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A Multidisciplanary Approach to Improve Energetic Performance in Smart Buildings
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A Multidisciplanary Approach to Improve A A Multidisciplanary Multidisciplanary Approach Approach to to Improve Improve Energetic Performance in Smart Buildings Energetic Performance in Smart Buildings Energetic Performance in Smart Buildings ∗ ∗ ∗∗ Annebicque ∗ Bruno Robert ∗ Jean-Francois Henry ∗∗ Annebicque ∗ Bruno Robert ∗ Jean-Francois ∗∗ ∗∗ ∗ ∗∗ Henry ∗ ∗∗ Annebicque Bruno Robert Jean-Francois Henry Jaona Randrianalisoa Popa Annebicque Bruno Robert Jean-Francois ∗∗ Catalin ∗∗ Henry Jaona Randrianalisoa Popa ∗∗ ∗∗ ∗∗ Catalin ∗∗ Jaona Randrianalisoa Catalin Popa Jaona Randrianalisoa Catalin Popa ∗ ∗ University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, CReSTIC, Reims, France of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, CReSTIC, Reims, France ∗ ∗ University University of CReSTIC, (e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]). University of Reims Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Champagne-Ardenne, CReSTIC, Reims, Reims, France France (e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]). ∗∗ (e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]). of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, GRESPI, Reims, France (e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]). ∗∗ University University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, GRESPI, Reims, France ∗∗ ∗∗ University of GRESPI, (e-mail: [email protected], [email protected], University of Reims Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Champagne-Ardenne, GRESPI, Reims, Reims, France France (e-mail: [email protected], [email protected], (e-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]) (e-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]) [email protected]) [email protected])
David David David David
Abstract: The building turns out to be an important source of energy savings that can not Abstract: The building turns out be important of savings that can not Abstract: Thethe building turns out to to be an anconsumption. important source source of isenergy energy savings that can not be ignored in goal of reducing energy But it impossible to save energy Abstract: The building turns out to be an important source of energy savings that can not be ignored in the goal of reducing energy consumption. But it is impossible to save energy be ignored ignored in the the goal goal of of reducing energy consumption. But it is is research impossible to save savein energy energy and to reduce confort the users. This paper outlines a new program which be in of reducing energy consumption. But it impossible to and to reduce the confort of the users. This paper outlines aa new research program in which to the of users. This outlines research program in aand STIC laboratory and aa heat transfer together optimize the performance and to reduce reduce the confort confort of the the users. laboratory This paper paperwork outlines a new newto research program in which which a STIC laboratory and heat transfer laboratory work together to optimize the performance a STIC laboratory and a heat transfer laboratory work together to optimize the performance of existing buildings. It presents an original approach that combines research on new devices a STIC laboratory and a heat transfer laboratory work together to optimize the performance of buildings. It presents original approach that research on of existing existing buildings. Itmanagement presents an an of original approach that combines combines research on new new devices devices that can store heat, on various energy sources and thermal and electrochemical of existing buildings. It presents an original approach that combines research on new devices that can store heat, on management of various energy sources and thermal and electrochemical that can store heat, on management of various energy sources and thermal and electrochemical storage facilities, and an implication user in the decision making process in order to take into that can store heat, on management of various energy sources and thermal and electrochemical storage facilities, and an implication of user in the decision making process in order to take into storage facilities, and an implication of user in the decision making process in order to take into account his/her feelings by a comprehensive knowledge of the subjective comfort notion. storage facilities, and an implication of user in the decision making process in order to take into account his/her feelings by a comprehensive knowledge of the subjective comfort notion. account his/her feelings by a comprehensive knowledge of the subjective comfort notion. account his/her feelings by a comprehensive knowledge of the subjective comfort notion. © 2016, IFAC (International Federation of Automatic Control) Hosting by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Smart Keywords: Smart house, house, supervision, supervision, thermal thermal confort confort models, models, heat heat storage storage /// recovery, recovery, power power Keywords: Smart house, supervision, thermal confort models, heat storage recovery, management Keywords: Smart house, supervision, thermal confort models, heat storage / recovery, power power management management management 1. INTRODUCTION the management of the energy consumed in buildings, 1. INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION the management management of of the the energy energy consumed consumed in in buildings, buildings, 1. the especially in the smart building framework. Indeed, in 1. INTRODUCTION the management of the energy consumed in buildings, especially in the smart building framework. Indeed, in especially in the smart building framework. Indeed, in France, the building sector is the largest consumer of especially in the smart building framework. Indeed, in Fulfil world growing energy needs is a societal challenge France, the building sector is the largest consumer of Fulfil world world growing growing energy energy needs needs is is aa societal societal challenge challenge France, the building sector is the largest consumer of energy among all economic sectors with 43% of total final Fulfil France, the building sector is the largest consumer of that mobilizes worldwide governments, scientific research Fulfil world growing energy needs is a societal challenge energy among all economic sectors with 43% of total final that mobilizes worldwide governments, scientific research energy among all sectors with 43% final (ADEME (2008)). This sector 21% of that mobilizes worldwide governments, scientific research energy among all economic economic sectors withrepresents 43% of of total total final teams and major players in the economy and industry. that mobilizes worldwide governments, scientific research energy (ADEME (2008)). This sector represents 21% of teams and and major major players players in in the the economy and and industry. industry. energy (ADEME (2008)). This sector represents 21% of CO2 emissions. the building out to be an teams energy (ADEMEThus, (2008)). sectorturns represents of teams and major players in the economy economy andcurrent industry. CO2 emissions. emissions. Thus, the This building turns out to to21% be an an Given the production of electric power, the posiCO2 Thus, the building turns out be important source of energy savings that can not be ignored CO2 emissions. Thus, the building turns out to be an Given the production of electric power, the current posiimportant source source of of energy energy savings savings that that can can not be be ignored ignored Given the production of power, the position of France is characterized by mass nuclear production Given production of electric electric the current current posi- important in the goal of reducing energy consumption. achieve important source of energy savings that can not notTo be ignored tion of of the France is characterized characterized by power, mass nuclear nuclear production in the goal of reducing energy consumption. To achieve tion France is by mass production units and a power grid suitable for transporting very high in the goal of reducing energy consumption. To achieve tion of France is characterized by mass nuclear production this, besides the optimization of existing equipment, it is in the goal of reducing energy consumption. To achieve units and and aa power power grid grid suitable suitable for for transporting transporting very very high high this, besides the optimization of existing equipment, it is is units power over long distances to consumption points (RTE this, besides the optimization of existing equipment, it units and a power grid suitable for transporting very high also necessary to improve methods of energy management this, besides the optimization of existing equipment, it is power over long distances to consumption points (RTE also necessary to improve methods of energy management power over long distances to consumption points (RTE (2015)). However report published by ADEME necessary to improve methods of energy management power over long the distances to consumption points(French (RTE also in order to better integration of renewable energy, and also necessary to improve methods of energy management (2015)). However the report published by ADEME (French in order order to to better better integration of of renewable renewable energy, energy, and and (2015)). However the published by (French Environment & Energy Management in October (2015)). However the report report publishedAgency), by ADEME ADEME (French in also to successfully change behaviours of occupants in in order to better integration integration of renewable energy, and Environment & Energy Energy Management Agency), in October October also to successfully change behaviours of occupants in Environment & Management Agency), in 2015, caused quite a stir by considering a realistic energy also to successfully change behaviours of occupants in Environment & Energy Management Agency), in October connection with heating. also to successfully change behaviours of occupants in 2015, caused caused quite quite aa stir stir by by considering considering aa realistic realistic energy energy connection with heating. 2015, mix from 80% to 100% from renewable sources by 2050, in connection with heating. 