guinea: rbcL KF667657 (Moran et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KF667630 (Moran et al., 2014), rps4-trnS KF667572 (Moran et al., 2014); Christenhusz 4107 (TUR), Guadeloupe: rbcL EF463276 (Schuettpelz & Kathleen, 2007; Ding et al., 2014), atpA EF463872 (Schuettpelz & Kathleen, 2007), trnL-F spacer KJ196682 (Schuettpelz & Kathleen, 2007; Ding et al., 2014); Hormia 2092 (H), Peru: rbcL KF887205 (Wang et al., 2014), atpA KF898039 (Wang et al., 2014), 49

trnL-F spacer KF897987 (Wang et al., 2014); Moran 6263 (NY), Ecuador: rbcL KF667658 (Moran et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KF667631 (Moran et al., 2014), rps4-trnS KF667573 (Moran et al., 2014); Tuomisto 15611 (TUR), Brazil: rbcL KF887206 (Wang et al., 2014), atpA KF898040 (Wang et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KF897988 (Wang et al., 2014). Triplophyllum glabrum J.Prado & R.C.Moran, Tuomisto 15444 (TUR), Brazil: rbcL KF887207 (Wang et al., 2014), atpA KF898041 (Wang et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KF897989 (Wang et al., 2014). Triplophyllum heudelotii Pic.Serm., Fraser-Jenkins 11416 (H), Cameroon: rbcL KF887208 (Wang et al., 2014), atpA KF898042 (Wang et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KF897990 (Wang et al., 2014). Triplophyllum hirsutum (Holttum) J.Prado & R.C.Moran, Pereira-Silva 5029 (NY), Brazil: rbcL KF667659 (Moran et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KF667632 (Moran et al., 2014), rps4-trnS KF667574 (Moran et al., 2014); Tuomisto 15438 (TUR), Brazil: rbcL KF887209 (Wang et al., 2014), atpA KF898043 (Wang et al., 2014); Tuomisto 15744 (TUR), Brazil: rbcL KJ628931 (Lehtonen et al, unpublished). Triplophyllum jenseniae (C.Chr.) Holttum, Fay 1165 (NY), Sierra Leone: rbcL KF667660 (Moran et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KF667633 (Moran et al., 2014), rps4-trnS KF667575 (Moran et al., 2014). Triplophyllum pentagonum (Bonap.) Holttum, Daly 13102 (NY), Madagascar: rbcL KF667662 (Moran et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KF667635 (Moran et al., 2014), rps4-trnS KF667577 (Moran et al., 2014). Triplophyllum pilosissimum (J.Sm. ex T.Moore) Holttum, Jongkind 9612 (MO), Nimba, Liberia: trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KU605127 (Zhang et al., 2016), rps4-trnS KU605103 (Zhang et al., 2016), pgiC gene KU605182 (Zhang et al., 2016). Triplophyllum securidiforme (Hook.) Holttum, Jongkind 10773 (MO), Nzererore, Guinea: trnL intron & trnL-F spacer KU605128 (Zhang et al., 2016), pgiC gene KU605183 (Zhang et al., 2016). Triplophyllum vogelii (Hook.) Holttum, Fay 1158 (NY), Sierra Leone: rbcL KF667661 (Moran et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KF667634 (Moran et al., 2014), rps4-trnS KF667576 (Moran et al., 2014); Fraser-Jenkins 11424 (H), Cameroon: atpA KF898044 (Wang et al., 2014), trnL-F spacer KF897991 (Wang et al., 2014).

FIGURE LEGENDS FIGURE 1. Habit of 13 species of Tectaria representing the 12 major lineages identified in the current study. —A. Tectaria panamensis (I. the Tectaria clade). —B. T. incisa (I. the Tectaria clade). —C. T. mexicana (II. the Sagenia clade; photo credit: Mihai Costea). —D. Tectaria sp._Zhang et al. 7827 (III. the Tectaridium clade). —E. T. ebenina (IV. the Lenda clade).—F. T. sagenioides cf. (V. the Ctenitopsis clade). —G. T. phaeocaulis (VI. the Phaeocaules clade). —H. T. harlandii (VII. the Podopeltis clade). —I. T. decurrens (VIII. the Decurrentes clade). —J. T. fauriei (IX. the Quinquefidae clade). —K. T. zeilanica (X. the Phlebiogonium clade). —L. T. polymorpha (XI. the Polymorphae clade). —M. T. coadunata (XII. the Coadunatae clade). FIGURE 2. Four venation patterns in Tectaria as defined by Ding et al. (2014). —A, B. Portion of lamina of Tectaria ingens and T. sp._Zhang et al. 7827, respectively, showing fully free venation. —C. Portion of lamina of T. devexa, showing partly free 50

venation. —D. Portion of lamina of T. coadunata, showing partly anastomosing venation. —E, F. Portion of lamina of T. phaeocaulis and T. fauriei, respectively, showing fully anastomosing venation. FIGURE 3. Simplified maximum likelihood phylogeny of Tectaria and related taxa based on eight plastid markers (atpA, matK, rbcL, rps4, rps4-trnS, rps16-matK, trnL, and trnL-F) and one nuclear marker (pgiC). The sizes of triangles are in proportion to the sampled sizes of individual clades. Support values (maximum likelihood bootstrap support, maximum parsimony jackknife support and posterior probability) are shown along the branches. Black triangles indicate the 12 major clades of Tectaria resolved in this study. Gray triangles indicate the non-Tectaria genera in Tectariaceae. White triangles indicates the outgroups. FIGURE 4. Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Tectaria and related taxa based on eight plastid markers (atpA, matK, rbcL, rps4, rps4-trnS, rps16-matK, trnL, and trnL-F) and one nuclear marker (pgiC). Thick lines indicate strong support [maximum likelihood bootstrap support (MLBS) ≥ 80%, maximum parsimony jackknife support (MPJK) ≥ 75%, and Bayesian inference posterior probability (BIPP) ≥ 95%), medium lines indicate moderate support (either MLBS ≥ 75% or BIPP ≥ 95%), and thin lines indicate moderate or weak support (either MLBS < 80% or MPJK < 75%). The table on the upper left lists the 13 morphological characters and their states. The table of symbols in the middle indicates the coding of the morphological character states. Voucher information is indicated in green. Geographical provenances are indicated in blue. Green vertical bars indicate superclades. Black vertical bars (4b, 4c) indicate major clades. Blue vertical bars indicate subclades. Purple vertical bars (4a) indicate genera. Red vertical bars indicate families. Major diagnostic features and distribution information of the superclades are shown in brown. Red taxa of Tectaria indicate the New World species, while black taxa of Tectaria indicate the Old World species. FIGURE 5. Morphological reconstruction: Rhizome habit of Tectariaceae and related families optimized onto the maximum likelihood tree of Fig. 4. Green vertical bars indicate superclades. Purple vertical bars indicate genera in Lomariopsidaceae, Oleandraceae, and Tectariaceae. Red vertical bars indicate families. Stars indicate strong-supported (maximum likelihood bootstrap support (MLBS) ≥ 80%, maximum parsimony jackknife support (MPJK) ≥ 75%, and Bayesian inference posterior probability (BIPP) ≥ 95%) clades resolved in this study. FIGURE 6. Morphological reconstruction: Rachis colors of Tectariaceae and related families optimized onto the maximum likelihood tree of Fig. 4. Green vertical bars indicate superclades. Purple vertical bars indicate genera in Lomariopsidaceae, Oleandraceae, and Tectariaceae. Red vertical bars indicate families. Stars indicate strong-supported (maximum likelihood bootstrap support (MLBS) ≥ 80%, maximum parsimony jackknife support (MPJK) ≥ 75%, and Bayesian inference posterior probability (BIPP) ≥ 95%) clades resolved in this study. 51

FIGURE 7. Morphological reconstruction: Stipe wings of Tectariaceae and related families optimized onto the maximum likelihood tree of Fig. 4. Green vertical bars indicate superclades. Purple vertical bars indicate genera in Lomariopsidaceae, Oleandraceae, and Tectariaceae. Red vertical bars indicate families. Stars indicate strong-supported (maximum likelihood bootstrap support (MLBS) ≥ 80%, maximum parsimony jackknife support (MPJK) ≥ 75%, and Bayesian inference posterior probability (BIPP) ≥ 95%) clades resolved in this study. FIGURE 8. Morphological reconstruction: Lamina dissection of Tectariaceae and related families optimized onto the maximum likelihood tree of Fig. 4. Green vertical bars indicate superclades. Black vertical bars indicates major clades. Purple vertical bars indicate genera in Lomariopsidaceae, Oleandraceae, and Tectariaceae. Red vertical bars indicate families. Stars indicate strong-supported (maximum likelihood bootstrap support (MLBS) ≥ 80%, maximum parsimony jackknife support (MPJK) ≥ 75%, and Bayesian inference posterior probability (BIPP) ≥ 95%) clades resolved in this study. FIGURE 9. Morphological reconstruction: Lamina apices of Tectariaceae and related families optimized onto the maximum likelihood tree of Fig. 4. Green vertical bars indicate superclades. Black vertical bars indicates major clades. Purple vertical bars indicate genera in Lomariopsidaceae, Oleandraceae, and Tectariaceae. Red vertical bars indicate families. Stars indicate strong-supported (maximum likelihood bootstrap support (MLBS) ≥ 80%, maximum parsimony jackknife support (MPJK) ≥ 75%, and Bayesian inference posterior probability (BIPP) ≥ 95%) clades resolved in this study. FIGURE 10. Morphological reconstruction: Basal pinnae of Tectariaceae and related families optimized onto the maximum likelihood tree of Fig. 4. Green vertical bars indicate superclades. Purple vertical bars indicate genera in Lomariopsidaceae, Oleandraceae, and Tectariaceae. Red vertical bars indicate families. Stars indicate strong-supported (maximum likelihood bootstrap support (MLBS) ≥ 80%, maximum parsimony jackknife support (MPJK) ≥ 75%, and Bayesian inference posterior probability (BIPP) ≥ 95%) clades resolved in this study. FIGURE 11. Morphological reconstruction: Rachis buds of Tectariaceae and related families optimized onto the maximum likelihood tree of Fig. 4. Green vertical bars indicate superclades. Black vertical bars indicates major clades. Purple vertical bars indicate genera in Lomariopsidaceae, Oleandraceae, and Tectariaceae. Red vertical bars indicate families. Stars indicate strong-supported (maximum likelihood bootstrap support (MLBS) ≥ 80%, maximum parsimony jackknife support (MPJK) ≥ 75%, and Bayesian inference posterior probability (BIPP) ≥ 95%) clades resolved in this study. FIGURE 12. Morphological reconstruction: Venation patterns of Tectariaceae and related families optimized onto the maximum likelihood tree of Fig. 4. Green vertical bars indicate superclades. Purple vertical bars indicate genera in Lomariopsidaceae, 52

Oleandraceae, and Tectariaceae. Red vertical bars indicate families. Stars indicate strong-supported (maximum likelihood bootstrap support (MLBS) ≥ 80%, maximum parsimony jackknife support (MPJK) ≥ 75%, and Bayesian inference posterior probability (BIPP) ≥ 95%) clades resolved in this study. FIGURE 13. Morphological reconstruction: Leaf dimorphism of Tectariaceae and related families optimized onto the maximum likelihood tree of Fig. 4. Green vertical bars indicate superclades. Black vertical bars indicates major clades. Purple vertical bars indicate genera in Lomariopsidaceae, Oleandraceae, and Tectariaceae. Red vertical bars indicate families. Stars indicate strong-supported (maximum likelihood bootstrap support (MLBS) ≥ 80%, maximum parsimony jackknife support (MPJK) ≥ 75%, and Bayesian inference posterior probability (BIPP) ≥ 95%) clades resolved in this study. FIGURE 14. Morphological reconstruction: Sorus distributions of Tectariaceae and related families optimized onto the maximum likelihood tree of Fig. 4. Green vertical bars indicate superclades. Black vertical bars indicates major clades. Purple vertical bars indicate genera in Lomariopsidaceae, Oleandraceae, and Tectariaceae. Red vertical bars indicate families. Stars indicate strong-supported (maximum likelihood bootstrap support (MLBS) ≥ 80%, maximum parsimony jackknife support (MPJK) ≥ 75%, and Bayesian inference posterior probability (BIPP) ≥ 95%) clades resolved in this study. FIGURE 15. Morphological reconstruction: Indusium occurrences of Tectariaceae and related families optimized onto the maximum likelihood tree of Fig. 4. Green vertical bars indicate superclades. Purple vertical bars indicate genera in Lomariopsidaceae, Oleandraceae, and Tectariaceae. Red vertical bars indicate families. Stars indicate strong-supported (maximum likelihood bootstrap support (MLBS) ≥ 80%, maximum parsimony jackknife support (MPJK) ≥ 75%, and Bayesian inference posterior probability (BIPP) ≥ 95%) clades resolved in this study. FIGURE 16. Morphological reconstruction: Indusium shapes of Tectariaceae and related families optimized onto the maximum likelihood tree of Fig. 4. Green vertical bars indicate superclades. Purple vertical bars indicate genera in Lomariopsidaceae, Oleandraceae, and Tectariaceae. Red vertical bars indicate families. Stars indicate strong-supported (maximum likelihood bootstrap support (MLBS) ≥ 80%, maximum parsimony jackknife support (MPJK) ≥ 75%, and Bayesian inference posterior probability (BIPP) ≥ 95%) clades resolved in this study. FIGURE 17. Morphological reconstruction: Catenate hairs of Tectariaceae and related families optimized onto the maximum likelihood tree of Fig. 4. Green vertical bars indicate superclades. Purple vertical bars indicate genera in Lomariopsidaceae, Oleandraceae, and Tectariaceae. Red vertical bars indicate families. Stars indicate strong-supported (maximum likelihood bootstrap support (MLBS) ≥ 80%, maximum parsimony jackknife support (MPJK) ≥ 75%, and Bayesian inference posterior probability (BIPP) ≥ 95%) clades resolved in this study. 53

FIGURE S1. Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Tectaria and related taxa based on eight plastid markers (atpA, matK, rbcL, rps4, rps4-trnS, rps16-matK, trnL, and trnL-F) with maximum likelihood bootstrap (MLBS; left) and maximum parsimony Jackknife (MPJK; right) values along branches. FIGURE S2. Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Tectaria rooted with Lomariopsis based on nuclear pgiC marker with maximum likelihood bootstrap (MLBS; left) and maximum parsimony Jackknife (MPJK; right) values along branches.

54

A

B

D

C

E

F

H

I

K

L

G

J

M

B

A

C

E

D

F

97/93/1.0 81/70/1.0

83/70/1.0

100/97/1.0

XII. Coadunatae clade XI. Polymorphae clade X. Phlebiogonium clade

Phlebiogonium superclade

99/93/1.0 97/96/1.0

IX. Quinquefidae clade

97/92/1.0 100/98/1.0

VIII. Decurrentes clade

98/93/1.0 78/54/0.83

97/87/1.0

100/100/1.0

89/80/1.0

VI. Phaeocaules clade

100/100/1.0

V. Ctenitopsis clade

100/100/1.0

100/100/1.0

IV. Lenda clade

100/100/1.0 100/100/1.0

III. Tectaridium clade

II. Sagenia clade

99/95/1.0 94/89/1.0

85/-/0.87

100/100/1.0

Tectariaceae

98/99/1.0

98/71/0.97

Hypoderris

100/99/1.0

Triplophyllum

100/100/1.0 100/100/1.0 100/100/1.0

100/100/1.0 79/88/0.54

100/95/0.97 100/100/1.0 100/100/1.0

I.Tectaria clade

Tectaria superclade

88/68/1.0

98/99/1.0

Tectaridium superclade

Tectaria

Ctenitopsis superclade

65/83/0.96

VII. Podopeltis clade

Arthropteris 100/100/1.0 100/100/1.0

Davalliaceae Polypodiaceae Oleandraceae

Pteridrys Draconopteris Malaifilix Lomariopsidaceae

Nephrolepidaceae 0.04

Outgroups

Tectaria (Fig. 4b, 4c)

Hypoderris brauniana Hypoderris brauniana Hypoderris brauniana Hypoderris brauniana Hypoderris nicotianifolia Hypoderris nicotianifolia Hypoderris brownii Hypoderris brownii Hypoderris brownii Triplophyllum hirsutum Triplophyllum hirsutum Triplophyllum funestum Triplophyllum dicksonioides Triplophyllum funestum Triplophyllum funestum Triplophyllum hirsutum Triplophyllum dicksonioides Triplophyllum glabrum Triplophyllum funestum Triplophyllum crassifolium Triplophyllum pilosissimum Triplophyllum vogelii Triplophyllum fraternum Triplophyllum securidiforme Triplophyllum jenseniae Triplophyllum pentagonum Triplophyllum vogelii Triplophyllum heudelotii

Hypoderris

Arthropteris articulata Arthropteris monocarpa Arthropteris parallela Arthropteris submarginalis Arthropteris repens Arthropteris altescandens Arthropteris guinanensis Psammiosorus paucivenius Pteridrys sp. Schuettpelz872 Pteridrys australis Pteridrys cnemidaria Pteridrys cnemidaria Pteridrys cnemidaria Pteridrys cnemidaria Pteridrys cnemidaria Pteridrys syrmatica Pteridrys syrmatica Pteridrys sp. LBZ6517 Pteridrys sp. LBZ6554 Pteridrys sp. Dong3465 Pteridrys sp. Cicuzza947 Draconopteris draconoptera Draconopteris draconoptera Malaifilix grandidentata Oleandra pilosa Oleandra articulata Oleandra articulata Oleandra cumingii Oleandra wallichii Oleandra neriiformis Oleandra pistillaris Arthromeris wallichiana Arthromeris Polypodium virginianum Polypodium Phlebodium decumanum Phlebodium Araiostegia pulchra Araiostegia Davallia griffithiana Davallia Cyclopeltis semicordata Cyclopeltis crenata Cyclopeltis crenata Cyclopeltis crenata Cyclopeltis crenata Dracoglossum plantagineum Dracoglossum plantagineum Dracoglossum sinuatum Lomariopsis pollicina Lomariopsis spectabilis Lomariopsis sp. LBZ7185 Lomariopsis spectabilis Lomariopsis pollicina Lomariopsis sorbifolia

Tectariaceae

Triplophyllum

Arthropteris

Pteridrys

Draconopteris Malaifilix

Oleandra

Oleandraceae

Cyclopeltis

Dracoglossum

Nephrolepis biserrata Nephrolepis hirsutula Nephrolepis avallioides

Nephrolepis

Nephrolepidaceae 0.03

Lomariopsis

Lomariopsidaceae

Polypodiaceae Davalliaceae

Fig. 4c Morphological characters and their states 1. Rhizome habit erect or suberect creeping 2. Rachis color stramineous reddish brown 3. Stipe wings absent present 4. Lamina dissection Simple pinnatifid to 1-pinnate 2-pinnatifid to 2-pinnate 3-pinnate or more 5. Lamina apex conform irregularly lobed pinnatifid 6. Basal pinnae reduced produced 7. Rachis bud absent present 8. Venation pattern fullty free partly free partly anastomosing fully anastomosing 9. Leaf dimorphism monomorphic distinctly dimorphic strongly dimorphic

10. Sorus distribution in two rows scattered acrostichoid

11. Indusium occurrence present absent 12. Indusium shape reniform peltate inapplicable 13. Catenate hairs glabrous

hairy

Tectaria

New World

Fig. 4a

Hainan, China Tectaria kusukusensis Wang 5501 Tectaria kusukusensis Knapp 3767 Taiwan, China Tectaria kusukusensis Zhang et al. 6466 Vinh Phuc, Vietnam Tectaria kusukusensis Zhang et al. 6545 Phu Tho, Vietnam Tectaria psomiocarpa Wade s.n Luzon, Philippines Tectaria gigantea Dong 3380 Java, Indonesia Hetero. stenosemioides Dong 3438 Java, Indonesia Hetero. pinnatum Wade s.n. Luzon, Philippines Java, Indonesia Tectaria aurita Dong 3386 Hetero. subglabrum Dong 3450 Bogor, Indonesia Hetero. pinnatum Schuettpelz 555 cultivation Hetero. pinnatum Schuettpelz 708 Selangor, Malaysia Tectaria sagenioides Wang 5502 Hainan, China Tectaria sagenioides Dong 3603 Yunan, China Tectaria sagenioides Dong 1599 Hainan, China Tectaria sagenioides Schuettpelz 696 Selangor, Malaysia Tectaria sagenioides cf. Zhang et al. 7072 Hoa Binh, Vietnam Tectaria sp. LBZ7974 Zhang et al. 7974 Quang Nam, Vietnam Phu Tho, Vietnam Tectaria stenoptera Zhang et al. 6562 Tectaria stenoptera Zhang et al. 7717 Thua Thien-Hue, Vietnam Tectaria dissecta cf. Zhang et al. 7212 Quang Binh, Vietnam Tectaria sp. Cicuzza989 Cicuzza 989 Philippines Tectaria malayensis FRI74817 Malaysia Taiwan, China Tectaria multicaudata Knapp 3592 Tectaria malayensis Schuettpelz 892 Pahang, Malaysia Tectaria multicaudata Wade 1382 Binh Phuoc, Vietnam Tectaria subsageniacea Dong 3602 Yunnan, China Tectaria subsageniacea Dong 3617 Yunnan, China Tectaria subsageniacea Wang 5485 Hainan, China Tectaria ingens YLZB 1960 Xizang, China Tectaria setulosa Zhang et al. 7124 Thanh Hoa, Vietnam Tectaria setulosa Dong 3049 Guangdong, China Tectaria setulosa Jin 282 Nghe An, Vietnam Tectaria setulosa Zhang et al. 6520 Hanoi, Vietnam Tectaria setulosa Zhang et al. 7120 Thanh Hoa, Vietnam Tectaria setulosa Zhang et al. 7140 Nghe An, Vietnam Ctenitopsis hainanensis cf. Wang 5496 Hainan, China Ctenitopsis hainanensis cf. Dong 3615 Hainan, China Ctenitopsis hainanensis cf. Dong 112 Hainan, China Tectaria subfuscipes Knapp 3200 Taiwan, China Tectaria fuscipes cf. Knapp 3198 Taiwan, China Tectaria fuscipes Lu 074 China Tectaria fuscipes Dong 1059 Hainan, China Tectaria fuscipes Wang 5492 Hainan, China Tectaria fuscipes Dong 3557 Yunnan, China Tectaria fuscipes Chao 1553 Quang Tri, Vietnam Tectaria fuscipes Zhang et al. 6639 Lang Son, Vietnam Tectaria fuscipes Zhang et al. 6590 Lang Son, Vietnam Tectaria subfuscipes cf. Knapp 3199 Taiwan, China Tectaria devexa cf. Zhang et al. 6564 Phu Tho, Vietnam Tectaria devexa Zhang et al. 6526 Phu Tho, Vietnam Tectaria devexa Zhang et al. 6591 Lang Son, Vietnam Tectaria devexa Dong 180 Hainan, China Tectaria devexa Wang 5504 China Zhang et al. 6349 Hoa Binh, Vietnam Tectaria devexa Tectaria devexa Zhang et al. 6331 Hoa Binh, Vietnam Zhang et al. LBZ6671 Bac Kan, Vietnam Tectaria devexa Tectaria linloensis Dong 3641 Guangxi, China Tectaria devexa L. Zhang 1561 Guangdong, China Tectaria devexa Dong 3606 Yunnan, China Tectaria devexa Dong 3570 Yunnan, China Tectaria ebenina Zhang et al. 6854 Cao Bang, Vietnam Tectaria grossedentata Zhang et al. 6293 Hoa Binh, Vietnam Tectaria grossedentata Dong 3591 Yunnan, China Tectaria subvariolosa Zhang et al. 7134 Nghe An, Vietnam Tectaria subvariolosa Dong 3688 China Tectaria subvariolosa Chao 1979 Vietnam Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3586 Taiwan, China Tectaria simonsii Wang 5495 Hainan, China Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3590 Taiwan, China Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3629 Taiwan, China Tectaria simonsii WSK2711 Luang Namtha, Laos Tectaria simonsii L. Zhang 1613 Hainan, China Tectaria luchunensis Dong 3582 Yunnan, China Tectaria luchunensis Dong 3579 Yunnan, China Tectaria simonsii Dong 3645 Guangxi, China Tectaria simonsii Zhang et al. 7001 Thanh Hoa, Vietnam Tectaria sp. aff. subtriphylla Knapp 3583 Taiwan, China Tectaria simonsii TNS: 743680 Japan Tectaria simonsii Dong 3639 Guangxi, China Tectaria subtriphylla Dong 3841 Hainan, China Tectaria subtriphylla TNS: 759338 Japan Tectaria subtriphylla Ding 001 Guangdong, China Tectaria subtriphylla Zhang et al. 6585 Lang Son, Vietnam Tectaria subtriphylla Zhang et al. 6619 Lang Son, Vietnam Tectaria subtriphylla Wang 5486 China Tectaria subtriphylla Knapp 3574 Taiwan, China Tectaria sp. aff. simonsii Knapp 3572 Taiwan, China Tectaria subtriphylla Zhang et al. 7480 Quang Tri, Vietnam Tectaria sp. aff. simonsii Knapp 3570 Taiwan, China Tectaria sp. wp1011 wp 1011 Vietnam Tectaria subtriphylla Zhang et al. 6915 Ha Giang, Vietnam Tectaria sp. LBZ7827 Zhang et al. 7827 Da Nang, Vietnam Tectaria barberi Dong 3471 Kalimantan, Indonesia Tectaria macleanii Chao s.n. Philippines Tectaria heracleifolia F.Matos 08-125 Puntarenas, Costa Rica Tectaria heracleifolia Ackerman 4707 Puerto Rico, USA Tectaria heracleifolia Sundue 2094 Puerto Rico, USA Tectaria apiifolia Christenhusz 3201 Jamaica Tectaria mexicana Rothfels 08-189 Heredia, Costa Rica Tectaria mexicana Grusz 08-011 Provincia de San Jose, Costa Rica Tectaria dilacerata Alanko 78-1506 cultivation Tectaria sp. Schuettpelz983 Pichincha, Ecuador Tectaria incisa Cayola 2415 La Paz, Bolivia Tectaria incisa living coll. 1984-521 Florida, USA Tectaria vivipara Rothfels 08-169 Provincia de Heredia, Costa Rica Tectaria incisa Possley 94 Florida, USA Tectaria incisa Howell 1088 Florida, USA Tectaria incisa Labiak 4914 Brazil Tectaria darienensis Croat 16955 Panama Tectaria pubens Tuomisto 11766 Ecuador Tectaria antioquoiana Schuettpelz 200 Ecuador Tectaria acerifolia Jones 990 Panama Tectaria vivipara Tuomisto 15677 Brazil Tectaria incisa Christenhusz 4828 Brazil Tectaria martinicensis Sorsa 97/1964 Puerto Rico, USA Tectaria incisa Rothfels 08-189 Heredia, Costa Rica Tectaria vivipara Rothfels 08-121 Puntarenas, Costa Rica Tectaria incisa Christenhusz 3209 Jamaica Tectaria trifoliata Christenhusz 4013 Guadeloupe Tectaria trifoliata Sorsa 123/1965 Puerto Rico, USA Tectaria trifoliata Sundue 2062 Puerto Rico, USA Tectaria panamensis Jones 1052 Panama Tectaria fimbriata Christenhusz 3537 Puerto Rico, USA Tectaria cicutaria Sundue 2095 Puerto Rico, USA Tectaria prolifera Christenhusz 3368 Jamaica Tectaria prolifera Alanko 78-893 cultivation

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112 13

V-6 V-5

V-4

Ctenitopsis superclade

V-3 V-2

V. Ctenitopsis clade

Old World

Apical pinnae pinnatifid and venation fully free or partly free, rarely partly anastomosing (S China to SE Asia)

V-1

IV-3

IV-2

Tectaridium superclade IV. Lenda clade IV-1

Laminae irregularly 2-pinnate or 3-pinnate (S China to SE Asia), rarely simple (the Philippines) or 1-pinnate (SE Asia)

III.Tectaridium clade II. Sagenia clade

Tectaria superclade I-2

I-1

I.Tectaria clade

Lamina simple or pinnatepinnatifid to 2-pinnate; rachis non-winged; venation anastomosing; sori linear or round to oblong (New World)

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Character: Rhizome habit Parsimony reconstruction

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(Unordered) [Steps: 15 ] erect or suberect creeping

