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A hybrid model of LCA and emergy for co-benefits assessment associated with waste and by-product reutilization
Journal of Cleaner Production 236 (2019) 117670
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Journal of Cleaner Production journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jclepro
A hybrid model of LCA and emergy for co-benefits assessment associated with waste and by-product reutilization Zhe Liu a, b, c, *, Weili Liu c, Michelle Adams d, Raymond P. Cote d, Yong Geng e, Shuilong Chen f a
Institute for Population and Development Studies, School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shanxi Province 710049, PR China Key Lab of Eco-restoration of Regional Contaminated Environment (Shenyang University) Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province, 110044, PR China Key Laboratory of Coastal Basin Environment, Fuqing Branch of Fujian Normal University, Fuqing, Fujian province, 350300, PR China d School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada e School of Environmental Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China f Ningbo CNECO Environmental Technology, Co.,Ltd., Ningbo, 315000, PR China b c
a r t i c l e i n f o
a b s t r a c t
Article history: Received 3 January 2019 Received in revised form 4 May 2019 Accepted 15 July 2019 Available online 17 July 2019
Life cycle analysis (LCA) and emergy analysis are both considered important methodologies in environmental management. Both methodologies have been applied separately in a variety of situations. Various authors have noted that each method has its limitation but the integration of the two methodologies could have a promising future. In this study, the authors will illustrate a hybrid model by integrating LCA into emergy analysis framework to assess the co-benefits achieved through the application of an eco-industrial strategy in an industrial park. A case study namely Shenyang economic technological development area (SETDA) is undertaken to validate the model. The results show that boiler steam achieves the most co-benefits among the re-utilised resources brought about by the application of the eco-industrial strategy. GHG emissions reduction is only one of the environmental benefits found. From the perspective of unit mass of materials, steel and iron scrap generated the largest co-benefits. Management of the industrial park should investigate initiatives to transfer excess waste heat to potential users through piping systems as well as reutilising steel and iron scrap for productive purposes. The study shows that while each methodology has its own advantages, their weaknesses can be mitigated through a hybrid model. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Handling Editor: Yutao Wang Keywords: Hybrid model LCA Emergy analysis Co-benefits Industrial park
1. Introduction Life cycle analysis (LCA) refers to that all product life cycle stages that generate environmental impacts which need to be evaluated. The stages include extracting and processing of raw materials, manufacturing, transportation and distribution, use/reuse, recycling, and/or waste management. Currently, LCA has been one of the most accepted and widely used tools for the environmental assessment of products and services in terms of being a key element in environmental policy or voluntary actions (Curran, 2006; European Commission, 2010; The Life Cycle Initiative UNEP-SETAT, 2011). Therefore, LCA has applied in the developed
* Corresponding author. Institute for Population and Development Studies, School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shanxi Province 710049, PR China. E-mail address: [email protected] (Z. Liu). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.117670 0959-6526/© 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
countries like European Union, United States, Japan, Korea, Canada, and Australia in the past few years, and is increasingly used in booming economies such as India and China (Rugani and Benetto, 2012). While emergy analysis was firstly proposed in the late 1980s, which provides a life cycle approach that synthesizes information and uses a smaller amount of data. In addition, emergy analysis has the ability to assess all resources, goods and services under a single unit of measurement. Both of these two methodologies have their corresponding advantages and disadvantages. Earlier studies focused on contrasting the two approaches (Pizzigallo et al., 2008) or extending emergy to include disposal and recycling processes (Brown and Buranakarn, 2003; Ingwersen, 2011). It is studied that although both of these methodologies are useful at the local scale of specific processes or products, either single method application is unlikely to provide a complete picture for proposing the relevant policy implication. Therefore, in order to overcome some of drawbacks and limitations, attempts have been
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made by developing new methodologies merging emergy analysis with LCA. In this regard, Bakshi and Hau, (2004) firstly proposed the integration between LCA and emergy analysis. In general, LCA is mainly used to account for total emissions for producing processes, while emergy accounting can be used to expand LCA's focus in order to properly account for contribution of flows that are not only associated to significant matter but also for energy carriers responsible for system sustainable dynamics (Amaral et al., 2016). In the past few years, the researches regarding integration of the both methodologies have been made a tremendous progress that can be concluded as the following two aspects: firstly. The two methodologies can be applied together to conduct a case study to supplement each other. For instance, Buonocore et al. (2015) applied LCA and emergy analysis to understand to what extent the geothermal power plant is environmentally sound. In this study, emergy analysis provides a complementary perspective to LCA, by highlighting the direct and indirect contribution in terms of natural capital and ecosystem services to the power plant construction and operation. In addition, this sort of hybrid application has been applied in the waste management (Duan et al., 2011; Gala et al., 2015; Liu et al., 2017a); the environmental impacts assessment in industrial areas (Buonocore et al., 2015; Kursun et al., 2015; Navarrete-Gutíerrez et al., 2015) as well as in agricultural area (Fahd et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2015). Secondly, integrating emergy as an indicator into the LCA framework system. For instance, Ingwersen (2011) demonstrated how emergy can be incorporated as an impact indicator into a process-based LCA model from an analysis on gold mine in Peru. Raugei et al. (2014) conducted the research on how to integrate emergy into the existing LCA tools to find out the added value that emergy may provide to LCA, in terms of a donorside perspective, as a unified measure of the provision of environmental support, and as a measure of the work of the environment that would be needed to replace what is consumed. The most comprehensive approaches associated with the integration of LCA and emergy analysis include the Eco-LCA and SUMMA models. Although referred to as ecological cumulative exergy consumption rather than emergy due to some slight modifications to emergy algebra, the Eco-LCA model is an enhanced input-output LCA model that uses emergy as an impact indicator (Urban and Bakshi, 2009; Zhang et al., 2010). In the field of eco-industrial development, LCA and emergy methodologies have been applied for the accounting of the efficiency achieved by eco-industrial strategies' implementation. However, it is argued that single methodology can not see the whole picture, but the integration of two methodologies can supplement each other's weakness. For instance, an emergy approach does not exclude use of other indicators for their specific purposes, boundaries, and scales but, instead, provides a framework for integration of approaches while LCA can effectively measure downstream environmental burden, e.g., the impact of emissions in the production chain (Geng et al., 2013). For instance, it is suggested to integrate emergy analysis with LCA to be a tool for qualitative and quantitative evaluation of progress toward eco-industrial strategy implementation to supplement each other for emergy analysis can show how to maximize resource use while LCA allows identifying where to reduce pollutant emissions and improve wastes reuse and quantifying the related benefits. In recent years, co-benefits researches have gained the attention globally, which attribute to that a single policy or strategy is able to generate multiple benefits simultaneously. The research progresses with regards to co-benefits in various fields like renewable energy, transportation (Dhar and Shukla, 2015), also in specific industries like power, steel and cement industries have been made. Cobenefits researches associated with scale range from the specific region like urban size, to provincial, national scale (Jiang et al.,