2015, caused quite a stir by renewable consideringsources a realistic energy connection with heating. mix from 80% to 100% from by 2050, in this purpose, two laboratories of the University of mix from 80% from renewable sources by in France (ADEME (2015)). In addition to aa mutation of the mix from 80% to to 100% 100% from by 2050, 2050, in For For this this purpose, purpose, two two laboratories laboratories of of the the University University of of France (ADEME (2015)). In renewable addition to tosources mutation of the the For Reims Champagne-Ardenne decided to join forces and France (ADEME (2015)). In addition a mutation of For this purpose, two laboratories of the University of grid structure, this transformation of production facilities France (ADEME (2015)). In addition to a mutation of the Reims Champagne-Ardenne decided to join forces and grid structure, this transformation of production facilities Reims Champagne-Ardenne decided to join forces and pool their skills to comprehensively address energy savings grid structure, this transformation of production facilities Reims Champagne-Ardenne decided to join forces and requires a massive decentralization. Smaller production grid structure, this transformation of production facilities pool their skills to comprehensively address energy savings requires massive decentralization. Smaller production production pool their skills comprehensively address energy savings in homes approach. This fact is strong requires aa decentralization. Smaller pool their with skills aato tosystem comprehensively energy units must be located as close to consumption areas, requires a massive massive decentralization. Smaller production in homes homes with system approach.address This fact fact is aaa savings strong units must be located as close to consumption areas, in with a system approach. This is line of the project that we present in this paper. The units must be located as close to consumption areas, in homes with a system approach. This fact paper. is a strong strong including with regard to domestic uses. In this regard, units must be located as close to consumption areas, line of the project that we present in this The including with regard to domestic uses. In this regard, line of the project that we present in this paper. The Research Group in engineering sciences (GRESPI) has a including with regard to domestic uses. In this regard, line of the project that we present in this paper. The the so-called energy transition law, passed in France in including with regard to domestic uses. In this regard, Research Group in engineering sciences (GRESPI) has the so-called so-called energy energy transition transition law, law, passed passed in in France France in in Research Group in engineering sciences (GRESPI) has aa well known expertise in the field of thermal processes. the Research Group in engineering sciences (GRESPI) has a July 2015, requires a paradigm shift in terms of electrical the energya transition law, in passed in well known expertise in the field of thermal processes. Julyso-called 2015, requires requires paradigm shift shift termsinof ofFrance electrical well known expertise in the field of thermal processes. It helps in understanding the mechanisms involved in July 2015, aa paradigm in terms electrical well known expertise in the field of thermal processes. energy. The objectives set for 2020 require reconsider inJuly 2015, requires paradigm shift in terms of electrical It helps helps in in understanding understanding the the mechanisms mechanisms involved involved in in energy. The The objectives objectives set set for for 2020 2020 require require reconsider reconsider inin- It comfort in aa residential environment. GRESPI energy. It helps conditions in understanding the mechanisms involved in depth the current methods of management control of energy. The objectives set for 2020 require and reconsider incomfort conditions in residential environment. GRESPI depth the current methods of management and control of comfort conditions in a residential environment. GRESPI laboratory is also involved for its expertise in applied depth the current methods of management and control of comfort conditions in a residential environment. GRESPI energy flows that are now highly variable. To cope with depth current of management control of laboratory is also involved for its expertise in applied energythe flows that methods are now now highly highly variable. and To cope cope with laboratory is for its in science in thermal materials, including the optimization energy flows that are variable. To with laboratory is also also involved involved its expertise expertise in applied applied the high variability of renewable energy, suitable storage energy flows that are now highly variable. To cope with science in in thermal thermal materials,for including the optimization optimization the high variability of renewable energy, suitable storage science materials, including the of thermal energy storage in the building environment. the high variability of renewable energy, suitable storage science in thermal materials, including the optimization means appear to be essential for designing sustainable the high variability of renewable energy, suitable storage of thermal thermal energy energy storage storage in in the the building building environment. environment. means appear appear to to be be essential for for designing sustainable sustainable of means of thermal energy storage in the and building environment. management means appearsystems. to be essential essential for designing designing sustainable The Research Centre in Science Technology of Informanagement systems. The Research Centre in Science and Technology of InforInformanagement systems. management systems. The Research Centre in Science and Technology of mation and Communication (CReSTIC) provides scienThe Research Centre in Science and Technology of InforIn the field of smart grids, about the uses and necessities of mation and Communication (CReSTIC) provides scienIn the field of smart