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Phlebiogonium superclade

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Tectaria

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Ctenitopsis superclade

Tectariaceae

Tectaria superclade

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Arthropteris

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Pteridrys

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Hypoderris

Triplophyllum

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Tectaria

Tectaridium superclade

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Tectariaceae

Tectaria coadunata Dong 3583 Tectaria coadunata Zhang et al. 7555 Tectaria fernandensis Fraser-Jenkins 11304 Tectaria gemmifera PichiSermolli 7074 Tectaria gemmifera Kayombo s.n. Tectaria paradoxa RBG Kew 1964-33125 Tectaria gemmifera Kamau 601 Tectaria gemmifera Moses s.n. Tectaria coadunata cf. Dong 1836 Tectaria gaudichaudii Selling 3605 Aspidium kwanonense Tsutsumi CT1066 Aspidium kwanonense TNS: 743677 Aspidium kwanonense Knapp 3635 Tectaria sp. YLZB2094 Aspidium pinfaense Zhang et al. 6144 Tectaria sp. YLZB2013 Tectaria sp. YLZB2067 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 8250 Tectaria wightii Fraser-Jenkins s.n. Tectaria herpetocaulos Dong 3555 Tectaria barteri Carvalho 3449 Tectaria heterocarpa Fraser-Jenkins 1727 Tectaria polymorpha Dong 3554 Tectaria polymorpha Zhang et al. 7542 Tectaria polymorpha Dong 3590 Tectaria polymorpha Wu WS-2445 Tectaria polymorpha YLZB 2003 Tectaria polymorpha YLZB 2039 Tectaria polymorpha YLZB 1971 Tectaria zeylanica Dong 3642 Tectaria zeilanica Schuettpelz 514 Tectaria zeylanica Dong 3634 Tectaria zeilanica Tsutsumi CT1065 Tectaria zeilanica Zhang et al. 6387 Tectaria zeilanica Knapp 3568 Tectaria zeilanica Liu LHM886 Tectaria zeilanica Dong 182 Tectaria zeilanica Wang 5451 Tectaria brachiata cf. Zhang et al. 7870 Tectaria brachiata cf. Wu WS-2510 Tectaria brachiata cf. Zhang et al. 8246 Tectaria brachiata cf. Zhang et al. 8822 Tectaria sp. Dong 3431 Tectaria impressa Dong 1024 Tectaria impressa Wu WS-2328 Tectaria impressa Zhang et al. 6612 Tectaria impressa Fraser-Jenkins 3910 Tectaria sp. Dong 3644 Tectaria impressa Dong 3615 Tectaria impressa Dong 3564 Tectaria laotica Wu WS-2172 Tectaria griffithii Wu WS-2492 Tectaria griffithii Dong 3632 Tectaria griffithii Dong 3846 Tectaria griffithii cf. Zhang et al. 6765 Tectaria griffithii Zhang et al. 8413 Tectaria griffithii Zhang et al. 8364 Tectaria griffithii Knapp 3072 Tectaria griffithii Zhang et al. 8645 Tectaria phaeocaulis Zhang et al. 6626 Tectaria phaeocaulis Zhang et al. 6636 Tectaria phaeocaulis Wu WS-200 Tectaria phaeocaulis Zhang et al. 7053 Tectaria phaeocaulis Knapp1358 Tectaria phaeocaulis Dong 3656 Tectaria phaeocaulis Zhang et al. 6492 Tectaria phaeocaulis Dong 1579 Tectaria phaeocaulis Wang 5481 Tectaria labrusca Chao 1981 Tectaria angulata Dong 3451 Tectaria angulata Zhang et al. 8192 Tectaria angulata Schuettpelz 703 Tectaria melanocaula Chen 1865 Tectaria ferruginea Chen 0806 Tectaria pica RBG Kew, 2010-1946 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 6681 Tectaria morsei Dong 2298 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 6584 Tectaria morsei Dong GZE219 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 6596 Tectaria morsei Wu WP-884 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 7312 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 6598 Tectaria fauriei cf. Dong 3553 Tectaria fauriei TNS:764229 Tectaria fauriei cf. Dong 3572 Tectaria fauriei Zhang et al. 7297 Tectaria fauriei Knapp 1590 Tectaria vasta Dong 3567 Tectaria hekouensis Zhang et al. 6502 Tectaria quinquefida Chao 1980 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6917 Tectaria quinquefida Dong 1981bis Tectaria hekouensis Dong 3608 Tectaria hekouensis Dong 3596 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6343 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6572 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6317 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6315 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6527 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6351 Tectaria pleiosora Chao 1983 Tectaria sp. Cicuzza 683 Tectaria crenata Kessler 13678 Tectaria repanda Chen 0576 Tectaria crenata cf. Wade 1837 Tectaria crenata Schuettpelz 841 Tectaria crenata Wade 0085 Tectaria cf repanda Dong 2565 Tectaris crenata cf. Zhang et al. 7993 Tectaria crenata cf. Zhang et al. 8000 Tectaria harlandii Wang 5503a Tectaria harlandii Wang 5503 Tectaria decurrens Dong 3594 Tectaria decurrens Dong 3559 Tectaria decurrens Dong 1026 Tectaria decurrens Zhang et al. 6497 Tectaria decurrens TNS:759312 Tectaria semipinnata Chao 1977 Tectaria semipinnata Schuettpelz 888 Tectaria vasta Wu WP-1653 Tectaria vasta Zhang et al. 8254 Tectaria vasta Schuettpelz 663 Tectaria vasta FRI74822 Tectaria singaporiana Christenhusz 6595 Tectaria singaporiana Zhang et al. 8198 Tectaria singaporiana Schuettpelz 652 Tectaria fissa Zhang et al. 8193 Tectaria fissa Schuettpelz 885 Tectaria fissa Schuettpelz 681 Tectaria tricuspis FRI74825 Tectaria fissa FRI74824 Tectaria fissa FRI74826 Tectaria tricuspis Chao 1978 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 8817 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 8801 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7224 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7477 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7214 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7679 Tectaria harlandii Zhang et al. 7191 Tectaria harlandii Chen 4846 Tectaria harlandii Ding 002 Tectaria sp. Dong 3631 Tectaria harlandii Knapp 3557 Tectaria harlandii Knapp 3580 Tectaria harlandii Knapp 3579 Tectaria harlandii cf. Knapp 3593 Tectaria harlandii cf. Knapp 3712 Tectaria harlandii Knapp3582 Tectaria harlardii Zhang et al. 7194 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7424 Tectaria psomiocarpa Chen s.n. Tectaria kusukusensis Wang 5501 Tectaria kusukuensis Knapp 3767 Tectaria kusukusensis Zhang et al. 6466 Tectaria kusukusensis Zhang et al. 6545 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7974 Tectaria sagenioides Zhang et al. 7072 Tectaria gigantea Dong 3380 Hetero. stenosemioides Dong 3438 Heterogonium sagenoides Schuettpelz 696 Tectaria sagenioides Wang 5502 Tectaria sagenioides Dong 3603 Tectaria sagenioides Dong 1599 Heterogonium pinnatum Chen s.n. Tectaria aurita Dong 3386 Heterogonium subglabrum Dong 3450 Heterogonium pinnatum Schuettpelz 555 Heterogonium pinnatum Schuettpelz 708 Tectaria dissectra cf. Zhang et al. 7212 Tectaria stenoptera Zhang et al. 6562 Tectaria stenoptera Zhang et al. 7717 Tectaria sp. Cicuzza 989 Tectaria multicaudata Chen 1832 Tectaria malayensis FRI74817 Tectaria multicaudata Knapp 3592 Tectaria malayensis Schuettpelz 892 Tectaria subsageniacea Wang 5485 Tectaria subsageniacea Dong 3602 Tectaria subsageniacea Dong 3617 Ctenitopsis hainanensis cf. Dong 112 Ctenitopsis hainanensis cf. Wang 5496 Ctenitopsis hainanensis cf. Dong 3834 Tectaria ingens YLZB 1960 Tectaria setulosa Zhang et al. 7124 Tectaria setulosa Zhang et al. 7140 Tectaria setulosa Zhang et al. 7120 Tectaria setulosa Dong 3049 Tectaria setulosa Jin et al. 282 Tectaria setulosa Zhang et al. 6520 Tectaria subfuscipes Knapp 3200 Tectaria fuscipes Knapp 3198 Tectaria subfuscipes Knapp 3199 Tectaria fuscipes Lu LJM074 Tectaria fuscipes Zhang et al. 6590 Tectaria fuscipes Zhang et al. 6639 Tectaria fuscipes Dong 1059 Tectaria fuscipes Wang 5492 Tectaria fuscipes Dong 3557 Tectaria fuscipes Chao 1553 Tectaria macleanii Chao s.n. Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7827 Tectaria barberi Dong 3471 Tectaria ebenina Zhang et al. 6854 Tectaria devexa cf. Zhang et al. 6564 Tectaria devexa Dong 3606 Tectaria devexa Dong 3570 Tectaria linloensis Dong 3641 Tectaria devexa Zhang Liang 1561 Tectaria devexa Zhang et al. 6526 Tectaria devexa Zhang et al. 6591 Tectaria devexa Dong 180 Tectaria devexa Wang 5504 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 6671 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 6349 Tectaria devexa Zhang et al. 6331 Tectaria grossedentata Zhang et al. 6293 Tectaria grossedentata Dong 3591 Tectaria subtriphylla Zhang et al. 6915 Tectaria subtriphylla Zhang et al. 6585 Tectaria subtriphylla Zhang et al. 6619 Tectaria subtriphylla Dong 3841 Tectaria subtriphylla TNS:759338 Tectaria subtriphylla Ding 001 Tectaria subtriphylla Wang 5486 Tectaria sp. Wu WP-1011 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3570 Tectaria subtriphylla Knapp 3574 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3572 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7480 Tectaria subvariolosa Zhang et al. 7134 Tectaria subvariolosa Dong 3688 Tectaria subvariolosa Chao 1979 Tectaria simonsii Dong 3639 Tectaria simonsii TNS:743680 Tectaria simonsii Dong 3645 Tectaria simonsii Zhang et al. 7001 Tectaria subtriphylla aff. Knapp 3583 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3586 Tectaria simonsii Wang 5495 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3590 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3629 Tectaria luchunensis Dong 3579 Tectaria luchunensis Dong 3582 Tectaria simonsii Wu WS-2711 Tectaria simonsii Zhang Liang 1613 Tectaria prolifera Alanko 78-893 Tectaria prolifera Christenhusz 3368 Tectaria panamensis Jones 1052 Tectaria fimbriata Christenhusz 3537 Tectaria cicutaria Sundue 2095 Tectaria trifoliata Christenhusz 4013 Tectaria trifoliata Sorsa 123/1965 Tectaria trifoliata Sundue 2062 Tectaria sp. Schuettpelz 983 Tectaria martinicensis Sorsa 97/1964 Tectaria incisa Christenhusz 3209 Tectaria incisa Rothfels 08-189 Tectaria vivipara Rothfels 08-121 Tectaria incisa Cayola 2415 Tectaria incisa RBG Kew, living coll 1984-521 Tectaria vivipara Rothfels 08-169 Tectaria incisa Possley 94 Tectaria incisa Howell 1088 Tectaria acerifolia Jones 990 Tectaria vivipara Tuomisto 15677 Tectaria incisa Christenhusz 4828 Tectaria incisa Labiak 4914 Tectaria darienensis Croat 16955 Tectaria pubens Tuomisto 11766 Tectaria antioquoiana Schuettpelz 200 Tectaria heracleifolia Matos 08-125 Tectaria heracleifolia Ackerman 4707 Tectaria heracleifolia Sundue 2094 Tectaria apiifolia Christenhusz 3201 Tectaria mexicana Rothfels 08-175 Tectaria mexicana Grusz 08-011 Tectaria dilacerata Alanko 78-1506 Hypoderris brauniana Tuomisto11912 Hypoderris brauniana Jones 1228 Hypoderris brauniana Werff 22263 Hypoderris brauniana Rojas 4134 Tectaria nicotianifolia Sundue 1455 Tectaria nicotianifolia Moran 6922 Hypoderris brownii Recart 95 Hypoderris brownii Axelrod 8239 Hypoderris brownii Sanchez 19 Triplophyllum heudelotii Fraser-Jenkins 11416 Triplophyllum vogelii Fay 1158 Triplophyllum pentagonum Daly 13102 Triplophyllum securidiforme Jongkind 10773 Triplophyllum jenseniae Fay 1165 Triplophyllum pilosissimum Jongkind 9612 Triplophyllum vogelii Fraser-Jenkins 11424 Triplophyllum fraternum Carvalho 5899 Triplophyllum hirsutum Tuomisto 15744 Triplophyllum hirsutum Tuomisto 15438 Triplophyllum funestum Christenhusz 4107 Triplophyllum dicksonioides Tuomisto 152 Triplophyllum crassifolium Tuomisto1569 Triplophyllum glabrum Tuomisto 15444 Triplophyllum funestum Tuomisto 15611 Triplophyllum funestum Hormia 2092 Triplophyllum funestum Moran 6263 Triplophyllum hirsutum Pereira-Silva 5029 Triplophyllum dicksonioides Moran 6291 Arthropteris articulata Leon Perrie FJ11-50 Arthropteris monocarpa Kukkonen 12551 Arthropteris parallela Schuettpelz 524 Arthropteris submarginalis Acock PA1031 Arthropteris repens FJ11-191 Arthropteris altescandens Sckottsberg 75 Arthropteris guinanensis Jiang JRH1506 Psammiosorus paucivenius Rakotondrainibe 6585 Malaifilix grandidentata Schuettpelz 679 Malaifilix Draconopteris draconoptera Jones 809 Draconopteris Draconopteris draconoptera Rothfels 08-173 Pteridrys sp. Dong 3465 Pteridrys sp. Cicuzza 947 Pteridrys sp. Schuettpelz 872 Pteridrys australis Dong 3560 Pteridrys sp. Zhang et al. 6517 Pteridrys sp. Zhang et al. 6554 Pteridrys syrmatica Cicuzza 677 Pteridrys syrmatica Dong 3439 Pteridrys cnemidaria Dong 3429 Pteridrys cnemidaria Dong 2760 Pteridrys cnemidaria Wang 5483 Pteridrys cnemidaria Shui 80205 Pteridrys cnemidaria Liu BJ01 Araiostegia Araiostegia pulchra Wu 2458 Davallia Davallia griffithiana Schuettpelz 506 Arthromeris Arthromeris wallichiana Schneider s.n. Polypodium Polypodium virginianum Henry OAC 96886 Phlebodium Phlebodium decumanum Schuettpelz 216 Oleandra pilosa Palacios 2697 Oleandra articulata Labiak 3652 Oleandra articulata Christenhusz 3980 Oleandra cumingii Chao 1990 Oleandra wallichii Tsutsumi TH10 Oleandra neriiformis Chao 1976 Oleandra pistillaris Tsutsumi et al., IN28 Cyclopeltis semicordata Barrington 2129 Cyclopeltis crenata Jin JXH5130 Cyclopeltis crenata Liu 5524 Cyclopeltis crenata Zhang 2312 Cyclopeltis crenata Lu s.n. Dracoglossum sinuatum Werff 23482 Dracoglossum plantagineum Werff 22222 Dracoglossum plantagineum Jones 1018 Lomariopsis sorbifolia Christenhusz 4070 Lomariopsis spectabilis TNS:763923 Lomariopsis pollicina Hennequinet et al. 2009-R154 Lomariopsis pollicina Liu 5496 Lomariopsis spectabilis Dong 3597 Lomariopsis sp. Zhang et al. 7185 Nephrolepis biserrata Christenhusz 4865 Nephrolepis hirsutula Christenhusz 3580 Nephrolepis davallioides Schuettpelz 716

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Oleandra

Davalliaceae Polypodiaceae Oleandraceae

Cyclopeltis

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Dracoglossum Lomariopsis

Nephrolepis

Lomariopsidaceae Nephrolepidaceae

Character: Rachis color

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Parsimony reconstruction (Unordered) [Steps: 30]

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stramineous reddish brown

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Phlebiogonium superclade

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Tectaria

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Ctenitopsis superclade

Tectariaceae

Tectaria superclade

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Arthropteris

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Pteridrys

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Hypoderris

Triplophyllum

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Tectaria

Tectaridium superclade

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Tectariaceae

Tectaria coadunata Dong 3583 Tectaria coadunata Zhang et al. 7555 Tectaria fernandensis Fraser-Jenkins 11304 Tectaria gemmifera PichiSermolli 7074 Tectaria gemmifera Kayombo s.n. Tectaria paradoxa RBG Kew 1964-33125 Tectaria gemmifera Kamau 601 Tectaria gemmifera Moses s.n. Tectaria coadunata cf. Dong 1836 Tectaria gaudichaudii Selling 3605 Aspidium kwanonense Tsutsumi CT1066 Aspidium kwanonense TNS: 743677 Aspidium kwanonense Knapp 3635 Tectaria sp. YLZB2094 Aspidium pinfaense Zhang et al. 6144 Tectaria sp. YLZB2013 Tectaria sp. YLZB2067 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 8250 Tectaria wightii Fraser-Jenkins s.n. Tectaria herpetocaulos Dong 3555 Tectaria barteri Carvalho 3449 Tectaria heterocarpa Fraser-Jenkins 1727 Tectaria polymorpha Dong 3554 Tectaria polymorpha Zhang et al. 7542 Tectaria polymorpha Dong 3590 Tectaria polymorpha Wu WS-2445 Tectaria polymorpha YLZB 2003 Tectaria polymorpha YLZB 2039 Tectaria polymorpha YLZB 1971 Tectaria zeylanica Dong 3642 Tectaria zeilanica Schuettpelz 514 Tectaria zeylanica Dong 3634 Tectaria zeilanica Tsutsumi CT1065 Tectaria zeilanica Zhang et al. 6387 Tectaria zeilanica Knapp 3568 Tectaria zeilanica Liu LHM886 Tectaria zeilanica Dong 182 Tectaria zeilanica Wang 5451 Tectaria brachiata cf. Zhang et al. 7870 Tectaria brachiata cf. Wu WS-2510 Tectaria brachiata cf. Zhang et al. 8246 Tectaria brachiata cf. Zhang et al. 8822 Tectaria sp. Dong 3431 Tectaria impressa Dong 1024 Tectaria impressa Wu WS-2328 Tectaria impressa Zhang et al. 6612 Tectaria impressa Fraser-Jenkins 3910 Tectaria sp. Dong 3644 Tectaria impressa Dong 3615 Tectaria impressa Dong 3564 Tectaria laotica Wu WS-2172 Tectaria griffithii Wu WS-2492 Tectaria griffithii Dong 3632 Tectaria griffithii Dong 3846 Tectaria griffithii cf. Zhang et al. 6765 Tectaria griffithii Zhang et al. 8413 Tectaria griffithii Zhang et al. 8364 Tectaria griffithii Knapp 3072 Tectaria griffithii Zhang et al. 8645 Tectaria phaeocaulis Zhang et al. 6626 Tectaria phaeocaulis Zhang et al. 6636 Tectaria phaeocaulis Wu WS-200 Tectaria phaeocaulis Zhang et al. 7053 Tectaria phaeocaulis Knapp1358 Tectaria phaeocaulis Dong 3656 Tectaria phaeocaulis Zhang et al. 6492 Tectaria phaeocaulis Dong 1579 Tectaria phaeocaulis Wang 5481 Tectaria labrusca Chao 1981 Tectaria angulata Dong 3451 Tectaria angulata Zhang et al. 8192 Tectaria angulata Schuettpelz 703 Tectaria melanocaula Chen 1865 Tectaria ferruginea Chen 0806 Tectaria pica RBG Kew, 2010-1946 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 6681 Tectaria morsei Dong 2298 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 6584 Tectaria morsei Dong GZE219 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 6596 Tectaria morsei Wu WP-884 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 7312 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 6598 Tectaria fauriei cf. Dong 3553 Tectaria fauriei TNS:764229 Tectaria fauriei cf. Dong 3572 Tectaria fauriei Zhang et al. 7297 Tectaria fauriei Knapp 1590 Tectaria vasta Dong 3567 Tectaria hekouensis Zhang et al. 6502 Tectaria quinquefida Chao 1980 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6917 Tectaria quinquefida Dong 1981bis Tectaria hekouensis Dong 3608 Tectaria hekouensis Dong 3596 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6343 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6572 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6317 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6315 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6527 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6351 Tectaria pleiosora Chao 1983 Tectaria sp. Cicuzza 683 Tectaria crenata Kessler 13678 Tectaria repanda Chen 0576 Tectaria crenata cf. Wade 1837 Tectaria crenata Schuettpelz 841 Tectaria crenata Wade 0085 Tectaria cf repanda Dong 2565 Tectaris crenata cf. Zhang et al. 7993 Tectaria crenata cf. Zhang et al. 8000 Tectaria harlandii Wang 5503a Tectaria harlandii Wang 5503 Tectaria decurrens Dong 3594 Tectaria decurrens Dong 3559 Tectaria decurrens Dong 1026 Tectaria decurrens Zhang et al. 6497 Tectaria decurrens TNS:759312 Tectaria semipinnata Chao 1977 Tectaria semipinnata Schuettpelz 888 Tectaria vasta Wu WP-1653 Tectaria vasta Zhang et al. 8254 Tectaria vasta Schuettpelz 663 Tectaria vasta FRI74822 Tectaria singaporiana Christenhusz 6595 Tectaria singaporiana Zhang et al. 8198 Tectaria singaporiana Schuettpelz 652 Tectaria fissa Zhang et al. 8193 Tectaria fissa Schuettpelz 885 Tectaria fissa Schuettpelz 681 Tectaria tricuspis FRI74825 Tectaria fissa FRI74824 Tectaria fissa FRI74826 Tectaria tricuspis Chao 1978 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 8817 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 8801 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7224 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7477 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7214 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7679 Tectaria harlandii Zhang et al. 7191 Tectaria harlandii Chen 4846 Tectaria harlandii Ding 002 Tectaria sp. Dong 3631 Tectaria harlandii Knapp 3557 Tectaria harlandii Knapp 3580 Tectaria harlandii Knapp 3579 Tectaria harlandii cf. Knapp 3593 Tectaria harlandii cf. Knapp 3712 Tectaria harlandii Knapp3582 Tectaria harlardii Zhang et al. 7194 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7424 Tectaria psomiocarpa Chen s.n. Tectaria kusukusensis Wang 5501 Tectaria kusukuensis Knapp 3767 Tectaria kusukusensis Zhang et al. 6466 Tectaria kusukusensis Zhang et al. 6545 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7974 Tectaria sagenioides Zhang et al. 7072 Tectaria gigantea Dong 3380 Hetero. stenosemioides Dong 3438 Heterogonium sagenoides Schuettpelz 696 Tectaria sagenioides Wang 5502 Tectaria sagenioides Dong 3603 Tectaria sagenioides Dong 1599 Heterogonium pinnatum Chen s.n. Tectaria aurita Dong 3386 Heterogonium subglabrum Dong 3450 Heterogonium pinnatum Schuettpelz 555 Heterogonium pinnatum Schuettpelz 708 Tectaria dissectra cf. Zhang et al. 7212 Tectaria stenoptera Zhang et al. 6562 Tectaria stenoptera Zhang et al. 7717 Tectaria sp. Cicuzza 989 Tectaria multicaudata Chen 1832 Tectaria malayensis FRI74817 Tectaria multicaudata Knapp 3592 Tectaria malayensis Schuettpelz 892 Tectaria subsageniacea Wang 5485 Tectaria subsageniacea Dong 3602 Tectaria subsageniacea Dong 3617 Ctenitopsis hainanensis cf. Dong 112 Ctenitopsis hainanensis cf. Wang 5496 Ctenitopsis hainanensis cf. Dong 3834 Tectaria ingens YLZB 1960 Tectaria setulosa Zhang et al. 7124 Tectaria setulosa Zhang et al. 7140 Tectaria setulosa Zhang et al. 7120 Tectaria setulosa Dong 3049 Tectaria setulosa Jin et al. 282 Tectaria setulosa Zhang et al. 6520 Tectaria subfuscipes Knapp 3200 Tectaria fuscipes Knapp 3198 Tectaria subfuscipes Knapp 3199 Tectaria fuscipes Lu LJM074 Tectaria fuscipes Zhang et al. 6590 Tectaria fuscipes Zhang et al. 6639 Tectaria fuscipes Dong 1059 Tectaria fuscipes Wang 5492 Tectaria fuscipes Dong 3557 Tectaria fuscipes Chao 1553 Tectaria macleanii Chao s.n. Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7827 Tectaria barberi Dong 3471 Tectaria ebenina Zhang et al. 6854 Tectaria devexa cf. Zhang et al. 6564 Tectaria devexa Dong 3606 Tectaria devexa Dong 3570 Tectaria linloensis Dong 3641 Tectaria devexa Zhang Liang 1561 Tectaria devexa Zhang et al. 6526 Tectaria devexa Zhang et al. 6591 Tectaria devexa Dong 180 Tectaria devexa Wang 5504 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 6671 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 6349 Tectaria devexa Zhang et al. 6331 Tectaria grossedentata Zhang et al. 6293 Tectaria grossedentata Dong 3591 Tectaria subtriphylla Zhang et al. 6915 Tectaria subtriphylla Zhang et al. 6585 Tectaria subtriphylla Zhang et al. 6619 Tectaria subtriphylla Dong 3841 Tectaria subtriphylla TNS:759338 Tectaria subtriphylla Ding 001 Tectaria subtriphylla Wang 5486 Tectaria sp. Wu WP-1011 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3570 Tectaria subtriphylla Knapp 3574 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3572 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7480 Tectaria subvariolosa Zhang et al. 7134 Tectaria subvariolosa Dong 3688 Tectaria subvariolosa Chao 1979 Tectaria simonsii Dong 3639 Tectaria simonsii TNS:743680 Tectaria simonsii Dong 3645 Tectaria simonsii Zhang et al. 7001 Tectaria subtriphylla aff. Knapp 3583 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3586 Tectaria simonsii Wang 5495 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3590 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3629 Tectaria luchunensis Dong 3579 Tectaria luchunensis Dong 3582 Tectaria simonsii Wu WS-2711 Tectaria simonsii Zhang Liang 1613 Tectaria prolifera Alanko 78-893 Tectaria prolifera Christenhusz 3368 Tectaria panamensis Jones 1052 Tectaria fimbriata Christenhusz 3537 Tectaria cicutaria Sundue 2095 Tectaria trifoliata Christenhusz 4013 Tectaria trifoliata Sorsa 123/1965 Tectaria trifoliata Sundue 2062 Tectaria sp. Schuettpelz 983 Tectaria martinicensis Sorsa 97/1964 Tectaria incisa Christenhusz 3209 Tectaria incisa Rothfels 08-189 Tectaria vivipara Rothfels 08-121 Tectaria incisa Cayola 2415 Tectaria incisa RBG Kew, living coll 1984-521 Tectaria vivipara Rothfels 08-169 Tectaria incisa Possley 94 Tectaria incisa Howell 1088 Tectaria acerifolia Jones 990 Tectaria vivipara Tuomisto 15677 Tectaria incisa Christenhusz 4828 Tectaria incisa Labiak 4914 Tectaria darienensis Croat 16955 Tectaria pubens Tuomisto 11766 Tectaria antioquoiana Schuettpelz 200 Tectaria heracleifolia Matos 08-125 Tectaria heracleifolia Ackerman 4707 Tectaria heracleifolia Sundue 2094 Tectaria apiifolia Christenhusz 3201 Tectaria mexicana Rothfels 08-175 Tectaria mexicana Grusz 08-011 Tectaria dilacerata Alanko 78-1506 Hypoderris brauniana Tuomisto11912 Hypoderris brauniana Jones 1228 Hypoderris brauniana Werff 22263 Hypoderris brauniana Rojas 4134 Tectaria nicotianifolia Sundue 1455 Tectaria nicotianifolia Moran 6922 Hypoderris brownii Recart 95 Hypoderris brownii Axelrod 8239 Hypoderris brownii Sanchez 19 Triplophyllum heudelotii Fraser-Jenkins 11416 Triplophyllum vogelii Fay 1158 Triplophyllum pentagonum Daly 13102 Triplophyllum securidiforme Jongkind 10773 Triplophyllum jenseniae Fay 1165 Triplophyllum pilosissimum Jongkind 9612 Triplophyllum vogelii Fraser-Jenkins 11424 Triplophyllum fraternum Carvalho 5899 Triplophyllum hirsutum Tuomisto 15744 Triplophyllum hirsutum Tuomisto 15438 Triplophyllum funestum Christenhusz 4107 Triplophyllum dicksonioides Tuomisto 152 Triplophyllum crassifolium Tuomisto1569 Triplophyllum glabrum Tuomisto 15444 Triplophyllum funestum Tuomisto 15611 Triplophyllum funestum Hormia 2092 Triplophyllum funestum Moran 6263 Triplophyllum hirsutum Pereira-Silva 5029 Triplophyllum dicksonioides Moran 6291 Arthropteris articulata Leon Perrie FJ11-50 Arthropteris monocarpa Kukkonen 12551 Arthropteris parallela Schuettpelz 524 Arthropteris submarginalis Acock PA1031 Arthropteris repens FJ11-191 Arthropteris altescandens Sckottsberg 75 Arthropteris guinanensis Jiang JRH1506 Psammiosorus paucivenius Rakotondrainibe 6585 Malaifilix grandidentata Schuettpelz 679 Malaifilix Draconopteris draconoptera Jones 809 Draconopteris Draconopteris draconoptera Rothfels 08-173 Pteridrys sp. Dong 3465 Pteridrys sp. Cicuzza 947 Pteridrys sp. Schuettpelz 872 Pteridrys australis Dong 3560 Pteridrys sp. Zhang et al. 6517 Pteridrys sp. Zhang et al. 6554 Pteridrys syrmatica Cicuzza 677 Pteridrys syrmatica Dong 3439 Pteridrys cnemidaria Dong 3429 Pteridrys cnemidaria Dong 2760 Pteridrys cnemidaria Wang 5483 Pteridrys cnemidaria Shui 80205 Pteridrys cnemidaria Liu BJ01 Araiostegia pulchra Wu 2458 Araiostegia Davallia griffithiana Schuettpelz 506 Davallia Arthromeris wallichiana Schneider s.n. Arthromeris Polypodium virginianum Henry OAC 96886 Polypodium Phlebodium decumanum Schuettpelz 216 Phlebodium Oleandra pilosa Palacios 2697 Oleandra articulata Labiak 3652 Oleandra articulata Christenhusz 3980 Oleandra cumingii Chao 1990 Oleandra wallichii Tsutsumi TH10 Oleandra neriiformis Chao 1976 Oleandra pistillaris Tsutsumi et al., IN28 Cyclopeltis semicordata Barrington 2129 Cyclopeltis crenata Jin JXH5130 Cyclopeltis crenata Liu 5524 Cyclopeltis crenata Zhang 2312 Cyclopeltis crenata Lu s.n. Dracoglossum sinuatum Werff 23482 Dracoglossum plantagineum Werff 22222 Dracoglossum plantagineum Jones 1018 Lomariopsis sorbifolia Christenhusz 4070 Lomariopsis spectabilis TNS:763923 Lomariopsis pollicina Hennequinet et al. 2009-R154 Lomariopsis pollicina Liu 5496 Lomariopsis spectabilis Dong 3597 Lomariopsis sp. Zhang et al. 7185 Nephrolepis biserrata Christenhusz 4865 Nephrolepis hirsutula Christenhusz 3580 Nephrolepis davallioides Schuettpelz 716

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Oleandra

Davalliaceae Polypodiaceae Oleandraceae

Cyclopeltis

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Dracoglossum Lomariopsis

Nephrolepis

Lomariopsidaceae Nephrolepidaceae

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Character: Stipe wings Parsimony reconstruction

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(Unordered) [Steps: 6] absent present