2016) and even globally (West et al., 2013) also have been made a significant progress. However, in the field of eco-industrial development field, the co-benefits research is still at the early stage. We were able to find out two references in this field. For instance, one is from Kim et al. (2017), which conducted the study on co-benefit potential of industrial and urban symbiosis using waste heat from industrial park in Ulsan, Korea. However, this research did not demonstrate a whole picture of co-benefits’ impact. In this regard, the results of co-benefits from sub-systems are independent and can not present the connection with each other. The other one is from Liu et at. (2018a), which aims to investigate on how to conduct the co-benefits accounting achieved by eco-industrial strategies. This study made a significant progress to address the issues mentioned in the last reference. However, the scientific question on how to precisely conduct co-benefits accounting research achieved by eco-industrial strategies’ implementation and how this cobenefits relate with our human being health remained unsolved. Except the above two references, we were unable to find other references in this field. Industrial park is an important carrier in terms of economic development around the globe. In China, during the past over 30 years' development, industrial parks have been an important engine for national economic development. It is shown that the productivity of industrial parks is much higher than other industrial organization and most importantly, industrial parks are the pillar for China's gross domestic production (GDP), amounting for around 60% of the total GDP. However, without the effective environmental management, the issues in terms of resource depletion in some areas and environmental pollution as well as recently increasing pressure on responding greenhouse gas emissions were generated in industrial parks. (Liu et al., 2016). In order to deal with extensive resource consumption and serious environmental pollution, so far, eco-industrial strategy has been implemented in many industrial parks across the globe (Liu et al., 2017b, 2018b). Especially, China as the only country around the world released the national EIPs standard for trial in 2006 (HJ/T273-2006). The most recent released standard for national demonstration EIPs (HJ 274e2015) happened in 2015, in which industrial symbiosis indicator as the important indicator of eco-industrial strategies' implementation in the standard system has been included. This indicates that by-product and waste reutilization have been important indicators for EIPs development. So far, there have been 108 EIP projects approved for construction by Chinese government, including which there are 31 EIP projects that have passed the criteria to be EIPs in China (Liu et al., 2017c). In this regard, Chinese government initiated EIPs pilot project from 2001. More than 15 years past, how much benefits in terms of environmental benefits and others can be achieved by this eco-industrial strategy should be investigated. Therefore, this study will investigate a hybrid model to demonstrate how to integrate LCA into emergy framework to assess the co-benefits achieved by eco-industrial strategies’ implementation. A case study based on an industrial park namely SETDA is conducted for the validation of this methodology. 2. Methodology According to Jiang et al. (2016), the term “co-benefits” can be defined in different ways by different institutions. In our study, cobenefits is defined as the combination of GHG emissions reduction and local air environmental improvement benefits achieved by the implementation of eco-industrial development strategies. In this regard, LCA is applied to analyze the environmental harmful gas emissions mitigation benefits achieved by ecoindustrial strategies’ implement for LCA is considered as an
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effective methodology in this field, which records environmental impact from cradle to grave associated with a product. Afterward, this environmental emissions mitigation benefits are integrated into emergy analysis framework. The considerable advantages of this integration can be concluded as the following two aspects: firstly, emergy analysis records the ecological and natural contribution for a product, which means that it supplements the weakness of LCA boundary limitation in this regard. Secondly, emergy analysis has the universal unit that can be comparative for the accounting. Therefore, this study attempts to integrate LCA into emergy analysis framework (see Fig. 1). 2.1. LCA analysis In order to demonstrate LCA's strength in the field of evaluating environmental impacts of product, in this study, LCA is applied to evaluate environmental harmful gas emissions mitigation benefits brought by eco-industrial strategies implementation. Software of Gabi 7 was applied for this instance. GaBi is a modeling, reporting & diagnostic software tool for LCA practitioners that drive product sustainability performance during design and planning, whose envision is an intuitive LCA tool for non-LCA experts allowing design teams to quickly evaluate the scenarios in product and process design optimization. In addition, GaBi Content & Databases are the largest internally consistent collection of life cycle inventory data with over 4,500 ready-to-use profiles representing most industries, which was used to evaluate sea cucumber production (Hou et al., 2019) A GaBi 7 as the most recent LCA software together with GaBi databases underlie the GaBi Envision tool, ensuring the most robust modeling and content are working behind the scenes to provide reliable results. 2.2. Integration LCA into emergy framework Emergy theory was proposed by H.T Odum in the late 1980s. Through over 30 years’ development, emergy analysis has been applied in various fields as an effective environmental assessment tool. Especially, in the fields of industrial areas and agricultural areas, emergy analysis has been widely used to provide the scientific references for the governments and enterprises. In addition, emergy analysis has been evolved from assessing the large scale like the national scale to the regional scale or an enterprise level attribute to the optimization of the methodology in the past few years. The most significant advantage of emergy analysis is that the methodology has filled the gap between the ecological system and other systems like economic system based on the universal unit (solar emergy), which makes the results comparable. In addition, emergy analysis records the ecological contribution to the original materials.
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2.2.1. GHG emissions mitigation In the latest recent research, emergy analysis was applied to assess GHG emissions based on an established embodied carbon accounting framework. In this research, the carbon emissions intensity factors associated with solar emergy per embodied carbon emissions, describing the embodied carbon emission intensity, was assessed. Therefore, in this study, GHG emission reduction in terms of the solar emergy value accounting for the carbon emissions mitigation value embodied in the materials or energy involved into the implementation of eco-industrial development strategies was calculated. In this regard, this study directly applied the reference Fang et al. (2015) that the average emergy value of waste reuse and recycling is 3.31Eþ15 sej and this causes 8.32E þ01 t CO2-eq embodied carbon emissions. The equation is as follows:
P¼
3:31E þ 15 sej ¼ 39:78E þ 13seJ=tCO2eq 8:32E þ 01 t CO2eq
GHG ¼ P*MCO2eq
(1)
(2)
where GHG is the GHG emissions reduction in terms of solar emergy value within the scope of an industrial park and MCO2-eq is the mass of GHG emissions reduction achieved by implementation of eco-industrial development strategies; While P is the parameter of the emergy value of waste reuse and recycling per CO2-eq embodied carbon emissions.
2.2.2. Environmental harmful gas emissions mitigation benefits accounting In this study, we focused on air environmental harmful gas emissions mitigation benefits, which refers to how much fresh air can be saved to dilute the air pollutant emissions to an acceptable level. Under such circumstance, the equation of the dilution air developed by Zhang et al. (2011) was applied as follows:
Mair ¼ dair
wair cair
(3)
where Mair is the mass of dilution air in kg; dair is air density (1.29 Eþ03 g/m3); Wair is the annual amount of air pollutant emissions generated during industrial activity processes in kg; Cair is the acceptable concentration from the official standard released by the Ministry of Environmental Protection of China (MEP) (MEP, 2012). For instance, the acceptable concentration of SO2 is 60 mg/ m3. The annual average wind speed in Shenyang area is 3.1 m/s according to the statistical materials. Since the wind transformity is 2.45Eþ03 seJ/J (Odum, 2000; Odum et al., 2000), the emergy value of the environmental benefits (EB) can be demonstrated as follows:
Fig. 1. Proposed emergy-LCA boundary.