grids, about the uses and necessities of mation and (CReSTIC) provides scientific expertise in the fields of digital technologies enIn the field of smart grids, about the uses and necessities of mation and Communication Communication (CReSTIC) providesand scienstorage, we can quote the VENTEEA project conducted In the field of smart grids, about the uses and necessities of tific expertise in the fields of digital technologies and enstorage, we we can can quote quote the the VENTEEA VENTEEA project project conducted conducted tific expertise in the fields of digital technologies and energy conversion. These technologies will include large-scale storage, tific expertise in the fields of digital technologies and enin France by ERDF. The storage solution integrates a storage, we can quote the VENTEEA project conducted ergy conversion. These technologies will include large-scale in France France by by ERDF. ERDF. The The storage storage solution solution integrates integrates aa ergy conversion. These technologies will include large-scale analysis of the extensive data collected within the building in ergy conversion. These technologies will include large-scale battery Lithium with a total capacity of 1.3 MWh and in France by ERDF. storage solution analysis of of the the extensive extensive data data collected collected within within the the building building battery Lithium with The total capacity of 1.3 1.3integrates MWh and anda analysis or provided by users, to optimize energy consumption. battery Lithium with aa capacity of MWh analysis of the extensive data collected within the building abattery capacity of 22 MW. storage is required order to Lithium withThis a total total capacity of 1.3 in MWh and or provided by users, to optimize energy consumption. a capacity of MW. This storage is required in order to or provided by users, to optimize energy consumption. aallow capacity of MW. This storage is in aa nearby participate in the high-voltage a capacity of 22wind MW.farm Thisto is required required in order order to to or provided by users, to optimize energy consumption. allow nearby wind farm tostorage participate in the the high-voltage high-voltage allow a nearby wind farm to participate in network settings. this storage issue concerns allow a nearby windSimilarly, farm to participate in the high-voltage network settings. Similarly, this storage storage issue concerns network network settings. settings. Similarly, Similarly, this this storage issue issue concerns concerns Copyright 2016 IFAC 313 Hosting by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 2405-8963 © 2016, IFAC (International Federation of Automatic Control) Copyright © 2016 IFAC 313 Copyright 2016 IFAC 313 Peer review© of International Federation of Automatic Copyright ©under 2016 responsibility IFAC 313Control. 10.1016/j.ifacol.2016.10.710
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Mixing human-machine interface technologies, thermal and electrochemical storage capabilities, renewable energy integration and a comprehensive knowledge of the subjective comfort notion in order to improve performances of the energy management system of the building to save energy and simultaneously educate users to change their behaviours is the challenge addressed by this project. 2. SUBJECT AND SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 2.1 Production and conversion Several energy sources must cooperate to meet the building’s heating needs. The main power supply is of electrical origin. It is obtained by a conventional grid connection. Several ancillary sources contribute to improving the energy balance by exploiting renewable energy. The first one is the wind energy. A wind generator will deliver a ten kilowatts peak power. This is a vertical axis wind turbine. The Darrieus type rotor has a height of 9 meters. The Darrieus turbine is well suited to operating in environment where urban turbulence, due to the proximity of the buildings, are quite significant. The low level noise of the turbine, compared to a three-blade rotor, is another advantage of this technology. The wind turbine will be set on top of a 18 meters high mast. Solar energy will be exploited in two ways. The first one consists in a direct conversion of radiation into heat through the use of solar thermal plants. The second one consists in the use of photovoltaic panels to compensate for the wind generator and smooth the effects of intermittent wind. At any time, the management system must determine the use of sources of electricity. They may be used to reduce power consumption to the power grid. They canalso be stored in heat form via the Joule effect or stored in Lithium electrochemical storage. The managment system will balance between immediat use, thermal storage or electrochemical storage / recovery taking into account various criterion as peak power needs, electricity instant cost, life cycle cost of batteries, the green energy objective ratio. Of course, all these energy exchanges require to ensure the necessary conversions between different sources, storage devices, and the power grid. It must also ensure the automatic switching circuitry to allocate or share each power / storage resources. 2.2 Heat storage / recovery The storage will be ensured by a module which consists mainly of phase change material (PCM). The design and the size of the module will depend on the targeted use of the stored energy, i.e. for a room, an apartment or a building. Charging phase: the module will be designed to enable the choice between two power-feeds, namely hot fluid and electric current. Heat carried by thermal fluid onto the storage module is expected to come mainly from solar thermal plants. Electric current is either recovered from electric batteries, electric grid during inexpensive off-peak periods, and/or from intermittent energy generators such as wind power plants and photovoltaic panels. The device should incorporate a hydraulic pipe for heat feeding. A 314
