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A MEMORANDUM ON CHOLERA.
704
Peyrelongue allows all this, but conditions are being improved. Wireless operators no longer suffer as formerly from mercurialism, since the old mercury interruptor has de
THE
been done away with. Anaemia among them, too, will in time be mastered, and as a matter of fact after two years of discussion one ship has now a ventilating fan installed in the wireless operator’s office.
-
MOST of few years
DRAINING AND SEWERAGE OF LONDON.
in London must have noticed during the past number of wooden enclosures in the main thoroughfares in various districts, evidently connected with works of excavation. Yet comparatively few, perhaps, are aware that, deep below the surface, there is in progress one of the largest additions to the existing network of sewers yet undertaken since their formation by the Metropolitan Board A MEMORANDUM ON CHOLERA. of Works. The additions, estimated to cost £3,750,000, are WE have received a Memorandum on Cholera, for the shown on Fig. 1, and include new outfall and intercepting guidance of Europeans in the remote out-stations of British sewers, additional provision for storm water, extra pumping Malaya, which has been prepared under the directions of the facilities, and so on. In these strenuous days all are apt to take their surroundColonial Office by Mr. John D. Gimlette, Residency Surgeon, too much as a matter of course. Drains-unless ings Kelantan, Straits Settlements. A large number of copies become a nuisance from some defect--being out of sight,they are have been sent to Singapore for distribution by the Govern- more than many things likely to be out of miud also. Who ment. The memorandum is a four-page sheet of foolscap, and associates the outlay of £11,000,000 with the opening of a is written in clear, simple language which can easily be under- bath wast3 ?‘! Yet the present system has cost this sum to stood by any educated person. It begins with a rough sketch enable a resident within the County of London to satisfacof the disease and its mode of spread, with a short and vivid torily perform this simple act ; moreover, it entails that an army of 2000 men shall spend their working lives immured description of the onset and progress of an ordinary case, and in darkness, often midst noisome fumes and exposed to risks brief directions for putting the patient in the way of recovery of flood and of fire from petrol gas. About 1000 of these in the absence of medical aid. Instructions follow for the dis- men are employed by the local district councils. The aspect infection and disposal of excreta and contaminated substances, that such work bears in its relation to the public health may and stress is laid on the virulence of stale cholera stools well claim our attention. and discharges. Owing to the deep-rooted Malay prejudice Hydroyraph6cal Features of the London Area. That we may the better realise the elemental difficulties the and of treatment isolation natives wards, against hospital which engineers have to grapple, and engineers of the during an outbreak in a purely Malay district are beset with with London County Council in a particular degree, it will be difficulties ; but where the native population is mixed it is well to refer to the hydrographical features of the district to possible to organise temporary field hospitals or camps on which they have to minister, covering as it does an area of high ground within a mile or two of the main centre and to some 120 square miles. Reflection shows that these features 2upplement these with segregation camps for contacts and are the basis of the whole scheme of drainage, the streams springs of bygone days having either bsen converted into suspected or doubtful cases. The memorandum proceeds to and our main sewers or been largely responsible for their conrules for the the health of public give general safeguarding struction and position. Whitaker’sGeological Survey of in infected districts, with special reference to the waterEngland and Wales " includes the results of many borings in supply and the disposal of the dead and the danger of and around London. These indicate that a very different uncooked foods. It points out that judgment is required in condition of things, in times not far remote from the present, have existed on each side of the river than is now giving directions for the burning of dwelling places and in must noticeable. (See Note A.) The continual raising of the surface the confidence of disturbing Malay burial customs, because of the ground in the neighbourhood of the city and the the native community is easily shaken, and there is always nearer suburbs must not be forgotten. Each load of building risk of concealment of deaths and of general panic. Ten material ever brought in by barge or cart or rail has aided to days’ quarantine is recommended, in order to be on the raise the level. At the beginning of the Christian era much of the lowsafe side, although this is twice as long as the period land on the south side of the river (now within the lying The importlaid down by the Venice Convention. of the London County Council) from Abbey Wood jurisdiction ance of care, courage, and calmness on the part of to Barnes was under water, and in many places on the north Europeans in time of epidemic, both for their own