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1 EB ¼ Mair *:3:12 *2:45E þ 03 2
(4)
SETDA has been dedicated on the field of saving energy consumption and reducing emissions. In 2013, SETDA was approved as an eco-industrial pilot project by MEP of China. 3.2. Eco-industrial development strategies’ implementation in SETDA
2.3. Data collection With regards to acceptable concentration of air pollutants, the data were achieved from the official document namely “Environmental Air Quality Standard (GB3095-2012)” released by the MEP. In this document, the Environmental Air Quality Standard was classified as two categories, including which one is the first-class zones referred to special protection zones like natural reserve zones etc while the other is the second-class zones referred to common zones like residential zones, industrial zones etc. In this study, the Environmental Air Quality Standard of second-class zones is applied as our reference data and annual average acceptable concentration of air pollutants are applied as follows (see Table 1): As for the data associated with the industrial park, the administrative boundary of this industrial park is considered the investigated area. Therefore, in order to collect the data with regards to SETDA, the field survey was conducted to interview the administration officers of SETDA, where a couple of informal meetings were held with the stakeholders including local officers, investors and even local citizens to acquire the necessary information on SETDA. In addition, the main tenant companies in SETDA were investigated, where the data regarding raw material consumption, product yield, etc were collected. Also, the data from local annual statistical documents and other associated governmental materials were acquired in the local library. After compiling all the data, another workshop to further verify the accuracy of the data were held with the support of local administrative officials. 3. Case study 3.1. A brief introduction of SETDA SETDA is located in Shenyang city with an area of 448 square km, which is a central city in the northeast region in China (see Fig. 2). SETDA was founded in 1988, and it was promoted to the title of national-level industrial park in 1993. Through nearly 30 years' development, SETDA has made significant progress in its economic performance. For instance, SETDA has formed some main industrial clusters such as medical and chemical industrial clusters, metal product industrial clusters, electric equipment and electronic manufacturing industrial clusters, and modern construction industrial clusters. In 2010, the GDP of SETDA was 13.5 billion US dollars ranking 7th among the 90 national-level EDTAs that year in China (Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China's Statistics) (Liu et al., 2014, 2015). In recent years, SETDA took the path of eco-industrial development in order to promote resource utilization efficiency and reduce environmental pollution. In order to achieve this goal,
Table 1 Acceptable concentration of air pollutants. Order
Items
Acceptable concentration
1 2 3 4 5 6
SO2 NO2 CO O3 NOX Pb
60 mg/m3 40 mg/m3 4 mg/m3 160 mg/m3 50 mg/m3 0.5 mg/m3
In the past few years, eco-industrial development strategies in SETDA were identified and can be concluded in the following six aspects: firstly. embracing the concept of eco-industrial development. In order to pursue eco-industrial development, SETDA complied and edited eco-industrial park development plan. The plan embodied eco-industrial concept into the industrial development, which refers to consulting to the experts in this field and was implemented after its discussion and evaluation. In the plan, it refers to seven key aspects, which are saving energy consumption, prolonging industrial chain, establishing eco-industrial network etc. In addition, the strategies like directing local tenant enterprises to carry out clean production, advocating industrial energy saving and management of energy saving, improving water quality and encouraging cascading utilization, completing response system for urgent environmental events, promoting capability to dealing with environmental risks, advocating eco-industrial cultural education and dissemination were carried out. Through the eco-industrial strategies implementation, byproduct exchange network in SETDA was established based upon their five main industrial clusters including chemical cluster, equipment manufacturing cluster, construction material cluster, pharmaceutical cluster and food processing cluster. Several synergy opportunities have been identified and implemented through their eco-industrial strategy efforts (see Fig. 3). For instance, various wastes, including boiler steam, flying ash, gypsum as well as slag from desulfurization process produced by the local power plants have potential values for local construction material enterprises to produce gypsum boards and bricks. Also, by-products such as steel, iron from local equipment manufacturing enterprises can be used by local metallurgical enterprises (Geng et al., 2014), which means that raw materials saving through eco-industrial strategies’ implementation has been realized in 2010 in SETDA (see Table 2). 4. Results and discussions 4.1. Environmental emissions mitigation benefits achieved by ecoindustrial strategies’ implementation in STEDA By applying Gabi 7 software calculation, from the LCA analysis perspective, it can be seen that SO2, CO and NOX are the main environmental gases emissions mitigation (see Fig. 4) in the ecoindustrial network in SETDA in 2010. Among the reutilized materials, boiler stream contribute more than other materials in terms of environmental emissions mitigation. But for the CO emission mitigation, steel and iron scraps are the main contributors. However, compared to the GHG emissions, environmental emissions mitigation are much lower in terms of mass (see Fig. 5), in this regard, reutilization of boiler stream also contributes more GHG emission mitigation, followed by the steel and iron scraps. 4.2. Co-benefits accounting associated with eco-industrial strategy implementation in SETDA 4.2.1. GHG emissions mitigation accounting in terms of solar emergy From equations (1) and (2), the solar emergy value of CO2e can be achieved (see Fig. 6). The results show that boiler stream is the main contributor to GHG emissions mitigation, followed by steel
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Fig. 2. The geographical location of SETDA.
Fig. 3. Eco-industrial network in SETDA in 2010.
and iron scraps. Flying ash and gypsum contribute the least amounts. In this regard, GHG emissions expressed in CO2e in terms of mass have been transformed to solar emergy. Table 2 Waste and byproduct reutilization through eco-industrial network in SETDA in 2010. Items
Amount (g)
Unit
Boiler steam Flying ash Gypsum Steel and iron scraps
3.93Eþ13 1.50Eþ11 2.13Eþ10 2.53Eþ11
g/yr g/yr g/yr g/yr
4.2.2. Environmental emissions mitigation accounting in terms of solar emergy From equations (3) and (4), the emergy value of environmental emissions mitigation is shown in Fig. 7. The results show that boiler stream is also the main contributor to environmental emissions mitigation, and SO2 and NOX are the main components generated
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by the boiler. The main advantage of transforming the mass into solar emergy is that it can easily compare the importance of each gas emissions’ mitigation as it relates to human health.
Fig. 4. Environmental emissions mitigation through eco-industrial network in SETDA in 2010.
Fig. 5. Comparison between environmental emissions and GHG emissions mitigation through eco-industrial network in SETDA in 2010.
4.2.3. Co-benefits accounting From Fig. 8, it can be seen that boiler stream generates the largest co-benefits among the reutilized materials. However, unlike the much more GHG generation results than other environmental gas emissions in terms of mass generated by Gabi software 7, environmental emissions are mitigated to a greater degree than GHG emissions through eco-industrial network in SETDA in 2010 (see Fig. 9). From the materials perspective, the co-benefits achieved by steel and iron scraps are more than those from Gypsum and fly ash in SETDA in 2010. From the co-benefits perspective of eco-industrial network in SETDA in 2010, it can be seen that the co-benefits achieved by reutilized boiler stream is the largest contributor among the other materials, followed by steel and iron scraps, flying ash and gypsum. Specially, in the regard of the perspective of environmental emissions mitigation benefits achieved by the eco-industrial strategy in SETDA in 2010, boiler stream contributed the most as well among the materials and SO2, CO and NOX are the main components that are reduced. However, Steel and iron scraps contribute the most CO reduction. From the GHG emissions mitigation perspective, boiler stream is also the most contributor. However, if it is measured by unit mass of material items, steel and iron scraps can generate the most co-benefits among the material items (see Fig. 10), followed by flying ash, boiler stream and gypsum. From Fig. 5, GHG emission is much more than other gas emissions in terms of mass. However, after transforming the results generated by Gabi Software 7 into the emergy framework, the environmental harmful gas emissions mitigation benefits are much greater than the GHG emissions mitigation. The advantages of integration LCA and emergy analysis applied in this study can be concluded as follows: firstly, LCA is an effective tool to evaluate environmental emissions, which is recognized around the world. Therefore, Gabi software 7 has been applied in this study to assess environmental emissions mitigation in this regard. Secondly, the boundary of LCA doesn't include resource formation information. In order to overcome this weakness, LCA can be integrated into the emergy evaluation framework for emergy analysis records ecological contribution for resource formation. Thirdly, in this study, environmental harmful air emissions mitigation benefits of items can be compared by the same unit (Solar emergy). Most importantly, the generated results of
Fig. 6. GHG emission mitigation of materials through eco-industrial network in SETDA in 2010.
Fig. 7. Environmental emissions mitigation of materials through eco-industrial network in SETDA in 2010.
Fig. 8. Co-benefits in terms of materials items achieved through eco-industrial network in SETDA in 2010.
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park for it doesn't have to evaluate the whole area's emergy merits which usually include renewable resource, non-renewable resource, import materials etc, but directly applied the reutilized waste. Through this, it reduces the deviation brought by traditional emergy analysis at the mid-scale system like industrial park scale. 4.3. Limitation and future research
Fig. 9. Co-benefits achieved through eco-industrial network in SETDA in 2010.
