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A model-controlled method for recognizing penetrameter in radiographic inspection of weld
N DT Abstracts Two welded Ti-6A1-4V pres:~ure vessels leaked prematurely in service. The leaks were caused by cracks emanating from weld porosity. It is shown that the tendency for cracking is influenced by pore position and that pore size is not a deciding factor in that regard. The factors that govern pore cracking are discussed, and the possible role of interstitial embrittlement is assessed.
This paper discusses problems associated with the current standard radiographic interpretation techniques when applied to external tank (ET) weld film, and it describes how the Advanced Processes Technology group at Martin Marietta Manned Space Systems has addressed radiographic film interpretation. Also discussed is how digital data can be used to assist in the radiographic interpretation process. Two different attempts at automating radiographic interpretation are examined for their accuracy and applicability to the Space Shuttle program. Finally, some conclusions about the future of this technology are made.
54729 Lu, J.; Bouhelier, C.: Lieurade, H.P.; Baralle, D.; Miege, B.; Flavenot, J.F. S t u d y of residual welding stress using the step-by-step hole drilling a n d X - r a y diffraction method
Murakami, K.; Murakami, K. A model-controlled method for recognizing penetrameter in radiographic inspection of weld
53515
Welding in the World, Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 118-128 (1994) We have shown examples of application of the measurement of residual stresses using X-ray diffraction aad step-by-step hole drilling methods. The comparisons made of the two techniques showed them to be complementary. By combining the use of these two methods, it is possible to obtain a general view of the state of residual stresses in the plane and through the thickness of the part. The results of the comparisons are fairly good, considering the steep stress gradient in the welds. The two techniques were also applied to heterogenou~ welded joints, friction welding and thick cladding by welding as well as plasma spraying coatings.
Journal of JSNDI, Vol. 2, pp. 84-99 (1989) An efficient recognition scheme is provided to enforce the precision of the resulted patterns of penetrameter (PENE) which is included in the X-ray photograph of welding (XPW). Because the size and shape of PENE are exactly known by the JIS standard, the "top-down" pattern models of PENE are easily given to the processing system. The recognition method of PENE proposed in this paper will provide a new phase to the researches on image processing of XPW. The final target of the processing of XPW is to detect and classify the defects of weld. In order to realize this system, several preparatory subtargets, such as the recognitions of weld boundaries, contrameter, head waves, and PENE are required. Among these subtargets, it is important to recognize PENE patterns to ensure the spatial resolution power of the given film whether or not the film can he used originally in the inspection. Another objective of this paper is to estimate the exact value of sampling pitch of the image acquired by ITV camera based on the size information of the recognized PENE.
54215 Lindegaard-Andersen, A. L i n e a r m o t t l i n g o n X - r a y radiographs of automatic TIG welded aluminium alloy studied by X - r a y topography NDT & E International, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 59-65 (Apr. 1993) Linear mottling on X-ray radiographs of TIG welds in an aluminium alloy has been investigated by X-ray topography and X-ray spectroscopy. The experimental results showed that the radiographic mottling was due to X-ray diffraction. Detailed X-ray topographic images of large diffracting grains of the weld zone were obtained. The spectra of diffracted beams were measured using energy-dispers:ive spectrometry. The diffraction was identified as I 1 l- and higher orders of Bragg reflection from the diffracting FCC grains.
53508 Kikuchi, M.; Yoshimura, S.; Yagawa, G.; Nishioka, T.; Miyazaki, N.; Mukaimachi, N.; Sasaki, S.; Shimakawa, T.; Watanabe, T. Analysis of stable crack growth across welded fusion line: Japanese Round-Robin
54212 Sato, K. Q u a l i t y control of welds by radiographic inspection (In
l lth International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology, Tokyo (Japan), 18-23 Aug. 1991. Vol. G2, pp. 75-85 Edited by H. Shibata. Atomic Energy Society of Japan and The International Association for Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology, e.V. (1991) ISBN 4890470603 Bimaterial CT specimens are numerically analyzed in the elastic-plastic states. By changing the material constants and the distance between the crack tip and the phase boundary, the parametric analyses are conducted. J integral evaluated by the line integration is compared with that obtained by the empirical formula by Merke-Corten. The effects of the inhomogeneities on the accuracy of the J integral evaluation are discussed. Next the stable crack growth analyses are conducted. Using the relation between 8tx and load-load line displacement obtained experimentally, the generation phase analyses are carried out. J integral, T* integral and CTO A are evaluated and the effects of the fusion line are discussed.
Japanese) Journal of JSNDI, Vol. 42, No. 10, pp. 548-550 (Oct. 1993) 54211 Halmshaw, R. IQIs and pipe weld radiography British Journal of Non-Destructive Testing, Vol. 35, No. 12, pp. 714- 715 (Dec. 1993) If an IQI cannot he placed on the source side of the weld, it is probably better not to use an 1QI al all. An IQI on the film side can provide a little information on contrast parameters but can be very misleading and can cause confusion and a false sense of the image quality attained. IQls at best provide only limited information and a detailed technique record is a much better check on the correctness of the radiographic technique used. Do we really need IQIs on every radiography? Do we really need IQls at all?