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Phlebiogonium superclade

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Tectaria

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Ctenitopsis superclade

Tectariaceae

Tectaria superclade

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Arthropteris

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Pteridrys

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Hypoderris

Triplophyllum

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Tectaria

Tectaridium superclade

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Tectariaceae

Tectaria coadunata Dong 3583 Tectaria coadunata Zhang et al. 7555 Tectaria fernandensis Fraser-Jenkins 11304 Tectaria gemmifera PichiSermolli 7074 Tectaria gemmifera Kayombo s.n. Tectaria paradoxa RBG Kew 1964-33125 Tectaria gemmifera Kamau 601 Tectaria gemmifera Moses s.n. Tectaria coadunata cf. Dong 1836 Tectaria gaudichaudii Selling 3605 Aspidium kwanonense Tsutsumi CT1066 Aspidium kwanonense TNS: 743677 Aspidium kwanonense Knapp 3635 Tectaria sp. YLZB2094 Aspidium pinfaense Zhang et al. 6144 Tectaria sp. YLZB2013 Tectaria sp. YLZB2067 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 8250 Tectaria wightii Fraser-Jenkins s.n. Tectaria herpetocaulos Dong 3555 Tectaria barteri Carvalho 3449 Tectaria heterocarpa Fraser-Jenkins 1727 Tectaria polymorpha Dong 3554 Tectaria polymorpha Zhang et al. 7542 Tectaria polymorpha Dong 3590 Tectaria polymorpha Wu WS-2445 Tectaria polymorpha YLZB 2003 Tectaria polymorpha YLZB 2039 Tectaria polymorpha YLZB 1971 Tectaria zeylanica Dong 3642 Tectaria zeilanica Schuettpelz 514 Tectaria zeylanica Dong 3634 Tectaria zeilanica Tsutsumi CT1065 Tectaria zeilanica Zhang et al. 6387 Tectaria zeilanica Knapp 3568 Tectaria zeilanica Liu LHM886 Tectaria zeilanica Dong 182 Tectaria zeilanica Wang 5451 Tectaria brachiata cf. Zhang et al. 7870 Tectaria brachiata cf. Wu WS-2510 Tectaria brachiata cf. Zhang et al. 8246 Tectaria brachiata cf. Zhang et al. 8822 Tectaria sp. Dong 3431 Tectaria impressa Dong 1024 Tectaria impressa Wu WS-2328 Tectaria impressa Zhang et al. 6612 Tectaria impressa Fraser-Jenkins 3910 Tectaria sp. Dong 3644 Tectaria impressa Dong 3615 Tectaria impressa Dong 3564 Tectaria laotica Wu WS-2172 Tectaria griffithii Wu WS-2492 Tectaria griffithii Dong 3632 Tectaria griffithii Dong 3846 Tectaria griffithii cf. Zhang et al. 6765 Tectaria griffithii Zhang et al. 8413 Tectaria griffithii Zhang et al. 8364 Tectaria griffithii Knapp 3072 Tectaria griffithii Zhang et al. 8645 Tectaria phaeocaulis Zhang et al. 6626 Tectaria phaeocaulis Zhang et al. 6636 Tectaria phaeocaulis Wu WS-200 Tectaria phaeocaulis Zhang et al. 7053 Tectaria phaeocaulis Knapp1358 Tectaria phaeocaulis Dong 3656 Tectaria phaeocaulis Zhang et al. 6492 Tectaria phaeocaulis Dong 1579 Tectaria phaeocaulis Wang 5481 Tectaria labrusca Chao 1981 Tectaria angulata Dong 3451 Tectaria angulata Zhang et al. 8192 Tectaria angulata Schuettpelz 703 Tectaria melanocaula Chen 1865 Tectaria ferruginea Chen 0806 Tectaria pica RBG Kew, 2010-1946 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 6681 Tectaria morsei Dong 2298 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 6584 Tectaria morsei Dong GZE219 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 6596 Tectaria morsei Wu WP-884 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 7312 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 6598 Tectaria fauriei cf. Dong 3553 Tectaria fauriei TNS:764229 Tectaria fauriei cf. Dong 3572 Tectaria fauriei Zhang et al. 7297 Tectaria fauriei Knapp 1590 Tectaria vasta Dong 3567 Tectaria hekouensis Zhang et al. 6502 Tectaria quinquefida Chao 1980 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6917 Tectaria quinquefida Dong 1981bis Tectaria hekouensis Dong 3608 Tectaria hekouensis Dong 3596 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6343 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6572 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6317 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6315 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6527 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6351 Tectaria pleiosora Chao 1983 Tectaria sp. Cicuzza 683 Tectaria crenata Kessler 13678 Tectaria repanda Chen 0576 Tectaria crenata cf. Wade 1837 Tectaria crenata Schuettpelz 841 Tectaria crenata Wade 0085 Tectaria cf repanda Dong 2565 Tectaris crenata cf. Zhang et al. 7993 Tectaria crenata cf. Zhang et al. 8000 Tectaria harlandii Wang 5503a Tectaria harlandii Wang 5503 Tectaria decurrens Dong 3594 Tectaria decurrens Dong 3559 Tectaria decurrens Dong 1026 Tectaria decurrens Zhang et al. 6497 Tectaria decurrens TNS:759312 Tectaria semipinnata Chao 1977 Tectaria semipinnata Schuettpelz 888 Tectaria vasta Wu WP-1653 Tectaria vasta Zhang et al. 8254 Tectaria vasta Schuettpelz 663 Tectaria vasta FRI74822 Tectaria singaporiana Christenhusz 6595 Tectaria singaporiana Zhang et al. 8198 Tectaria singaporiana Schuettpelz 652 Tectaria fissa Zhang et al. 8193 Tectaria fissa Schuettpelz 885 Tectaria fissa Schuettpelz 681 Tectaria tricuspis FRI74825 Tectaria fissa FRI74824 Tectaria fissa FRI74826 Tectaria tricuspis Chao 1978 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 8817 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 8801 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7224 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7477 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7214 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7679 Tectaria harlandii Zhang et al. 7191 Tectaria harlandii Chen 4846 Tectaria harlandii Ding 002 Tectaria sp. Dong 3631 Tectaria harlandii Knapp 3557 Tectaria harlandii Knapp 3580 Tectaria harlandii Knapp 3579 Tectaria harlandii cf. Knapp 3593 Tectaria harlandii cf. Knapp 3712 Tectaria harlandii Knapp3582 Tectaria harlardii Zhang et al. 7194 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7424 Tectaria psomiocarpa Chen s.n. Tectaria kusukusensis Wang 5501 Tectaria kusukuensis Knapp 3767 Tectaria kusukusensis Zhang et al. 6466 Tectaria kusukusensis Zhang et al. 6545 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7974 Tectaria sagenioides Zhang et al. 7072 Tectaria gigantea Dong 3380 Hetero. stenosemioides Dong 3438 Heterogonium sagenoides Schuettpelz 696 Tectaria sagenioides Wang 5502 Tectaria sagenioides Dong 3603 Tectaria sagenioides Dong 1599 Heterogonium pinnatum Chen s.n. Tectaria aurita Dong 3386 Heterogonium subglabrum Dong 3450 Heterogonium pinnatum Schuettpelz 555 Heterogonium pinnatum Schuettpelz 708 Tectaria dissectra cf. Zhang et al. 7212 Tectaria stenoptera Zhang et al. 6562 Tectaria stenoptera Zhang et al. 7717 Tectaria sp. Cicuzza 989 Tectaria multicaudata Chen 1832 Tectaria malayensis FRI74817 Tectaria multicaudata Knapp 3592 Tectaria malayensis Schuettpelz 892 Tectaria subsageniacea Wang 5485 Tectaria subsageniacea Dong 3602 Tectaria subsageniacea Dong 3617 Ctenitopsis hainanensis cf. Dong 112 Ctenitopsis hainanensis cf. Wang 5496 Ctenitopsis hainanensis cf. Dong 3834 Tectaria ingens YLZB 1960 Tectaria setulosa Zhang et al. 7124 Tectaria setulosa Zhang et al. 7140 Tectaria setulosa Zhang et al. 7120 Tectaria setulosa Dong 3049 Tectaria setulosa Jin et al. 282 Tectaria setulosa Zhang et al. 6520 Tectaria subfuscipes Knapp 3200 Tectaria fuscipes Knapp 3198 Tectaria subfuscipes Knapp 3199 Tectaria fuscipes Lu LJM074 Tectaria fuscipes Zhang et al. 6590 Tectaria fuscipes Zhang et al. 6639 Tectaria fuscipes Dong 1059 Tectaria fuscipes Wang 5492 Tectaria fuscipes Dong 3557 Tectaria fuscipes Chao 1553 Tectaria macleanii Chao s.n. Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7827 Tectaria barberi Dong 3471 Tectaria ebenina Zhang et al. 6854 Tectaria devexa cf. Zhang et al. 6564 Tectaria devexa Dong 3606 Tectaria devexa Dong 3570 Tectaria linloensis Dong 3641 Tectaria devexa Zhang Liang 1561 Tectaria devexa Zhang et al. 6526 Tectaria devexa Zhang et al. 6591 Tectaria devexa Dong 180 Tectaria devexa Wang 5504 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 6671 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 6349 Tectaria devexa Zhang et al. 6331 Tectaria grossedentata Zhang et al. 6293 Tectaria grossedentata Dong 3591 Tectaria subtriphylla Zhang et al. 6915 Tectaria subtriphylla Zhang et al. 6585 Tectaria subtriphylla Zhang et al. 6619 Tectaria subtriphylla Dong 3841 Tectaria subtriphylla TNS:759338 Tectaria subtriphylla Ding 001 Tectaria subtriphylla Wang 5486 Tectaria sp. Wu WP-1011 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3570 Tectaria subtriphylla Knapp 3574 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3572 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7480 Tectaria subvariolosa Zhang et al. 7134 Tectaria subvariolosa Dong 3688 Tectaria subvariolosa Chao 1979 Tectaria simonsii Dong 3639 Tectaria simonsii TNS:743680 Tectaria simonsii Dong 3645 Tectaria simonsii Zhang et al. 7001 Tectaria subtriphylla aff. Knapp 3583 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3586 Tectaria simonsii Wang 5495 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3590 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3629 Tectaria luchunensis Dong 3579 Tectaria luchunensis Dong 3582 Tectaria simonsii Wu WS-2711 Tectaria simonsii Zhang Liang 1613 Tectaria prolifera Alanko 78-893 Tectaria prolifera Christenhusz 3368 Tectaria panamensis Jones 1052 Tectaria fimbriata Christenhusz 3537 Tectaria cicutaria Sundue 2095 Tectaria trifoliata Christenhusz 4013 Tectaria trifoliata Sorsa 123/1965 Tectaria trifoliata Sundue 2062 Tectaria sp. Schuettpelz 983 Tectaria martinicensis Sorsa 97/1964 Tectaria incisa Christenhusz 3209 Tectaria incisa Rothfels 08-189 Tectaria vivipara Rothfels 08-121 Tectaria incisa Cayola 2415 Tectaria incisa RBG Kew, living coll 1984-521 Tectaria vivipara Rothfels 08-169 Tectaria incisa Possley 94 Tectaria incisa Howell 1088 Tectaria acerifolia Jones 990 Tectaria vivipara Tuomisto 15677 Tectaria incisa Christenhusz 4828 Tectaria incisa Labiak 4914 Tectaria darienensis Croat 16955 Tectaria pubens Tuomisto 11766 Tectaria antioquoiana Schuettpelz 200 Tectaria heracleifolia Matos 08-125 Tectaria heracleifolia Ackerman 4707 Tectaria heracleifolia Sundue 2094 Tectaria apiifolia Christenhusz 3201 Tectaria mexicana Rothfels 08-175 Tectaria mexicana Grusz 08-011 Tectaria dilacerata Alanko 78-1506 Hypoderris brauniana Tuomisto11912 Hypoderris brauniana Jones 1228 Hypoderris brauniana Werff 22263 Hypoderris brauniana Rojas 4134 Tectaria nicotianifolia Sundue 1455 Tectaria nicotianifolia Moran 6922 Hypoderris brownii Recart 95 Hypoderris brownii Axelrod 8239 Hypoderris brownii Sanchez 19 Triplophyllum heudelotii Fraser-Jenkins 11416 Triplophyllum vogelii Fay 1158 Triplophyllum pentagonum Daly 13102 Triplophyllum securidiforme Jongkind 10773 Triplophyllum jenseniae Fay 1165 Triplophyllum pilosissimum Jongkind 9612 Triplophyllum vogelii Fraser-Jenkins 11424 Triplophyllum fraternum Carvalho 5899 Triplophyllum hirsutum Tuomisto 15744 Triplophyllum hirsutum Tuomisto 15438 Triplophyllum funestum Christenhusz 4107 Triplophyllum dicksonioides Tuomisto 152 Triplophyllum crassifolium Tuomisto1569 Triplophyllum glabrum Tuomisto 15444 Triplophyllum funestum Tuomisto 15611 Triplophyllum funestum Hormia 2092 Triplophyllum funestum Moran 6263 Triplophyllum hirsutum Pereira-Silva 5029 Triplophyllum dicksonioides Moran 6291 Arthropteris articulata Leon Perrie FJ11-50 Arthropteris monocarpa Kukkonen 12551 Arthropteris parallela Schuettpelz 524 Arthropteris submarginalis Acock PA1031 Arthropteris repens FJ11-191 Arthropteris altescandens Sckottsberg 75 Arthropteris guinanensis Jiang JRH1506 Psammiosorus paucivenius Rakotondrainibe 6585 Malaifilix grandidentata Schuettpelz 679 Malaifilix Draconopteris draconoptera Jones 809 Draconopteris Draconopteris draconoptera Rothfels 08-173 Pteridrys sp. Dong 3465 Pteridrys sp. Cicuzza 947 Pteridrys sp. Schuettpelz 872 Pteridrys australis Dong 3560 Pteridrys sp. Zhang et al. 6517 Pteridrys sp. Zhang et al. 6554 Pteridrys syrmatica Cicuzza 677 Pteridrys syrmatica Dong 3439 Pteridrys cnemidaria Dong 3429 Pteridrys cnemidaria Dong 2760 Pteridrys cnemidaria Wang 5483 Pteridrys cnemidaria Shui 80205 Pteridrys cnemidaria Liu BJ01 Araiostegia Araiostegia pulchra Wu 2458 Davallia Davallia griffithiana Schuettpelz 506 Arthromeris Arthromeris wallichiana Schneider s.n. Polypodium Polypodium virginianum Henry OAC 96886 Phlebodium Phlebodium decumanum Schuettpelz 216 Oleandra pilosa Palacios 2697 Oleandra articulata Labiak 3652 Oleandra articulata Christenhusz 3980 Oleandra cumingii Chao 1990 Oleandra wallichii Tsutsumi TH10 Oleandra neriiformis Chao 1976 Oleandra pistillaris Tsutsumi et al., IN28 Cyclopeltis semicordata Barrington 2129 Cyclopeltis crenata Jin JXH5130 Cyclopeltis crenata Liu 5524 Cyclopeltis crenata Zhang 2312 Cyclopeltis crenata Lu s.n. Dracoglossum sinuatum Werff 23482 Dracoglossum plantagineum Werff 22222 Dracoglossum plantagineum Jones 1018 Lomariopsis sorbifolia Christenhusz 4070 Lomariopsis spectabilis TNS:763923 Lomariopsis pollicina Hennequinet et al. 2009-R154 Lomariopsis pollicina Liu 5496 Lomariopsis spectabilis Dong 3597 Lomariopsis sp. Zhang et al. 7185 Nephrolepis biserrata Christenhusz 4865 Nephrolepis hirsutula Christenhusz 3580 Nephrolepis davallioides Schuettpelz 716

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Oleandra

Davalliaceae Polypodiaceae Oleandraceae

Cyclopeltis

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Dracoglossum Lomariopsis

Nephrolepis

Lomariopsidaceae Nephrolepidaceae

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Character: Lamina dissection

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Parsimony reconstruction (Unordered) [Steps: 31] simple pinnatifid to 1-pinnate 2-pinnatifid to 2-pinnate 3-pinnatifid or more

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Tectaria

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Tectariaceae

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XI. Polymorphae clade

X. Phlebiogonium clade

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IX.Quinquefidae clade

Phlebiogonium superclade

VIII. Decurrentes clade

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XII. Coadunatae clade

VI. Phaeocaules clade

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Tectaria coadunata Dong 3583 Tectaria coadunata Zhang et al. 7555 Tectaria fernandensis Fraser-Jenkins 11304 Tectaria gemmifera PichiSermolli 7074 Tectaria gemmifera Kayombo s.n. Tectaria paradoxa RBG Kew 1964-33125 Tectaria gemmifera Kamau 601 Tectaria gemmifera Moses s.n. Tectaria coadunata cf. Dong 1836 Tectaria gaudichaudii Selling 3605 Aspidium kwanonense Tsutsumi CT1066 Aspidium kwanonense TNS: 743677 Aspidium kwanonense Knapp 3635 Tectaria sp. YLZB2094 Aspidium pinfaense Zhang et al. 6144 Tectaria sp. YLZB2013 Tectaria sp. YLZB2067 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 8250 Tectaria wightii Fraser-Jenkins s.n. Tectaria herpetocaulos Dong 3555 Tectaria barteri Carvalho 3449 Tectaria heterocarpa Fraser-Jenkins 1727 Tectaria polymorpha Dong 3554 Tectaria polymorpha Zhang et al. 7542 Tectaria polymorpha Dong 3590 Tectaria polymorpha Wu WS-2445 Tectaria polymorpha YLZB 2003 Tectaria polymorpha YLZB 2039 Tectaria polymorpha YLZB 1971 Tectaria zeylanica Dong 3642 Tectaria zeilanica Schuettpelz 514 Tectaria zeylanica Dong 3634 Tectaria zeilanica Tsutsumi CT1065 Tectaria zeilanica Zhang et al. 6387 Tectaria zeilanica Knapp 3568 Tectaria zeilanica Liu LHM886 Tectaria zeilanica Dong 182 Tectaria zeilanica Wang 5451 Tectaria brachiata cf. Zhang et al. 7870 Tectaria brachiata cf. Wu WS-2510 Tectaria brachiata cf. Zhang et al. 8246 Tectaria brachiata cf. Zhang et al. 8822 Tectaria sp. Dong 3431 Tectaria impressa Dong 1024 Tectaria impressa Wu WS-2328 Tectaria impressa Zhang et al. 6612 Tectaria impressa Fraser-Jenkins 3910 Tectaria sp. Dong 3644 Tectaria impressa Dong 3615 Tectaria impressa Dong 3564 Tectaria laotica Wu WS-2172 Tectaria griffithii Wu WS-2492 Tectaria griffithii Dong 3632 Tectaria griffithii Dong 3846 Tectaria griffithii cf. Zhang et al. 6765 Tectaria griffithii Zhang et al. 8413 Tectaria griffithii Zhang et al. 8364 Tectaria griffithii Knapp 3072 Tectaria griffithii Zhang et al. 8645 Tectaria phaeocaulis Zhang et al. 6626 Tectaria phaeocaulis Zhang et al. 6636 Tectaria phaeocaulis Wu WS-200 Tectaria phaeocaulis Zhang et al. 7053 Tectaria phaeocaulis Knapp1358 Tectaria phaeocaulis Dong 3656 Tectaria phaeocaulis Zhang et al. 6492 Tectaria phaeocaulis Dong 1579 Tectaria phaeocaulis Wang 5481 Tectaria labrusca Chao 1981 Tectaria angulata Dong 3451 Tectaria angulata Zhang et al. 8192 Tectaria angulata Schuettpelz 703 Tectaria melanocaula Chen 1865 Tectaria ferruginea Chen 0806 Tectaria pica RBG Kew, 2010-1946 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 6681 Tectaria morsei Dong 2298 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 6584 Tectaria morsei Dong GZE219 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 6596 Tectaria morsei Wu WP-884 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 7312 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 6598 Tectaria fauriei cf. Dong 3553 Tectaria fauriei TNS:764229 Tectaria fauriei cf. Dong 3572 Tectaria fauriei Zhang et al. 7297 Tectaria fauriei Knapp 1590 Tectaria vasta Dong 3567 Tectaria hekouensis Zhang et al. 6502 Tectaria quinquefida Chao 1980 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6917 Tectaria quinquefida Dong 1981bis Tectaria hekouensis Dong 3608 Tectaria hekouensis Dong 3596 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6343 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6572 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6317 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6315 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6527 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6351 Tectaria pleiosora Chao 1983 Tectaria sp. Cicuzza 683 Tectaria crenata Kessler 13678 Tectaria repanda Chen 0576 Tectaria crenata cf. Wade 1837 Tectaria crenata Schuettpelz 841 Tectaria crenata Wade 0085 Tectaria cf repanda Dong 2565 Tectaris crenata cf. Zhang et al. 7993 Tectaria crenata cf. Zhang et al. 8000 Tectaria harlandii Wang 5503a Tectaria harlandii Wang 5503 Tectaria decurrens Dong 3594 Tectaria decurrens Dong 3559 Tectaria decurrens Dong 1026 Tectaria decurrens Zhang et al. 6497 Tectaria decurrens TNS:759312 Tectaria semipinnata Chao 1977 Tectaria semipinnata Schuettpelz 888 Tectaria vasta Wu WP-1653 Tectaria vasta Zhang et al. 8254 Tectaria vasta Schuettpelz 663 Tectaria vasta FRI74822 Tectaria singaporiana Christenhusz 6595 Tectaria singaporiana Zhang et al. 8198 Tectaria singaporiana Schuettpelz 652 Tectaria fissa Zhang et al. 8193 Tectaria fissa Schuettpelz 885 Tectaria fissa Schuettpelz 681 Tectaria tricuspis FRI74825 Tectaria fissa FRI74824 Tectaria fissa FRI74826 Tectaria tricuspis Chao 1978 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 8817 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 8801 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7224 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7477 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7214 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7679 Tectaria harlandii Zhang et al. 7191 Tectaria harlandii Chen 4846 Tectaria harlandii Ding 002 Tectaria sp. Dong 3631 Tectaria harlandii Knapp 3557 Tectaria harlandii Knapp 3580 Tectaria harlandii Knapp 3579 Tectaria harlandii cf. Knapp 3593 Tectaria harlandii cf. Knapp 3712 Tectaria harlandii Knapp3582 Tectaria harlardii Zhang et al. 7194 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7424 Tectaria psomiocarpa Chen s.n. Tectaria kusukusensis Wang 5501 Tectaria kusukuensis Knapp 3767 Tectaria kusukusensis Zhang et al. 6466 Tectaria kusukusensis Zhang et al. 6545 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7974 Tectaria sagenioides Zhang et al. 7072 Tectaria gigantea Dong 3380 Hetero. stenosemioides Dong 3438 Heterogonium sagenoides Schuettpelz 696 Tectaria sagenioides Wang 5502 Tectaria sagenioides Dong 3603 Tectaria sagenioides Dong 1599 Heterogonium pinnatum Chen s.n. Tectaria aurita Dong 3386 Heterogonium subglabrum Dong 3450 Heterogonium pinnatum Schuettpelz 555 Heterogonium pinnatum Schuettpelz 708 Tectaria dissectra cf. Zhang et al. 7212 Tectaria stenoptera Zhang et al. 6562 Tectaria stenoptera Zhang et al. 7717 Tectaria sp. Cicuzza 989 Tectaria multicaudata Chen 1832 Tectaria malayensis FRI74817 Tectaria multicaudata Knapp 3592 Tectaria malayensis Schuettpelz 892 Tectaria subsageniacea Wang 5485 Tectaria subsageniacea Dong 3602 Tectaria subsageniacea Dong 3617 Ctenitopsis hainanensis cf. Dong 112 Ctenitopsis hainanensis cf. Wang 5496 Ctenitopsis hainanensis cf. Dong 3834 Tectaria ingens YLZB 1960 Tectaria setulosa Zhang et al. 7124 Tectaria setulosa Zhang et al. 7140 Tectaria setulosa Zhang et al. 7120 Tectaria setulosa Dong 3049 Tectaria setulosa Jin et al. 282 Tectaria setulosa Zhang et al. 6520 Tectaria subfuscipes Knapp 3200 Tectaria fuscipes Knapp 3198 Tectaria subfuscipes Knapp 3199 Tectaria fuscipes Lu LJM074 Tectaria fuscipes Zhang et al. 6590 Tectaria fuscipes Zhang et al. 6639 Tectaria fuscipes Dong 1059 Tectaria fuscipes Wang 5492 Tectaria fuscipes Dong 3557 Tectaria fuscipes Chao 1553 Tectaria macleanii Chao s.n. Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7827 Tectaria barberi Dong 3471 Tectaria ebenina Zhang et al. 6854 Tectaria devexa cf. Zhang et al. 6564 Tectaria devexa Dong 3606 Tectaria devexa Dong 3570 Tectaria linloensis Dong 3641 Tectaria devexa Zhang Liang 1561 Tectaria devexa Zhang et al. 6526 Tectaria devexa Zhang et al. 6591 Tectaria devexa Dong 180 Tectaria devexa Wang 5504 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 6671 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 6349 Tectaria devexa Zhang et al. 6331 Tectaria grossedentata Zhang et al. 6293 Tectaria grossedentata Dong 3591 Tectaria subtriphylla Zhang et al. 6915 Tectaria subtriphylla Zhang et al. 6585 Tectaria subtriphylla Zhang et al. 6619 Tectaria subtriphylla Dong 3841 Tectaria subtriphylla TNS:759338 Tectaria subtriphylla Ding 001 Tectaria subtriphylla Wang 5486 Tectaria sp. Wu WP-1011 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3570 Tectaria subtriphylla Knapp 3574 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3572 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7480 Tectaria subvariolosa Zhang et al. 7134 Tectaria subvariolosa Dong 3688 Tectaria subvariolosa Chao 1979 Tectaria simonsii Dong 3639 Tectaria simonsii TNS:743680 Tectaria simonsii Dong 3645 Tectaria simonsii Zhang et al. 7001 Tectaria subtriphylla aff. Knapp 3583 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3586 Tectaria simonsii Wang 5495 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3590 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3629 Tectaria luchunensis Dong 3579 Tectaria luchunensis Dong 3582 Tectaria simonsii Wu WS-2711 Tectaria simonsii Zhang Liang 1613 Tectaria prolifera Alanko 78-893 Tectaria prolifera Christenhusz 3368 Tectaria panamensis Jones 1052 Tectaria fimbriata Christenhusz 3537 Tectaria cicutaria Sundue 2095 Tectaria trifoliata Christenhusz 4013 Tectaria trifoliata Sorsa 123/1965 Tectaria trifoliata Sundue 2062 Tectaria sp. Schuettpelz 983 Tectaria martinicensis Sorsa 97/1964 Tectaria incisa Christenhusz 3209 Tectaria incisa Rothfels 08-189 Tectaria vivipara Rothfels 08-121 Tectaria incisa Cayola 2415 Tectaria incisa RBG Kew, living coll 1984-521 Tectaria vivipara Rothfels 08-169 Tectaria incisa Possley 94 Tectaria incisa Howell 1088 Tectaria acerifolia Jones 990 Tectaria vivipara Tuomisto 15677 Tectaria incisa Christenhusz 4828 Tectaria incisa Labiak 4914 Tectaria darienensis Croat 16955 Tectaria pubens Tuomisto 11766 Tectaria antioquoiana Schuettpelz 200 Tectaria heracleifolia Matos 08-125 Tectaria heracleifolia Ackerman 4707 Tectaria heracleifolia Sundue 2094 Tectaria apiifolia Christenhusz 3201 Tectaria mexicana Rothfels 08-175 Tectaria mexicana Grusz 08-011 Tectaria dilacerata Alanko 78-1506 Hypoderris brauniana Tuomisto11912 Hypoderris brauniana Jones 1228 Hypoderris brauniana Werff 22263 Hypoderris brauniana Rojas 4134 Tectaria nicotianifolia Sundue 1455 Tectaria nicotianifolia Moran 6922 Hypoderris brownii Recart 95 Hypoderris brownii Axelrod 8239 Hypoderris brownii Sanchez 19 Triplophyllum heudelotii Fraser-Jenkins 11416 Triplophyllum vogelii Fay 1158 Triplophyllum pentagonum Daly 13102 Triplophyllum securidiforme Jongkind 10773 Triplophyllum jenseniae Fay 1165 Triplophyllum pilosissimum Jongkind 9612 Triplophyllum vogelii Fraser-Jenkins 11424 Triplophyllum fraternum Carvalho 5899 Triplophyllum hirsutum Tuomisto 15744 Triplophyllum hirsutum Tuomisto 15438 Triplophyllum funestum Christenhusz 4107 Triplophyllum dicksonioides Tuomisto 152 Triplophyllum crassifolium Tuomisto1569 Triplophyllum glabrum Tuomisto 15444 Triplophyllum funestum Tuomisto 15611 Triplophyllum funestum Hormia 2092 Triplophyllum funestum Moran 6263 Triplophyllum hirsutum Pereira-Silva 5029 Triplophyllum dicksonioides Moran 6291 Arthropteris articulata Leon Perrie FJ11-50 Arthropteris monocarpa Kukkonen 12551 Arthropteris parallela Schuettpelz 524 Arthropteris submarginalis Acock PA1031 Arthropteris repens FJ11-191 Arthropteris altescandens Sckottsberg 75 Arthropteris guinanensis Jiang JRH1506 Psammiosorus paucivenius Rakotondrainibe 6585 Malaifilix grandidentata Schuettpelz 679 Draconopteris draconoptera Jones 809 Draconopteris draconoptera Rothfels 08-173 Pteridrys sp. Dong 3465 Pteridrys sp. Cicuzza 947 Pteridrys sp. Schuettpelz 872 Pteridrys australis Dong 3560 Pteridrys sp. Zhang et al. 6517 Pteridrys sp. Zhang et al. 6554 Pteridrys syrmatica Cicuzza 677 Pteridrys syrmatica Dong 3439 Pteridrys cnemidaria Dong 3429 Pteridrys cnemidaria Dong 2760 Pteridrys cnemidaria Wang 5483 Pteridrys cnemidaria Shui 80205 Pteridrys cnemidaria Liu BJ01 Araiostegia pulchra Wu 2458 Davallia griffithiana Schuettpelz 506 Arthromeris wallichiana Schneider s.n. Polypodium virginianum Henry OAC 96886 Phlebodium decumanum Schuettpelz 216 Oleandra pilosa Palacios 2697 Oleandra articulata Labiak 3652 Oleandra articulata Christenhusz 3980 Oleandra cumingii Chao 1990 Oleandra wallichii Tsutsumi TH10 Oleandra neriiformis Chao 1976 Oleandra pistillaris Tsutsumi et al., IN28 Cyclopeltis semicordata Barrington 2129 Cyclopeltis crenata Jin JXH5130 Cyclopeltis crenata Liu 5524 Cyclopeltis crenata Zhang 2312 Cyclopeltis crenata Lu s.n. Dracoglossum sinuatum Werff 23482 Dracoglossum plantagineum Werff 22222 Dracoglossum plantagineum Jones 1018 Lomariopsis sorbifolia Christenhusz 4070 Lomariopsis spectabilis TNS:763923 Lomariopsis pollicina Hennequinet et al. 2009-R154 Lomariopsis pollicina Liu 5496 Lomariopsis spectabilis Dong 3597 Lomariopsis sp. Zhang et al. 7185 Nephrolepis biserrata Christenhusz 4865 Nephrolepis hirsutula Christenhusz 3580 Nephrolepis davallioides Schuettpelz 716

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VII. Podopeltis clade

Tectaria

Ctenitopsis superclade

IV. Lenda clade

Tectariaceae

Tectaridium superclade

Tectaria superclade

Hypoderris

Triplophyllum

Arthropteris Malaifilix Draconopteris

Pteridrys

Araiostegia Davallia Arthromeris Polypodium Phlebodium

Oleandra

Davalliaceae Polypodiaceae Oleandraceae

Cyclopeltis Dracoglossum Lomariopsis Nephrolepis

Lomariopsidaceae Nephrolepidaceae

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Character: Lamina apex Parsimony reconstruction