Fig. 10. Co-benefits achievement per unit mass of material items through ecoindustrial network in SETDA in 2010.
environmental benefits in terms of solar emergy are associated with human health according to cited standard adopted by the MEP of China. In this study, the co-benefits of different reutilized materials brought by the eco-industrial network were compared and the results show that boiler stream has the most co-benefits brought by the eco-industrial strategy. Therefore, in the future, establishing a shared waste boiler stream might be the priority to design ecoindustrial strategy. Also, the results also indicated that the orders according to material items’ co-benefits achieved by developing eco-industrial network in the future, which will be helpful for the optimization of such an eco-industrial network. For instance, the reutilization of steel and iron scraps can achieve more co-benefits than reusing flying ash. Industrial ecology has been proposed for about thirty years around the globe. Its principle is to simulate the natural world's pattern of material circulation to reduce resource consumption during the industrial activity processes. EIPs as a practical carrier have attracted attention from all over the international community. However, the co-benefits research associated with eco-industrial network at this scale is limited. This study attempts to establish a new hybrid model, which integrate LCA into the emergy analysis framework. The advantages of this model are utilizing their two methodologies' advantages and supplementing their weakness. For instance, LCA is good at tracing environmental impacts of a product throughout its life cycle so that in this study, this advantage has been best use of evaluating environmental impacts of the industrial product. While emergy analysis is good at recording the ecological contribution and has a universal unit (Geng et al., 2010), in this regard, it is applied to tracing ecological contribution of a product based on LCA. The most improvement of this hybrid methodology is avoiding such weakness of emergy analysis at the scale of industrial
Co-benefits investigation associated with GHG emissions mitigation and harmful air emissions mitigation benefits achieved by the eco-industrial strategies’ implementation was conducted in this study. In this regard, SETDA as the case study was selected to verify the LCA-emergy hybrid model. In this study, the advantages of LCA and emergy methodologies have been brought into full play. However, this study has some limitations. For instance, this study only applied one year of data to validate this LCA-emergy model and lacked the ability to track trends. In addition, Gabi software also has its own limitation like data origin issue. Also, as Rugani and Benetto (2012) indicated that the challenge and constraints of integration of LCA and emergy is to tackle for the development of the bottom-up approach is that the collection of reliable data that could approximate the geobiosphere complexity and the environmental work. Nonetheless, this study explored a new application for LCA-emergy integration methodology in the field of ecoindustrial development. However, such a hybrid model still has much potential to improve. In future research, a reliable database on waste reuse and recycling from a LCA perspective should be established. In addition, co-benefits research achieved by ecoindustrial strategies should be further investigated as well. 5. Conclusion and policy implications This study aims to investigate the assessment methodology to evaluate the co-benefits achieved by eco-industrial strategies' implementation. In this regard, both LCA and emergy have their own advantages. However, one single approach always has its limitation and the integration of such two methodologies has proposed for a few years. Previous studies suggested integrating emergy as an indicator into LCA framework, but this study demonstrates an example to establish the hybrid model by integrating LCA into the emergy framework for LCA is only used for environmental impact assessment that is part of co-benefits assessment. The boundary of emergy analysis is broader than LCA for it can record the ecological contribution for resource formation. Also, emergy analysis can transform different units as the same standard that can realize the comparison for the whole and sub-systems which involve in the process of eco-industrial implementation. Industrial park as an important carrier in terms of eco-industrial strategies' implementation is selected in this study. The main reasons for this can be concluded as, firstly, industrial park is the main carrier for the eco-industrial strategies’ implementation; Secondly, it is important to the national economic development but also the always serious polluted areas. Thirdly, industrial park can be the demonstration pilot project for other industrial organizations if the eco-industrial strategies were effective in this scale. Therefore, the methodology established in this study can be used as an assessment tool for the government to respond both environmental and GHG emissions issues in future (Sarkodie and Strezov, 2019). From the results, establishing pipelines for the optimization of boiler stream reutilization like Ulsan industrial park in South Korea will be more promising for there are large quantities of boiler stream wasted every year in SETDA. Therefore, the government should enact a policy to facilitate the constructing of piping for transferring the wasted heat to receivers. By doing so, the small factories around this area can reduce the costs if they can get access
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to stream that they need at a lower price, but also, this will bring economic benefits to the suppliers. In addition, reutilization of steel and iron scraps should be placed in the priority position in the ecoindustrial network since per unit of mass of steel and iron scraps can generate more co-benefits than other materials. Compared to other industrial parks with similar industrial structure in China like Tianjin industrial park (TEDA), Guangzhou industrial park etc, the eco-industrial network in SETDA is much simpler. The main reason is that Shenyang as a heavy industrial base in China mainly depends on heavy industries like steel manufacturing companies and metal casting plants. As such, it would not possible to establish a complicated and complicated ecoindustrial network as suggested by Geng and Cote (2002). In addition, this reliance on a limited industrial base does not favour economic stability. In recent years, the economic crisis demonstrated the flaws of this industrial structure. In future, SETDA should seize the opportunities to promote industrial structure while developing pluralistic economic development patterns, which encourages diversity. By doing so, more eco-industrial network can be established, which not only benefits economic development but also to the environmental protection and resource efficiency. Policy implications should be proposed to resolve the following issues: first, relevant policies should be proposed to promote the awareness of circular economy among the associated officials and entrepreneurs. Currently, due to discrepant understanding of circular economy among associated officials, the projects associated with circular economy are usually treated as common projects that can not be approved by subsidized loans by government. In this regard, specific financial and tax means like establishing green financial system to optimize eco-industrial network should be amended to facilitate the eco-network development in future. Second, encouraging the technical research and innovation among enterprises in the field of circular economy to facilitate technical application for waste reutilization. Otherwise, the “up-stream” factories and “down-stream” factories can not be integrated with each other. Third, extending the techniques in the regard of waste stream and other waste reutilization such as the optimization of boiler stream reutilization. Acknowledgement This study is funded by the open fund from the key lab of Ecorestoration of Regional Contaminated Environment (Shenyang University), Ministry of Education, China and Natural Science Foundation of China (71690241, 71325006, 71461137008). Especially, we want to thank those anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and contributions to the revised version of this paper. References , Y., Marvuglia, A., Benetto, E., 2015. On the Navarrete-Gutíerrez, T., Rugani, B., Pigne complexity of life cycle inventory networks. J. Ind. Ecol. 20 (5), 1094e1107. Amaral, L.P., Martins, N., Gouveia, J.B., 2016. A review of emergy theory, its application and latest developments. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 54, 882e888. Bakshi, B.R., Hau, J.L., 2004. Promise and problems of emergy analysis. Ecol. Model. 178 (1e2), 215e225. Brown, M.T., Buranakarn, V., 2003. Emergy indices and ratios for sustainable material cycles and recycle options resources. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 38, 1e22. Buonocore, E., Vanoli, L., Carotenuto, A., Ulgiati, S., 2015. Integrating life cycle assessment and emergy synthesis for the evaluation of a dry steam geothermal power plant in Italy. Energy 86, 476e487. Curran, M.A., 2006. Life Cycle Assessment: Principles and Practice; EPA/600/R-06/ 060. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH, p. 80 (5). Dhar, S., Shukla, P.R., 2015. Low carbon scenarios for transport in India: co-benefits analysis. Energy Policy 81, 186e198. Duan, N., Liu, X.D., Dai, J., Lin, C., Xia, X.H., Gao, R.Y., Wang, Y., Chen, S.Q., Yang, J., Qi, J., 2011. Evaluating the environmental impacts of an urban wetland park