metallic grid will be embedded within the PCM volume and will be connected to both heat pipe and electric feed, for the purposes of heat transfer enhancement onto the PCM volume and electricity to heat conversion. Discharging phase: During discharging phase, the heat recovery will be ensured by a cold fluid (e.g. water) flowing through same hydraulic pipe as during the charging phase. For the purpose of the room heating, the module will be directly positioned inside the targeted room. In this case, the module will be covered by a heat spreader (infrared radiator or fin system). For the purpose of apartment or building heating, the module will be positioned in a common area. The heat spreading components will be connected to the module by a pipe network. Therefore, the design of the heat storage system will depend on the targeting purpose. Design and validation via numerical modeling and experimental tests: Despite of various studies focused on heat storage via PCM embedding heat transfer enhancer such as metallic foams (e.g. [Sharma et al. (2009), Fan and Khodadadi (2011)]), questions that designer has systematically to ask, what kind of PCM, metallic grid, hydraulic pipe, and heat spreaders enable to maximize the device performance? Material characterization, design and simulation are essential to better understand the phenomena, in particular the structure properties relationships at different scales, and to answer to the above questions. In this project, two numerical models will be respectively implemented in a Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code to design the storage system and component at different scales. Considering PCM infiltrated metallic foams as example of the storage component, a numerical model at the characteristics scale of few pores [Randrianalisoa et al. (2015)] will be used to design the composite structure satisfying the heat transfer constraints and then to establish thermal properties structure relationships. At the scale of the storage module, a CFD model such as in [Tay et al. (2012)] will be build to simulate and predict the response of the system for a given couple of device components (storage, pipe and heat spreader) and operating conditions. To assess the model suitability, two experimental tests will be designed. The first set up is devoted to characterize thermal properties of PCM based composite materials. Especially, it will be used to validate the pore scale model. The second one is a prototype of the storage module and will be used to ensure the suitability of the CFD model at the device scale. 3. THERMAL COMFORT PERCEPTION Various parameters influence thermal comfort. Some of these parameters are related to the user (its activity, clothing) and others are related to the indoor environment (air temperature, surrounding surfaces temperature, air relative velocity, degree of turbulence, water vapor pressure and relative humidity). At present, taking into account of thermal comfort is made with methods developed from static approaches, simplifying the complexity of interactive phenomena. Thus, constructive requirements and recommendations for designers encourage the oversizing of equipments and systems like Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC), cooling, etc. However, these
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systems are the main energy consumers of buildings and the main CO2 emitter. Regarding the heating system, the connection between the physical phenomena taking place in the local (conduction, convection, radiation, laminar / turbulent flows, ...) and thermal comfort felt by the user is poorly known especially because of the dynamic interaction between subjects and their environments. 3.1 Thermal comfort models The field of indoor thermal comfort is divided between two approaches. The first approach is studying the thermal comfort of an analytically way, while the second approach, based on the inability of the analytical approach to represent the reality of thermal comfort in buildings, is the adaptive approach. The analytical approach to thermal comfort is based on calculation of the thermal balance of the human body, by physical and physiological models essentially. The objective is to predict the thermal sensation of the occupants to identify the conditions for thermal comfort. To determine the physiological variables of the individual (skin temperature, internal temperature and skin wetness), physiological models of thermoregulation system were developed. Physical models are also used to calculate the heat exchanges between the occupant and its environment (conduction, convection, radiation and evaporation). These models use physical quantities of ambient air (air temperature, radiant temperature, air humidity and air velocity), as well as user characteristics (size and weight, metabolic heat production, characteristics of clothing ...). In buildings, the most commonly used models are those of Fanger (Fanger (1970)) and that of Gagge (ASHRAE (2005)). In some cases, despite