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XII. Coadunatae clade

(Unordered) [Steps: 24] conform irregularly lobed pinnatifid

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VI. Phaeocaules clade

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Tectaria

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Tectariaceae

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IX.Quinquefidae clade

Phlebiogonium superclade

VIII. Decurrentes clade

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XI. Polymorphae clade

X. Phlebiogonium clade

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Tectaria coadunata Dong 3583 Tectaria coadunata Zhang et al. 7555 Tectaria fernandensis Fraser-Jenkins 11304 Tectaria gemmifera PichiSermolli 7074 Tectaria gemmifera Kayombo s.n. Tectaria paradoxa RBG Kew 1964-33125 Tectaria gemmifera Kamau 601 Tectaria gemmifera Moses s.n. Tectaria coadunata cf. Dong 1836 Tectaria gaudichaudii Selling 3605 Aspidium kwanonense Tsutsumi CT1066 Aspidium kwanonense TNS: 743677 Aspidium kwanonense Knapp 3635 Tectaria sp. YLZB2094 Aspidium pinfaense Zhang et al. 6144 Tectaria sp. YLZB2013 Tectaria sp. YLZB2067 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 8250 Tectaria wightii Fraser-Jenkins s.n. Tectaria herpetocaulos Dong 3555 Tectaria barteri Carvalho 3449 Tectaria heterocarpa Fraser-Jenkins 1727 Tectaria polymorpha Dong 3554 Tectaria polymorpha Zhang et al. 7542 Tectaria polymorpha Dong 3590 Tectaria polymorpha Wu WS-2445 Tectaria polymorpha YLZB 2003 Tectaria polymorpha YLZB 2039 Tectaria polymorpha YLZB 1971 Tectaria zeylanica Dong 3642 Tectaria zeilanica Schuettpelz 514 Tectaria zeylanica Dong 3634 Tectaria zeilanica Tsutsumi CT1065 Tectaria zeilanica Zhang et al. 6387 Tectaria zeilanica Knapp 3568 Tectaria zeilanica Liu LHM886 Tectaria zeilanica Dong 182 Tectaria zeilanica Wang 5451 Tectaria brachiata cf. Zhang et al. 7870 Tectaria brachiata cf. Wu WS-2510 Tectaria brachiata cf. Zhang et al. 8246 Tectaria brachiata cf. Zhang et al. 8822 Tectaria sp. Dong 3431 Tectaria impressa Dong 1024 Tectaria impressa Wu WS-2328 Tectaria impressa Zhang et al. 6612 Tectaria impressa Fraser-Jenkins 3910 Tectaria sp. Dong 3644 Tectaria impressa Dong 3615 Tectaria impressa Dong 3564 Tectaria laotica Wu WS-2172 Tectaria griffithii Wu WS-2492 Tectaria griffithii Dong 3632 Tectaria griffithii Dong 3846 Tectaria griffithii cf. Zhang et al. 6765 Tectaria griffithii Zhang et al. 8413 Tectaria griffithii Zhang et al. 8364 Tectaria griffithii Knapp 3072 Tectaria griffithii Zhang et al. 8645 Tectaria phaeocaulis Zhang et al. 6626 Tectaria phaeocaulis Zhang et al. 6636 Tectaria phaeocaulis Wu WS-200 Tectaria phaeocaulis Zhang et al. 7053 Tectaria phaeocaulis Knapp1358 Tectaria phaeocaulis Dong 3656 Tectaria phaeocaulis Zhang et al. 6492 Tectaria phaeocaulis Dong 1579 Tectaria phaeocaulis Wang 5481 Tectaria labrusca Chao 1981 Tectaria angulata Dong 3451 Tectaria angulata Zhang et al. 8192 Tectaria angulata Schuettpelz 703 Tectaria melanocaula Chen 1865 Tectaria ferruginea Chen 0806 Tectaria pica RBG Kew, 2010-1946 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 6681 Tectaria morsei Dong 2298 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 6584 Tectaria morsei Dong GZE219 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 6596 Tectaria morsei Wu WP-884 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 7312 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 6598 Tectaria fauriei cf. Dong 3553 Tectaria fauriei TNS:764229 Tectaria fauriei cf. Dong 3572 Tectaria fauriei Zhang et al. 7297 Tectaria fauriei Knapp 1590 Tectaria vasta Dong 3567 Tectaria hekouensis Zhang et al. 6502 Tectaria quinquefida Chao 1980 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6917 Tectaria quinquefida Dong 1981bis Tectaria hekouensis Dong 3608 Tectaria hekouensis Dong 3596 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6343 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6572 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6317 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6315 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6527 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6351 Tectaria pleiosora Chao 1983 Tectaria sp. Cicuzza 683 Tectaria crenata Kessler 13678 Tectaria repanda Chen 0576 Tectaria crenata cf. Wade 1837 Tectaria crenata Schuettpelz 841 Tectaria crenata Wade 0085 Tectaria cf repanda Dong 2565 Tectaris crenata cf. Zhang et al. 7993 Tectaria crenata cf. Zhang et al. 8000 Tectaria harlandii Wang 5503a Tectaria harlandii Wang 5503 Tectaria decurrens Dong 3594 Tectaria decurrens Dong 3559 Tectaria decurrens Dong 1026 Tectaria decurrens Zhang et al. 6497 Tectaria decurrens TNS:759312 Tectaria semipinnata Chao 1977 Tectaria semipinnata Schuettpelz 888 Tectaria vasta Wu WP-1653 Tectaria vasta Zhang et al. 8254 Tectaria vasta Schuettpelz 663 Tectaria vasta FRI74822 Tectaria singaporiana Christenhusz 6595 Tectaria singaporiana Zhang et al. 8198 Tectaria singaporiana Schuettpelz 652 Tectaria fissa Zhang et al. 8193 Tectaria fissa Schuettpelz 885 Tectaria fissa Schuettpelz 681 Tectaria tricuspis FRI74825 Tectaria fissa FRI74824 Tectaria fissa FRI74826 Tectaria tricuspis Chao 1978 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 8817 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 8801 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7224 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7477 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7214 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7679 Tectaria harlandii Zhang et al. 7191 Tectaria harlandii Chen 4846 Tectaria harlandii Ding 002 Tectaria sp. Dong 3631 Tectaria harlandii Knapp 3557 Tectaria harlandii Knapp 3580 Tectaria harlandii Knapp 3579 Tectaria harlandii cf. Knapp 3593 Tectaria harlandii cf. Knapp 3712 Tectaria harlandii Knapp3582 Tectaria harlardii Zhang et al. 7194 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7424 Tectaria psomiocarpa Chen s.n. Tectaria kusukusensis Wang 5501 Tectaria kusukuensis Knapp 3767 Tectaria kusukusensis Zhang et al. 6466 Tectaria kusukusensis Zhang et al. 6545 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7974 Tectaria sagenioides Zhang et al. 7072 Tectaria gigantea Dong 3380 Hetero. stenosemioides Dong 3438 Heterogonium sagenoides Schuettpelz 696 Tectaria sagenioides Wang 5502 Tectaria sagenioides Dong 3603 Tectaria sagenioides Dong 1599 Heterogonium pinnatum Chen s.n. Tectaria aurita Dong 3386 Heterogonium subglabrum Dong 3450 Heterogonium pinnatum Schuettpelz 555 Heterogonium pinnatum Schuettpelz 708 Tectaria dissectra cf. Zhang et al. 7212 Tectaria stenoptera Zhang et al. 6562 Tectaria stenoptera Zhang et al. 7717 Tectaria sp. Cicuzza 989 Tectaria multicaudata Chen 1832 Tectaria malayensis FRI74817 Tectaria multicaudata Knapp 3592 Tectaria malayensis Schuettpelz 892 Tectaria subsageniacea Wang 5485 Tectaria subsageniacea Dong 3602 Tectaria subsageniacea Dong 3617 Ctenitopsis hainanensis cf. Dong 112 Ctenitopsis hainanensis cf. Wang 5496 Ctenitopsis hainanensis cf. Dong 3834 Tectaria ingens YLZB 1960 Tectaria setulosa Zhang et al. 7124 Tectaria setulosa Zhang et al. 7140 Tectaria setulosa Zhang et al. 7120 Tectaria setulosa Dong 3049 Tectaria setulosa Jin et al. 282 Tectaria setulosa Zhang et al. 6520 Tectaria subfuscipes Knapp 3200 Tectaria fuscipes Knapp 3198 Tectaria subfuscipes Knapp 3199 Tectaria fuscipes Lu LJM074 Tectaria fuscipes Zhang et al. 6590 Tectaria fuscipes Zhang et al. 6639 Tectaria fuscipes Dong 1059 Tectaria fuscipes Wang 5492 Tectaria fuscipes Dong 3557 Tectaria fuscipes Chao 1553 Tectaria macleanii Chao s.n. Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7827 Tectaria barberi Dong 3471 Tectaria ebenina Zhang et al. 6854 Tectaria devexa cf. Zhang et al. 6564 Tectaria devexa Dong 3606 Tectaria devexa Dong 3570 Tectaria linloensis Dong 3641 Tectaria devexa Zhang Liang 1561 Tectaria devexa Zhang et al. 6526 Tectaria devexa Zhang et al. 6591 Tectaria devexa Dong 180 Tectaria devexa Wang 5504 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 6671 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 6349 Tectaria devexa Zhang et al. 6331 Tectaria grossedentata Zhang et al. 6293 Tectaria grossedentata Dong 3591 Tectaria subtriphylla Zhang et al. 6915 Tectaria subtriphylla Zhang et al. 6585 Tectaria subtriphylla Zhang et al. 6619 Tectaria subtriphylla Dong 3841 Tectaria subtriphylla TNS:759338 Tectaria subtriphylla Ding 001 Tectaria subtriphylla Wang 5486 Tectaria sp. Wu WP-1011 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3570 Tectaria subtriphylla Knapp 3574 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3572 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7480 Tectaria subvariolosa Zhang et al. 7134 Tectaria subvariolosa Dong 3688 Tectaria subvariolosa Chao 1979 Tectaria simonsii Dong 3639 Tectaria simonsii TNS:743680 Tectaria simonsii Dong 3645 Tectaria simonsii Zhang et al. 7001 Tectaria subtriphylla aff. Knapp 3583 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3586 Tectaria simonsii Wang 5495 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3590 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3629 Tectaria luchunensis Dong 3579 Tectaria luchunensis Dong 3582 Tectaria simonsii Wu WS-2711 Tectaria simonsii Zhang Liang 1613 Tectaria prolifera Alanko 78-893 Tectaria prolifera Christenhusz 3368 Tectaria panamensis Jones 1052 Tectaria fimbriata Christenhusz 3537 Tectaria cicutaria Sundue 2095 Tectaria trifoliata Christenhusz 4013 Tectaria trifoliata Sorsa 123/1965 Tectaria trifoliata Sundue 2062 Tectaria sp. Schuettpelz 983 Tectaria martinicensis Sorsa 97/1964 Tectaria incisa Christenhusz 3209 Tectaria incisa Rothfels 08-189 Tectaria vivipara Rothfels 08-121 Tectaria incisa Cayola 2415 Tectaria incisa RBG Kew, living coll 1984-521 Tectaria vivipara Rothfels 08-169 Tectaria incisa Possley 94 Tectaria incisa Howell 1088 Tectaria acerifolia Jones 990 Tectaria vivipara Tuomisto 15677 Tectaria incisa Christenhusz 4828 Tectaria incisa Labiak 4914 Tectaria darienensis Croat 16955 Tectaria pubens Tuomisto 11766 Tectaria antioquoiana Schuettpelz 200 Tectaria heracleifolia Matos 08-125 Tectaria heracleifolia Ackerman 4707 Tectaria heracleifolia Sundue 2094 Tectaria apiifolia Christenhusz 3201 Tectaria mexicana Rothfels 08-175 Tectaria mexicana Grusz 08-011 Tectaria dilacerata Alanko 78-1506 Hypoderris brauniana Tuomisto11912 Hypoderris brauniana Jones 1228 Hypoderris brauniana Werff 22263 Hypoderris brauniana Rojas 4134 Tectaria nicotianifolia Sundue 1455 Tectaria nicotianifolia Moran 6922 Hypoderris brownii Recart 95 Hypoderris brownii Axelrod 8239 Hypoderris brownii Sanchez 19 Triplophyllum heudelotii Fraser-Jenkins 11416 Triplophyllum vogelii Fay 1158 Triplophyllum pentagonum Daly 13102 Triplophyllum securidiforme Jongkind 10773 Triplophyllum jenseniae Fay 1165 Triplophyllum pilosissimum Jongkind 9612 Triplophyllum vogelii Fraser-Jenkins 11424 Triplophyllum fraternum Carvalho 5899 Triplophyllum hirsutum Tuomisto 15744 Triplophyllum hirsutum Tuomisto 15438 Triplophyllum funestum Christenhusz 4107 Triplophyllum dicksonioides Tuomisto 152 Triplophyllum crassifolium Tuomisto1569 Triplophyllum glabrum Tuomisto 15444 Triplophyllum funestum Tuomisto 15611 Triplophyllum funestum Hormia 2092 Triplophyllum funestum Moran 6263 Triplophyllum hirsutum Pereira-Silva 5029 Triplophyllum dicksonioides Moran 6291 Arthropteris articulata Leon Perrie FJ11-50 Arthropteris monocarpa Kukkonen 12551 Arthropteris parallela Schuettpelz 524 Arthropteris submarginalis Acock PA1031 Arthropteris repens FJ11-191 Arthropteris altescandens Sckottsberg 75 Arthropteris guinanensis Jiang JRH1506 Psammiosorus paucivenius Rakotondrainibe 6585 Malaifilix grandidentata Schuettpelz 679 Draconopteris draconoptera Jones 809 Draconopteris draconoptera Rothfels 08-173 Pteridrys sp. Dong 3465 Pteridrys sp. Cicuzza 947 Pteridrys sp. Schuettpelz 872 Pteridrys australis Dong 3560 Pteridrys sp. Zhang et al. 6517 Pteridrys sp. Zhang et al. 6554 Pteridrys syrmatica Cicuzza 677 Pteridrys syrmatica Dong 3439 Pteridrys cnemidaria Dong 3429 Pteridrys cnemidaria Dong 2760 Pteridrys cnemidaria Wang 5483 Pteridrys cnemidaria Shui 80205 Pteridrys cnemidaria Liu BJ01 Araiostegia pulchra Wu 2458 Davallia griffithiana Schuettpelz 506 Arthromeris wallichiana Schneider s.n. Polypodium virginianum Henry OAC 96886 Phlebodium decumanum Schuettpelz 216 Oleandra pilosa Palacios 2697 Oleandra articulata Labiak 3652 Oleandra articulata Christenhusz 3980 Oleandra cumingii Chao 1990 Oleandra wallichii Tsutsumi TH10 Oleandra neriiformis Chao 1976 Oleandra pistillaris Tsutsumi et al., IN28 Cyclopeltis semicordata Barrington 2129 Cyclopeltis crenata Jin JXH5130 Cyclopeltis crenata Liu 5524 Cyclopeltis crenata Zhang 2312 Cyclopeltis crenata Lu s.n. Dracoglossum sinuatum Werff 23482 Dracoglossum plantagineum Werff 22222 Dracoglossum plantagineum Jones 1018 Lomariopsis sorbifolia Christenhusz 4070 Lomariopsis spectabilis TNS:763923 Lomariopsis pollicina Hennequinet et al. 2009-R154 Lomariopsis pollicina Liu 5496 Lomariopsis spectabilis Dong 3597 Lomariopsis sp. Zhang et al. 7185 Nephrolepis biserrata Christenhusz 4865 Nephrolepis hirsutula Christenhusz 3580 Nephrolepis davallioides Schuettpelz 716

* *

VII. Podopeltis clade

Tectaria

Ctenitopsis superclade

IV. Lenda clade

Tectariaceae

Tectaridium superclade

Tectaria superclade

Hypoderris

Triplophyllum

Arthropteris Malaifilix Draconopteris

Pteridrys

Araiostegia Davallia Arthromeris Polypodium Phlebodium

Oleandra

Davalliaceae Polypodiaceae Oleandraceae

Cyclopeltis Dracoglossum Lomariopsis Nephrolepis

Lomariopsidaceae Nephrolepidaceae

*

Character: Basal pinnae Parsimony reconstruction

*

(Unordered) [Steps: 27] reduced produced

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Phlebiogonium superclade

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Tectaria

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Ctenitopsis superclade

Tectariaceae

Tectaria superclade

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Arthropteris

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Pteridrys

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Hypoderris

Triplophyllum

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Tectaria

Tectaridium superclade

*

Tectariaceae

Tectaria coadunata Dong 3583 Tectaria coadunata Zhang et al. 7555 Tectaria fernandensis Fraser-Jenkins 11304 Tectaria gemmifera PichiSermolli 7074 Tectaria gemmifera Kayombo s.n. Tectaria paradoxa RBG Kew 1964-33125 Tectaria gemmifera Kamau 601 Tectaria gemmifera Moses s.n. Tectaria coadunata cf. Dong 1836 Tectaria gaudichaudii Selling 3605 Aspidium kwanonense Tsutsumi CT1066 Aspidium kwanonense TNS: 743677 Aspidium kwanonense Knapp 3635 Tectaria sp. YLZB2094 Aspidium pinfaense Zhang et al. 6144 Tectaria sp. YLZB2013 Tectaria sp. YLZB2067 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 8250 Tectaria wightii Fraser-Jenkins s.n. Tectaria herpetocaulos Dong 3555 Tectaria barteri Carvalho 3449 Tectaria heterocarpa Fraser-Jenkins 1727 Tectaria polymorpha Dong 3554 Tectaria polymorpha Zhang et al. 7542 Tectaria polymorpha Dong 3590 Tectaria polymorpha Wu WS-2445 Tectaria polymorpha YLZB 2003 Tectaria polymorpha YLZB 2039 Tectaria polymorpha YLZB 1971 Tectaria zeylanica Dong 3642 Tectaria zeilanica Schuettpelz 514 Tectaria zeylanica Dong 3634 Tectaria zeilanica Tsutsumi CT1065 Tectaria zeilanica Zhang et al. 6387 Tectaria zeilanica Knapp 3568 Tectaria zeilanica Liu LHM886 Tectaria zeilanica Dong 182 Tectaria zeilanica Wang 5451 Tectaria brachiata cf. Zhang et al. 7870 Tectaria brachiata cf. Wu WS-2510 Tectaria brachiata cf. Zhang et al. 8246 Tectaria brachiata cf. Zhang et al. 8822 Tectaria sp. Dong 3431 Tectaria impressa Dong 1024 Tectaria impressa Wu WS-2328 Tectaria impressa Zhang et al. 6612 Tectaria impressa Fraser-Jenkins 3910 Tectaria sp. Dong 3644 Tectaria impressa Dong 3615 Tectaria impressa Dong 3564 Tectaria laotica Wu WS-2172 Tectaria griffithii Wu WS-2492 Tectaria griffithii Dong 3632 Tectaria griffithii Dong 3846 Tectaria griffithii cf. Zhang et al. 6765 Tectaria griffithii Zhang et al. 8413 Tectaria griffithii Zhang et al. 8364 Tectaria griffithii Knapp 3072 Tectaria griffithii Zhang et al. 8645 Tectaria phaeocaulis Zhang et al. 6626 Tectaria phaeocaulis Zhang et al. 6636 Tectaria phaeocaulis Wu WS-200 Tectaria phaeocaulis Zhang et al. 7053 Tectaria phaeocaulis Knapp1358 Tectaria phaeocaulis Dong 3656 Tectaria phaeocaulis Zhang et al. 6492 Tectaria phaeocaulis Dong 1579 Tectaria phaeocaulis Wang 5481 Tectaria labrusca Chao 1981 Tectaria angulata Dong 3451 Tectaria angulata Zhang et al. 8192 Tectaria angulata Schuettpelz 703 Tectaria melanocaula Chen 1865 Tectaria ferruginea Chen 0806 Tectaria pica RBG Kew, 2010-1946 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 6681 Tectaria morsei Dong 2298 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 6584 Tectaria morsei Dong GZE219 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 6596 Tectaria morsei Wu WP-884 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 7312 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 6598 Tectaria fauriei cf. Dong 3553 Tectaria fauriei TNS:764229 Tectaria fauriei cf. Dong 3572 Tectaria fauriei Zhang et al. 7297 Tectaria fauriei Knapp 1590 Tectaria vasta Dong 3567 Tectaria hekouensis Zhang et al. 6502 Tectaria quinquefida Chao 1980 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6917 Tectaria quinquefida Dong 1981bis Tectaria hekouensis Dong 3608 Tectaria hekouensis Dong 3596 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6343 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6572 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6317 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6315 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6527 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6351 Tectaria pleiosora Chao 1983 Tectaria sp. Cicuzza 683 Tectaria crenata Kessler 13678 Tectaria repanda Chen 0576 Tectaria crenata cf. Wade 1837 Tectaria crenata Schuettpelz 841 Tectaria crenata Wade 0085 Tectaria cf repanda Dong 2565 Tectaris crenata cf. Zhang et al. 7993 Tectaria crenata cf. Zhang et al. 8000 Tectaria harlandii Wang 5503a Tectaria harlandii Wang 5503 Tectaria decurrens Dong 3594 Tectaria decurrens Dong 3559 Tectaria decurrens Dong 1026 Tectaria decurrens Zhang et al. 6497 Tectaria decurrens TNS:759312 Tectaria semipinnata Chao 1977 Tectaria semipinnata Schuettpelz 888 Tectaria vasta Wu WP-1653 Tectaria vasta Zhang et al. 8254 Tectaria vasta Schuettpelz 663 Tectaria vasta FRI74822 Tectaria singaporiana Christenhusz 6595 Tectaria singaporiana Zhang et al. 8198 Tectaria singaporiana Schuettpelz 652 Tectaria fissa Zhang et al. 8193 Tectaria fissa Schuettpelz 885 Tectaria fissa Schuettpelz 681 Tectaria tricuspis FRI74825 Tectaria fissa FRI74824 Tectaria fissa FRI74826 Tectaria tricuspis Chao 1978 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 8817 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 8801 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7224 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7477 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7214 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7679 Tectaria harlandii Zhang et al. 7191 Tectaria harlandii Chen 4846 Tectaria harlandii Ding 002 Tectaria sp. Dong 3631 Tectaria harlandii Knapp 3557 Tectaria harlandii Knapp 3580 Tectaria harlandii Knapp 3579 Tectaria harlandii cf. Knapp 3593 Tectaria harlandii cf. Knapp 3712 Tectaria harlandii Knapp3582 Tectaria harlardii Zhang et al. 7194 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7424 Tectaria psomiocarpa Chen s.n. Tectaria kusukusensis Wang 5501 Tectaria kusukuensis Knapp 3767 Tectaria kusukusensis Zhang et al. 6466 Tectaria kusukusensis Zhang et al. 6545 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7974 Tectaria sagenioides Zhang et al. 7072 Tectaria gigantea Dong 3380 Hetero. stenosemioides Dong 3438 Heterogonium sagenoides Schuettpelz 696 Tectaria sagenioides Wang 5502 Tectaria sagenioides Dong 3603 Tectaria sagenioides Dong 1599 Heterogonium pinnatum Chen s.n. Tectaria aurita Dong 3386 Heterogonium subglabrum Dong 3450 Heterogonium pinnatum Schuettpelz 555 Heterogonium pinnatum Schuettpelz 708 Tectaria dissectra cf. Zhang et al. 7212 Tectaria stenoptera Zhang et al. 6562 Tectaria stenoptera Zhang et al. 7717 Tectaria sp. Cicuzza 989 Tectaria multicaudata Chen 1832 Tectaria malayensis FRI74817 Tectaria multicaudata Knapp 3592 Tectaria malayensis Schuettpelz 892 Tectaria subsageniacea Wang 5485 Tectaria subsageniacea Dong 3602 Tectaria subsageniacea Dong 3617 Ctenitopsis hainanensis cf. Dong 112 Ctenitopsis hainanensis cf. Wang 5496 Ctenitopsis hainanensis cf. Dong 3834 Tectaria ingens YLZB 1960 Tectaria setulosa Zhang et al. 7124 Tectaria setulosa Zhang et al. 7140 Tectaria setulosa Zhang et al. 7120 Tectaria setulosa Dong 3049 Tectaria setulosa Jin et al. 282 Tectaria setulosa Zhang et al. 6520 Tectaria subfuscipes Knapp 3200 Tectaria fuscipes Knapp 3198 Tectaria subfuscipes Knapp 3199 Tectaria fuscipes Lu LJM074 Tectaria fuscipes Zhang et al. 6590 Tectaria fuscipes Zhang et al. 6639 Tectaria fuscipes Dong 1059 Tectaria fuscipes Wang 5492 Tectaria fuscipes Dong 3557 Tectaria fuscipes Chao 1553 Tectaria macleanii Chao s.n. Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7827 Tectaria barberi Dong 3471 Tectaria ebenina Zhang et al. 6854 Tectaria devexa cf. Zhang et al. 6564 Tectaria devexa Dong 3606 Tectaria devexa Dong 3570 Tectaria linloensis Dong 3641 Tectaria devexa Zhang Liang 1561 Tectaria devexa Zhang et al. 6526 Tectaria devexa Zhang et al. 6591 Tectaria devexa Dong 180 Tectaria devexa Wang 5504 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 6671 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 6349 Tectaria devexa Zhang et al. 6331 Tectaria grossedentata Zhang et al. 6293 Tectaria grossedentata Dong 3591 Tectaria subtriphylla Zhang et al. 6915 Tectaria subtriphylla Zhang et al. 6585 Tectaria subtriphylla Zhang et al. 6619 Tectaria subtriphylla Dong 3841 Tectaria subtriphylla TNS:759338 Tectaria subtriphylla Ding 001 Tectaria subtriphylla Wang 5486 Tectaria sp. Wu WP-1011 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3570 Tectaria subtriphylla Knapp 3574 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3572 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7480 Tectaria subvariolosa Zhang et al. 7134 Tectaria subvariolosa Dong 3688 Tectaria subvariolosa Chao 1979 Tectaria simonsii Dong 3639 Tectaria simonsii TNS:743680 Tectaria simonsii Dong 3645 Tectaria simonsii Zhang et al. 7001 Tectaria subtriphylla aff. Knapp 3583 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3586 Tectaria simonsii Wang 5495 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3590 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3629 Tectaria luchunensis Dong 3579 Tectaria luchunensis Dong 3582 Tectaria simonsii Wu WS-2711 Tectaria simonsii Zhang Liang 1613 Tectaria prolifera Alanko 78-893 Tectaria prolifera Christenhusz 3368 Tectaria panamensis Jones 1052 Tectaria fimbriata Christenhusz 3537 Tectaria cicutaria Sundue 2095 Tectaria trifoliata Christenhusz 4013 Tectaria trifoliata Sorsa 123/1965 Tectaria trifoliata Sundue 2062 Tectaria sp. Schuettpelz 983 Tectaria martinicensis Sorsa 97/1964 Tectaria incisa Christenhusz 3209 Tectaria incisa Rothfels 08-189 Tectaria vivipara Rothfels 08-121 Tectaria incisa Cayola 2415 Tectaria incisa RBG Kew, living coll 1984-521 Tectaria vivipara Rothfels 08-169 Tectaria incisa Possley 94 Tectaria incisa Howell 1088 Tectaria acerifolia Jones 990 Tectaria vivipara Tuomisto 15677 Tectaria incisa Christenhusz 4828 Tectaria incisa Labiak 4914 Tectaria darienensis Croat 16955 Tectaria pubens Tuomisto 11766 Tectaria antioquoiana Schuettpelz 200 Tectaria heracleifolia Matos 08-125 Tectaria heracleifolia Ackerman 4707 Tectaria heracleifolia Sundue 2094 Tectaria apiifolia Christenhusz 3201 Tectaria mexicana Rothfels 08-175 Tectaria mexicana Grusz 08-011 Tectaria dilacerata Alanko 78-1506 Hypoderris brauniana Tuomisto11912 Hypoderris brauniana Jones 1228 Hypoderris brauniana Werff 22263 Hypoderris brauniana Rojas 4134 Tectaria nicotianifolia Sundue 1455 Tectaria nicotianifolia Moran 6922 Hypoderris brownii Recart 95 Hypoderris brownii Axelrod 8239 Hypoderris brownii Sanchez 19 Triplophyllum heudelotii Fraser-Jenkins 11416 Triplophyllum vogelii Fay 1158 Triplophyllum pentagonum Daly 13102 Triplophyllum securidiforme Jongkind 10773 Triplophyllum jenseniae Fay 1165 Triplophyllum pilosissimum Jongkind 9612 Triplophyllum vogelii Fraser-Jenkins 11424 Triplophyllum fraternum Carvalho 5899 Triplophyllum hirsutum Tuomisto 15744 Triplophyllum hirsutum Tuomisto 15438 Triplophyllum funestum Christenhusz 4107 Triplophyllum dicksonioides Tuomisto 152 Triplophyllum crassifolium Tuomisto1569 Triplophyllum glabrum Tuomisto 15444 Triplophyllum funestum Tuomisto 15611 Triplophyllum funestum Hormia 2092 Triplophyllum funestum Moran 6263 Triplophyllum hirsutum Pereira-Silva 5029 Triplophyllum dicksonioides Moran 6291 Arthropteris articulata Leon Perrie FJ11-50 Arthropteris monocarpa Kukkonen 12551 Arthropteris parallela Schuettpelz 524 Arthropteris submarginalis Acock PA1031 Arthropteris repens FJ11-191 Arthropteris altescandens Sckottsberg 75 Arthropteris guinanensis Jiang JRH1506 Psammiosorus paucivenius Rakotondrainibe 6585 Malaifilix grandidentata Schuettpelz 679 Malaifilix Draconopteris draconoptera Jones 809 Draconopteris Draconopteris draconoptera Rothfels 08-173 Pteridrys sp. Dong 3465 Pteridrys sp. Cicuzza 947 Pteridrys sp. Schuettpelz 872 Pteridrys australis Dong 3560 Pteridrys sp. Zhang et al. 6517 Pteridrys sp. Zhang et al. 6554 Pteridrys syrmatica Cicuzza 677 Pteridrys syrmatica Dong 3439 Pteridrys cnemidaria Dong 3429 Pteridrys cnemidaria Dong 2760 Pteridrys cnemidaria Wang 5483 Pteridrys cnemidaria Shui 80205 Pteridrys cnemidaria Liu BJ01 Araiostegia Araiostegia pulchra Wu 2458 Davallia Davallia griffithiana Schuettpelz 506 Arthromeris Arthromeris wallichiana Schneider s.n. Polypodium Polypodium virginianum Henry OAC 96886 Phlebodium Phlebodium decumanum Schuettpelz 216 Oleandra pilosa Palacios 2697 Oleandra articulata Labiak 3652 Oleandra articulata Christenhusz 3980 Oleandra cumingii Chao 1990 Oleandra wallichii Tsutsumi TH10 Oleandra neriiformis Chao 1976 Oleandra pistillaris Tsutsumi et al., IN28 Cyclopeltis semicordata Barrington 2129 Cyclopeltis crenata Jin JXH5130 Cyclopeltis crenata Liu 5524 Cyclopeltis crenata Zhang 2312 Cyclopeltis crenata Lu s.n. Dracoglossum sinuatum Werff 23482 Dracoglossum plantagineum Werff 22222 Dracoglossum plantagineum Jones 1018 Lomariopsis sorbifolia Christenhusz 4070 Lomariopsis spectabilis TNS:763923 Lomariopsis pollicina Hennequinet et al. 2009-R154 Lomariopsis pollicina Liu 5496 Lomariopsis spectabilis Dong 3597 Lomariopsis sp. Zhang et al. 7185 Nephrolepis biserrata Christenhusz 4865 Nephrolepis hirsutula Christenhusz 3580 Nephrolepis davallioides Schuettpelz 716