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Liu, Z., Adams, M., Cote, R.P., Geng, Y., Ren, J.Z., Chen, Q.H., Liu, W.L., Zhu, X.S., 2018a. Co-benefits accounting for the implementation of eco-industrial development strategies in the scale of industrial park based on emergy analysis. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 81, 1522e1529. Liu, Z., Adams, M., Cote, R.P., Geng, Y., 2018b. Comparative study on the pathways of industrial parks towards sustainable development between China and Canada. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 128, 417e425. MEP. GB3095-2012. http://www.mep.gov.cn/gkml/hbb/bgg/201203/t20120302_ 224145.html. Odum, H.T., 2000. Folio #2. Emergy of Global Process. Handbook of Emergy Evaluation. A Compendium of Data for Emergy Computation. Center for Environmental Policy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. Odum, H.T., Brown, M.T., Brandt-Williams, S., 2000. Folio #1 - Introduction and Global Budget. Box 116450. Center for Environmental Policy, Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, p. 16. 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Journal of Cleaner Production journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jclepro
A hybrid model of LCA and emergy for co-benefits assessment associated with waste and by-product reutilization Zhe Liu a, b, c, *, Weili Liu c, Michelle Adams d, Raymond P. Cote d, Yong Geng e, Shuilong Chen f a
Institute for Population and Development Studies, School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shanxi Province 710049, PR China Key Lab of Eco-restoration of Regional Contaminated Environment (Shenyang University) Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province, 110044, PR China Key Laboratory of Coastal Basin Environment, Fuqing Branch of Fujian Normal University, Fuqing, Fujian province, 350300, PR China d School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada e School of Environmental Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China f Ningbo CNECO Environmental Technology, Co.,Ltd., Ningbo, 315000, PR China b c
a r t i c l e i n f o
a b s t r a c t
Article history: Received 3 January 2019 Received in revised form 4 May 2019 Accepted 15 July 2019 Available online 17 July 2019
Life cycle analysis (LCA) and emergy analysis are both considered important methodologies in environmental management. Both methodologies have been applied separately in a variety of situations. Various authors have noted that each method has its limitation but the integration of the two methodologies could have a promising future. In this study, the authors will illustrate a hybrid model by integrating LCA into emergy analysis framework to assess the co-benefits achieved through the application of an eco-industrial strategy in an industrial park. A case study namely Shenyang economic technological development area (SETDA) is undertaken to validate the model. The results show that boiler steam achieves the most co-benefits among the re-utilised resources brought about by the application of the eco-industrial strategy. GHG emissions reduction is only one of the environmental benefits found. From the perspective of unit mass of materials, steel and iron scrap generated the largest co-benefits. Management of the industrial park should investigate initiatives to transfer excess waste heat to potential users through piping systems as well as reutilising steel and iron scrap for productive purposes. The study shows that while each methodology has its own advantages, their weaknesses can be mitigated through a hybrid model. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Handling Editor: Yutao Wang Keywords: Hybrid model LCA Emergy analysis Co-benefits Industrial park
1. Introduction Life cycle analysis (LCA) refers to that all product life cycle stages that generate environmental impacts which need to be evaluated. The stages include extracting and processing of raw materials, manufacturing, transportation and distribution, use/reuse, recycling, and/or waste management. Currently, LCA has been one of the most accepted and widely used tools for the environmental assessment of products and services in terms of being a key element in environmental policy or voluntary actions (Curran, 2006; European Commission, 2010; The Life Cycle Initiative UNEP-SETAT, 2011). Therefore, LCA has applied in the developed
* Corresponding author. Institute for Population and Development Studies, School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shanxi Province 710049, PR China. E-mail address: [email protected] (Z. Liu). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.117670 0959-6526/© 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
countries like European Union, United States, Japan, Korea, Canada, and Australia in the past few years, and is increasingly used in booming economies such as India and China (Rugani and Benetto, 2012). While emergy analysis was firstly proposed in the late 1980s, which provides a life cycle approach that synthesizes information and uses a smaller amount of data. In addition, emergy analysis has the ability to assess all resources, goods and services under a single unit of measurement. Both of these two methodologies have their corresponding advantages and disadvantages. Earlier studies focused on contrasting the two approaches (Pizzigallo et al., 2008) or extending emergy to include disposal and recycling processes (Brown and Buranakarn, 2003; Ingwersen, 2011). It is studied that although both of these methodologies are useful at the local scale of specific processes or products, either single method application is unlikely to provide a complete picture for proposing the relevant policy implication. Therefore, in order to overcome some of drawbacks and limitations, attempts have been
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made by developing new methodologies merging emergy analysis with LCA. In this regard, Bakshi and Hau, (2004) firstly proposed the integration between LCA and emergy analysis. In general, LCA is mainly used to account for total emissions for producing processes, while emergy accounting can be used to expand LCA's focus in order to properly account for contribution of flows that are not only associated to significant matter but also for energy carriers responsible for system sustainable dynamics (Amaral et al., 2016). In the past few years, the researches regarding integration of the both methodologies have been made a tremendous progress that can be concluded as the following two aspects: firstly. The two methodologies can be applied together to conduct a case study to supplement each other. For instance, Buonocore et al. (2015) applied LCA and emergy analysis to understand to what extent the geothermal power plant is environmentally sound. In this study, emergy analysis provides a complementary perspective to LCA, by highlighting the direct and indirect contribution in terms of natural capital and ecosystem services to the power plant construction and operation. In addition, this sort of hybrid application has been applied in the waste management (Duan et al., 2011; Gala et al., 2015; Liu et al., 2017a); the environmental impacts assessment in industrial areas (Buonocore et al., 2015; Kursun et al., 2015; Navarrete-Gutíerrez et al., 2015) as well as in agricultural area (Fahd et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2015). Secondly, integrating emergy as an indicator into the LCA framework system. For instance, Ingwersen (2011) demonstrated how emergy can be incorporated as an impact indicator into a process-based LCA model from an analysis on gold mine in Peru. Raugei et al. (2014) conducted the research on how to integrate emergy into the existing LCA tools to find out the added value that emergy may provide to LCA, in terms of a donorside perspective, as a unified measure of the provision of environmental support, and as a measure of the work of the environment that would be needed to replace what is consumed. The most comprehensive approaches associated with the integration of LCA and emergy analysis include the Eco-LCA and SUMMA models. Although referred to as ecological cumulative exergy consumption rather than emergy due to some slight modifications to emergy algebra, the Eco-LCA model is an enhanced input-output LCA model that uses emergy as an impact indicator (Urban and Bakshi, 2009; Zhang et al., 2010). In the field of eco-industrial development, LCA and emergy methodologies have been applied for the accounting of the efficiency achieved by eco-industrial strategies' implementation. However, it is argued that single methodology can not see the whole picture, but the integration of two methodologies can supplement each other's weakness. For instance, an emergy approach does not exclude use of other indicators for their specific purposes, boundaries, and scales but, instead, provides a framework for integration of approaches while LCA can effectively measure downstream environmental burden, e.g., the impact of emissions in the production chain (Geng et al., 2013). For instance, it is suggested to integrate emergy analysis with LCA to be a tool for qualitative and quantitative evaluation of progress toward eco-industrial strategy implementation to supplement each other for emergy analysis can show how to maximize resource use while LCA allows identifying where to reduce pollutant emissions and improve wastes reuse and quantifying the related benefits. In recent years, co-benefits researches have gained the attention globally, which attribute to that a single policy or strategy is able to generate multiple benefits simultaneously. The research progresses with regards to co-benefits in various fields like renewable energy, transportation (Dhar and Shukla, 2015), also in specific industries like power, steel and cement industries have been made. Cobenefits researches associated with scale range from the specific region like urban size, to provincial, national scale (Jiang et al.,