the various methods to analyze thermal comfort, the prediction does not match the measurements performed in situ (ASHRAE (2005), ISO (2005) ). The differences between the expected comfort and in situ measured comfort are not due only to measurement errors and uncertainties in estimates of clothing insulation and metabolic parameters, but they reveal the dynamic interaction between individuals and their environments. Humphreys & Nicol (Nicol (2002)) explains that people naturally tend to adapt to changing conditions in their environment. This natural tendency is expressed in the adaptive approach of thermal comfort. They postulate the existence of an influence of some psychological and sociological factors on thermal comfort. The adaptive approach of thermal comfort considers the person as an active element that reacts with changes in its environment to ensure comfort. 3.2 Comfort perception Generally people adapt naturally and can also make various biological adjustments and adjust some parameters of their environment to reduce the discomfort and physiological fatigue. It was observed that through adaptation actions, an acceptable level of comfort in residential and offices is possible over an air temperature range of about 17◦ C to 31◦ C. Adaptive adjustments are usually conscious actions such as changing dress, posture, activities, labor rates, food... These people may also unconsciously adapt 315
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to long term by changing their physiological guidelines, blood circulation, skin, and perspiration. However, only limited information can be found on this subject in the literature. Rather than submit to the conditions of its environment, the occupant responds by adapting to its environment. This adaptive approach puts into doubt the relationship between physics, physiology and comfort. The adaptation is expressed through feedback loops that are set up in uncomfortable situations. 4. SMART SUPERVISION 4.1 Contexte The concepts and approaches for smart systems, remote controlled and sometimes communicating, are currently the subject of much research. This research topic is particularly active in the field of housing (De Silva et al. (2012)), as evidenced by the extensive bibliography about the smart-house concepts, smart home or smart building (Balta-Ozkan et al. (2013), Galissot (2012), Missaoui et al. (2014)). Most of these works are focused on the issues of managing a particular energy or so on a specific group of actuators to the exclusion of others (radiators, lighting ...) (Eynard (2010)). Supervision systems are implemented simply to produce a sensor data display. Studies conducted on the correlation of all sensors and actuators in order that all systems (smart home) interact, begin to appear. The explosion of connected objects in the housing environment contributes to the booming of this theme. Indeed the trend towards hyper-connectivity of all household appliances, allows to broadcast a large quantity of information, especially those related to energy housing conditions. In addition, putting the user in control capacity, including distance and since nomadic interfaces, positioned as an actor of his consumption and makes him a ”prosumer”. This multitude of technologies, allowing to consider a particularly effective energy management, is based not only on a very rational use, if not optimal, of the equipements but also a thorough knowledge of the status of these systems. In a strong societal approach, our contribution is to propose an energy monitoring system of housing capable of aggregating the sensor signals with subjective data from the residents. In a pedagogical perspective, suggestions of changes in the resident practices can be suggested in order to achieve savings. By designing a high level Human Machine Interface (HMI), we want to place the resident, in its behavior and in the expression of his/her feelings, in the heart of an energy management system. The resident will be both cooperating and self-learning (Annebicque (2010) ). 4.2 Integration of subjectives data Our goal is to also include a supervision system that will collect objective data from various sensors such as the order temperature, actual temperature, occupancy of a room. It is even possible to integrate some data on available energy sources (amount of stored energy, for example).
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All these data allow, if sufficiently popularized for users, to understand their consumption (see a price rather than kilowatt / hours for example). It is possible to include an indicator signifying to the user, the comfort level achieved (or intended). The novelty of this study is, in addition to integrating the concept of comfort as a data and a goal, to integrate the user opinion, the feeling of the user. Indeed, the system will aim for a level of comfort, but it would be totaly appropriate to obtain the point of views of users on this comfort. Does the user find the proposed (or obtained) comfort adapted or not, and if not how he describes this uncomfortable situation (too hot or too cold). It seems logical that this data would be very subjective depending on the state of the user, his fatigue level, weather, ... This collection of feeling of the user must be obtained in a very simple and fast way. The difficulty lies partly in the ability to offer a simple and intuitive interface to get at regular intervals or whenever users wish to give his feelings about the situation.
