A matter of terminology — the ecological approach in geography: a re-examination of basic concepts

GeoforumlVolume

164

A Matter of Terminology

Geography:

- the Ecological

a Re-Examination

L.W. SENGER, Green.

Santa

Approach

in

examine

and S. CHANG,

The term

Bowling

19651

ecosystem

Abstract:

Ecology is receiving

for

geography

of basic concepts frameworks position explanation

concept,

interaction, subfields

components focus

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to a cultural

of investigation.

approach

with

significant

networks

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value

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topical is

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of disciplines

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movement,

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to research will

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in time

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interactions

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magnitude

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of the

present clarify The

confusion, their

geography

geographers

on defining as a methodo-

biological

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relationship ecology

useful. will

definition

ecology

upon

and then

In order

since

many

ecology

associated

or between

l

Dr.

organisms

Leslie

Santa

Professor,

18; please

physical

Dames

California

University,

contribution

and their

USA;

Department

Bowling

125

Ohio

planned

organisms,

In order

to

East Vistoria,

Dr. Stephen

of Geography,

Green,

was originally

environment.

& Moore,

93101,

living

CHANG,

Bowling

43403,

Green,

lJSA.This

for publication

in Geoforum

criticism

is gratefully of California,

of the original

given

to Professor

Los Angeles,

manuscript.

for

of

can consequently

is an organism

as other

and,

ecosystems

to the same

animals.

definition form

components

natural

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in accordance

thereby,

be

of ecosystems

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entirely

factors

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and functioning

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variables

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of an ecosystem.

any system

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picture

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instance,

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control

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universe

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However,

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to define

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systems.

by other

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open

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unaffected

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attention

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totally

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or community

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biophysical emphasis

J.E.SPENCER his helpful

variables is put

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community

government),

ecology

ecology.

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relation

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(1965)

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geographic ecosystem

in the area.

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research.

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EVANS

in ecology

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and so forth. the concept

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are

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good

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in the area.

ecosystem

proposed

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interaction

elements

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(1956)

role they

ecology,

or community

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levels

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to all

words,

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population

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(autecology),

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in relation

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of organism,

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levels

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population

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“communities” Acknowledgement

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confer.

at the University

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(3) cultural

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interrelationships

W. SENGER,

Barbara,

Assistant State

of the

the structure

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Ecology is a study

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tion

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1969).

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166

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process,

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system,

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to obtain

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References

of the

of the whole

of view

as a

other

these

box,

box

variables,

relationships

relationships

method. but

by knowing

can be conducted

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we cannot

individually.

The

EVANS,

The

the

effect

effect

comprise

of the black

the functioning

of

123,

Of a cultural

29.

W.5.

the concept

and

The

thought

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Publication

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we have a series of

However,

can be determined.

and,

Committee

Science,

is the black among

Hoc

Geography.

selected.

interrelationships

investigations

one variable

investigated

technique

the black

the These

inherent

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structural

one of the types

The approach

need to be solved

is to avoid

core

to an understanding

employs

initially

measure

presently

is to study

and crucial.

to study

contribuie

of the system

Another

from

One way

by studying

ecology

and study

attempt

It still

variable

system

become

system.

interact

approach,

and planning.

the problems

of be

on the basis of the

geographers

topical

form

to a discipline.

represents

above.

framework

be

can be used partially

approach.

or of a lesser degree

is to select

The

the broad

these

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and

scale may

in such a fashion,

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but

knowledge

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parts

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they

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insights

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worthwhile

viewpoint.

new

management

in cultural

or a complex,

variables.

whole,

available

ecological

are indeterminable studies

into

for

of the cultural

Steward’s

of systems

consequences

techniques

the cultural

it is nevertheless

of the system.

of new variables

are some

exist,

the total

of unanticipated

;ntroductio~

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with

examines

still

their

broad-bladed

effective

interrelationships that

for

field,

It is a specialized

investigator.

of the earth.

to be a rather

upon

at whatever

ecosystems

Regarded

as a tool aspects

draws

disciplines.

between

unit.

some component(s) all the difficulties

place

The

a substantive

measuring

research

solved. Despite

that

aspects

which

and explain.

really

on environments

seeks to explain

a functioning

explain turns

perfected.

or are impossible

the development

and through

produce

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surface

analyze,

is not

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focused

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interactions

systems

so numerous

many

overlooked

of the

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variables

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task.

all relevant

can be easily

determine.

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of relationships

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are not available

relationships

of systems

that

is no simple

the network

impossible

for some variables

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be apparent

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describe,

ecology

to a discipline-oriented

approach

phenomena.

on the earth’s

in established

analysis

of interest

increased.

that

a methodological

research

or

of earth

seek to identify,

was made

actually

of the

can be explained

of the earth

aspects

themselves

geographers

of

location,

end temporal

express

It should

system.

spatial

data on

in the process

in the total

conclusions

Historical

information

have operated

change

associated

understanding

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