2016) and even globally (West et al., 2013) also have been made a significant progress. However, in the field of eco-industrial development field, the co-benefits research is still at the early stage. We were able to find out two references in this field. For instance, one is from Kim et al. (2017), which conducted the study on co-benefit potential of industrial and urban symbiosis using waste heat from industrial park in Ulsan, Korea. However, this research did not demonstrate a whole picture of co-benefits’ impact. In this regard, the results of co-benefits from sub-systems are independent and can not present the connection with each other. The other one is from Liu et at. (2018a), which aims to investigate on how to conduct the co-benefits accounting achieved by eco-industrial strategies. This study made a significant progress to address the issues mentioned in the last reference. However, the scientific question on how to precisely conduct co-benefits accounting research achieved by eco-industrial strategies’ implementation and how this cobenefits relate with our human being health remained unsolved. Except the above two references, we were unable to find other references in this field. Industrial park is an important carrier in terms of economic development around the globe. In China, during the past over 30 years' development, industrial parks have been an important engine for national economic development. It is shown that the productivity of industrial parks is much higher than other industrial organization and most importantly, industrial parks are the pillar for China's gross domestic production (GDP), amounting for around 60% of the total GDP. However, without the effective environmental management, the issues in terms of resource depletion in some areas and environmental pollution as well as recently increasing pressure on responding greenhouse gas emissions were generated in industrial parks. (Liu et al., 2016). In order to deal with extensive resource consumption and serious environmental pollution, so far, eco-industrial strategy has been implemented in many industrial parks across the globe (Liu et al., 2017b, 2018b). Especially, China as the only country around the world released the national EIPs standard for trial in 2006 (HJ/T273-2006). The most recent released standard for national demonstration EIPs (HJ 274e2015) happened in 2015, in which industrial symbiosis indicator as the important indicator of eco-industrial strategies' implementation in the standard system has been included. This indicates that by-product and waste reutilization have been important indicators for EIPs development. So far, there have been 108 EIP projects approved for construction by Chinese government, including which there are 31 EIP projects that have passed the criteria to be EIPs in China (Liu et al., 2017c). In this regard, Chinese government initiated EIPs pilot project from 2001. More than 15 years past, how much benefits in terms of environmental benefits and others can be achieved by this eco-industrial strategy should be investigated. Therefore, this study will investigate a hybrid model to demonstrate how to integrate LCA into emergy framework to assess the co-benefits achieved by eco-industrial strategies’ implementation. A case study based on an industrial park namely SETDA is conducted for the validation of this methodology. 2. Methodology According to Jiang et al. (2016), the term “co-benefits” can be defined in different ways by different institutions. In our study, cobenefits is defined as the combination of GHG emissions reduction and local air environmental improvement benefits achieved by the implementation of eco-industrial development strategies. In this regard, LCA is applied to analyze the environmental harmful gas emissions mitigation benefits achieved by ecoindustrial strategies’ implement for LCA is considered as an
Z. Liu et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 236 (2019) 117670
effective methodology in this field, which records environmental impact from cradle to grave associated with a product. Afterward, this environmental emissions mitigation benefits are integrated into emergy analysis framework. The considerable advantages of this integration can be concluded as the following two aspects: firstly, emergy analysis records the ecological and natural contribution for a product, which means that it supplements the weakness of LCA boundary limitation in this regard. Secondly, emergy analysis has the universal unit that can be comparative for the accounting. Therefore, this study attempts to integrate LCA into emergy analysis framework (see Fig. 1). 2.1. LCA analysis In order to demonstrate LCA's strength in the field of evaluating environmental impacts of product, in this study, LCA is applied to evaluate environmental harmful gas emissions mitigation benefits brought by eco-industrial strategies implementation. Software of Gabi 7 was applied for this instance. GaBi is a modeling, reporting & diagnostic software tool for LCA practitioners that drive product sustainability performance during design and planning, whose envision is an intuitive LCA tool for non-LCA experts allowing design teams to quickly evaluate the scenarios in product and process design optimization. In addition, GaBi Content & Databases are the largest internally consistent collection of life cycle inventory data with over 4,500 ready-to-use profiles representing most industries, which was used to evaluate sea cucumber production (Hou et al., 2019) A GaBi 7 as the most recent LCA software together with GaBi databases underlie the GaBi Envision tool, ensuring the most robust modeling and content are working behind the scenes to provide reliable results. 2.2. Integration LCA into emergy framework Emergy theory was proposed by H.T Odum in the late 1980s. Through over 30 years’ development, emergy analysis has been applied in various fields as an effective environmental assessment tool. Especially, in the fields of industrial areas and agricultural areas, emergy analysis has been widely used to provide the scientific references for the governments and enterprises. In addition, emergy analysis has been evolved from assessing the large scale like the national scale to the regional scale or an enterprise level attribute to the optimization of the methodology in the past few years. The most significant advantage of emergy analysis is that the methodology has filled the gap between the ecological system and other systems like economic system based on the universal unit (solar emergy), which makes the results comparable. In addition, emergy analysis records the ecological contribution to the original materials.
3
2.2.1. GHG emissions mitigation In the latest recent research, emergy analysis was applied to assess GHG emissions based on an established embodied carbon accounting framework. In this research, the carbon emissions intensity factors associated with solar emergy per embodied carbon emissions, describing the embodied carbon emission intensity, was assessed. Therefore, in this study, GHG emission reduction in terms of the solar emergy value accounting for the carbon emissions mitigation value embodied in the materials or energy involved into the implementation of eco-industrial development strategies was calculated. In this regard, this study directly applied the reference Fang et al. (2015) that the average emergy value of waste reuse and recycling is 3.31Eþ15 sej and this causes 8.32E þ01 t CO2-eq embodied carbon emissions. The equation is as follows:
P¼
3:31E þ 15 sej ¼ 39:78E þ 13seJ=tCO2eq 8:32E þ 01 t CO2eq
GHG ¼ P*MCO2eq
(1)
(2)
where GHG is the GHG emissions reduction in terms of solar emergy value within the scope of an industrial park and MCO2-eq is the mass of GHG emissions reduction achieved by implementation of eco-industrial development strategies; While P is the parameter of the emergy value of waste reuse and recycling per CO2-eq embodied carbon emissions.
2.2.2. Environmental harmful gas emissions mitigation benefits accounting In this study, we focused on air environmental harmful gas emissions mitigation benefits, which refers to how much fresh air can be saved to dilute the air pollutant emissions to an acceptable level. Under such circumstance, the equation of the dilution air developed by Zhang et al. (2011) was applied as follows:
Mair ¼ dair
wair cair
(3)
where Mair is the mass of dilution air in kg; dair is air density (1.29 Eþ03 g/m3); Wair is the annual amount of air pollutant emissions generated during industrial activity processes in kg; Cair is the acceptable concentration from the official standard released by the Ministry of Environmental Protection of China (MEP) (MEP, 2012). For instance, the acceptable concentration of SO2 is 60 mg/ m3. The annual average wind speed in Shenyang area is 3.1 m/s according to the statistical materials. Since the wind transformity is 2.45Eþ03 seJ/J (Odum, 2000; Odum et al., 2000), the emergy value of the environmental benefits (EB) can be demonstrated as follows:
Fig. 1. Proposed emergy-LCA boundary.