* *

Oleandra

Davalliaceae Polypodiaceae Oleandraceae

Cyclopeltis

* *

Dracoglossum Lomariopsis

Nephrolepis

Lomariopsidaceae Nephrolepidaceae

* Character: Rachis bud Parsimony reconstruction

*

XII. Coadunatae clade

(Unordered) [Steps: 21] absent present

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IX.Quinquefidae clade

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Tectaria

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Tectariaceae

Tectaria coadunata Dong 3583 Tectaria coadunata Zhang et al. 7555 Tectaria fernandensis Fraser-Jenkins 11304 Tectaria gemmifera PichiSermolli 7074 Tectaria gemmifera Kayombo s.n. Tectaria paradoxa RBG Kew 1964-33125 Tectaria gemmifera Kamau 601 Tectaria gemmifera Moses s.n. Tectaria coadunata cf. Dong 1836 Tectaria gaudichaudii Selling 3605 Aspidium kwanonense Tsutsumi CT1066 Aspidium kwanonense TNS: 743677 Aspidium kwanonense Knapp 3635 Tectaria sp. YLZB2094 Aspidium pinfaense Zhang et al. 6144 Tectaria sp. YLZB2013 Tectaria sp. YLZB2067 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 8250 Tectaria wightii Fraser-Jenkins s.n. Tectaria herpetocaulos Dong 3555 Tectaria barteri Carvalho 3449 Tectaria heterocarpa Fraser-Jenkins 1727 Tectaria polymorpha Dong 3554 Tectaria polymorpha Zhang et al. 7542 Tectaria polymorpha Dong 3590 Tectaria polymorpha Wu WS-2445 Tectaria polymorpha YLZB 2003 Tectaria polymorpha YLZB 2039 Tectaria polymorpha YLZB 1971 Tectaria zeylanica Dong 3642 Tectaria zeilanica Schuettpelz 514 Tectaria zeylanica Dong 3634 Tectaria zeilanica Tsutsumi CT1065 Tectaria zeilanica Zhang et al. 6387 Tectaria zeilanica Knapp 3568 Tectaria zeilanica Liu LHM886 Tectaria zeilanica Dong 182 Tectaria zeilanica Wang 5451 Tectaria brachiata cf. Zhang et al. 7870 Tectaria brachiata cf. Wu WS-2510 Tectaria brachiata cf. Zhang et al. 8246 Tectaria brachiata cf. Zhang et al. 8822 Tectaria sp. Dong 3431 Tectaria impressa Dong 1024 Tectaria impressa Wu WS-2328 Tectaria impressa Zhang et al. 6612 Tectaria impressa Fraser-Jenkins 3910 Tectaria sp. Dong 3644 Tectaria impressa Dong 3615 Tectaria impressa Dong 3564 Tectaria laotica Wu WS-2172 Tectaria griffithii Wu WS-2492 Tectaria griffithii Dong 3632 Tectaria griffithii Dong 3846 Tectaria griffithii cf. Zhang et al. 6765 Tectaria griffithii Zhang et al. 8413 Tectaria griffithii Zhang et al. 8364 Tectaria griffithii Knapp 3072 Tectaria griffithii Zhang et al. 8645 Tectaria phaeocaulis Zhang et al. 6626 Tectaria phaeocaulis Zhang et al. 6636 Tectaria phaeocaulis Wu WS-200 Tectaria phaeocaulis Zhang et al. 7053 Tectaria phaeocaulis Knapp1358 Tectaria phaeocaulis Dong 3656 Tectaria phaeocaulis Zhang et al. 6492 Tectaria phaeocaulis Dong 1579 Tectaria phaeocaulis Wang 5481 Tectaria labrusca Chao 1981 Tectaria angulata Dong 3451 Tectaria angulata Zhang et al. 8192 Tectaria angulata Schuettpelz 703 Tectaria melanocaula Chen 1865 Tectaria ferruginea Chen 0806 Tectaria pica RBG Kew, 2010-1946 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 6681 Tectaria morsei Dong 2298 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 6584 Tectaria morsei Dong GZE219 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 6596 Tectaria morsei Wu WP-884 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 7312 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 6598 Tectaria fauriei cf. Dong 3553 Tectaria fauriei TNS:764229 Tectaria fauriei cf. Dong 3572 Tectaria fauriei Zhang et al. 7297 Tectaria fauriei Knapp 1590 Tectaria vasta Dong 3567 Tectaria hekouensis Zhang et al. 6502 Tectaria quinquefida Chao 1980 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6917 Tectaria quinquefida Dong 1981bis Tectaria hekouensis Dong 3608 Tectaria hekouensis Dong 3596 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6343 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6572 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6317 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6315 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6527 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6351 Tectaria pleiosora Chao 1983 Tectaria sp. Cicuzza 683 Tectaria crenata Kessler 13678 Tectaria repanda Chen 0576 Tectaria crenata cf. Wade 1837 Tectaria crenata Schuettpelz 841 Tectaria crenata Wade 0085 Tectaria cf repanda Dong 2565 Tectaris crenata cf. Zhang et al. 7993 Tectaria crenata cf. Zhang et al. 8000 Tectaria harlandii Wang 5503a Tectaria harlandii Wang 5503 Tectaria decurrens Dong 3594 Tectaria decurrens Dong 3559 Tectaria decurrens Dong 1026 Tectaria decurrens Zhang et al. 6497 Tectaria decurrens TNS:759312 Tectaria semipinnata Chao 1977 Tectaria semipinnata Schuettpelz 888 Tectaria vasta Wu WP-1653 Tectaria vasta Zhang et al. 8254 Tectaria vasta Schuettpelz 663 Tectaria vasta FRI74822 Tectaria singaporiana Christenhusz 6595 Tectaria singaporiana Zhang et al. 8198 Tectaria singaporiana Schuettpelz 652 Tectaria fissa Zhang et al. 8193 Tectaria fissa Schuettpelz 885 Tectaria fissa Schuettpelz 681 Tectaria tricuspis FRI74825 Tectaria fissa FRI74824 Tectaria fissa FRI74826 Tectaria tricuspis Chao 1978 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 8817 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 8801 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7224 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7477 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7214 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7679 Tectaria harlandii Zhang et al. 7191 Tectaria harlandii Chen 4846 Tectaria harlandii Ding 002 Tectaria sp. Dong 3631 Tectaria harlandii Knapp 3557 Tectaria harlandii Knapp 3580 Tectaria harlandii Knapp 3579 Tectaria harlandii cf. Knapp 3593 Tectaria harlandii cf. Knapp 3712 Tectaria harlandii Knapp3582 Tectaria harlardii Zhang et al. 7194 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7424 Tectaria psomiocarpa Chen s.n. Tectaria kusukusensis Wang 5501 Tectaria kusukuensis Knapp 3767 Tectaria kusukusensis Zhang et al. 6466 Tectaria kusukusensis Zhang et al. 6545 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7974 Tectaria sagenioides Zhang et al. 7072 Tectaria gigantea Dong 3380 Hetero. stenosemioides Dong 3438 Heterogonium sagenoides Schuettpelz 696 Tectaria sagenioides Wang 5502 Tectaria sagenioides Dong 3603 Tectaria sagenioides Dong 1599 Heterogonium pinnatum Chen s.n. Tectaria aurita Dong 3386 Heterogonium subglabrum Dong 3450 Heterogonium pinnatum Schuettpelz 555 Heterogonium pinnatum Schuettpelz 708 Tectaria dissectra cf. Zhang et al. 7212 Tectaria stenoptera Zhang et al. 6562 Tectaria stenoptera Zhang et al. 7717 Tectaria sp. Cicuzza 989 Tectaria multicaudata Chen 1832 Tectaria malayensis FRI74817 Tectaria multicaudata Knapp 3592 Tectaria malayensis Schuettpelz 892 Tectaria subsageniacea Wang 5485 Tectaria subsageniacea Dong 3602 Tectaria subsageniacea Dong 3617 Ctenitopsis hainanensis cf. Dong 112 Ctenitopsis hainanensis cf. Wang 5496 Ctenitopsis hainanensis cf. Dong 3834 Tectaria ingens YLZB 1960 Tectaria setulosa Zhang et al. 7124 Tectaria setulosa Zhang et al. 7140 Tectaria setulosa Zhang et al. 7120 Tectaria setulosa Dong 3049 Tectaria setulosa Jin et al. 282 Tectaria setulosa Zhang et al. 6520 Tectaria subfuscipes Knapp 3200 Tectaria fuscipes Knapp 3198 Tectaria subfuscipes Knapp 3199 Tectaria fuscipes Lu LJM074 Tectaria fuscipes Zhang et al. 6590 Tectaria fuscipes Zhang et al. 6639 Tectaria fuscipes Dong 1059 Tectaria fuscipes Wang 5492 Tectaria fuscipes Dong 3557 Tectaria fuscipes Chao 1553 Tectaria macleanii Chao s.n. Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7827 Tectaria barberi Dong 3471 Tectaria ebenina Zhang et al. 6854 Tectaria devexa cf. Zhang et al. 6564 Tectaria devexa Dong 3606 Tectaria devexa Dong 3570 Tectaria linloensis Dong 3641 Tectaria devexa Zhang Liang 1561 Tectaria devexa Zhang et al. 6526 Tectaria devexa Zhang et al. 6591 Tectaria devexa Dong 180 Tectaria devexa Wang 5504 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 6671 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 6349 Tectaria devexa Zhang et al. 6331 Tectaria grossedentata Zhang et al. 6293 Tectaria grossedentata Dong 3591 Tectaria subtriphylla Zhang et al. 6915 Tectaria subtriphylla Zhang et al. 6585 Tectaria subtriphylla Zhang et al. 6619 Tectaria subtriphylla Dong 3841 Tectaria subtriphylla TNS:759338 Tectaria subtriphylla Ding 001 Tectaria subtriphylla Wang 5486 Tectaria sp. Wu WP-1011 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3570 Tectaria subtriphylla Knapp 3574 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3572 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7480 Tectaria subvariolosa Zhang et al. 7134 Tectaria subvariolosa Dong 3688 Tectaria subvariolosa Chao 1979 Tectaria simonsii Dong 3639 Tectaria simonsii TNS:743680 Tectaria simonsii Dong 3645 Tectaria simonsii Zhang et al. 7001 Tectaria subtriphylla aff. Knapp 3583 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3586 Tectaria simonsii Wang 5495 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3590 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3629 Tectaria luchunensis Dong 3579 Tectaria luchunensis Dong 3582 Tectaria simonsii Wu WS-2711 Tectaria simonsii Zhang Liang 1613 Tectaria prolifera Alanko 78-893 Tectaria prolifera Christenhusz 3368 Tectaria panamensis Jones 1052 Tectaria fimbriata Christenhusz 3537 Tectaria cicutaria Sundue 2095 Tectaria trifoliata Christenhusz 4013 Tectaria trifoliata Sorsa 123/1965 Tectaria trifoliata Sundue 2062 Tectaria sp. Schuettpelz 983 Tectaria martinicensis Sorsa 97/1964 Tectaria incisa Christenhusz 3209 Tectaria incisa Rothfels 08-189 Tectaria vivipara Rothfels 08-121 Tectaria incisa Cayola 2415 Tectaria incisa RBG Kew, living coll 1984-521 Tectaria vivipara Rothfels 08-169 Tectaria incisa Possley 94 Tectaria incisa Howell 1088 Tectaria acerifolia Jones 990 Tectaria vivipara Tuomisto 15677 Tectaria incisa Christenhusz 4828 Tectaria incisa Labiak 4914 Tectaria darienensis Croat 16955 Tectaria pubens Tuomisto 11766 Tectaria antioquoiana Schuettpelz 200 Tectaria heracleifolia Matos 08-125 Tectaria heracleifolia Ackerman 4707 Tectaria heracleifolia Sundue 2094 Tectaria apiifolia Christenhusz 3201 Tectaria mexicana Rothfels 08-175 Tectaria mexicana Grusz 08-011 Tectaria dilacerata Alanko 78-1506 Hypoderris brauniana Tuomisto11912 Hypoderris brauniana Jones 1228 Hypoderris brauniana Werff 22263 Hypoderris brauniana Rojas 4134 Tectaria nicotianifolia Sundue 1455 Tectaria nicotianifolia Moran 6922 Hypoderris brownii Recart 95 Hypoderris brownii Axelrod 8239 Hypoderris brownii Sanchez 19 Triplophyllum heudelotii Fraser-Jenkins 11416 Triplophyllum vogelii Fay 1158 Triplophyllum pentagonum Daly 13102 Triplophyllum securidiforme Jongkind 10773 Triplophyllum jenseniae Fay 1165 Triplophyllum pilosissimum Jongkind 9612 Triplophyllum vogelii Fraser-Jenkins 11424 Triplophyllum fraternum Carvalho 5899 Triplophyllum hirsutum Tuomisto 15744 Triplophyllum hirsutum Tuomisto 15438 Triplophyllum funestum Christenhusz 4107 Triplophyllum dicksonioides Tuomisto 152 Triplophyllum crassifolium Tuomisto1569 Triplophyllum glabrum Tuomisto 15444 Triplophyllum funestum Tuomisto 15611 Triplophyllum funestum Hormia 2092 Triplophyllum funestum Moran 6263 Triplophyllum hirsutum Pereira-Silva 5029 Triplophyllum dicksonioides Moran 6291 Arthropteris articulata Leon Perrie FJ11-50 Arthropteris monocarpa Kukkonen 12551 Arthropteris parallela Schuettpelz 524 Arthropteris submarginalis Acock PA1031 Arthropteris repens FJ11-191 Arthropteris altescandens Sckottsberg 75 Arthropteris guinanensis Jiang JRH1506 Psammiosorus paucivenius Rakotondrainibe 6585 Malaifilix grandidentata Schuettpelz 679 Draconopteris draconoptera Jones 809 Draconopteris draconoptera Rothfels 08-173 Pteridrys sp. Dong 3465 Pteridrys sp. Cicuzza 947 Pteridrys sp. Schuettpelz 872 Pteridrys australis Dong 3560 Pteridrys sp. Zhang et al. 6517 Pteridrys sp. Zhang et al. 6554 Pteridrys syrmatica Cicuzza 677 Pteridrys syrmatica Dong 3439 Pteridrys cnemidaria Dong 3429 Pteridrys cnemidaria Dong 2760 Pteridrys cnemidaria Wang 5483 Pteridrys cnemidaria Shui 80205 Pteridrys cnemidaria Liu BJ01 Araiostegia pulchra Wu 2458 Davallia griffithiana Schuettpelz 506 Arthromeris wallichiana Schneider s.n. Polypodium virginianum Henry OAC 96886 Phlebodium decumanum Schuettpelz 216 Oleandra pilosa Palacios 2697 Oleandra articulata Labiak 3652 Oleandra articulata Christenhusz 3980 Oleandra cumingii Chao 1990 Oleandra wallichii Tsutsumi TH10 Oleandra neriiformis Chao 1976 Oleandra pistillaris Tsutsumi et al., IN28 Cyclopeltis semicordata Barrington 2129 Cyclopeltis crenata Jin JXH5130 Cyclopeltis crenata Liu 5524 Cyclopeltis crenata Zhang 2312 Cyclopeltis crenata Lu s.n. Dracoglossum sinuatum Werff 23482 Dracoglossum plantagineum Werff 22222 Dracoglossum plantagineum Jones 1018 Lomariopsis sorbifolia Christenhusz 4070 Lomariopsis spectabilis TNS:763923 Lomariopsis pollicina Hennequinet et al. 2009-R154 Lomariopsis pollicina Liu 5496 Lomariopsis spectabilis Dong 3597 Lomariopsis sp. Zhang et al. 7185 Nephrolepis biserrata Christenhusz 4865 Nephrolepis hirsutula Christenhusz 3580 Nephrolepis davallioides Schuettpelz 716

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Phlebiogonium superclade

Tectaria

Ctenitopsis superclade

Tectariaceae

Tectaridium superclade

Tectaria superclade

Hypoderris

Triplophyllum

Arthropteris Malaifilix Draconopteris

Pteridrys

Araiostegia Davallia Arthromeris Polypodium Phlebodium

Oleandra

Davalliaceae Polypodiaceae Oleandraceae

Cyclopeltis Dracoglossum Lomariopsis Nephrolepis

Lomariopsidaceae Nephrolepidaceae

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Character: venation pattern Parsimony reconstruction

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Coadunatae clade

(Unordered) [Steps: 24] fully free partly free partly anastomosing fully anastomosing

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Phlebiogonium clade

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Phlebiogonium superclade

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Tectaria

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Ctenitopsis superclade

Tectariaceae

Tectaria superclade

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Sagenia clade

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Arthropteris

Pteridrys

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Hypoderris

Triplophyllum

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Tectaria

Tectaridium superclade

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Tectariaceae

Tectaria coadunata Dong 3583 Tectaria coadunata Zhang et al. 7555 Tectaria fernandensis Fraser-Jenkins 11304 Tectaria gemmifera PichiSermolli 7074 Tectaria gemmifera Kayombo s.n. Tectaria paradoxa RBG Kew 1964-33125 Tectaria gemmifera Kamau 601 Tectaria gemmifera Moses s.n. Tectaria coadunata cf. Dong 1836 Tectaria gaudichaudii Selling 3605 Aspidium kwanonense Tsutsumi CT1066 Aspidium kwanonense TNS: 743677 Aspidium kwanonense Knapp 3635 Tectaria sp. YLZB2094 Aspidium pinfaense Zhang et al. 6144 Tectaria sp. YLZB2013 Tectaria sp. YLZB2067 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 8250 Tectaria wightii Fraser-Jenkins s.n. Tectaria herpetocaulos Dong 3555 Tectaria barteri Carvalho 3449 Tectaria heterocarpa Fraser-Jenkins 1727 Tectaria polymorpha Dong 3554 Tectaria polymorpha Zhang et al. 7542 Tectaria polymorpha Dong 3590 Tectaria polymorpha Wu WS-2445 Tectaria polymorpha YLZB 2003 Tectaria polymorpha YLZB 2039 Tectaria polymorpha YLZB 1971 Tectaria zeylanica Dong 3642 Tectaria zeilanica Schuettpelz 514 Tectaria zeylanica Dong 3634 Tectaria zeilanica Tsutsumi CT1065 Tectaria zeilanica Zhang et al. 6387 Tectaria zeilanica Knapp 3568 Tectaria zeilanica Liu LHM886 Tectaria zeilanica Dong 182 Tectaria zeilanica Wang 5451 Tectaria brachiata cf. Zhang et al. 7870 Tectaria brachiata cf. Wu WS-2510 Tectaria brachiata cf. Zhang et al. 8246 Tectaria brachiata cf. Zhang et al. 8822 Tectaria sp. Dong 3431 Tectaria impressa Dong 1024 Tectaria impressa Wu WS-2328 Tectaria impressa Zhang et al. 6612 Tectaria impressa Fraser-Jenkins 3910 Tectaria sp. Dong 3644 Tectaria impressa Dong 3615 Tectaria impressa Dong 3564 Tectaria laotica Wu WS-2172 Tectaria griffithii Wu WS-2492 Tectaria griffithii Dong 3632 Tectaria griffithii Dong 3846 Tectaria griffithii cf. Zhang et al. 6765 Tectaria griffithii Zhang et al. 8413 Tectaria griffithii Zhang et al. 8364 Tectaria griffithii Knapp 3072 Tectaria griffithii Zhang et al. 8645 Tectaria phaeocaulis Zhang et al. 6626 Tectaria phaeocaulis Zhang et al. 6636 Tectaria phaeocaulis Wu WS-200 Tectaria phaeocaulis Zhang et al. 7053 Tectaria phaeocaulis Knapp1358 Tectaria phaeocaulis Dong 3656 Tectaria phaeocaulis Zhang et al. 6492 Tectaria phaeocaulis Dong 1579 Tectaria phaeocaulis Wang 5481 Tectaria labrusca Chao 1981 Tectaria angulata Dong 3451 Tectaria angulata Zhang et al. 8192 Tectaria angulata Schuettpelz 703 Tectaria melanocaula Chen 1865 Tectaria ferruginea Chen 0806 Tectaria pica RBG Kew, 2010-1946 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 6681 Tectaria morsei Dong 2298 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 6584 Tectaria morsei Dong GZE219 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 6596 Tectaria morsei Wu WP-884 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 7312 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 6598 Tectaria fauriei cf. Dong 3553 Tectaria fauriei TNS:764229 Tectaria fauriei cf. Dong 3572 Tectaria fauriei Zhang et al. 7297 Tectaria fauriei Knapp 1590 Tectaria vasta Dong 3567 Tectaria hekouensis Zhang et al. 6502 Tectaria quinquefida Chao 1980 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6917 Tectaria quinquefida Dong 1981bis Tectaria hekouensis Dong 3608 Tectaria hekouensis Dong 3596 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6343 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6572 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6317 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6315 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6527 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6351 Tectaria pleiosora Chao 1983 Tectaria sp. Cicuzza 683 Tectaria crenata Kessler 13678 Tectaria repanda Chen 0576 Tectaria crenata cf. Wade 1837 Tectaria crenata Schuettpelz 841 Tectaria crenata Wade 0085 Tectaria cf repanda Dong 2565 Tectaris crenata cf. Zhang et al. 7993 Tectaria crenata cf. Zhang et al. 8000 Tectaria harlandii Wang 5503a Tectaria harlandii Wang 5503 Tectaria decurrens Dong 3594 Tectaria decurrens Dong 3559 Tectaria decurrens Dong 1026 Tectaria decurrens Zhang et al. 6497 Tectaria decurrens TNS:759312 Tectaria semipinnata Chao 1977 Tectaria semipinnata Schuettpelz 888 Tectaria vasta Wu WP-1653 Tectaria vasta Zhang et al. 8254 Tectaria vasta Schuettpelz 663 Tectaria vasta FRI74822 Tectaria singaporiana Christenhusz 6595 Tectaria singaporiana Zhang et al. 8198 Tectaria singaporiana Schuettpelz 652 Tectaria fissa Zhang et al. 8193 Tectaria fissa Schuettpelz 885 Tectaria fissa Schuettpelz 681 Tectaria tricuspis FRI74825 Tectaria fissa FRI74824 Tectaria fissa FRI74826 Tectaria tricuspis Chao 1978 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 8817 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 8801 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7224 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7477 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7214 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7679 Tectaria harlandii Zhang et al. 7191 Tectaria harlandii Chen 4846 Tectaria harlandii Ding 002 Tectaria sp. Dong 3631 Tectaria harlandii Knapp 3557 Tectaria harlandii Knapp 3580 Tectaria harlandii Knapp 3579 Tectaria harlandii cf. Knapp 3593 Tectaria harlandii cf. Knapp 3712 Tectaria harlandii Knapp3582 Tectaria harlardii Zhang et al. 7194 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7424 Tectaria psomiocarpa Chen s.n. Tectaria kusukusensis Wang 5501 Tectaria kusukuensis Knapp 3767 Tectaria kusukusensis Zhang et al. 6466 Tectaria kusukusensis Zhang et al. 6545 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7974 Tectaria sagenioides Zhang et al. 7072 Tectaria gigantea Dong 3380 Hetero. stenosemioides Dong 3438 Heterogonium sagenoides Schuettpelz 696 Tectaria sagenioides Wang 5502 Tectaria sagenioides Dong 3603 Tectaria sagenioides Dong 1599 Heterogonium pinnatum Chen s.n. Tectaria aurita Dong 3386 Heterogonium subglabrum Dong 3450 Heterogonium pinnatum Schuettpelz 555 Heterogonium pinnatum Schuettpelz 708 Tectaria dissectra cf. Zhang et al. 7212 Tectaria stenoptera Zhang et al. 6562 Tectaria stenoptera Zhang et al. 7717 Tectaria sp. Cicuzza 989 Tectaria multicaudata Chen 1832 Tectaria malayensis FRI74817 Tectaria multicaudata Knapp 3592 Tectaria malayensis Schuettpelz 892 Tectaria subsageniacea Wang 5485 Tectaria subsageniacea Dong 3602 Tectaria subsageniacea Dong 3617 Ctenitopsis hainanensis cf. Dong 112 Ctenitopsis hainanensis cf. Wang 5496 Ctenitopsis hainanensis cf. Dong 3834 Tectaria ingens YLZB 1960 Tectaria setulosa Zhang et al. 7124 Tectaria setulosa Zhang et al. 7140 Tectaria setulosa Zhang et al. 7120 Tectaria setulosa Dong 3049 Tectaria setulosa Jin et al. 282 Tectaria setulosa Zhang et al. 6520 Tectaria subfuscipes Knapp 3200 Tectaria fuscipes Knapp 3198 Tectaria subfuscipes Knapp 3199 Tectaria fuscipes Lu LJM074 Tectaria fuscipes Zhang et al. 6590 Tectaria fuscipes Zhang et al. 6639 Tectaria fuscipes Dong 1059 Tectaria fuscipes Wang 5492 Tectaria fuscipes Dong 3557 Tectaria fuscipes Chao 1553 Tectaria macleanii Chao s.n. Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7827 Tectaria barberi Dong 3471 Tectaria ebenina Zhang et al. 6854 Tectaria devexa cf. Zhang et al. 6564 Tectaria devexa Dong 3606 Tectaria devexa Dong 3570 Tectaria linloensis Dong 3641 Tectaria devexa Zhang Liang 1561 Tectaria devexa Zhang et al. 6526 Tectaria devexa Zhang et al. 6591 Tectaria devexa Dong 180 Tectaria devexa Wang 5504 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 6671 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 6349 Tectaria devexa Zhang et al. 6331 Tectaria grossedentata Zhang et al. 6293 Tectaria grossedentata Dong 3591 Tectaria subtriphylla Zhang et al. 6915 Tectaria subtriphylla Zhang et al. 6585 Tectaria subtriphylla Zhang et al. 6619 Tectaria subtriphylla Dong 3841 Tectaria subtriphylla TNS:759338 Tectaria subtriphylla Ding 001 Tectaria subtriphylla Wang 5486 Tectaria sp. Wu WP-1011 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3570 Tectaria subtriphylla Knapp 3574 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3572 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7480 Tectaria subvariolosa Zhang et al. 7134 Tectaria subvariolosa Dong 3688 Tectaria subvariolosa Chao 1979 Tectaria simonsii Dong 3639 Tectaria simonsii TNS:743680 Tectaria simonsii Dong 3645 Tectaria simonsii Zhang et al. 7001 Tectaria subtriphylla aff. Knapp 3583 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3586 Tectaria simonsii Wang 5495 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3590 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3629 Tectaria luchunensis Dong 3579 Tectaria luchunensis Dong 3582 Tectaria simonsii Wu WS-2711 Tectaria simonsii Zhang Liang 1613 Tectaria prolifera Alanko 78-893 Tectaria prolifera Christenhusz 3368 Tectaria panamensis Jones 1052 Tectaria fimbriata Christenhusz 3537 Tectaria cicutaria Sundue 2095 Tectaria trifoliata Christenhusz 4013 Tectaria trifoliata Sorsa 123/1965 Tectaria trifoliata Sundue 2062 Tectaria sp. Schuettpelz 983 Tectaria martinicensis Sorsa 97/1964 Tectaria incisa Christenhusz 3209 Tectaria incisa Rothfels 08-189 Tectaria vivipara Rothfels 08-121 Tectaria incisa Cayola 2415 Tectaria incisa RBG Kew, living coll 1984-521 Tectaria vivipara Rothfels 08-169 Tectaria incisa Possley 94 Tectaria incisa Howell 1088 Tectaria acerifolia Jones 990 Tectaria vivipara Tuomisto 15677 Tectaria incisa Christenhusz 4828 Tectaria incisa Labiak 4914 Tectaria darienensis Croat 16955 Tectaria pubens Tuomisto 11766 Tectaria antioquoiana Schuettpelz 200 Tectaria heracleifolia Matos 08-125 Tectaria heracleifolia Ackerman 4707 Tectaria heracleifolia Sundue 2094 Tectaria apiifolia Christenhusz 3201 Tectaria mexicana Rothfels 08-175 Tectaria mexicana Grusz 08-011 Tectaria dilacerata Alanko 78-1506 Hypoderris brauniana Tuomisto11912 Hypoderris brauniana Jones 1228 Hypoderris brauniana Werff 22263 Hypoderris brauniana Rojas 4134 Hypoderris nicotianifolia Sundue 1455 Hypoderris nicotianifolia Moran 6922 Hypoderris brownii Recart 95 Hypoderris brownii Axelrod 8239 Hypoderris brownii Sanchez 19 Triplophyllum heudelotii Fraser-Jenkins 11416 Triplophyllum vogelii Fay 1158 Triplophyllum pentagonum Daly 13102 Triplophyllum securidiforme Jongkind 10773 Triplophyllum jenseniae Fay 1165 Triplophyllum pilosissimum Jongkind 9612 Triplophyllum vogelii Fraser-Jenkins 11424 Triplophyllum fraternum Carvalho 5899 Triplophyllum hirsutum Tuomisto 15744 Triplophyllum hirsutum Tuomisto 15438 Triplophyllum funestum Christenhusz 4107 Triplophyllum dicksonioides Tuomisto 152 Triplophyllum crassifolium Tuomisto1569 Triplophyllum glabrum Tuomisto 15444 Triplophyllum funestum Tuomisto 15611 Triplophyllum funestum Hormia 2092 Triplophyllum funestum Moran 6263 Triplophyllum hirsutum Pereira-Silva 5029 Triplophyllum dicksonioides Moran 6291 Arthropteris articulata Leon Perrie FJ11-50 Arthropteris monocarpa Kukkonen 12551 Arthropteris parallela Schuettpelz 524 Arthropteris submarginalis Acock PA1031 Arthropteris repens FJ11-191 Arthropteris altescandens Sckottsberg 75 Arthropteris guinanensis Jiang JRH1506 Psammiosorus paucivenius Rakotondrainibe 6585 Malaifilix grandidentata Schuettpelz 679 Malaifilix Draconopteris draconoptera Jones 809 Draconopteris Draconopteris draconoptera Rothfels 08-173 Pteridrys sp. Dong 3465 Pteridrys sp. Cicuzza 947 Pteridrys sp. Schuettpelz 872 Pteridrys australis Dong 3560 Pteridrys sp. Zhang et al. 6517 Pteridrys sp. Zhang et al. 6554 Pteridrys syrmatica Cicuzza 677 Pteridrys syrmatica Dong 3439 Pteridrys cnemidaria Dong 3429 Pteridrys cnemidaria Dong 2760 Pteridrys cnemidaria Wang 5483 Pteridrys cnemidaria Shui 80205 Pteridrys cnemidaria Liu BJ01 Araiostegia Araiostegia pulchra Wu 2458 Davallia Davallia griffithiana Schuettpelz 506 Arthromeris Arthromeris wallichiana Schneider s.n. Polypodium Polypodium virginianum Henry OAC 96886 Phlebodium Phlebodium decumanum Schuettpelz 216 Oleandra pilosa Palacios 2697 Oleandra articulata Labiak 3652 Oleandra articulata Christenhusz 3980 Oleandra cumingii Chao 1990 Oleandra wallichii Tsutsumi TH10 Oleandra neriiformis Chao 1976 Oleandra pistillaris Tsutsumi et al., IN28 Cyclopeltis semicordata Barrington 2129 Cyclopeltis crenata Jin JXH5130 Cyclopeltis crenata Liu 5524 Cyclopeltis crenata Zhang 2312 Cyclopeltis crenata Lu s.n. Dracoglossum sinuatum Werff 23482 Dracoglossum plantagineum Werff 22222 Dracoglossum plantagineum Jones 1018 Lomariopsis sorbifolia Christenhusz 4070 Lomariopsis spectabilis TNS:763923 Lomariopsis pollicina Hennequinet et al. 2009-R154 Lomariopsis pollicina Liu 5496 Lomariopsis spectabilis Dong 3597 Lomariopsis sp. Zhang et al. 7185 Nephrolepis biserrata Christenhusz 4865 Nephrolepis hirsutula Christenhusz 3580 Nephrolepis davallioides Schuettpelz 716

Oleandra

Davalliaceae Polypodiaceae Oleandraceae

Cyclopeltis

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Dracoglossum Lomariopsis

Nephrolepis

Lomariopsidaceae Nephrolepidaceae

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Character: Leaf dimorphism Parsimony reconstruction (Unordered) [Steps: 26] monomorphic distinctly dimorphic strongly dimorphic