side also. Certainly at a period not very remote the river sakes and as an example to the natives, is insisted on. spread over Plumstead Marshes and parts of North Woolwich, Above all things, prejudice must not be aroused in the native across the Isle of Dogs, some parts of Deptford, and the part of Rotherbithe and Bermondsey, over much of mind. Organised hospital treatment being out of the greater Southwark, Walworth, Lambeth, and of Vauxhall, where the question, the uneducated Malay has to be treated in his own Effra River from Dulwich-now an important sewer, with a home in the midst of his family, and "personal interest in branch from Nine Elms-emptied into Effra Creek. The the patient is almost everything." Personal influence may Thames spread across to Westminster, round Thorney Island be of immense value in checking the disease at the as far back as the ornamental water bv the Horse Guards’ where it was joined by a branch of the Tyburn river beginning of an outbreak. The memorandum concludes Parade, Note B), over Pimlico, and round the backwater of (see with a copy of instructions to natives, couched in the what was then Chelsea Island, formed at the mouth of the phrases of the East, which have been translated into the Westbourne, now the Ranelagh sewer, and still further back Malay tongue and distributed among the head men of, over Fulham and parts of Hammersmith up to Shepherd’s infected areas. They are from the pen of Mr. Warren Bush, where it met the Stamford Brook, now emptying into On the opposite side, again, the river Barnes, and their picturesqueness by no means impairs their Hammersmith Creek. covered portions of Battersea a nd lower Wandsworth, where the or their value. practical simplicity still open waters of the Wandle, much polluted, empty into the Thames. The higher ground of the places named would show as islands here and there. Spreading over this lagoon THE King has been pleased to grant to Dr. Ernest CottonL in times of flood, the swollen river, checked in its course, Fischer, professor of ophthalmology at the School ofE deposited its load of earthy matter from the upper reaches to Medicine, Cairo, the Royal licence to accept and wear the form the marshes, with their tidal creeks kept open by the streams that gathered on the uplands. The city by Insignia of the Third Class of the Imperial Ottoman Order of many some is believed to have been named by the Celts ’’ Lyn the Medjidieh, which decoration has been conferred upon Din," or Lake Town. (See Note C.) him by the Khedive of Egypt with the authorisation of the The three low eminences of Ludgate Hill, Cornhill, and ;Sultan of Turkey. Hill, on which the City proper stands, were surrounded ,
.
.
‘
Tower
us a
Peyrelongue allows all this, but conditions are being improved. Wireless operators no longer suffer as formerly from mercurialism, since the old mercury interruptor has de
THE
been done away with. Anaemia among them, too, will in time be mastered, and as a matter of fact after two years of discussion one ship has now a ventilating fan installed in the wireless operator’s office.
-
MOST of few years
DRAINING AND SEWERAGE OF LONDON.
in London must have noticed during the past number of wooden enclosures in the main thoroughfares in various districts, evidently connected with works of excavation. Yet comparatively few, perhaps, are aware that, deep below the surface, there is in progress one of the largest additions to the existing network of sewers yet undertaken since their formation by the Metropolitan Board A MEMORANDUM ON CHOLERA. of Works. The additions, estimated to cost £3,750,000, are WE have received a Memorandum on Cholera, for the shown on Fig. 1, and include new outfall and intercepting guidance of Europeans in the remote out-stations of British sewers, additional provision for storm water, extra pumping Malaya, which has been prepared under the directions of the facilities, and so on. In these strenuous days all are apt to take their surroundColonial Office by Mr. John D. Gimlette, Residency Surgeon, too much as a matter of course. Drains-unless ings Kelantan, Straits Settlements. A large number of copies become a nuisance from some defect--being out of sight,they are have been sent to Singapore for distribution by the Govern- more than many things likely to be out of miud also. Who ment. The memorandum is a four-page sheet of foolscap, and associates the outlay of £11,000,000 with the opening of a is written in clear, simple language which can easily be under- bath wast3 ?‘! Yet the present system has cost this sum to stood by any educated person. It begins with a rough sketch enable a resident within the County of London to satisfacof the disease and its mode of spread, with a short and vivid torily perform this simple act ; moreover, it entails that an army of 2000 men shall spend their working lives immured description of the onset and progress of an ordinary case, and in darkness, often midst noisome fumes and exposed to risks brief directions for putting the patient in the way of recovery of flood and of fire from petrol gas. About 1000 of these in the absence of medical aid. Instructions follow for the dis- men are employed by the local district councils. The aspect infection and disposal of excreta and contaminated substances, that such work bears in its relation to the public health