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1 EB ¼ Mair *:3:12 *2:45E þ 03 2
(4)
SETDA has been dedicated on the field of saving energy consumption and reducing emissions. In 2013, SETDA was approved as an eco-industrial pilot project by MEP of China. 3.2. Eco-industrial development strategies’ implementation in SETDA
2.3. Data collection With regards to acceptable concentration of air pollutants, the data were achieved from the official document namely “Environmental Air Quality Standard (GB3095-2012)” released by the MEP. In this document, the Environmental Air Quality Standard was classified as two categories, including which one is the first-class zones referred to special protection zones like natural reserve zones etc while the other is the second-class zones referred to common zones like residential zones, industrial zones etc. In this study, the Environmental Air Quality Standard of second-class zones is applied as our reference data and annual average acceptable concentration of air pollutants are applied as follows (see Table 1): As for the data associated with the industrial park, the administrative boundary of this industrial park is considered the investigated area. Therefore, in order to collect the data with regards to SETDA, the field survey was conducted to interview the administration officers of SETDA, where a couple of informal meetings were held with the stakeholders including local officers, investors and even local citizens to acquire the necessary information on SETDA. In addition, the main tenant companies in SETDA were investigated, where the data regarding raw material consumption, product yield, etc were collected. Also, the data from local annual statistical documents and other associated governmental materials were acquired in the local library. After compiling all the data, another workshop to further verify the accuracy of the data were held with the support of local administrative officials. 3. Case study 3.1. A brief introduction of SETDA SETDA is located in Shenyang city with an area of 448 square km, which is a central city in the northeast region in China (see Fig. 2). SETDA was founded in 1988, and it was promoted to the title of national-level industrial park in 1993. Through nearly 30 years' development, SETDA has made significant progress in its economic performance. For instance, SETDA has formed some main industrial clusters such as medical and chemical industrial clusters, metal product industrial clusters, electric equipment and electronic manufacturing industrial clusters, and modern construction industrial clusters. In 2010, the GDP of SETDA was 13.5 billion US dollars ranking 7th among the 90 national-level EDTAs that year in China (Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China's Statistics) (Liu et al., 2014, 2015). In recent years, SETDA took the path of eco-industrial development in order to promote resource utilization efficiency and reduce environmental pollution. In order to achieve this goal,
Table 1 Acceptable concentration of air pollutants. Order
Items
Acceptable concentration
1 2 3 4 5 6
SO2 NO2 CO O3 NOX Pb
60 mg/m3 40 mg/m3 4 mg/m3 160 mg/m3 50 mg/m3 0.5 mg/m3
In the past few years, eco-industrial development strategies in SETDA were identified and can be concluded in the following six aspects: firstly. embracing the concept of eco-industrial development. In order to pursue eco-industrial development, SETDA complied and edited eco-industrial park development plan. The plan embodied eco-industrial concept into the industrial development, which refers to consulting to the experts in this field and was implemented after its discussion and evaluation. In the plan, it refers to seven key aspects, which are saving energy consumption, prolonging industrial chain, establishing eco-industrial network etc. In addition, the strategies like directing local tenant enterprises to carry out clean production, advocating industrial energy saving and management of energy saving, improving water quality and encouraging cascading utilization, completing response system for urgent environmental events, promoting capability to dealing with environmental risks, advocating eco-industrial cultural education and dissemination were carried out. Through the eco-industrial strategies implementation, byproduct exchange network in SETDA was established based upon their five main industrial clusters including chemical cluster, equipment manufacturing cluster, construction material cluster, pharmaceutical cluster and food processing cluster. Several synergy opportunities have been identified and implemented through their eco-industrial strategy efforts (see Fig. 3). For instance, various wastes, including boiler steam, flying ash, gypsum as well as slag from desulfurization process produced by the local power plants have potential values for local construction material enterprises to produce gypsum boards and bricks. Also, by-products such as steel, iron from local equipment manufacturing enterprises can be used by local metallurgical enterprises (Geng et al., 2014), which means that raw materials saving through eco-industrial strategies’ implementation has been realized in 2010 in SETDA (see Table 2). 4. Results and discussions 4.1. Environmental emissions mitigation benefits achieved by ecoindustrial strategies’ implementation in STEDA By applying Gabi 7 software calculation, from the LCA analysis perspective, it can be seen that SO2, CO and NOX are the main environmental gases emissions mitigation (see Fig. 4) in the ecoindustrial network in SETDA in 2010. Among the reutilized materials, boiler stream contribute more than other materials in terms of environmental emissions mitigation. But for the CO emission mitigation, steel and iron scraps are the main contributors. However, compared to the GHG emissions, environmental emissions mitigation are much lower in terms of mass (see Fig. 5), in this regard, reutilization of boiler stream also contributes more GHG emission mitigation, followed by the steel and iron scraps. 4.2. Co-benefits accounting associated with eco-industrial strategy implementation in SETDA 4.2.1. GHG emissions mitigation accounting in terms of solar emergy From equations (1) and (2), the solar emergy value of CO2e can be achieved (see Fig. 6). The results show that boiler stream is the main contributor to GHG emissions mitigation, followed by steel
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Fig. 2. The geographical location of SETDA.
Fig. 3. Eco-industrial network in SETDA in 2010.
and iron scraps. Flying ash and gypsum contribute the least amounts. In this regard, GHG emissions expressed in CO2e in terms of mass have been transformed to solar emergy. Table 2 Waste and byproduct reutilization through eco-industrial network in SETDA in 2010. Items
Amount (g)
Unit
Boiler steam Flying ash Gypsum Steel and iron scraps
3.93Eþ13 1.50Eþ11 2.13Eþ10 2.53Eþ11
g/yr g/yr g/yr g/yr
4.2.2. Environmental emissions mitigation accounting in terms of solar emergy From equations (3) and (4), the emergy value of environmental emissions mitigation is shown in Fig. 7. The results show that boiler stream is also the main contributor to environmental emissions mitigation, and SO2 and NOX are the main components generated
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by the boiler. The main advantage of transforming the mass into solar emergy is that it can easily compare the importance of each gas emissions’ mitigation as it relates to human health.
Fig. 4. Environmental emissions mitigation through eco-industrial network in SETDA in 2010.
Fig. 5. Comparison between environmental emissions and GHG emissions mitigation through eco-industrial network in SETDA in 2010.
4.2.3. Co-benefits accounting From Fig. 8, it can be seen that boiler stream generates the largest co-benefits among the reutilized materials. However, unlike the much more GHG generation results than other environmental gas emissions in terms of mass generated by Gabi software 7, environmental emissions are mitigated to a greater degree than GHG emissions through eco-industrial network in SETDA in 2010 (see Fig. 9). From the materials perspective, the co-benefits achieved by steel and iron scraps are more than those from Gypsum and fly ash in SETDA in 2010. From the co-benefits perspective of eco-industrial network in SETDA in 2010, it can be seen that the co-benefits achieved by reutilized boiler stream is the largest contributor among the other materials, followed by steel and iron scraps, flying ash and gypsum. Specially, in the regard of the perspective of environmental emissions mitigation benefits achieved by the eco-industrial strategy in SETDA in 2010, boiler stream contributed the most as well among the materials and SO2, CO and NOX are the main components that are reduced. However, Steel and iron scraps contribute the most CO reduction. From the GHG emissions mitigation perspective, boiler stream is also the most contributor. However, if it is measured by unit mass of material items, steel and iron scraps can generate the most co-benefits among the material items (see Fig. 10), followed by flying ash, boiler stream and gypsum. From Fig. 5, GHG emission is much more than other gas emissions in terms of mass. However, after transforming the results generated by Gabi Software 7 into the emergy framework, the environmental harmful gas emissions mitigation benefits are much greater than the GHG emissions mitigation. The advantages of integration LCA and emergy analysis applied in this study can be concluded as follows: firstly, LCA is an effective tool to evaluate environmental emissions, which is recognized around the world. Therefore, Gabi software 7 has been applied in this study to assess environmental emissions mitigation in this regard. Secondly, the boundary of LCA doesn't include resource formation information. In order to overcome this weakness, LCA can be integrated into the emergy evaluation framework for emergy analysis records ecological contribution for resource formation. Thirdly, in this study, environmental harmful air emissions mitigation benefits of items can be compared by the same unit (Solar emergy). Most importantly, the generated results of
Fig. 6. GHG emission mitigation of materials through eco-industrial network in SETDA in 2010.
Fig. 7. Environmental emissions mitigation of materials through eco-industrial network in SETDA in 2010.
Fig. 8. Co-benefits in terms of materials items achieved through eco-industrial network in SETDA in 2010.