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X. Phlebiogonium clade

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Tectaria

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Tectariaceae

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Phlebiogonium superclade

VIII. Decurrentes clade

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Tectaria coadunata Dong 3583 Tectaria coadunata Zhang et al. 7555 Tectaria fernandensis Fraser-Jenkins 11304 Tectaria gemmifera PichiSermolli 7074 Tectaria gemmifera Kayombo s.n. Tectaria paradoxa RBG Kew 1964-33125 Tectaria gemmifera Kamau 601 Tectaria gemmifera Moses s.n. Tectaria coadunata cf. Dong 1836 Tectaria gaudichaudii Selling 3605 Aspidium kwanonense Tsutsumi CT1066 Aspidium kwanonense TNS: 743677 Aspidium kwanonense Knapp 3635 Tectaria sp. YLZB2094 Aspidium pinfaense Zhang et al. 6144 Tectaria sp. YLZB2013 Tectaria sp. YLZB2067 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 8250 Tectaria wightii Fraser-Jenkins s.n. Tectaria herpetocaulos Dong 3555 Tectaria barteri Carvalho 3449 Tectaria heterocarpa Fraser-Jenkins 1727 Tectaria polymorpha Dong 3554 Tectaria polymorpha Zhang et al. 7542 Tectaria polymorpha Dong 3590 Tectaria polymorpha Wu WS-2445 Tectaria polymorpha YLZB 2003 Tectaria polymorpha YLZB 2039 Tectaria polymorpha YLZB 1971 Tectaria zeylanica Dong 3642 Tectaria zeilanica Schuettpelz 514 Tectaria zeylanica Dong 3634 Tectaria zeilanica Tsutsumi CT1065 Tectaria zeilanica Zhang et al. 6387 Tectaria zeilanica Knapp 3568 Tectaria zeilanica Liu LHM886 Tectaria zeilanica Dong 182 Tectaria zeilanica Wang 5451 Tectaria brachiata cf. Zhang et al. 7870 Tectaria brachiata cf. Wu WS-2510 Tectaria brachiata cf. Zhang et al. 8246 Tectaria brachiata cf. Zhang et al. 8822 Tectaria sp. Dong 3431 Tectaria impressa Dong 1024 Tectaria impressa Wu WS-2328 Tectaria impressa Zhang et al. 6612 Tectaria impressa Fraser-Jenkins 3910 Tectaria sp. Dong 3644 Tectaria impressa Dong 3615 Tectaria impressa Dong 3564 Tectaria laotica Wu WS-2172 Tectaria griffithii Wu WS-2492 Tectaria griffithii Dong 3632 Tectaria griffithii Dong 3846 Tectaria griffithii cf. Zhang et al. 6765 Tectaria griffithii Zhang et al. 8413 Tectaria griffithii Zhang et al. 8364 Tectaria griffithii Knapp 3072 Tectaria griffithii Zhang et al. 8645 Tectaria phaeocaulis Zhang et al. 6626 Tectaria phaeocaulis Zhang et al. 6636 Tectaria phaeocaulis Wu WS-200 Tectaria phaeocaulis Zhang et al. 7053 Tectaria phaeocaulis Knapp1358 Tectaria phaeocaulis Dong 3656 Tectaria phaeocaulis Zhang et al. 6492 Tectaria phaeocaulis Dong 1579 Tectaria phaeocaulis Wang 5481 Tectaria labrusca Chao 1981 Tectaria angulata Dong 3451 Tectaria angulata Zhang et al. 8192 Tectaria angulata Schuettpelz 703 Tectaria melanocaula Chen 1865 Tectaria ferruginea Chen 0806 Tectaria pica RBG Kew, 2010-1946 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 6681 Tectaria morsei Dong 2298 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 6584 Tectaria morsei Dong GZE219 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 6596 Tectaria morsei Wu WP-884 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 7312 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 6598 Tectaria fauriei cf. Dong 3553 Tectaria fauriei TNS:764229 Tectaria fauriei cf. Dong 3572 Tectaria fauriei Zhang et al. 7297 Tectaria fauriei Knapp 1590 Tectaria vasta Dong 3567 Tectaria hekouensis Zhang et al. 6502 Tectaria quinquefida Chao 1980 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6917 Tectaria quinquefida Dong 1981bis Tectaria hekouensis Dong 3608 Tectaria hekouensis Dong 3596 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6343 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6572 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6317 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6315 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6527 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6351 Tectaria pleiosora Chao 1983 Tectaria sp. Cicuzza 683 Tectaria crenata Kessler 13678 Tectaria repanda Chen 0576 Tectaria crenata cf. Wade 1837 Tectaria crenata Schuettpelz 841 Tectaria crenata Wade 0085 Tectaria cf repanda Dong 2565 Tectaris crenata cf. Zhang et al. 7993 Tectaria crenata cf. Zhang et al. 8000 Tectaria harlandii Wang 5503a Tectaria harlandii Wang 5503 Tectaria decurrens Dong 3594 Tectaria decurrens Dong 3559 Tectaria decurrens Dong 1026 Tectaria decurrens Zhang et al. 6497 Tectaria decurrens TNS:759312 Tectaria semipinnata Chao 1977 Tectaria semipinnata Schuettpelz 888 Tectaria vasta Wu WP-1653 Tectaria vasta Zhang et al. 8254 Tectaria vasta Schuettpelz 663 Tectaria vasta FRI74822 Tectaria singaporiana Christenhusz 6595 Tectaria singaporiana Zhang et al. 8198 Tectaria singaporiana Schuettpelz 652 Tectaria fissa Zhang et al. 8193 Tectaria fissa Schuettpelz 885 Tectaria fissa Schuettpelz 681 Tectaria tricuspis FRI74825 Tectaria fissa FRI74824 Tectaria fissa FRI74826 Tectaria tricuspis Chao 1978 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 8817 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 8801 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7224 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7477 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7214 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7679 Tectaria harlandii Zhang et al. 7191 Tectaria harlandii Chen 4846 Tectaria harlandii Ding 002 Tectaria sp. Dong 3631 Tectaria harlandii Knapp 3557 Tectaria harlandii Knapp 3580 Tectaria harlandii Knapp 3579 Tectaria harlandii cf. Knapp 3593 Tectaria harlandii cf. Knapp 3712 Tectaria harlandii Knapp3582 Tectaria harlardii Zhang et al. 7194 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7424 Tectaria psomiocarpa Chen s.n. Tectaria kusukusensis Wang 5501 Tectaria kusukuensis Knapp 3767 Tectaria kusukusensis Zhang et al. 6466 Tectaria kusukusensis Zhang et al. 6545 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7974 Tectaria sagenioides Zhang et al. 7072 Tectaria gigantea Dong 3380 Hetero. stenosemioides Dong 3438 Heterogonium sagenoides Schuettpelz 696 Tectaria sagenioides Wang 5502 Tectaria sagenioides Dong 3603 Tectaria sagenioides Dong 1599 Heterogonium pinnatum Chen s.n. Tectaria aurita Dong 3386 Heterogonium subglabrum Dong 3450 Heterogonium pinnatum Schuettpelz 555 Heterogonium pinnatum Schuettpelz 708 Tectaria dissectra cf. Zhang et al. 7212 Tectaria stenoptera Zhang et al. 6562 Tectaria stenoptera Zhang et al. 7717 Tectaria sp. Cicuzza 989 Tectaria multicaudata Chen 1832 Tectaria malayensis FRI74817 Tectaria multicaudata Knapp 3592 Tectaria malayensis Schuettpelz 892 Tectaria subsageniacea Wang 5485 Tectaria subsageniacea Dong 3602 Tectaria subsageniacea Dong 3617 Ctenitopsis hainanensis cf. Dong 112 Ctenitopsis hainanensis cf. Wang 5496 Ctenitopsis hainanensis cf. Dong 3834 Tectaria ingens YLZB 1960 Tectaria setulosa Zhang et al. 7124 Tectaria setulosa Zhang et al. 7140 Tectaria setulosa Zhang et al. 7120 Tectaria setulosa Dong 3049 Tectaria setulosa Jin et al. 282 Tectaria setulosa Zhang et al. 6520 Tectaria subfuscipes Knapp 3200 Tectaria fuscipes Knapp 3198 Tectaria subfuscipes Knapp 3199 Tectaria fuscipes Lu LJM074 Tectaria fuscipes Zhang et al. 6590 Tectaria fuscipes Zhang et al. 6639 Tectaria fuscipes Dong 1059 Tectaria fuscipes Wang 5492 Tectaria fuscipes Dong 3557 Tectaria fuscipes Chao 1553 Tectaria macleanii Chao s.n. Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7827 Tectaria barberi Dong 3471 Tectaria ebenina Zhang et al. 6854 Tectaria devexa cf. Zhang et al. 6564 Tectaria devexa Dong 3606 Tectaria devexa Dong 3570 Tectaria linloensis Dong 3641 Tectaria devexa Zhang Liang 1561 Tectaria devexa Zhang et al. 6526 Tectaria devexa Zhang et al. 6591 Tectaria devexa Dong 180 Tectaria devexa Wang 5504 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 6671 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 6349 Tectaria devexa Zhang et al. 6331 Tectaria grossedentata Zhang et al. 6293 Tectaria grossedentata Dong 3591 Tectaria subtriphylla Zhang et al. 6915 Tectaria subtriphylla Zhang et al. 6585 Tectaria subtriphylla Zhang et al. 6619 Tectaria subtriphylla Dong 3841 Tectaria subtriphylla TNS:759338 Tectaria subtriphylla Ding 001 Tectaria subtriphylla Wang 5486 Tectaria sp. Wu WP-1011 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3570 Tectaria subtriphylla Knapp 3574 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3572 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7480 Tectaria subvariolosa Zhang et al. 7134 Tectaria subvariolosa Dong 3688 Tectaria subvariolosa Chao 1979 Tectaria simonsii Dong 3639 Tectaria simonsii TNS:743680 Tectaria simonsii Dong 3645 Tectaria simonsii Zhang et al. 7001 Tectaria subtriphylla aff. Knapp 3583 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3586 Tectaria simonsii Wang 5495 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3590 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3629 Tectaria luchunensis Dong 3579 Tectaria luchunensis Dong 3582 Tectaria simonsii Wu WS-2711 Tectaria simonsii Zhang Liang 1613 Tectaria prolifera Alanko 78-893 Tectaria prolifera Christenhusz 3368 Tectaria panamensis Jones 1052 Tectaria fimbriata Christenhusz 3537 Tectaria cicutaria Sundue 2095 Tectaria trifoliata Christenhusz 4013 Tectaria trifoliata Sorsa 123/1965 Tectaria trifoliata Sundue 2062 Tectaria sp. Schuettpelz 983 Tectaria martinicensis Sorsa 97/1964 Tectaria incisa Christenhusz 3209 Tectaria incisa Rothfels 08-189 Tectaria vivipara Rothfels 08-121 Tectaria incisa Cayola 2415 Tectaria incisa RBG Kew, living coll 1984-521 Tectaria vivipara Rothfels 08-169 Tectaria incisa Possley 94 Tectaria incisa Howell 1088 Tectaria acerifolia Jones 990 Tectaria vivipara Tuomisto 15677 Tectaria incisa Christenhusz 4828 Tectaria incisa Labiak 4914 Tectaria darienensis Croat 16955 Tectaria pubens Tuomisto 11766 Tectaria antioquoiana Schuettpelz 200 Tectaria heracleifolia Matos 08-125 Tectaria heracleifolia Ackerman 4707 Tectaria heracleifolia Sundue 2094 Tectaria apiifolia Christenhusz 3201 Tectaria mexicana Rothfels 08-175 Tectaria mexicana Grusz 08-011 Tectaria dilacerata Alanko 78-1506 Hypoderris brauniana Tuomisto11912 Hypoderris brauniana Jones 1228 Hypoderris brauniana Werff 22263 Hypoderris brauniana Rojas 4134 Tectaria nicotianifolia Sundue 1455 Tectaria nicotianifolia Moran 6922 Hypoderris brownii Recart 95 Hypoderris brownii Axelrod 8239 Hypoderris brownii Sanchez 19 Triplophyllum heudelotii Fraser-Jenkins 11416 Triplophyllum vogelii Fay 1158 Triplophyllum pentagonum Daly 13102 Triplophyllum securidiforme Jongkind 10773 Triplophyllum jenseniae Fay 1165 Triplophyllum pilosissimum Jongkind 9612 Triplophyllum vogelii Fraser-Jenkins 11424 Triplophyllum fraternum Carvalho 5899 Triplophyllum hirsutum Tuomisto 15744 Triplophyllum hirsutum Tuomisto 15438 Triplophyllum funestum Christenhusz 4107 Triplophyllum dicksonioides Tuomisto 152 Triplophyllum crassifolium Tuomisto1569 Triplophyllum glabrum Tuomisto 15444 Triplophyllum funestum Tuomisto 15611 Triplophyllum funestum Hormia 2092 Triplophyllum funestum Moran 6263 Triplophyllum hirsutum Pereira-Silva 5029 Triplophyllum dicksonioides Moran 6291 Arthropteris articulata Leon Perrie FJ11-50 Arthropteris monocarpa Kukkonen 12551 Arthropteris parallela Schuettpelz 524 Arthropteris submarginalis Acock PA1031 Arthropteris repens FJ11-191 Arthropteris altescandens Sckottsberg 75 Arthropteris guinanensis Jiang JRH1506 Psammiosorus paucivenius Rakotondrainibe 6585 Malaifilix grandidentata Schuettpelz 679 Draconopteris draconoptera Jones 809 Draconopteris draconoptera Rothfels 08-173 Pteridrys sp. Dong 3465 Pteridrys sp. Cicuzza 947 Pteridrys sp. Schuettpelz 872 Pteridrys australis Dong 3560 Pteridrys sp. Zhang et al. 6517 Pteridrys sp. Zhang et al. 6554 Pteridrys syrmatica Cicuzza 677 Pteridrys syrmatica Dong 3439 Pteridrys cnemidaria Dong 3429 Pteridrys cnemidaria Dong 2760 Pteridrys cnemidaria Wang 5483 Pteridrys cnemidaria Shui 80205 Pteridrys cnemidaria Liu BJ01 Araiostegia pulchra Wu 2458 Davallia griffithiana Schuettpelz 506 Arthromeris wallichiana Schneider s.n. Polypodium virginianum Henry OAC 96886 Phlebodium decumanum Schuettpelz 216 Oleandra pilosa Palacios 2697 Oleandra articulata Labiak 3652 Oleandra articulata Christenhusz 3980 Oleandra cumingii Chao 1990 Oleandra wallichii Tsutsumi TH10 Oleandra neriiformis Chao 1976 Oleandra pistillaris Tsutsumi et al., IN28 Cyclopeltis semicordata Barrington 2129 Cyclopeltis crenata Jin JXH5130 Cyclopeltis crenata Liu 5524 Cyclopeltis crenata Zhang 2312 Cyclopeltis crenata Lu s.n. Dracoglossum sinuatum Werff 23482 Dracoglossum plantagineum Werff 22222 Dracoglossum plantagineum Jones 1018 Lomariopsis sorbifolia Christenhusz 4070 Lomariopsis spectabilis TNS:763923 Lomariopsis pollicina Hennequinet et al. 2009-R154 Lomariopsis pollicina Liu 5496 Lomariopsis spectabilis Dong 3597 Lomariopsis sp. Zhang et al. 7185 Nephrolepis biserrata Christenhusz 4865 Nephrolepis hirsutula Christenhusz 3580 Nephrolepis davallioides Schuettpelz 716

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VII. Podopeltis clade

Tectaria

Ctenitopsis superclade

Tectariaceae

Tectaridium superclade

Tectaria superclade

Hypoderris

Triplophyllum

Arthropteris Malaifilix Draconopteris

Pteridrys

Araiostegia Davallia Arthromeris Polypodium Phlebodium

Oleandra

Davalliaceae Polypodiaceae Oleandraceae

Cyclopeltis Dracoglossum Lomariopsis Nephrolepis

Lomariopsidaceae Nephrolepidaceae

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Character: Sorus distribution Parsimony reconstruction

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(Unordered) [Steps: 30] in two rows scattered acrostichoid

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IX.Quinquefidae clade

Phlebiogonium superclade

VIII. Decurrentes clade

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XI. Polymorphae clade

X. Phlebiogonium clade

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Tectaria coadunata Dong 3583 Tectaria coadunata Zhang et al. 7555 Tectaria fernandensis Fraser-Jenkins 11304 Tectaria gemmifera PichiSermolli 7074 Tectaria gemmifera Kayombo s.n. Tectaria paradoxa RBG Kew 1964-33125 Tectaria gemmifera Kamau 601 Tectaria gemmifera Moses s.n. Tectaria coadunata cf. Dong 1836 Tectaria gaudichaudii Selling 3605 Aspidium kwanonense Tsutsumi CT1066 Aspidium kwanonense TNS: 743677 Aspidium kwanonense Knapp 3635 Tectaria sp. YLZB2094 Aspidium pinfaense Zhang et al. 6144 Tectaria sp. YLZB2013 Tectaria sp. YLZB2067 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 8250 Tectaria wightii Fraser-Jenkins s.n. Tectaria herpetocaulos Dong 3555 Tectaria barteri Carvalho 3449 Tectaria heterocarpa Fraser-Jenkins 1727 Tectaria polymorpha Dong 3554 Tectaria polymorpha Zhang et al. 7542 Tectaria polymorpha Dong 3590 Tectaria polymorpha Wu WS-2445 Tectaria polymorpha YLZB 2003 Tectaria polymorpha YLZB 2039 Tectaria polymorpha YLZB 1971 Tectaria zeylanica Dong 3642 Tectaria zeilanica Schuettpelz 514 Tectaria zeylanica Dong 3634 Tectaria zeilanica Tsutsumi CT1065 Tectaria zeilanica Zhang et al. 6387 Tectaria zeilanica Knapp 3568 Tectaria zeilanica Liu LHM886 Tectaria zeilanica Dong 182 Tectaria zeilanica Wang 5451 Tectaria brachiata cf. Zhang et al. 7870 Tectaria brachiata cf. Wu WS-2510 Tectaria brachiata cf. Zhang et al. 8246 Tectaria brachiata cf. Zhang et al. 8822 Tectaria sp. Dong 3431 Tectaria impressa Dong 1024 Tectaria impressa Wu WS-2328 Tectaria impressa Zhang et al. 6612 Tectaria impressa Fraser-Jenkins 3910 Tectaria sp. Dong 3644 Tectaria impressa Dong 3615 Tectaria impressa Dong 3564 Tectaria laotica Wu WS-2172 Tectaria griffithii Wu WS-2492 Tectaria griffithii Dong 3632 Tectaria griffithii Dong 3846 Tectaria griffithii cf. Zhang et al. 6765 Tectaria griffithii Zhang et al. 8413 Tectaria griffithii Zhang et al. 8364 Tectaria griffithii Knapp 3072 Tectaria griffithii Zhang et al. 8645 Tectaria phaeocaulis Zhang et al. 6626 Tectaria phaeocaulis Zhang et al. 6636 Tectaria phaeocaulis Wu WS-200 Tectaria phaeocaulis Zhang et al. 7053 Tectaria phaeocaulis Knapp1358 Tectaria phaeocaulis Dong 3656 Tectaria phaeocaulis Zhang et al. 6492 Tectaria phaeocaulis Dong 1579 Tectaria phaeocaulis Wang 5481 Tectaria labrusca Chao 1981 Tectaria angulata Dong 3451 Tectaria angulata Zhang et al. 8192 Tectaria angulata Schuettpelz 703 Tectaria melanocaula Chen 1865 Tectaria ferruginea Chen 0806 Tectaria pica RBG Kew, 2010-1946 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 6681 Tectaria morsei Dong 2298 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 6584 Tectaria morsei Dong GZE219 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 6596 Tectaria morsei Wu WP-884 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 7312 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 6598 Tectaria fauriei cf. Dong 3553 Tectaria fauriei TNS:764229 Tectaria fauriei cf. Dong 3572 Tectaria fauriei Zhang et al. 7297 Tectaria fauriei Knapp 1590 Tectaria vasta Dong 3567 Tectaria hekouensis Zhang et al. 6502 Tectaria quinquefida Chao 1980 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6917 Tectaria quinquefida Dong 1981bis Tectaria hekouensis Dong 3608 Tectaria hekouensis Dong 3596 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6343 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6572 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6317 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6315 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6527 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6351 Tectaria pleiosora Chao 1983 Tectaria sp. Cicuzza 683 Tectaria crenata Kessler 13678 Tectaria repanda Chen 0576 Tectaria crenata cf. Wade 1837 Tectaria crenata Schuettpelz 841 Tectaria crenata Wade 0085 Tectaria cf repanda Dong 2565 Tectaris crenata cf. Zhang et al. 7993 Tectaria crenata cf. Zhang et al. 8000 Tectaria harlandii Wang 5503a Tectaria harlandii Wang 5503 Tectaria decurrens Dong 3594 Tectaria decurrens Dong 3559 Tectaria decurrens Dong 1026 Tectaria decurrens Zhang et al. 6497 Tectaria decurrens TNS:759312 Tectaria semipinnata Chao 1977 Tectaria semipinnata Schuettpelz 888 Tectaria vasta Wu WP-1653 Tectaria vasta Zhang et al. 8254 Tectaria vasta Schuettpelz 663 Tectaria vasta FRI74822 Tectaria singaporiana Christenhusz 6595 Tectaria singaporiana Zhang et al. 8198 Tectaria singaporiana Schuettpelz 652 Tectaria fissa Zhang et al. 8193 Tectaria fissa Schuettpelz 885 Tectaria fissa Schuettpelz 681 Tectaria tricuspis FRI74825 Tectaria fissa FRI74824 Tectaria fissa FRI74826 Tectaria tricuspis Chao 1978 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 8817 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 8801 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7224 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7477 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7214 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7679 Tectaria harlandii Zhang et al. 7191 Tectaria harlandii Chen 4846 Tectaria harlandii Ding 002 Tectaria sp. Dong 3631 Tectaria harlandii Knapp 3557 Tectaria harlandii Knapp 3580 Tectaria harlandii Knapp 3579 Tectaria harlandii cf. Knapp 3593 Tectaria harlandii cf. Knapp 3712 Tectaria harlandii Knapp3582 Tectaria harlardii Zhang et al. 7194 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7424 Tectaria psomiocarpa Chen s.n. Tectaria kusukusensis Wang 5501 Tectaria kusukuensis Knapp 3767 Tectaria kusukusensis Zhang et al. 6466 Tectaria kusukusensis Zhang et al. 6545 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7974 Tectaria sagenioides Zhang et al. 7072 Tectaria gigantea Dong 3380 Hetero. stenosemioides Dong 3438 Heterogonium sagenoides Schuettpelz 696 Tectaria sagenioides Wang 5502 Tectaria sagenioides Dong 3603 Tectaria sagenioides Dong 1599 Heterogonium pinnatum Chen s.n. Tectaria aurita Dong 3386 Heterogonium subglabrum Dong 3450 Heterogonium pinnatum Schuettpelz 555 Heterogonium pinnatum Schuettpelz 708 Tectaria dissectra cf. Zhang et al. 7212 Tectaria stenoptera Zhang et al. 6562 Tectaria stenoptera Zhang et al. 7717 Tectaria sp. Cicuzza 989 Tectaria multicaudata Chen 1832 Tectaria malayensis FRI74817 Tectaria multicaudata Knapp 3592 Tectaria malayensis Schuettpelz 892 Tectaria subsageniacea Wang 5485 Tectaria subsageniacea Dong 3602 Tectaria subsageniacea Dong 3617 Ctenitopsis hainanensis cf. Dong 112 Ctenitopsis hainanensis cf. Wang 5496 Ctenitopsis hainanensis cf. Dong 3834 Tectaria ingens YLZB 1960 Tectaria setulosa Zhang et al. 7124 Tectaria setulosa Zhang et al. 7140 Tectaria setulosa Zhang et al. 7120 Tectaria setulosa Dong 3049 Tectaria setulosa Jin et al. 282 Tectaria setulosa Zhang et al. 6520 Tectaria subfuscipes Knapp 3200 Tectaria fuscipes Knapp 3198 Tectaria subfuscipes Knapp 3199 Tectaria fuscipes Lu LJM074 Tectaria fuscipes Zhang et al. 6590 Tectaria fuscipes Zhang et al. 6639 Tectaria fuscipes Dong 1059 Tectaria fuscipes Wang 5492 Tectaria fuscipes Dong 3557 Tectaria fuscipes Chao 1553 Tectaria macleanii Chao s.n. Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7827 Tectaria barberi Dong 3471 Tectaria ebenina Zhang et al. 6854 Tectaria devexa cf. Zhang et al. 6564 Tectaria devexa Dong 3606 Tectaria devexa Dong 3570 Tectaria linloensis Dong 3641 Tectaria devexa Zhang Liang 1561 Tectaria devexa Zhang et al. 6526 Tectaria devexa Zhang et al. 6591 Tectaria devexa Dong 180 Tectaria devexa Wang 5504 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 6671 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 6349 Tectaria devexa Zhang et al. 6331 Tectaria grossedentata Zhang et al. 6293 Tectaria grossedentata Dong 3591 Tectaria subtriphylla Zhang et al. 6915 Tectaria subtriphylla Zhang et al. 6585 Tectaria subtriphylla Zhang et al. 6619 Tectaria subtriphylla Dong 3841 Tectaria subtriphylla TNS:759338 Tectaria subtriphylla Ding 001 Tectaria subtriphylla Wang 5486 Tectaria sp. Wu WP-1011 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3570 Tectaria subtriphylla Knapp 3574 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3572 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7480 Tectaria subvariolosa Zhang et al. 7134 Tectaria subvariolosa Dong 3688 Tectaria subvariolosa Chao 1979 Tectaria simonsii Dong 3639 Tectaria simonsii TNS:743680 Tectaria simonsii Dong 3645 Tectaria simonsii Zhang et al. 7001 Tectaria subtriphylla aff. Knapp 3583 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3586 Tectaria simonsii Wang 5495 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3590 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3629 Tectaria luchunensis Dong 3579 Tectaria luchunensis Dong 3582 Tectaria simonsii Wu WS-2711 Tectaria simonsii Zhang Liang 1613 Tectaria prolifera Alanko 78-893 Tectaria prolifera Christenhusz 3368 Tectaria panamensis Jones 1052 Tectaria fimbriata Christenhusz 3537 Tectaria cicutaria Sundue 2095 Tectaria trifoliata Christenhusz 4013 Tectaria trifoliata Sorsa 123/1965 Tectaria trifoliata Sundue 2062 Tectaria sp. Schuettpelz 983 Tectaria martinicensis Sorsa 97/1964 Tectaria incisa Christenhusz 3209 Tectaria incisa Rothfels 08-189 Tectaria vivipara Rothfels 08-121 Tectaria incisa Cayola 2415 Tectaria incisa RBG Kew, living coll 1984-521 Tectaria vivipara Rothfels 08-169 Tectaria incisa Possley 94 Tectaria incisa Howell 1088 Tectaria acerifolia Jones 990 Tectaria vivipara Tuomisto 15677 Tectaria incisa Christenhusz 4828 Tectaria incisa Labiak 4914 Tectaria darienensis Croat 16955 Tectaria pubens Tuomisto 11766 Tectaria antioquoiana Schuettpelz 200 Tectaria heracleifolia Matos 08-125 Tectaria heracleifolia Ackerman 4707 Tectaria heracleifolia Sundue 2094 Tectaria apiifolia Christenhusz 3201 Tectaria mexicana Rothfels 08-175 Tectaria mexicana Grusz 08-011 Tectaria dilacerata Alanko 78-1506 Hypoderris brauniana Tuomisto11912 Hypoderris brauniana Jones 1228 Hypoderris brauniana Werff 22263 Hypoderris brauniana Rojas 4134 Tectaria nicotianifolia Sundue 1455 Tectaria nicotianifolia Moran 6922 Hypoderris brownii Recart 95 Hypoderris brownii Axelrod 8239 Hypoderris brownii Sanchez 19 Triplophyllum heudelotii Fraser-Jenkins 11416 Triplophyllum vogelii Fay 1158 Triplophyllum pentagonum Daly 13102 Triplophyllum securidiforme Jongkind 10773 Triplophyllum jenseniae Fay 1165 Triplophyllum pilosissimum Jongkind 9612 Triplophyllum vogelii Fraser-Jenkins 11424 Triplophyllum fraternum Carvalho 5899 Triplophyllum hirsutum Tuomisto 15744 Triplophyllum hirsutum Tuomisto 15438 Triplophyllum funestum Christenhusz 4107 Triplophyllum dicksonioides Tuomisto 152 Triplophyllum crassifolium Tuomisto1569 Triplophyllum glabrum Tuomisto 15444 Triplophyllum funestum Tuomisto 15611 Triplophyllum funestum Hormia 2092 Triplophyllum funestum Moran 6263 Triplophyllum hirsutum Pereira-Silva 5029 Triplophyllum dicksonioides Moran 6291 Arthropteris articulata Leon Perrie FJ11-50 Arthropteris monocarpa Kukkonen 12551 Arthropteris parallela Schuettpelz 524 Arthropteris submarginalis Acock PA1031 Arthropteris repens FJ11-191 Arthropteris altescandens Sckottsberg 75 Arthropteris guinanensis Jiang JRH1506 Psammiosorus paucivenius Rakotondrainibe 6585 Malaifilix grandidentata Schuettpelz 679 Draconopteris draconoptera Jones 809 Draconopteris draconoptera Rothfels 08-173 Pteridrys sp. Dong 3465 Pteridrys sp. Cicuzza 947 Pteridrys sp. Schuettpelz 872 Pteridrys australis Dong 3560 Pteridrys sp. Zhang et al. 6517 Pteridrys sp. Zhang et al. 6554 Pteridrys syrmatica Cicuzza 677 Pteridrys syrmatica Dong 3439 Pteridrys cnemidaria Dong 3429 Pteridrys cnemidaria Dong 2760 Pteridrys cnemidaria Wang 5483 Pteridrys cnemidaria Shui 80205 Pteridrys cnemidaria Liu BJ01 Araiostegia pulchra Wu 2458 Davallia griffithiana Schuettpelz 506 Arthromeris wallichiana Schneider s.n. Polypodium virginianum Henry OAC 96886 Phlebodium decumanum Schuettpelz 216 Oleandra pilosa Palacios 2697 Oleandra articulata Labiak 3652 Oleandra articulata Christenhusz 3980 Oleandra cumingii Chao 1990 Oleandra wallichii Tsutsumi TH10 Oleandra neriiformis Chao 1976 Oleandra pistillaris Tsutsumi et al., IN28 Cyclopeltis semicordata Barrington 2129 Cyclopeltis crenata Jin JXH5130 Cyclopeltis crenata Liu 5524 Cyclopeltis crenata Zhang 2312 Cyclopeltis crenata Lu s.n. Dracoglossum sinuatum Werff 23482 Dracoglossum plantagineum Werff 22222 Dracoglossum plantagineum Jones 1018 Lomariopsis sorbifolia Christenhusz 4070 Lomariopsis spectabilis TNS:763923 Lomariopsis pollicina Hennequinet et al. 2009-R154 Lomariopsis pollicina Liu 5496 Lomariopsis spectabilis Dong 3597 Lomariopsis sp. Zhang et al. 7185 Nephrolepis biserrata Christenhusz 4865 Nephrolepis hirsutula Christenhusz 3580 Nephrolepis davallioides Schuettpelz 716

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VII. Podopeltis clade

Tectaria

Ctenitopsis superclade

IV. Lenda clade

Tectariaceae

Tectaridium superclade

Tectaria superclade

Hypoderris

Triplophyllum

Arthropteris Malaifilix Draconopteris

Pteridrys

Araiostegia Davallia Arthromeris Polypodium Phlebodium

Oleandra

Davalliaceae Polypodiaceae Oleandraceae

Cyclopeltis Dracoglossum Lomariopsis Nephrolepis

Lomariopsidaceae Nephrolepidaceae

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Character: Indusium occurrence Parsimony reconstruction

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(Unordered) [Steps: 23] present absent