may and stress is laid on the virulence of stale cholera stools well claim our attention. and discharges. Owing to the deep-rooted Malay prejudice Hydroyraph6cal Features of the London Area. That we may the better realise the elemental difficulties the and of treatment isolation natives wards, against hospital which engineers have to grapple, and engineers of the during an outbreak in a purely Malay district are beset with with London County Council in a particular degree, it will be difficulties ; but where the native population is mixed it is well to refer to the hydrographical features of the district to possible to organise temporary field hospitals or camps on which they have to minister, covering as it does an area of high ground within a mile or two of the main centre and to some 120 square miles. Reflection shows that these features 2upplement these with segregation camps for contacts and are the basis of the whole scheme of drainage, the streams springs of bygone days having either bsen converted into suspected or doubtful cases. The memorandum proceeds to and our main sewers or been largely responsible for their conrules for the the health of public give general safeguarding struction and position. Whitaker’sGeological Survey of in infected districts, with special reference to the waterEngland and Wales " includes the results of many borings in supply and the disposal of the dead and the danger of and around London. These indicate that a very different uncooked foods. It points out that judgment is required in condition of things, in times not far remote from the present, have existed on each side of the river than is now giving directions for the burning of dwelling places and in must noticeable. (See Note A.) The continual raising of the surface the confidence of disturbing Malay burial customs, because of the ground in the neighbourhood of the city and the the native community is easily shaken, and there is always nearer suburbs must not be forgotten. Each load of building risk of concealment of deaths and of general panic. Ten material ever brought in by barge or cart or rail has aided to days’ quarantine is recommended, in order to be on the raise the level. At the beginning of the Christian era much of the lowsafe side, although this is twice as long as the period land on the south side of the river (now within the lying The importlaid down by the Venice Convention. of the London County Council) from Abbey Wood jurisdiction ance of care, courage, and calmness on the part of to Barnes was under water, and in many places on the north Europeans in time of epidemic, both for their own side also. Certainly at a period not very remote the river sakes and as an example to the natives, is insisted on. spread over Plumstead Marshes and parts of North Woolwich, Above all things, prejudice must not be aroused in the native across the Isle of Dogs, some parts of Deptford, and the part of Rotherbithe and Bermondsey, over much of mind. Organised hospital treatment being out of the greater Southwark, Walworth, Lambeth, and of Vauxhall, where the question, the uneducated Malay has to be treated in his own Effra River from Dulwich-now an important sewer, with a home in the midst of his family, and "personal interest in branch from Nine Elms-emptied into Effra Creek. The the patient is almost everything." Personal influence may Thames spread across to Westminster, round Thorney Island be of immense value in checking the disease at the as far back as the ornamental water bv the Horse Guards’ where it was joined by a branch of the Tyburn river beginning of an outbreak. The memorandum concludes Parade, Note B), over Pimlico, and round the backwater of (see with a copy of instructions to natives, couched in the what was then Chelsea Island, formed at the mouth of the phrases of the East, which have been translated into the Westbourne, now the Ranelagh sewer, and still further back Malay tongue and distributed among the head men of, over Fulham and parts of Hammersmith up to Shepherd’s infected areas. They are from the pen of Mr. Warren Bush, where it met the Stamford Brook, now emptying into On the opposite side, again, the river Barnes, and their picturesqueness by no means impairs their Hammersmith Creek. covered portions of Battersea a nd lower Wandsworth, where the or their value. practical simplicity still open waters of the Wandle, much polluted, empty into the Thames. The higher ground of the places named would show as islands here and there. Spreading over this lagoon THE King has been pleased to grant to Dr. Ernest CottonL in times of flood, the swollen river, checked in its course, Fischer, professor of ophthalmology at the School ofE deposited its load of earthy matter from the upper reaches to Medicine, Cairo, the Royal licence to accept and wear the form the marshes, with their tidal creeks kept open by the streams that gathered on the uplands. The city by Insignia of the Third Class of the Imperial Ottoman Order of many some is believed to have been named by the Celts ’’ Lyn the Medjidieh, which decoration has been conferred upon Din," or Lake Town. (See Note C.) him by the Khedive of Egypt with the authorisation of the The three low eminences of Ludgate Hill, Cornhill, and ;Sultan of Turkey. Hill, on which the City proper stands, were surrounded ,
.
.
‘
Tower
us a