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park for it doesn't have to evaluate the whole area's emergy merits which usually include renewable resource, non-renewable resource, import materials etc, but directly applied the reutilized waste. Through this, it reduces the deviation brought by traditional emergy analysis at the mid-scale system like industrial park scale. 4.3. Limitation and future research
Fig. 9. Co-benefits achieved through eco-industrial network in SETDA in 2010.
Fig. 10. Co-benefits achievement per unit mass of material items through ecoindustrial network in SETDA in 2010.
environmental benefits in terms of solar emergy are associated with human health according to cited standard adopted by the MEP of China. In this study, the co-benefits of different reutilized materials brought by the eco-industrial network were compared and the results show that boiler stream has the most co-benefits brought by the eco-industrial strategy. Therefore, in the future, establishing a shared waste boiler stream might be the priority to design ecoindustrial strategy. Also, the results also indicated that the orders according to material items’ co-benefits achieved by developing eco-industrial network in the future, which will be helpful for the optimization of such an eco-industrial network. For instance, the reutilization of steel and iron scraps can achieve more co-benefits than reusing flying ash. Industrial ecology has been proposed for about thirty years around the globe. Its principle is to simulate the natural world's pattern of material circulation to reduce resource consumption during the industrial activity processes. EIPs as a practical carrier have attracted attention from all over the international community. However, the co-benefits research associated with eco-industrial network at this scale is limited. This study attempts to establish a new hybrid model, which integrate LCA into the emergy analysis framework. The advantages of this model are utilizing their two methodologies' advantages and supplementing their weakness. For instance, LCA is good at tracing environmental impacts of a product throughout its life cycle so that in this study, this advantage has been best use of evaluating environmental impacts of the industrial product. While emergy analysis is good at recording the ecological contribution and has a universal unit (Geng et al., 2010), in this regard, it is applied to tracing ecological contribution of a product based on LCA. The most improvement of this hybrid methodology is avoiding such weakness of emergy analysis at the scale of industrial
Co-benefits investigation associated with GHG emissions mitigation and harmful air emissions mitigation benefits achieved by the eco-industrial strategies’ implementation was conducted in this study. In this regard, SETDA as the case study was selected to verify the LCA-emergy hybrid model. In this study, the advantages of LCA and emergy methodologies have been brought into full play. However, this study has some limitations. For instance, this study only applied one year of data to validate this LCA-emergy model and lacked the ability to track trends. In addition, Gabi software also has its own limitation like data origin issue. Also, as Rugani and Benetto (2012) indicated that the challenge and constraints of integration of LCA and emergy is to tackle for the development of the bottom-up approach is that the collection of reliable data that could approximate the geobiosphere complexity and the environmental work. Nonetheless, this study explored a new application for LCA-emergy integration methodology in the field of ecoindustrial development. However, such a hybrid model still has much potential to improve. In future research, a reliable database on waste reuse and recycling from a LCA perspective should be established. In addition, co-benefits research achieved by ecoindustrial strategies should be further investigated as well. 5. Conclusion and policy implications This study aims to investigate the assessment methodology to evaluate the co-benefits achieved by eco-industrial strategies' implementation. In this regard, both LCA and emergy have their own advantages. However, one single approach always has its limitation and the integration of such two methodologies has proposed for a few years. Previous studies suggested integrating emergy as an indicator into LCA framework, but this study demonstrates an example to establish the hybrid model by integrating LCA into the emergy framework for LCA is only used for environmental impact assessment that is part of co-benefits assessment. The boundary of emergy analysis is broader than LCA for it can record the ecological contribution for resource formation. Also, emergy analysis can transform different units as the same standard that can realize the comparison for the whole and sub-systems which involve in the process of eco-industrial implementation. Industrial park as an important carrier in terms of eco-industrial strategies' implementation is selected in this study. The main reasons for this can be concluded as, firstly, industrial park is the main carrier for the eco-industrial strategies’ implementation; Secondly, it is important to the national economic development but also the always serious polluted areas. Thirdly, industrial park can be the demonstration pilot project for other industrial organizations if the eco-industrial strategies were effective in this scale. Therefore, the methodology established in this study can be used as an assessment tool for the government to respond both environmental and GHG emissions issues in future (Sarkodie and Strezov, 2019). From the results, establishing pipelines for the optimization of boiler stream reutilization like Ulsan industrial park in South Korea will be more promising for there are large quantities of boiler stream wasted every year in SETDA. Therefore, the government should enact a policy to facilitate the constructing of piping for transferring the wasted heat to receivers. By doing so, the small factories around this area can reduce the costs if they can get access
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to stream that they need at a lower price, but also, this will bring economic benefits to the suppliers. In addition, reutilization of steel and iron scraps should be placed in the priority position in the ecoindustrial network since per unit of mass of steel and iron scraps can generate more co-benefits than other materials. Compared to other industrial parks with similar industrial structure in China like Tianjin industrial park (TEDA), Guangzhou industrial park etc, the eco-industrial network in SETDA is much simpler. The main reason is that Shenyang as a heavy industrial base in China mainly depends on heavy industries like steel manufacturing companies and metal casting plants. As such, it would not possible to establish a complicated and complicated ecoindustrial network as suggested by Geng and Cote (2002). In addition, this reliance on a limited industrial base does not favour economic stability. In recent years, the economic crisis demonstrated the flaws of this industrial structure. In future, SETDA should seize the opportunities to promote industrial structure while developing pluralistic economic development patterns, which encourages diversity. By doing so, more eco-industrial network can be established, which not only benefits economic development but also to the environmental protection and resource efficiency. Policy implications should be proposed to resolve the following issues: first, relevant policies should be proposed to promote the awareness of circular economy among the associated officials and entrepreneurs. Currently, due to discrepant understanding of circular economy among associated officials, the projects associated with circular economy are usually treated as common projects that can not be approved by subsidized loans by government. In this regard, specific financial and tax means like establishing green financial system to optimize eco-industrial network should be amended to facilitate the eco-network development in future. Second, encouraging the technical research and innovation among enterprises in the field of circular economy to facilitate technical application for waste reutilization. Otherwise, the “up-stream” factories and “down-stream” factories can not be integrated with each other. Third, extending the techniques in the regard of waste stream and other waste reutilization such as the optimization of boiler stream reutilization. Acknowledgement This study is funded by the open fund from the key lab of Ecorestoration of Regional Contaminated Environment (Shenyang University), Ministry of Education, China and Natural Science Foundation of China (71690241, 71325006, 71461137008). Especially, we want to thank those anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and contributions to the revised version of this paper. References , Y., Marvuglia, A., Benetto, E., 2015. On the Navarrete-Gutíerrez, T., Rugani, B., Pigne complexity of life cycle inventory networks. J. Ind. Ecol. 20 (5), 1094e1107. Amaral, L.P., Martins, N., Gouveia, J.B., 2016. A review of emergy theory, its application and latest developments. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 54, 882e888. Bakshi, B.R., Hau, J.L., 2004. Promise and problems of emergy analysis. Ecol. Model. 178 (1e2), 215e225. Brown, M.T., Buranakarn, V., 2003. Emergy indices and ratios for sustainable material cycles and recycle options resources. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 38, 1e22. Buonocore, E., Vanoli, L., Carotenuto, A., Ulgiati, S., 2015. Integrating life cycle assessment and emergy synthesis for the evaluation of a dry steam geothermal power plant in Italy. Energy 86, 476e487. Curran, M.A., 2006. Life Cycle Assessment: Principles and Practice; EPA/600/R-06/ 060. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH, p. 80 (5). Dhar, S., Shukla, P.R., 2015. Low carbon scenarios for transport in India: co-benefits analysis. Energy Policy 81, 186e198. Duan, N., Liu, X.D., Dai, J., Lin, C., Xia, X.H., Gao, R.Y., Wang, Y., Chen, S.Q., Yang, J., Qi, J., 2011. Evaluating the environmental impacts of an urban wetland park
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