Nakamura, K.; Hirayama, K.; Oooka, N.; Nihei, I.; Wada, Y.; Senda, T. Experiments on relationship between sensitivity of image quality indicator and defect size of welds
52521
Rogers, A.; Kinchen, B. Production line automated X-ray inspection of welds on automotive transmission components 54007
ASNT 1993 Fall Conference and Quality Testing Show. NDT: A Partner in Engineering Innovation, Long Beach, California (United States), 8-12 Nov. 1993. pp. 39-41. ASNT (1993) An example of the use of real-time X-ray inspection in the automotive industry is the transmission inspection system recently installed at Chrysler's Kokomo Transmission Plant. The system is full automated, and fast enough to keep up with the production level of over 6,000 pans per day. As part of the development program for this real-time system, Chrysler personnel produced numerous types of "bad" welds, with varying degrees of severity. These were used to "train" the system computer, so that it is able to recognize the "X-ray" signatures" of these classes of improper weld. Thus the inspection system is not only able to automatically reject bad welds, it also maintains a full record on all accepted pans of the extent to which their signatures are deviating from the normal range and moving toward one of the unacceptable categories. This provides the necessary feed-back for effective process control.
9th International Conference on Nondestructive Evaluation in the Nuclear Industry, Tokyo (Japan), 25-28 Apr. 1988, pp. 583-591. Edited by K. Iida, J.E. Doherty and X. Edelmann. A S M (1988) Slit-type defects, which are similar in shapes to such weld defects as incomplete penetration and lack of fusion have been produced, and radiographs were produced with changing the direction of radiation from parallel direction to the defect plane to 30 angle. These radiographs were used to measure the relation between the finest detectable diameter of wire-type image quality indicator and the minimum detectable dimensions of slit-type defects.
Perrone, T.F. Principles of radiographic film interpretation of pipeline welds 51232
Materials Evaluation, Vol. 50, No. 1 I, pp. 1268-1273 (Nov. 1992) Three basic principles for the successful interpretation of radiographic films for welding quality are identified. The inspector must be thoroughly grounded in the principles of radiographic testing, as sound understanding of welding processes, associated flaws and radiographic images and knowledge of acceptance criteria specified by referenced codes and standards. Thus an inspector can conclude that the presence of certain discontinuities in a weld does not necessary preclude the use of the item for its intended purpose. Clear illustrations show examples of the various weld defects discussed.
53984 Reightler, R.E. Automated i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of e x t e r n a l t a n k weld radiographs Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, La Jolla, California (United Stales), 19-24 Jul. 1992. Vol. 12A, pp. 881-887. Edited by D.O. Thompson and D.E. Chimenti, Plenum Press (1993). ISBN 0-306-44483-6.
183
This paper discusses problems associated with the current standard radiographic interpretation techniques when applied to external tank (ET) weld film, and it describes how the Advanced Processes Technology group at Martin Marietta Manned Space Systems has addressed radiographic film interpretation. Also discussed is how digital data can be used to assist in the radiographic interpretation process. Two different attempts at automating radiographic interpretation are examined for their accuracy and applicability to the Space Shuttle program. Finally, some conclusions about the future of this technology are made.
54729 Lu, J.; Bouhelier, C.: Lieurade, H.P.; Baralle, D.; Miege, B.; Flavenot, J.F. S t u d y of residual welding stress using the step-by-step hole drilling a n d X - r a y diffraction method
Murakami, K.; Murakami, K. A model-controlled method for recognizing penetrameter in radiographic inspection of weld
53515
Welding in the World, Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 118-128 (1994) We have shown examples of application of the measurement of residual stresses using X-ray diffraction aad step-by-step hole drilling methods. The comparisons made of the two techniques showed them to be complementary. By combining the use of these two methods, it is possible to obtain a general view of the state of residual stresses in the plane and through the thickness of the part. The results of the comparisons are fairly good, considering the steep stress gradient in the welds. The two techniques were also applied to heterogenou~ welded joints, friction welding and thick cladding by welding as well as plasma spraying coatings.
Journal of JSNDI, Vol. 2, pp. 84-99 (1989) An efficient recognition scheme is provided to enforce the precision of the resulted patterns of penetrameter (PENE) which is included in the X-ray photograph of welding (XPW). Because the size and shape of PENE are exactly known by the JIS standard, the "top-down" pattern models of PENE are easily given to the processing system. The recognition method of PENE proposed in this paper will provide a new phase to the researches on image processing of XPW. The final target of the processing of XPW is to detect and classify the defects of weld. In order to realize this system, several preparatory subtargets, such as the recognitions of weld boundaries, contrameter, head waves, and PENE are required. Among these subtargets, it is important to recognize PENE patterns to ensure the spatial resolution power of the given film whether or not the film can he used originally in the inspection. Another objective of this paper is to estimate the exact value of sampling pitch of the image acquired by ITV camera based on the size information of the recognized PENE.