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Phlebiogonium superclade

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Tectaria

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Ctenitopsis superclade

Tectariaceae

Tectaria superclade

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Arthropteris

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Pteridrys

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Hypoderris

Triplophyllum

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Tectaria

Tectaridium superclade

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Tectariaceae

Tectaria coadunata Dong 3583 Tectaria coadunata Zhang et al. 7555 Tectaria fernandensis Fraser-Jenkins 11304 Tectaria gemmifera PichiSermolli 7074 Tectaria gemmifera Kayombo s.n. Tectaria paradoxa RBG Kew 1964-33125 Tectaria gemmifera Kamau 601 Tectaria gemmifera Moses s.n. Tectaria coadunata cf. Dong 1836 Tectaria gaudichaudii Selling 3605 Aspidium kwanonense Tsutsumi CT1066 Aspidium kwanonense TNS: 743677 Aspidium kwanonense Knapp 3635 Tectaria sp. YLZB2094 Aspidium pinfaense Zhang et al. 6144 Tectaria sp. YLZB2013 Tectaria sp. YLZB2067 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 8250 Tectaria wightii Fraser-Jenkins s.n. Tectaria herpetocaulos Dong 3555 Tectaria barteri Carvalho 3449 Tectaria heterocarpa Fraser-Jenkins 1727 Tectaria polymorpha Dong 3554 Tectaria polymorpha Zhang et al. 7542 Tectaria polymorpha Dong 3590 Tectaria polymorpha Wu WS-2445 Tectaria polymorpha YLZB 2003 Tectaria polymorpha YLZB 2039 Tectaria polymorpha YLZB 1971 Tectaria zeylanica Dong 3642 Tectaria zeilanica Schuettpelz 514 Tectaria zeylanica Dong 3634 Tectaria zeilanica Tsutsumi CT1065 Tectaria zeilanica Zhang et al. 6387 Tectaria zeilanica Knapp 3568 Tectaria zeilanica Liu LHM886 Tectaria zeilanica Dong 182 Tectaria zeilanica Wang 5451 Tectaria brachiata cf. Zhang et al. 7870 Tectaria brachiata cf. Wu WS-2510 Tectaria brachiata cf. Zhang et al. 8246 Tectaria brachiata cf. Zhang et al. 8822 Tectaria sp. Dong 3431 Tectaria impressa Dong 1024 Tectaria impressa Wu WS-2328 Tectaria impressa Zhang et al. 6612 Tectaria impressa Fraser-Jenkins 3910 Tectaria sp. Dong 3644 Tectaria impressa Dong 3615 Tectaria impressa Dong 3564 Tectaria laotica Wu WS-2172 Tectaria griffithii Wu WS-2492 Tectaria griffithii Dong 3632 Tectaria griffithii Dong 3846 Tectaria griffithii cf. Zhang et al. 6765 Tectaria griffithii Zhang et al. 8413 Tectaria griffithii Zhang et al. 8364 Tectaria griffithii Knapp 3072 Tectaria griffithii Zhang et al. 8645 Tectaria phaeocaulis Zhang et al. 6626 Tectaria phaeocaulis Zhang et al. 6636 Tectaria phaeocaulis Wu WS-200 Tectaria phaeocaulis Zhang et al. 7053 Tectaria phaeocaulis Knapp1358 Tectaria phaeocaulis Dong 3656 Tectaria phaeocaulis Zhang et al. 6492 Tectaria phaeocaulis Dong 1579 Tectaria phaeocaulis Wang 5481 Tectaria labrusca Chao 1981 Tectaria angulata Dong 3451 Tectaria angulata Zhang et al. 8192 Tectaria angulata Schuettpelz 703 Tectaria melanocaula Chen 1865 Tectaria ferruginea Chen 0806 Tectaria pica RBG Kew, 2010-1946 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 6681 Tectaria morsei Dong 2298 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 6584 Tectaria morsei Dong GZE219 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 6596 Tectaria morsei Wu WP-884 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 7312 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 6598 Tectaria fauriei cf. Dong 3553 Tectaria fauriei TNS:764229 Tectaria fauriei cf. Dong 3572 Tectaria fauriei Zhang et al. 7297 Tectaria fauriei Knapp 1590 Tectaria vasta Dong 3567 Tectaria hekouensis Zhang et al. 6502 Tectaria quinquefida Chao 1980 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6917 Tectaria quinquefida Dong 1981bis Tectaria hekouensis Dong 3608 Tectaria hekouensis Dong 3596 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6343 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6572 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6317 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6315 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6527 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6351 Tectaria pleiosora Chao 1983 Tectaria sp. Cicuzza 683 Tectaria crenata Kessler 13678 Tectaria repanda Chen 0576 Tectaria crenata cf. Wade 1837 Tectaria crenata Schuettpelz 841 Tectaria crenata Wade 0085 Tectaria cf repanda Dong 2565 Tectaris crenata cf. Zhang et al. 7993 Tectaria crenata cf. Zhang et al. 8000 Tectaria harlandii Wang 5503a Tectaria harlandii Wang 5503 Tectaria decurrens Dong 3594 Tectaria decurrens Dong 3559 Tectaria decurrens Dong 1026 Tectaria decurrens Zhang et al. 6497 Tectaria decurrens TNS:759312 Tectaria semipinnata Chao 1977 Tectaria semipinnata Schuettpelz 888 Tectaria vasta Wu WP-1653 Tectaria vasta Zhang et al. 8254 Tectaria vasta Schuettpelz 663 Tectaria vasta FRI74822 Tectaria singaporiana Christenhusz 6595 Tectaria singaporiana Zhang et al. 8198 Tectaria singaporiana Schuettpelz 652 Tectaria fissa Zhang et al. 8193 Tectaria fissa Schuettpelz 885 Tectaria fissa Schuettpelz 681 Tectaria tricuspis FRI74825 Tectaria fissa FRI74824 Tectaria fissa FRI74826 Tectaria tricuspis Chao 1978 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 8817 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 8801 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7224 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7477 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7214 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7679 Tectaria harlandii Zhang et al. 7191 Tectaria harlandii Chen 4846 Tectaria harlandii Ding 002 Tectaria sp. Dong 3631 Tectaria harlandii Knapp 3557 Tectaria harlandii Knapp 3580 Tectaria harlandii Knapp 3579 Tectaria harlandii cf. Knapp 3593 Tectaria harlandii cf. Knapp 3712 Tectaria harlandii Knapp3582 Tectaria harlardii Zhang et al. 7194 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7424 Tectaria psomiocarpa Chen s.n. Tectaria kusukusensis Wang 5501 Tectaria kusukuensis Knapp 3767 Tectaria kusukusensis Zhang et al. 6466 Tectaria kusukusensis Zhang et al. 6545 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7974 Tectaria sagenioides Zhang et al. 7072 Tectaria gigantea Dong 3380 Hetero. stenosemioides Dong 3438 Heterogonium sagenoides Schuettpelz 696 Tectaria sagenioides Wang 5502 Tectaria sagenioides Dong 3603 Tectaria sagenioides Dong 1599 Heterogonium pinnatum Chen s.n. Tectaria aurita Dong 3386 Heterogonium subglabrum Dong 3450 Heterogonium pinnatum Schuettpelz 555 Heterogonium pinnatum Schuettpelz 708 Tectaria dissectra cf. Zhang et al. 7212 Tectaria stenoptera Zhang et al. 6562 Tectaria stenoptera Zhang et al. 7717 Tectaria sp. Cicuzza 989 Tectaria multicaudata Chen 1832 Tectaria malayensis FRI74817 Tectaria multicaudata Knapp 3592 Tectaria malayensis Schuettpelz 892 Tectaria subsageniacea Wang 5485 Tectaria subsageniacea Dong 3602 Tectaria subsageniacea Dong 3617 Ctenitopsis hainanensis cf. Dong 112 Ctenitopsis hainanensis cf. Wang 5496 Ctenitopsis hainanensis cf. Dong 3834 Tectaria ingens YLZB 1960 Tectaria setulosa Zhang et al. 7124 Tectaria setulosa Zhang et al. 7140 Tectaria setulosa Zhang et al. 7120 Tectaria setulosa Dong 3049 Tectaria setulosa Jin et al. 282 Tectaria setulosa Zhang et al. 6520 Tectaria subfuscipes Knapp 3200 Tectaria fuscipes Knapp 3198 Tectaria subfuscipes Knapp 3199 Tectaria fuscipes Lu LJM074 Tectaria fuscipes Zhang et al. 6590 Tectaria fuscipes Zhang et al. 6639 Tectaria fuscipes Dong 1059 Tectaria fuscipes Wang 5492 Tectaria fuscipes Dong 3557 Tectaria fuscipes Chao 1553 Tectaria macleanii Chao s.n. Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7827 Tectaria barberi Dong 3471 Tectaria ebenina Zhang et al. 6854 Tectaria devexa cf. Zhang et al. 6564 Tectaria devexa Dong 3606 Tectaria devexa Dong 3570 Tectaria linloensis Dong 3641 Tectaria devexa Zhang Liang 1561 Tectaria devexa Zhang et al. 6526 Tectaria devexa Zhang et al. 6591 Tectaria devexa Dong 180 Tectaria devexa Wang 5504 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 6671 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 6349 Tectaria devexa Zhang et al. 6331 Tectaria grossedentata Zhang et al. 6293 Tectaria grossedentata Dong 3591 Tectaria subtriphylla Zhang et al. 6915 Tectaria subtriphylla Zhang et al. 6585 Tectaria subtriphylla Zhang et al. 6619 Tectaria subtriphylla Dong 3841 Tectaria subtriphylla TNS:759338 Tectaria subtriphylla Ding 001 Tectaria subtriphylla Wang 5486 Tectaria sp. Wu WP-1011 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3570 Tectaria subtriphylla Knapp 3574 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3572 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7480 Tectaria subvariolosa Zhang et al. 7134 Tectaria subvariolosa Dong 3688 Tectaria subvariolosa Chao 1979 Tectaria simonsii Dong 3639 Tectaria simonsii TNS:743680 Tectaria simonsii Dong 3645 Tectaria simonsii Zhang et al. 7001 Tectaria subtriphylla aff. Knapp 3583 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3586 Tectaria simonsii Wang 5495 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3590 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3629 Tectaria luchunensis Dong 3579 Tectaria luchunensis Dong 3582 Tectaria simonsii Wu WS-2711 Tectaria simonsii Zhang Liang 1613 Tectaria prolifera Alanko 78-893 Tectaria prolifera Christenhusz 3368 Tectaria panamensis Jones 1052 Tectaria fimbriata Christenhusz 3537 Tectaria cicutaria Sundue 2095 Tectaria trifoliata Christenhusz 4013 Tectaria trifoliata Sorsa 123/1965 Tectaria trifoliata Sundue 2062 Tectaria sp. Schuettpelz 983 Tectaria martinicensis Sorsa 97/1964 Tectaria incisa Christenhusz 3209 Tectaria incisa Rothfels 08-189 Tectaria vivipara Rothfels 08-121 Tectaria incisa Cayola 2415 Tectaria incisa RBG Kew, living coll 1984-521 Tectaria vivipara Rothfels 08-169 Tectaria incisa Possley 94 Tectaria incisa Howell 1088 Tectaria acerifolia Jones 990 Tectaria vivipara Tuomisto 15677 Tectaria incisa Christenhusz 4828 Tectaria incisa Labiak 4914 Tectaria darienensis Croat 16955 Tectaria pubens Tuomisto 11766 Tectaria antioquoiana Schuettpelz 200 Tectaria heracleifolia Matos 08-125 Tectaria heracleifolia Ackerman 4707 Tectaria heracleifolia Sundue 2094 Tectaria apiifolia Christenhusz 3201 Tectaria mexicana Rothfels 08-175 Tectaria mexicana Grusz 08-011 Tectaria dilacerata Alanko 78-1506 Hypoderris brauniana Tuomisto11912 Hypoderris brauniana Jones 1228 Hypoderris brauniana Werff 22263 Hypoderris brauniana Rojas 4134 Tectaria nicotianifolia Sundue 1455 Tectaria nicotianifolia Moran 6922 Hypoderris brownii Recart 95 Hypoderris brownii Axelrod 8239 Hypoderris brownii Sanchez 19 Triplophyllum heudelotii Fraser-Jenkins 11416 Triplophyllum vogelii Fay 1158 Triplophyllum pentagonum Daly 13102 Triplophyllum securidiforme Jongkind 10773 Triplophyllum jenseniae Fay 1165 Triplophyllum pilosissimum Jongkind 9612 Triplophyllum vogelii Fraser-Jenkins 11424 Triplophyllum fraternum Carvalho 5899 Triplophyllum hirsutum Tuomisto 15744 Triplophyllum hirsutum Tuomisto 15438 Triplophyllum funestum Christenhusz 4107 Triplophyllum dicksonioides Tuomisto 152 Triplophyllum crassifolium Tuomisto1569 Triplophyllum glabrum Tuomisto 15444 Triplophyllum funestum Tuomisto 15611 Triplophyllum funestum Hormia 2092 Triplophyllum funestum Moran 6263 Triplophyllum hirsutum Pereira-Silva 5029 Triplophyllum dicksonioides Moran 6291 Arthropteris articulata Leon Perrie FJ11-50 Arthropteris monocarpa Kukkonen 12551 Arthropteris parallela Schuettpelz 524 Arthropteris submarginalis Acock PA1031 Arthropteris repens FJ11-191 Arthropteris altescandens Sckottsberg 75 Arthropteris guinanensis Jiang JRH1506 Psammiosorus paucivenius Rakotondrainibe 6585 Malaifilix grandidentata Schuettpelz 679 Malaifilix Draconopteris draconoptera Jones 809 Draconopteris Draconopteris draconoptera Rothfels 08-173 Pteridrys sp. Dong 3465 Pteridrys sp. Cicuzza 947 Pteridrys sp. Schuettpelz 872 Pteridrys australis Dong 3560 Pteridrys sp. Zhang et al. 6517 Pteridrys sp. Zhang et al. 6554 Pteridrys syrmatica Cicuzza 677 Pteridrys syrmatica Dong 3439 Pteridrys cnemidaria Dong 3429 Pteridrys cnemidaria Dong 2760 Pteridrys cnemidaria Wang 5483 Pteridrys cnemidaria Shui 80205 Pteridrys cnemidaria Liu BJ01 Araiostegia Araiostegia pulchra Wu 2458 Davallia Davallia griffithiana Schuettpelz 506 Arthromeris Arthromeris wallichiana Schneider s.n. Polypodium Polypodium virginianum Henry OAC 96886 Phlebodium Phlebodium decumanum Schuettpelz 216 Oleandra pilosa Palacios 2697 Oleandra articulata Labiak 3652 Oleandra articulata Christenhusz 3980 Oleandra cumingii Chao 1990 Oleandra wallichii Tsutsumi TH10 Oleandra neriiformis Chao 1976 Oleandra pistillaris Tsutsumi et al., IN28 Cyclopeltis semicordata Barrington 2129 Cyclopeltis crenata Jin JXH5130 Cyclopeltis crenata Liu 5524 Cyclopeltis crenata Zhang 2312 Cyclopeltis crenata Lu s.n. Dracoglossum sinuatum Werff 23482 Dracoglossum plantagineum Werff 22222 Dracoglossum plantagineum Jones 1018 Lomariopsis sorbifolia Christenhusz 4070 Lomariopsis spectabilis TNS:763923 Lomariopsis pollicina Hennequinet et al. 2009-R154 Lomariopsis pollicina Liu 5496 Lomariopsis spectabilis Dong 3597 Lomariopsis sp. Zhang et al. 7185 Nephrolepis biserrata Christenhusz 4865 Nephrolepis hirsutula Christenhusz 3580 Nephrolepis davallioides Schuettpelz 716

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Oleandra

Davalliaceae Polypodiaceae Oleandraceae

Cyclopeltis

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Dracoglossum Lomariopsis

Nephrolepis

Lomariopsidaceae Nephrolepidaceae

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Character: Indusium shape Parsimony reconstruction

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(Unordered) [Steps: 29] reniform peltate inapplicable

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Phlebiogonium superclade

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Tectaria

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Ctenitopsis superclade

Tectariaceae

Tectaria superclade

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Arthropteris

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Pteridrys

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Hypoderris

Triplophyllum

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Tectaria

Tectaridium superclade

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Tectariaceae

Tectaria coadunata Dong 3583 Tectaria coadunata Zhang et al. 7555 Tectaria fernandensis Fraser-Jenkins 11304 Tectaria gemmifera PichiSermolli 7074 Tectaria gemmifera Kayombo s.n. Tectaria paradoxa RBG Kew 1964-33125 Tectaria gemmifera Kamau 601 Tectaria gemmifera Moses s.n. Tectaria coadunata cf. Dong 1836 Tectaria gaudichaudii Selling 3605 Aspidium kwanonense Tsutsumi CT1066 Aspidium kwanonense TNS: 743677 Aspidium kwanonense Knapp 3635 Tectaria sp. YLZB2094 Aspidium pinfaense Zhang et al. 6144 Tectaria sp. YLZB2013 Tectaria sp. YLZB2067 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 8250 Tectaria wightii Fraser-Jenkins s.n. Tectaria herpetocaulos Dong 3555 Tectaria barteri Carvalho 3449 Tectaria heterocarpa Fraser-Jenkins 1727 Tectaria polymorpha Dong 3554 Tectaria polymorpha Zhang et al. 7542 Tectaria polymorpha Dong 3590 Tectaria polymorpha Wu WS-2445 Tectaria polymorpha YLZB 2003 Tectaria polymorpha YLZB 2039 Tectaria polymorpha YLZB 1971 Tectaria zeylanica Dong 3642 Tectaria zeilanica Schuettpelz 514 Tectaria zeylanica Dong 3634 Tectaria zeilanica Tsutsumi CT1065 Tectaria zeilanica Zhang et al. 6387 Tectaria zeilanica Knapp 3568 Tectaria zeilanica Liu LHM886 Tectaria zeilanica Dong 182 Tectaria zeilanica Wang 5451 Tectaria brachiata cf. Zhang et al. 7870 Tectaria brachiata cf. Wu WS-2510 Tectaria brachiata cf. Zhang et al. 8246 Tectaria brachiata cf. Zhang et al. 8822 Tectaria sp. Dong 3431 Tectaria impressa Dong 1024 Tectaria impressa Wu WS-2328 Tectaria impressa Zhang et al. 6612 Tectaria impressa Fraser-Jenkins 3910 Tectaria sp. Dong 3644 Tectaria impressa Dong 3615 Tectaria impressa Dong 3564 Tectaria laotica Wu WS-2172 Tectaria griffithii Wu WS-2492 Tectaria griffithii Dong 3632 Tectaria griffithii Dong 3846 Tectaria griffithii cf. Zhang et al. 6765 Tectaria griffithii Zhang et al. 8413 Tectaria griffithii Zhang et al. 8364 Tectaria griffithii Knapp 3072 Tectaria griffithii Zhang et al. 8645 Tectaria phaeocaulis Zhang et al. 6626 Tectaria phaeocaulis Zhang et al. 6636 Tectaria phaeocaulis Wu WS-200 Tectaria phaeocaulis Zhang et al. 7053 Tectaria phaeocaulis Knapp1358 Tectaria phaeocaulis Dong 3656 Tectaria phaeocaulis Zhang et al. 6492 Tectaria phaeocaulis Dong 1579 Tectaria phaeocaulis Wang 5481 Tectaria labrusca Chao 1981 Tectaria angulata Dong 3451 Tectaria angulata Zhang et al. 8192 Tectaria angulata Schuettpelz 703 Tectaria melanocaula Chen 1865 Tectaria ferruginea Chen 0806 Tectaria pica RBG Kew, 2010-1946 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 6681 Tectaria morsei Dong 2298 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 6584 Tectaria morsei Dong GZE219 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 6596 Tectaria morsei Wu WP-884 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 7312 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 6598 Tectaria fauriei cf. Dong 3553 Tectaria fauriei TNS:764229 Tectaria fauriei cf. Dong 3572 Tectaria fauriei Zhang et al. 7297 Tectaria fauriei Knapp 1590 Tectaria vasta Dong 3567 Tectaria hekouensis Zhang et al. 6502 Tectaria quinquefida Chao 1980 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6917 Tectaria quinquefida Dong 1981bis Tectaria hekouensis Dong 3608 Tectaria hekouensis Dong 3596 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6343 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6572 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6317 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6315 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6527 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6351 Tectaria pleiosora Chao 1983 Tectaria sp. Cicuzza 683 Tectaria crenata Kessler 13678 Tectaria repanda Chen 0576 Tectaria crenata cf. Wade 1837 Tectaria crenata Schuettpelz 841 Tectaria crenata Wade 0085 Tectaria cf repanda Dong 2565 Tectaris crenata cf. Zhang et al. 7993 Tectaria crenata cf. Zhang et al. 8000 Tectaria harlandii Wang 5503a Tectaria harlandii Wang 5503 Tectaria decurrens Dong 3594 Tectaria decurrens Dong 3559 Tectaria decurrens Dong 1026 Tectaria decurrens Zhang et al. 6497 Tectaria decurrens TNS:759312 Tectaria semipinnata Chao 1977 Tectaria semipinnata Schuettpelz 888 Tectaria vasta Wu WP-1653 Tectaria vasta Zhang et al. 8254 Tectaria vasta Schuettpelz 663 Tectaria vasta FRI74822 Tectaria singaporiana Christenhusz 6595 Tectaria singaporiana Zhang et al. 8198 Tectaria singaporiana Schuettpelz 652 Tectaria fissa Zhang et al. 8193 Tectaria fissa Schuettpelz 885 Tectaria fissa Schuettpelz 681 Tectaria tricuspis FRI74825 Tectaria fissa FRI74824 Tectaria fissa FRI74826 Tectaria tricuspis Chao 1978 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 8817 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 8801 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7224 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7477 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7214 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7679 Tectaria harlandii Zhang et al. 7191 Tectaria harlandii Chen 4846 Tectaria harlandii Ding 002 Tectaria sp. Dong 3631 Tectaria harlandii Knapp 3557 Tectaria harlandii Knapp 3580 Tectaria harlandii Knapp 3579 Tectaria harlandii cf. Knapp 3593 Tectaria harlandii cf. Knapp 3712 Tectaria harlandii Knapp3582 Tectaria harlardii Zhang et al. 7194 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7424 Tectaria psomiocarpa Chen s.n. Tectaria kusukusensis Wang 5501 Tectaria kusukuensis Knapp 3767 Tectaria kusukusensis Zhang et al. 6466 Tectaria kusukusensis Zhang et al. 6545 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7974 Tectaria sagenioides Zhang et al. 7072 Tectaria gigantea Dong 3380 Hetero. stenosemioides Dong 3438 Heterogonium sagenoides Schuettpelz 696 Tectaria sagenioides Wang 5502 Tectaria sagenioides Dong 3603 Tectaria sagenioides Dong 1599 Heterogonium pinnatum Chen s.n. Tectaria aurita Dong 3386 Heterogonium subglabrum Dong 3450 Heterogonium pinnatum Schuettpelz 555 Heterogonium pinnatum Schuettpelz 708 Tectaria dissectra cf. Zhang et al. 7212 Tectaria stenoptera Zhang et al. 6562 Tectaria stenoptera Zhang et al. 7717 Tectaria sp. Cicuzza 989 Tectaria multicaudata Chen 1832 Tectaria malayensis FRI74817 Tectaria multicaudata Knapp 3592 Tectaria malayensis Schuettpelz 892 Tectaria subsageniacea Wang 5485 Tectaria subsageniacea Dong 3602 Tectaria subsageniacea Dong 3617 Ctenitopsis hainanensis cf. Dong 112 Ctenitopsis hainanensis cf. Wang 5496 Ctenitopsis hainanensis cf. Dong 3834 Tectaria ingens YLZB 1960 Tectaria setulosa Zhang et al. 7124 Tectaria setulosa Zhang et al. 7140 Tectaria setulosa Zhang et al. 7120 Tectaria setulosa Dong 3049 Tectaria setulosa Jin et al. 282 Tectaria setulosa Zhang et al. 6520 Tectaria subfuscipes Knapp 3200 Tectaria fuscipes Knapp 3198 Tectaria subfuscipes Knapp 3199 Tectaria fuscipes Lu LJM074 Tectaria fuscipes Zhang et al. 6590 Tectaria fuscipes Zhang et al. 6639 Tectaria fuscipes Dong 1059 Tectaria fuscipes Wang 5492 Tectaria fuscipes Dong 3557 Tectaria fuscipes Chao 1553 Tectaria macleanii Chao s.n. Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7827 Tectaria barberi Dong 3471 Tectaria ebenina Zhang et al. 6854 Tectaria devexa cf. Zhang et al. 6564 Tectaria devexa Dong 3606 Tectaria devexa Dong 3570 Tectaria linloensis Dong 3641 Tectaria devexa Zhang Liang 1561 Tectaria devexa Zhang et al. 6526 Tectaria devexa Zhang et al. 6591 Tectaria devexa Dong 180 Tectaria devexa Wang 5504 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 6671 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 6349 Tectaria devexa Zhang et al. 6331 Tectaria grossedentata Zhang et al. 6293 Tectaria grossedentata Dong 3591 Tectaria subtriphylla Zhang et al. 6915 Tectaria subtriphylla Zhang et al. 6585 Tectaria subtriphylla Zhang et al. 6619 Tectaria subtriphylla Dong 3841 Tectaria subtriphylla TNS:759338 Tectaria subtriphylla Ding 001 Tectaria subtriphylla Wang 5486 Tectaria sp. Wu WP-1011 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3570 Tectaria subtriphylla Knapp 3574 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3572 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7480 Tectaria subvariolosa Zhang et al. 7134 Tectaria subvariolosa Dong 3688 Tectaria subvariolosa Chao 1979 Tectaria simonsii Dong 3639 Tectaria simonsii TNS:743680 Tectaria simonsii Dong 3645 Tectaria simonsii Zhang et al. 7001 Tectaria subtriphylla aff. Knapp 3583 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3586 Tectaria simonsii Wang 5495 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3590 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3629 Tectaria luchunensis Dong 3579 Tectaria luchunensis Dong 3582 Tectaria simonsii Wu WS-2711 Tectaria simonsii Zhang Liang 1613 Tectaria prolifera Alanko 78-893 Tectaria prolifera Christenhusz 3368 Tectaria panamensis Jones 1052 Tectaria fimbriata Christenhusz 3537 Tectaria cicutaria Sundue 2095 Tectaria trifoliata Christenhusz 4013 Tectaria trifoliata Sorsa 123/1965 Tectaria trifoliata Sundue 2062 Tectaria sp. Schuettpelz 983 Tectaria martinicensis Sorsa 97/1964 Tectaria incisa Christenhusz 3209 Tectaria incisa Rothfels 08-189 Tectaria vivipara Rothfels 08-121 Tectaria incisa Cayola 2415 Tectaria incisa RBG Kew, living coll 1984-521 Tectaria vivipara Rothfels 08-169 Tectaria incisa Possley 94 Tectaria incisa Howell 1088 Tectaria acerifolia Jones 990 Tectaria vivipara Tuomisto 15677 Tectaria incisa Christenhusz 4828 Tectaria incisa Labiak 4914 Tectaria darienensis Croat 16955 Tectaria pubens Tuomisto 11766 Tectaria antioquoiana Schuettpelz 200 Tectaria heracleifolia Matos 08-125 Tectaria heracleifolia Ackerman 4707 Tectaria heracleifolia Sundue 2094 Tectaria apiifolia Christenhusz 3201 Tectaria mexicana Rothfels 08-175 Tectaria mexicana Grusz 08-011 Tectaria dilacerata Alanko 78-1506 Hypoderris brauniana Tuomisto11912 Hypoderris brauniana Jones 1228 Hypoderris brauniana Werff 22263 Hypoderris brauniana Rojas 4134 Tectaria nicotianifolia Sundue 1455 Tectaria nicotianifolia Moran 6922 Hypoderris brownii Recart 95 Hypoderris brownii Axelrod 8239 Hypoderris brownii Sanchez 19 Triplophyllum heudelotii Fraser-Jenkins 11416 Triplophyllum vogelii Fay 1158 Triplophyllum pentagonum Daly 13102 Triplophyllum securidiforme Jongkind 10773 Triplophyllum jenseniae Fay 1165 Triplophyllum pilosissimum Jongkind 9612 Triplophyllum vogelii Fraser-Jenkins 11424 Triplophyllum fraternum Carvalho 5899 Triplophyllum hirsutum Tuomisto 15744 Triplophyllum hirsutum Tuomisto 15438 Triplophyllum funestum Christenhusz 4107 Triplophyllum dicksonioides Tuomisto 152 Triplophyllum crassifolium Tuomisto1569 Triplophyllum glabrum Tuomisto 15444 Triplophyllum funestum Tuomisto 15611 Triplophyllum funestum Hormia 2092 Triplophyllum funestum Moran 6263 Triplophyllum hirsutum Pereira-Silva 5029 Triplophyllum dicksonioides Moran 6291 Arthropteris articulata Leon Perrie FJ11-50 Arthropteris monocarpa Kukkonen 12551 Arthropteris parallela Schuettpelz 524 Arthropteris submarginalis Acock PA1031 Arthropteris repens FJ11-191 Arthropteris altescandens Sckottsberg 75 Arthropteris guinanensis Jiang JRH1506 Psammiosorus paucivenius Rakotondrainibe 6585 Malaifilix grandidentata Schuettpelz 679 Malaifilix Draconopteris draconoptera Jones 809 Draconopteris Draconopteris draconoptera Rothfels 08-173 Pteridrys sp. Dong 3465 Pteridrys sp. Cicuzza 947 Pteridrys sp. Schuettpelz 872 Pteridrys australis Dong 3560 Pteridrys sp. Zhang et al. 6517 Pteridrys sp. Zhang et al. 6554 Pteridrys syrmatica Cicuzza 677 Pteridrys syrmatica Dong 3439 Pteridrys cnemidaria Dong 3429 Pteridrys cnemidaria Dong 2760 Pteridrys cnemidaria Wang 5483 Pteridrys cnemidaria Shui 80205 Pteridrys cnemidaria Liu BJ01 Araiostegia pulchra Wu 2458 Araiostegia Davallia griffithiana Schuettpelz 506 Davallia Arthromeris wallichiana Schneider s.n. Arthromeris Polypodium virginianum Henry OAC 96886 Polypodium Phlebodium decumanum Schuettpelz 216 Phlebodium Oleandra pilosa Palacios 2697 Oleandra articulata Labiak 3652 Oleandra articulata Christenhusz 3980 Oleandra cumingii Chao 1990 Oleandra wallichii Tsutsumi TH10 Oleandra neriiformis Chao 1976 Oleandra pistillaris Tsutsumi et al., IN28 Cyclopeltis semicordata Barrington 2129 Cyclopeltis crenata Jin JXH5130 Cyclopeltis crenata Liu 5524 Cyclopeltis crenata Zhang 2312 Cyclopeltis crenata Lu s.n. Dracoglossum sinuatum Werff 23482 Dracoglossum plantagineum Werff 22222 Dracoglossum plantagineum Jones 1018 Lomariopsis sorbifolia Christenhusz 4070 Lomariopsis spectabilis TNS:763923 Lomariopsis pollicina Hennequinet et al. 2009-R154 Lomariopsis pollicina Liu 5496 Lomariopsis spectabilis Dong 3597 Lomariopsis sp. Zhang et al. 7185 Nephrolepis biserrata Christenhusz 4865 Nephrolepis hirsutula Christenhusz 3580 Nephrolepis davallioides Schuettpelz 716

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Oleandra

Davalliaceae Polypodiaceae Oleandraceae

Cyclopeltis

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Dracoglossum Lomariopsis

Nephrolepis

Lomariopsidaceae Nephrolepidaceae

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Character: Catenate hairs Parsimony reconstruction

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(Unordered) [Steps: 34] absent present