54215 Lindegaard-Andersen, A. L i n e a r m o t t l i n g o n X - r a y radiographs of automatic TIG welded aluminium alloy studied by X - r a y topography NDT & E International, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 59-65 (Apr. 1993) Linear mottling on X-ray radiographs of TIG welds in an aluminium alloy has been investigated by X-ray topography and X-ray spectroscopy. The experimental results showed that the radiographic mottling was due to X-ray diffraction. Detailed X-ray topographic images of large diffracting grains of the weld zone were obtained. The spectra of diffracted beams were measured using energy-dispers:ive spectrometry. The diffraction was identified as I 1 l- and higher orders of Bragg reflection from the diffracting FCC grains.
53508 Kikuchi, M.; Yoshimura, S.; Yagawa, G.; Nishioka, T.; Miyazaki, N.; Mukaimachi, N.; Sasaki, S.; Shimakawa, T.; Watanabe, T. Analysis of stable crack growth across welded fusion line: Japanese Round-Robin
54212 Sato, K. Q u a l i t y control of welds by radiographic inspection (In
l lth International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology, Tokyo (Japan), 18-23 Aug. 1991. Vol. G2, pp. 75-85 Edited by H. Shibata. Atomic Energy Society of Japan and The International Association for Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology, e.V. (1991) ISBN 4890470603 Bimaterial CT specimens are numerically analyzed in the elastic-plastic states. By changing the material constants and the distance between the crack tip and the phase boundary, the parametric analyses are conducted. J integral evaluated by the line integration is compared with that obtained by the empirical formula by Merke-Corten. The effects of the inhomogeneities on the accuracy of the J integral evaluation are discussed. Next the stable crack growth analyses are conducted. Using the relation between 8tx and load-load line displacement obtained experimentally, the generation phase analyses are carried out. J integral, T* integral and CTO A are evaluated and the effects of the fusion line are discussed.
Japanese) Journal of JSNDI, Vol. 42, No. 10, pp. 548-550 (Oct. 1993) 54211 Halmshaw, R. IQIs and pipe weld radiography British Journal of Non-Destructive Testing, Vol. 35, No. 12, pp. 714- 715 (Dec. 1993) If an IQI cannot he placed on the source side of the weld, it is probably better not to use an 1QI al all. An IQI on the film side can provide a little information on contrast parameters but can be very misleading and can cause confusion and a false sense of the image quality attained. IQls at best provide only limited information and a detailed technique record is a much better check on the correctness of the radiographic technique used. Do we really need IQIs on every radiography? Do we really need IQls at all?
Nakamura, K.; Hirayama, K.; Oooka, N.; Nihei, I.; Wada, Y.; Senda, T. Experiments on relationship between sensitivity of image quality indicator and defect size of welds
52521
Rogers, A.; Kinchen, B. Production line automated X-ray inspection of welds on automotive transmission components 54007
ASNT 1993 Fall Conference and Quality Testing Show. NDT: A Partner in Engineering Innovation, Long Beach, California (United States), 8-12 Nov. 1993. pp. 39-41. ASNT (1993) An example of the use of real-time X-ray inspection in the automotive industry is the transmission inspection system recently installed at Chrysler's Kokomo Transmission Plant. The system is full automated, and fast enough to keep up with the production level of over 6,000 pans per day. As part of the development program for this real-time system, Chrysler personnel produced numerous types of "bad" welds, with varying degrees of severity. These were used to "train" the system computer, so that it is able to recognize the "X-ray" signatures" of these classes of improper weld. Thus the inspection system is not only able to automatically reject bad welds, it also maintains a full record on all accepted pans of the extent to which their signatures are deviating from the normal range and moving toward one of the unacceptable categories. This provides the necessary feed-back for effective process control.
9th International Conference on Nondestructive Evaluation in the Nuclear Industry, Tokyo (Japan), 25-28 Apr. 1988, pp. 583-591. Edited by K. Iida, J.E. Doherty and X. Edelmann. A S M (1988) Slit-type defects, which are similar in shapes to such weld defects as incomplete penetration and lack of fusion have been produced, and radiographs were produced with changing the direction of radiation from parallel direction to the defect plane to 30 angle. These radiographs were used to measure the relation between the finest detectable diameter of wire-type image quality indicator and the minimum detectable dimensions of slit-type defects.
Perrone, T.F. Principles of radiographic film interpretation of pipeline welds 51232
Materials Evaluation, Vol. 50, No. 1 I, pp. 1268-1273 (Nov. 1992) Three basic principles for the successful interpretation of radiographic films for welding quality are identified. The inspector must be thoroughly grounded in the principles of radiographic testing, as sound understanding of welding processes, associated flaws and radiographic images and knowledge of acceptance criteria specified by referenced codes and standards. Thus an inspector can conclude that the presence of certain discontinuities in a weld does not necessary preclude the use of the item for its intended purpose. Clear illustrations show examples of the various weld defects discussed.
53984 Reightler, R.E. Automated i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of e x t e r n a l t a n k weld radiographs Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, La Jolla, California (United Stales), 19-24 Jul. 1992. Vol. 12A, pp. 881-887. Edited by D.O. Thompson and D.E. Chimenti, Plenum Press (1993). ISBN 0-306-44483-6.
183