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Phlebiogonium superclade

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Tectaria

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Ctenitopsis superclade

Tectariaceae

Tectaria superclade

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Arthropteris

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Pteridrys

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Hypoderris

Triplophyllum

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Tectaria

Tectaridium superclade

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Tectariaceae

Tectaria coadunata Dong 3583 Tectaria coadunata Zhang et al. 7555 Tectaria fernandensis Fraser-Jenkins 11304 Tectaria gemmifera PichiSermolli 7074 Tectaria gemmifera Kayombo s.n. Tectaria paradoxa RBG Kew 1964-33125 Tectaria gemmifera Kamau 601 Tectaria gemmifera Moses s.n. Tectaria coadunata cf. Dong 1836 Tectaria gaudichaudii Selling 3605 Aspidium kwanonense Tsutsumi CT1066 Aspidium kwanonense TNS: 743677 Aspidium kwanonense Knapp 3635 Tectaria sp. YLZB2094 Aspidium pinfaense Zhang et al. 6144 Tectaria sp. YLZB2013 Tectaria sp. YLZB2067 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 8250 Tectaria wightii Fraser-Jenkins s.n. Tectaria herpetocaulos Dong 3555 Tectaria barteri Carvalho 3449 Tectaria heterocarpa Fraser-Jenkins 1727 Tectaria polymorpha Dong 3554 Tectaria polymorpha Zhang et al. 7542 Tectaria polymorpha Dong 3590 Tectaria polymorpha Wu WS-2445 Tectaria polymorpha YLZB 2003 Tectaria polymorpha YLZB 2039 Tectaria polymorpha YLZB 1971 Tectaria zeylanica Dong 3642 Tectaria zeilanica Schuettpelz 514 Tectaria zeylanica Dong 3634 Tectaria zeilanica Tsutsumi CT1065 Tectaria zeilanica Zhang et al. 6387 Tectaria zeilanica Knapp 3568 Tectaria zeilanica Liu LHM886 Tectaria zeilanica Dong 182 Tectaria zeilanica Wang 5451 Tectaria brachiata cf. Zhang et al. 7870 Tectaria brachiata cf. Wu WS-2510 Tectaria brachiata cf. Zhang et al. 8246 Tectaria brachiata cf. Zhang et al. 8822 Tectaria sp. Dong 3431 Tectaria impressa Dong 1024 Tectaria impressa Wu WS-2328 Tectaria impressa Zhang et al. 6612 Tectaria impressa Fraser-Jenkins 3910 Tectaria sp. Dong 3644 Tectaria impressa Dong 3615 Tectaria impressa Dong 3564 Tectaria laotica Wu WS-2172 Tectaria griffithii Wu WS-2492 Tectaria griffithii Dong 3632 Tectaria griffithii Dong 3846 Tectaria griffithii cf. Zhang et al. 6765 Tectaria griffithii Zhang et al. 8413 Tectaria griffithii Zhang et al. 8364 Tectaria griffithii Knapp 3072 Tectaria griffithii Zhang et al. 8645 Tectaria phaeocaulis Zhang et al. 6626 Tectaria phaeocaulis Zhang et al. 6636 Tectaria phaeocaulis Wu WS-200 Tectaria phaeocaulis Zhang et al. 7053 Tectaria phaeocaulis Knapp1358 Tectaria phaeocaulis Dong 3656 Tectaria phaeocaulis Zhang et al. 6492 Tectaria phaeocaulis Dong 1579 Tectaria phaeocaulis Wang 5481 Tectaria labrusca Chao 1981 Tectaria angulata Dong 3451 Tectaria angulata Zhang et al. 8192 Tectaria angulata Schuettpelz 703 Tectaria melanocaula Chen 1865 Tectaria ferruginea Chen 0806 Tectaria pica RBG Kew, 2010-1946 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 6681 Tectaria morsei Dong 2298 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 6584 Tectaria morsei Dong GZE219 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 6596 Tectaria morsei Wu WP-884 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 7312 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 6598 Tectaria fauriei cf. Dong 3553 Tectaria fauriei TNS:764229 Tectaria fauriei cf. Dong 3572 Tectaria fauriei Zhang et al. 7297 Tectaria fauriei Knapp 1590 Tectaria vasta Dong 3567 Tectaria hekouensis Zhang et al. 6502 Tectaria quinquefida Chao 1980 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6917 Tectaria quinquefida Dong 1981bis Tectaria hekouensis Dong 3608 Tectaria hekouensis Dong 3596 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6343 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6572 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6317 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6315 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6527 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6351 Tectaria pleiosora Chao 1983 Tectaria sp. Cicuzza 683 Tectaria crenata Kessler 13678 Tectaria repanda Chen 0576 Tectaria crenata cf. Wade 1837 Tectaria crenata Schuettpelz 841 Tectaria crenata Wade 0085 Tectaria cf repanda Dong 2565 Tectaris crenata cf. Zhang et al. 7993 Tectaria crenata cf. Zhang et al. 8000 Tectaria harlandii Wang 5503a Tectaria harlandii Wang 5503 Tectaria decurrens Dong 3594 Tectaria decurrens Dong 3559 Tectaria decurrens Dong 1026 Tectaria decurrens Zhang et al. 6497 Tectaria decurrens TNS:759312 Tectaria semipinnata Chao 1977 Tectaria semipinnata Schuettpelz 888 Tectaria vasta Wu WP-1653 Tectaria vasta Zhang et al. 8254 Tectaria vasta Schuettpelz 663 Tectaria vasta FRI74822 Tectaria singaporiana Christenhusz 6595 Tectaria singaporiana Zhang et al. 8198 Tectaria singaporiana Schuettpelz 652 Tectaria fissa Zhang et al. 8193 Tectaria fissa Schuettpelz 885 Tectaria fissa Schuettpelz 681 Tectaria tricuspis FRI74825 Tectaria fissa FRI74824 Tectaria fissa FRI74826 Tectaria tricuspis Chao 1978 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 8817 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 8801 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7224 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7477 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7214 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7679 Tectaria harlandii Zhang et al. 7191 Tectaria harlandii Chen 4846 Tectaria harlandii Ding 002 Tectaria sp. Dong 3631 Tectaria harlandii Knapp 3557 Tectaria harlandii Knapp 3580 Tectaria harlandii Knapp 3579 Tectaria harlandii cf. Knapp 3593 Tectaria harlandii cf. Knapp 3712 Tectaria harlandii Knapp3582 Tectaria harlardii Zhang et al. 7194 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7424 Tectaria psomiocarpa Chen s.n. Tectaria kusukusensis Wang 5501 Tectaria kusukuensis Knapp 3767 Tectaria kusukusensis Zhang et al. 6466 Tectaria kusukusensis Zhang et al. 6545 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7974 Tectaria sagenioides Zhang et al. 7072 Tectaria gigantea Dong 3380 Hetero. stenosemioides Dong 3438 Heterogonium sagenoides Schuettpelz 696 Tectaria sagenioides Wang 5502 Tectaria sagenioides Dong 3603 Tectaria sagenioides Dong 1599 Heterogonium pinnatum Chen s.n. Tectaria aurita Dong 3386 Heterogonium subglabrum Dong 3450 Heterogonium pinnatum Schuettpelz 555 Heterogonium pinnatum Schuettpelz 708 Tectaria dissectra cf. Zhang et al. 7212 Tectaria stenoptera Zhang et al. 6562 Tectaria stenoptera Zhang et al. 7717 Tectaria sp. Cicuzza 989 Tectaria multicaudata Chen 1832 Tectaria malayensis FRI74817 Tectaria multicaudata Knapp 3592 Tectaria malayensis Schuettpelz 892 Tectaria subsageniacea Wang 5485 Tectaria subsageniacea Dong 3602 Tectaria subsageniacea Dong 3617 Ctenitopsis hainanensis cf. Dong 112 Ctenitopsis hainanensis cf. Wang 5496 Ctenitopsis hainanensis cf. Dong 3834 Tectaria ingens YLZB 1960 Tectaria setulosa Zhang et al. 7124 Tectaria setulosa Zhang et al. 7140 Tectaria setulosa Zhang et al. 7120 Tectaria setulosa Dong 3049 Tectaria setulosa Jin et al. 282 Tectaria setulosa Zhang et al. 6520 Tectaria subfuscipes Knapp 3200 Tectaria fuscipes Knapp 3198 Tectaria subfuscipes Knapp 3199 Tectaria fuscipes Lu LJM074 Tectaria fuscipes Zhang et al. 6590 Tectaria fuscipes Zhang et al. 6639 Tectaria fuscipes Dong 1059 Tectaria fuscipes Wang 5492 Tectaria fuscipes Dong 3557 Tectaria fuscipes Chao 1553 Tectaria macleanii Chao s.n. Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7827 Tectaria barberi Dong 3471 Tectaria ebenina Zhang et al. 6854 Tectaria devexa cf. Zhang et al. 6564 Tectaria devexa Dong 3606 Tectaria devexa Dong 3570 Tectaria linloensis Dong 3641 Tectaria devexa Zhang Liang 1561 Tectaria devexa Zhang et al. 6526 Tectaria devexa Zhang et al. 6591 Tectaria devexa Dong 180 Tectaria devexa Wang 5504 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 6671 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 6349 Tectaria devexa Zhang et al. 6331 Tectaria grossedentata Zhang et al. 6293 Tectaria grossedentata Dong 3591 Tectaria subtriphylla Zhang et al. 6915 Tectaria subtriphylla Zhang et al. 6585 Tectaria subtriphylla Zhang et al. 6619 Tectaria subtriphylla Dong 3841 Tectaria subtriphylla TNS:759338 Tectaria subtriphylla Ding 001 Tectaria subtriphylla Wang 5486 Tectaria sp. Wu WP-1011 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3570 Tectaria subtriphylla Knapp 3574 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3572 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7480 Tectaria subvariolosa Zhang et al. 7134 Tectaria subvariolosa Dong 3688 Tectaria subvariolosa Chao 1979 Tectaria simonsii Dong 3639 Tectaria simonsii TNS:743680 Tectaria simonsii Dong 3645 Tectaria simonsii Zhang et al. 7001 Tectaria subtriphylla aff. Knapp 3583 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3586 Tectaria simonsii Wang 5495 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3590 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3629 Tectaria luchunensis Dong 3579 Tectaria luchunensis Dong 3582 Tectaria simonsii Wu WS-2711 Tectaria simonsii Zhang Liang 1613 Tectaria prolifera Alanko 78-893 Tectaria prolifera Christenhusz 3368 Tectaria panamensis Jones 1052 Tectaria fimbriata Christenhusz 3537 Tectaria cicutaria Sundue 2095 Tectaria trifoliata Christenhusz 4013 Tectaria trifoliata Sorsa 123/1965 Tectaria trifoliata Sundue 2062 Tectaria sp. Schuettpelz 983 Tectaria martinicensis Sorsa 97/1964 Tectaria incisa Christenhusz 3209 Tectaria incisa Rothfels 08-189 Tectaria vivipara Rothfels 08-121 Tectaria incisa Cayola 2415 Tectaria incisa RBG Kew, living coll 1984-521 Tectaria vivipara Rothfels 08-169 Tectaria incisa Possley 94 Tectaria incisa Howell 1088 Tectaria acerifolia Jones 990 Tectaria vivipara Tuomisto 15677 Tectaria incisa Christenhusz 4828 Tectaria incisa Labiak 4914 Tectaria darienensis Croat 16955 Tectaria pubens Tuomisto 11766 Tectaria antioquoiana Schuettpelz 200 Tectaria heracleifolia Matos 08-125 Tectaria heracleifolia Ackerman 4707 Tectaria heracleifolia Sundue 2094 Tectaria apiifolia Christenhusz 3201 Tectaria mexicana Rothfels 08-175 Tectaria mexicana Grusz 08-011 Tectaria dilacerata Alanko 78-1506 Hypoderris brauniana Tuomisto11912 Hypoderris brauniana Jones 1228 Hypoderris brauniana Werff 22263 Hypoderris brauniana Rojas 4134 Tectaria nicotianifolia Sundue 1455 Tectaria nicotianifolia Moran 6922 Hypoderris brownii Recart 95 Hypoderris brownii Axelrod 8239 Hypoderris brownii Sanchez 19 Triplophyllum heudelotii Fraser-Jenkins 11416 Triplophyllum vogelii Fay 1158 Triplophyllum pentagonum Daly 13102 Triplophyllum securidiforme Jongkind 10773 Triplophyllum jenseniae Fay 1165 Triplophyllum pilosissimum Jongkind 9612 Triplophyllum vogelii Fraser-Jenkins 11424 Triplophyllum fraternum Carvalho 5899 Triplophyllum hirsutum Tuomisto 15744 Triplophyllum hirsutum Tuomisto 15438 Triplophyllum funestum Christenhusz 4107 Triplophyllum dicksonioides Tuomisto 152 Triplophyllum crassifolium Tuomisto1569 Triplophyllum glabrum Tuomisto 15444 Triplophyllum funestum Tuomisto 15611 Triplophyllum funestum Hormia 2092 Triplophyllum funestum Moran 6263 Triplophyllum hirsutum Pereira-Silva 5029 Triplophyllum dicksonioides Moran 6291 Arthropteris articulata Leon Perrie FJ11-50 Arthropteris monocarpa Kukkonen 12551 Arthropteris parallela Schuettpelz 524 Arthropteris submarginalis Acock PA1031 Arthropteris repens FJ11-191 Arthropteris altescandens Sckottsberg 75 Arthropteris guinanensis Jiang JRH1506 Psammiosorus paucivenius Rakotondrainibe 6585 Malaifilix grandidentata Schuettpelz 679 Malaifilix Draconopteris draconoptera Jones 809 Draconopteris Draconopteris draconoptera Rothfels 08-173 Pteridrys sp. Dong 3465 Pteridrys sp. Cicuzza 947 Pteridrys sp. Schuettpelz 872 Pteridrys australis Dong 3560 Pteridrys sp. Zhang et al. 6517 Pteridrys sp. Zhang et al. 6554 Pteridrys syrmatica Cicuzza 677 Pteridrys syrmatica Dong 3439 Pteridrys cnemidaria Dong 3429 Pteridrys cnemidaria Dong 2760 Pteridrys cnemidaria Wang 5483 Pteridrys cnemidaria Shui 80205 Pteridrys cnemidaria Liu BJ01 Araiostegia Araiostegia pulchra Wu 2458 Davallia Davallia griffithiana Schuettpelz 506 Arthromeris Arthromeris wallichiana Schneider s.n. Polypodium Polypodium virginianum Henry OAC 96886 Phlebodium Phlebodium decumanum Schuettpelz 216 Oleandra pilosa Palacios 2697 Oleandra articulata Labiak 3652 Oleandra articulata Christenhusz 3980 Oleandra cumingii Chao 1990 Oleandra wallichii Tsutsumi TH10 Oleandra neriiformis Chao 1976 Oleandra pistillaris Tsutsumi et al., IN28 Cyclopeltis semicordata Barrington 2129 Cyclopeltis crenata Jin JXH5130 Cyclopeltis crenata Liu 5524 Cyclopeltis crenata Zhang 2312 Cyclopeltis crenata Lu s.n. Dracoglossum sinuatum Werff 23482 Dracoglossum plantagineum Werff 22222 Dracoglossum plantagineum Jones 1018 Lomariopsis sorbifolia Christenhusz 4070 Lomariopsis spectabilis TNS:763923 Lomariopsis pollicina Hennequinet et al. 2009-R154 Lomariopsis pollicina Liu 5496 Lomariopsis spectabilis Dong 3597 Lomariopsis sp. Zhang et al. 7185 Nephrolepis biserrata Christenhusz 4865 Nephrolepis hirsutula Christenhusz 3580 Nephrolepis davallioides Schuettpelz 716

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Oleandra

Davalliaceae Polypodiaceae Oleandraceae

Cyclopeltis

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Dracoglossum Lomariopsis

Nephrolepis

Lomariopsidaceae Nephrolepidaceae

Highlights 1. It deals with one of the 10 largest fern genera; 2. A large sampling (362 accessions) across the world has been achieved; 3. It is one of the largest fern phylogenies based on both plastid and nuclear data; 4. It is one of the largest morphological analyses of any fern genera so far in a phylogenetic context; 5. The finding of free venation evolved from anastomosing venation, an evolutionary reversal never documented previously in ferns based on both plastid and nuclear data

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Coadunatae clade

Venation pattern fully free partly free partly anastomosing fully anastomosing

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Phlebiogonium clade

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Phlebiogonium superclade

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Tectaria

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Ctenitopsis superclade

Tectariaceae

Tectaria superclade

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Sagenia clade

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Arthropteris

Pteridrys

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Hypoderris

Triplophyllum

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Tectaria

Tectaridium superclade

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Tectariaceae

Tectaria coadunata Dong 3583 Tectaria coadunata Zhang et al. 7555 Tectaria fernandensis Fraser-Jenkins 11304 Tectaria gemmifera PichiSermolli 7074 Tectaria gemmifera Kayombo s.n. Tectaria paradoxa RBG Kew 1964-33125 Tectaria gemmifera Kamau 601 Tectaria gemmifera Moses s.n. Tectaria coadunata cf. Dong 1836 Tectaria gaudichaudii Selling 3605 Aspidium kwanonense Tsutsumi CT1066 Aspidium kwanonense TNS: 743677 Aspidium kwanonense Knapp 3635 Tectaria sp. YLZB2094 Aspidium pinfaense Zhang et al. 6144 Tectaria sp. YLZB2013 Tectaria sp. YLZB2067 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 8250 Tectaria wightii Fraser-Jenkins s.n. Tectaria herpetocaulos Dong 3555 Tectaria barteri Carvalho 3449 Tectaria heterocarpa Fraser-Jenkins 1727 Tectaria polymorpha Dong 3554 Tectaria polymorpha Zhang et al. 7542 Tectaria polymorpha Dong 3590 Tectaria polymorpha Wu WS-2445 Tectaria polymorpha YLZB 2003 Tectaria polymorpha YLZB 2039 Tectaria polymorpha YLZB 1971 Tectaria zeylanica Dong 3642 Tectaria zeilanica Schuettpelz 514 Tectaria zeylanica Dong 3634 Tectaria zeilanica Tsutsumi CT1065 Tectaria zeilanica Zhang et al. 6387 Tectaria zeilanica Knapp 3568 Tectaria zeilanica Liu LHM886 Tectaria zeilanica Dong 182 Tectaria zeilanica Wang 5451 Tectaria brachiata cf. Zhang et al. 7870 Tectaria brachiata cf. Wu WS-2510 Tectaria brachiata cf. Zhang et al. 8246 Tectaria brachiata cf. Zhang et al. 8822 Tectaria sp. Dong 3431 Tectaria impressa Dong 1024 Tectaria impressa Wu WS-2328 Tectaria impressa Zhang et al. 6612 Tectaria impressa Fraser-Jenkins 3910 Tectaria sp. Dong 3644 Tectaria impressa Dong 3615 Tectaria impressa Dong 3564 Tectaria laotica Wu WS-2172 Tectaria griffithii Wu WS-2492 Tectaria griffithii Dong 3632 Tectaria griffithii Dong 3846 Tectaria griffithii cf. Zhang et al. 6765 Tectaria griffithii Zhang et al. 8413 Tectaria griffithii Zhang et al. 8364 Tectaria griffithii Knapp 3072 Tectaria griffithii Zhang et al. 8645 Tectaria phaeocaulis Zhang et al. 6626 Tectaria phaeocaulis Zhang et al. 6636 Tectaria phaeocaulis Wu WS-200 Tectaria phaeocaulis Zhang et al. 7053 Tectaria phaeocaulis Knapp1358 Tectaria phaeocaulis Dong 3656 Tectaria phaeocaulis Zhang et al. 6492 Tectaria phaeocaulis Dong 1579 Tectaria phaeocaulis Wang 5481 Tectaria labrusca Chao 1981 Tectaria angulata Dong 3451 Tectaria angulata Zhang et al. 8192 Tectaria angulata Schuettpelz 703 Tectaria melanocaula Chen 1865 Tectaria ferruginea Chen 0806 Tectaria pica RBG Kew, 2010-1946 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 6681 Tectaria morsei Dong 2298 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 6584 Tectaria morsei Dong GZE219 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 6596 Tectaria morsei Wu WP-884 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 7312 Tectaria morsei Zhang et al. 6598 Tectaria fauriei cf. Dong 3553 Tectaria fauriei TNS:764229 Tectaria fauriei cf. Dong 3572 Tectaria fauriei Zhang et al. 7297 Tectaria fauriei Knapp 1590 Tectaria vasta Dong 3567 Tectaria hekouensis Zhang et al. 6502 Tectaria quinquefida Chao 1980 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6917 Tectaria quinquefida Dong 1981bis Tectaria hekouensis Dong 3608 Tectaria hekouensis Dong 3596 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6343 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6572 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6317 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6315 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6527 Tectaria quinquefida Zhang et al. 6351 Tectaria pleiosora Chao 1983 Tectaria sp. Cicuzza 683 Tectaria crenata Kessler 13678 Tectaria repanda Chen 0576 Tectaria crenata cf. Wade 1837 Tectaria crenata Schuettpelz 841 Tectaria crenata Wade 0085 Tectaria cf repanda Dong 2565 Tectaris crenata cf. Zhang et al. 7993 Tectaria crenata cf. Zhang et al. 8000 Tectaria harlandii Wang 5503a Tectaria harlandii Wang 5503 Tectaria decurrens Dong 3594 Tectaria decurrens Dong 3559 Tectaria decurrens Dong 1026 Tectaria decurrens Zhang et al. 6497 Tectaria decurrens TNS:759312 Tectaria semipinnata Chao 1977 Tectaria semipinnata Schuettpelz 888 Tectaria vasta Wu WP-1653 Tectaria vasta Zhang et al. 8254 Tectaria vasta Schuettpelz 663 Tectaria vasta FRI74822 Tectaria singaporiana Christenhusz 6595 Tectaria singaporiana Zhang et al. 8198 Tectaria singaporiana Schuettpelz 652 Tectaria fissa Zhang et al. 8193 Tectaria fissa Schuettpelz 885 Tectaria fissa Schuettpelz 681 Tectaria tricuspis FRI74825 Tectaria fissa FRI74824 Tectaria fissa FRI74826 Tectaria tricuspis Chao 1978 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 8817 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 8801 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7224 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7477 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7214 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7679 Tectaria harlandii Zhang et al. 7191 Tectaria harlandii Chen 4846 Tectaria harlandii Ding 002 Tectaria sp. Dong 3631 Tectaria harlandii Knapp 3557 Tectaria harlandii Knapp 3580 Tectaria harlandii Knapp 3579 Tectaria harlandii cf. Knapp 3593 Tectaria harlandii cf. Knapp 3712 Tectaria harlandii Knapp3582 Tectaria harlardii Zhang et al. 7194 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7424 Tectaria psomiocarpa Chen s.n. Tectaria kusukusensis Wang 5501 Tectaria kusukuensis Knapp 3767 Tectaria kusukusensis Zhang et al. 6466 Tectaria kusukusensis Zhang et al. 6545 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7974 Tectaria sagenioides Zhang et al. 7072 Tectaria gigantea Dong 3380 Hetero. stenosemioides Dong 3438 Heterogonium sagenoides Schuettpelz 696 Tectaria sagenioides Wang 5502 Tectaria sagenioides Dong 3603 Tectaria sagenioides Dong 1599 Heterogonium pinnatum Chen s.n. Tectaria aurita Dong 3386 Heterogonium subglabrum Dong 3450 Heterogonium pinnatum Schuettpelz 555 Heterogonium pinnatum Schuettpelz 708 Tectaria dissectra cf. Zhang et al. 7212 Tectaria stenoptera Zhang et al. 6562 Tectaria stenoptera Zhang et al. 7717 Tectaria sp. Cicuzza 989 Tectaria multicaudata Chen 1832 Tectaria malayensis FRI74817 Tectaria multicaudata Knapp 3592 Tectaria malayensis Schuettpelz 892 Tectaria subsageniacea Wang 5485 Tectaria subsageniacea Dong 3602 Tectaria subsageniacea Dong 3617 Ctenitopsis hainanensis cf. Dong 112 Ctenitopsis hainanensis cf. Wang 5496 Ctenitopsis hainanensis cf. Dong 3834 Tectaria ingens YLZB 1960 Tectaria setulosa Zhang et al. 7124 Tectaria setulosa Zhang et al. 7140 Tectaria setulosa Zhang et al. 7120 Tectaria setulosa Dong 3049 Tectaria setulosa Jin et al. 282 Tectaria setulosa Zhang et al. 6520 Tectaria subfuscipes Knapp 3200 Tectaria fuscipes Knapp 3198 Tectaria subfuscipes Knapp 3199 Tectaria fuscipes Lu LJM074 Tectaria fuscipes Zhang et al. 6590 Tectaria fuscipes Zhang et al. 6639 Tectaria fuscipes Dong 1059 Tectaria fuscipes Wang 5492 Tectaria fuscipes Dong 3557 Tectaria fuscipes Chao 1553 Tectaria macleanii Chao s.n. Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7827 Tectaria barberi Dong 3471 Tectaria ebenina Zhang et al. 6854 Tectaria devexa cf. Zhang et al. 6564 Tectaria devexa Dong 3606 Tectaria devexa Dong 3570 Tectaria linloensis Dong 3641 Tectaria devexa Zhang Liang 1561 Tectaria devexa Zhang et al. 6526 Tectaria devexa Zhang et al. 6591 Tectaria devexa Dong 180 Tectaria devexa Wang 5504 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 6671 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 6349 Tectaria devexa Zhang et al. 6331 Tectaria grossedentata Zhang et al. 6293 Tectaria grossedentata Dong 3591 Tectaria subtriphylla Zhang et al. 6915 Tectaria subtriphylla Zhang et al. 6585 Tectaria subtriphylla Zhang et al. 6619 Tectaria subtriphylla Dong 3841 Tectaria subtriphylla TNS:759338 Tectaria subtriphylla Ding 001 Tectaria subtriphylla Wang 5486 Tectaria sp. Wu WP-1011 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3570 Tectaria subtriphylla Knapp 3574 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3572 Tectaria sp. Zhang et al. 7480 Tectaria subvariolosa Zhang et al. 7134 Tectaria subvariolosa Dong 3688 Tectaria subvariolosa Chao 1979 Tectaria simonsii Dong 3639 Tectaria simonsii TNS:743680 Tectaria simonsii Dong 3645 Tectaria simonsii Zhang et al. 7001 Tectaria subtriphylla aff. Knapp 3583 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3586 Tectaria simonsii Wang 5495 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3590 Tectaria simonsii Knapp 3629 Tectaria luchunensis Dong 3579 Tectaria luchunensis Dong 3582 Tectaria simonsii Wu WS-2711 Tectaria simonsii Zhang Liang 1613 Tectaria prolifera Alanko 78-893 Tectaria prolifera Christenhusz 3368 Tectaria panamensis Jones 1052 Tectaria fimbriata Christenhusz 3537 Tectaria cicutaria Sundue 2095 Tectaria trifoliata Christenhusz 4013 Tectaria trifoliata Sorsa 123/1965 Tectaria trifoliata Sundue 2062 Tectaria sp. Schuettpelz 983 Tectaria martinicensis Sorsa 97/1964 Tectaria incisa Christenhusz 3209 Tectaria incisa Rothfels 08-189 Tectaria vivipara Rothfels 08-121 Tectaria incisa Cayola 2415 Tectaria incisa RBG Kew, living coll 1984-521 Tectaria vivipara Rothfels 08-169 Tectaria incisa Possley 94 Tectaria incisa Howell 1088 Tectaria acerifolia Jones 990 Tectaria vivipara Tuomisto 15677 Tectaria incisa Christenhusz 4828 Tectaria incisa Labiak 4914 Tectaria darienensis Croat 16955 Tectaria pubens Tuomisto 11766 Tectaria antioquoiana Schuettpelz 200 Tectaria heracleifolia Matos 08-125 Tectaria heracleifolia Ackerman 4707 Tectaria heracleifolia Sundue 2094 Tectaria apiifolia Christenhusz 3201 Tectaria mexicana Rothfels 08-175 Tectaria mexicana Grusz 08-011 Tectaria dilacerata Alanko 78-1506 Hypoderris brauniana Tuomisto11912 Hypoderris brauniana Jones 1228 Hypoderris brauniana Werff 22263 Hypoderris brauniana Rojas 4134 Hypoderris nicotianifolia Sundue 1455 Hypoderris nicotianifolia Moran 6922 Hypoderris brownii Recart 95 Hypoderris brownii Axelrod 8239 Hypoderris brownii Sanchez 19 Triplophyllum heudelotii Fraser-Jenkins 11416 Triplophyllum vogelii Fay 1158 Triplophyllum pentagonum Daly 13102 Triplophyllum securidiforme Jongkind 10773 Triplophyllum jenseniae Fay 1165 Triplophyllum pilosissimum Jongkind 9612 Triplophyllum vogelii Fraser-Jenkins 11424 Triplophyllum fraternum Carvalho 5899 Triplophyllum hirsutum Tuomisto 15744 Triplophyllum hirsutum Tuomisto 15438 Triplophyllum funestum Christenhusz 4107 Triplophyllum dicksonioides Tuomisto 152 Triplophyllum crassifolium Tuomisto1569 Triplophyllum glabrum Tuomisto 15444 Triplophyllum funestum Tuomisto 15611 Triplophyllum funestum Hormia 2092 Triplophyllum funestum Moran 6263 Triplophyllum hirsutum Pereira-Silva 5029 Triplophyllum dicksonioides Moran 6291 Arthropteris articulata Leon Perrie FJ11-50 Arthropteris monocarpa Kukkonen 12551 Arthropteris parallela Schuettpelz 524 Arthropteris submarginalis Acock PA1031 Arthropteris repens FJ11-191 Arthropteris altescandens Sckottsberg 75 Arthropteris guinanensis Jiang JRH1506 Psammiosorus paucivenius Rakotondrainibe 6585 Malaifilix grandidentata Schuettpelz 679 Malaifilix Draconopteris draconoptera Jones 809 Draconopteris Draconopteris draconoptera Rothfels 08-173 Pteridrys sp. Dong 3465 Pteridrys sp. Cicuzza 947 Pteridrys sp. Schuettpelz 872 Pteridrys australis Dong 3560 Pteridrys sp. Zhang et al. 6517 Pteridrys sp. Zhang et al. 6554 Pteridrys syrmatica Cicuzza 677 Pteridrys syrmatica Dong 3439 Pteridrys cnemidaria Dong 3429 Pteridrys cnemidaria Dong 2760 Pteridrys cnemidaria Wang 5483 Pteridrys cnemidaria Shui 80205 Pteridrys cnemidaria Liu BJ01 Araiostegia Araiostegia pulchra Wu 2458 Davallia Davallia griffithiana Schuettpelz 506 Arthromeris Arthromeris wallichiana Schneider s.n. Polypodium Polypodium virginianum Henry OAC 96886 Phlebodium Phlebodium decumanum Schuettpelz 216 Oleandra pilosa Palacios 2697 Oleandra articulata Labiak 3652 Oleandra articulata Christenhusz 3980 Oleandra cumingii Chao 1990 Oleandra wallichii Tsutsumi TH10 Oleandra neriiformis Chao 1976 Oleandra pistillaris Tsutsumi et al., IN28 Cyclopeltis semicordata Barrington 2129 Cyclopeltis crenata Jin JXH5130 Cyclopeltis crenata Liu 5524 Cyclopeltis crenata Zhang 2312 Cyclopeltis crenata Lu s.n. Dracoglossum sinuatum Werff 23482 Dracoglossum plantagineum Werff 22222 Dracoglossum plantagineum Jones 1018 Lomariopsis sorbifolia Christenhusz 4070 Lomariopsis spectabilis TNS:763923 Lomariopsis pollicina Hennequinet et al. 2009-R154 Lomariopsis pollicina Liu 5496 Lomariopsis spectabilis Dong 3597 Lomariopsis sp. Zhang et al. 7185 Nephrolepis biserrata Christenhusz 4865 Nephrolepis hirsutula Christenhusz 3580 Nephrolepis davallioides Schuettpelz 716

Oleandra

Davalliaceae Polypodiaceae Oleandraceae

Cyclopeltis

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Dracoglossum Lomariopsis

Nephrolepis

Lomariopsidaceae Nephrolepidaceae