be able to restore this heat when the user or the circumstances require it. Secondly, our approach is original in its management of various power sources for heating. The system incorporates of renewable energies, storage systems and converters. Finally, this study proposes to consider the human aspects in decision making process. The system will be able to suggest some actions or decisions to the user in order to improve his/her comfort. The user will be an important element of the management process. His/her ”opinion” or ”felt” is a data of the system. For this project, we will developp tools for supervision, control, implementation of phase change materials and technologies, and new strategy of managing energy. We will have a real building in order to test our propositions. This building will be equipped with different sources of energy (Darrieus wind generator, photovoltaic, power grid), new radiator (with heat storage by PCM), and software to supervise the managment of power, the confort wish by user, and an interface for collect his/her felt. REFERENCES
4.3 How to interpret and manage these data The difficulty and one of the research axis will be on how to use and exploit the return of the user/resident on his/her feelings. Is what it must have a direct impact, for example changing the temperature settings? Or should we store this data, transmitting them to the operator in charge of heating, and consider contract changes or installation modification. 5. POWER MANAGEMENT Supervision which will be proposed and which allow to collect objectives and subjectives data on the global system, on environment of the resident, on the resident himselft/herself, will be used as a decision making center for the global system. The global system is composed of the building, the energy sources, the sensors, the actuators and the residents. The system will be in capability to help to make decision in order to answer on a multi-criteria problem. This problem is how the resident can have a good confort regarding the cost of energy, his/her subjective feeling, the data from sensors, ... Indeed, the radiators can be supplied from various sources (solar, thermal storage, other fluids, ...). The selection of these sources will depend on several criteria such as setpoint deviation requested, level of energy storage, energy costs, availability of these energies, ...). There will be supervision, coupled with a decision support system to choose the best solution. 6. CONCLUSION This paper presents an original approach to the notion of comfort (well-being) of users regarding temperature and heating. The approach we propose here is interesting on several technicals aspects. Firstly, the work on devices capable of storing heat when there is no need and thus 316
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A Multidisciplanary Approach to Improve A A Multidisciplanary Multidisciplanary Approach Approach to to Improve Improve Energetic Performance in Smart Buildings Energetic Performance in Smart Buildings Energetic Performance in Smart Buildings ∗ ∗ ∗∗ Annebicque ∗ Bruno Robert ∗ Jean-Francois Henry ∗∗ Annebicque ∗ Bruno Robert ∗ Jean-Francois ∗∗ ∗∗ ∗ ∗∗ Henry ∗ ∗∗ Annebicque Bruno Robert Jean-Francois Henry Jaona Randrianalisoa Popa Annebicque Bruno Robert Jean-Francois ∗∗ Catalin ∗∗ Henry Jaona Randrianalisoa Popa ∗∗ ∗∗ ∗∗ Catalin ∗∗ Jaona Randrianalisoa Catalin Popa Jaona Randrianalisoa Catalin Popa ∗ ∗ University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, CReSTIC, Reims, France of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, CReSTIC, Reims, France ∗ ∗ University University of CReSTIC, (e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]). University of Reims Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Champagne-Ardenne, CReSTIC, Reims, Reims, France France (e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]). ∗∗ (e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]). of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, GRESPI, Reims, France (e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]). ∗∗ University University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, GRESPI, Reims, France ∗∗ ∗∗ University of GRESPI, (e-mail: [email protected], [email protected], University of Reims Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Champagne-Ardenne, GRESPI, Reims, Reims, France France (e-mail: [email protected], [email protected], (e-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]) (e-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]) [email protected]) [email protected])
David David David David
Abstract: The building turns out to be an important source of energy savings that can not Abstract: The building turns out be important of savings that can not Abstract: Thethe building turns out to to be an anconsumption. important source source of isenergy energy savings that can not be ignored in goal of reducing energy But it impossible to save energy Abstract: The building turns out to be an important source of energy savings that can not be ignored in the goal of reducing energy consumption. But it is impossible to save energy be ignored ignored in the the goal goal of of reducing energy consumption. But it is is research impossible to save savein energy energy and to reduce confort the users. This paper outlines a new program which be in of reducing energy consumption. But it impossible to and to reduce the confort of the users. This paper outlines aa new research program in which to the of users. This outlines research program in aand STIC laboratory and aa heat transfer together optimize the performance and to reduce reduce the confort confort of the the users. laboratory This paper paperwork outlines a new newto research program in which which a STIC laboratory and heat transfer laboratory work together to optimize the performance a STIC laboratory and a heat transfer laboratory work together to optimize the performance of existing buildings. It presents an original approach that combines research on new devices a STIC laboratory and a heat transfer laboratory work together to optimize the performance of buildings. It presents original approach that research on of existing existing buildings. Itmanagement presents an an of original approach that combines combines research on new new devices devices that can store heat, on various energy sources and thermal and electrochemical of existing buildings. It presents an original approach that combines research on new devices that can store heat, on management of various energy sources and thermal and electrochemical that can store heat, on management of various energy sources and thermal and electrochemical storage facilities, and an implication user in the decision making process in order to take into that can store heat, on management of various energy sources and thermal and electrochemical storage facilities, and an implication of user in the decision making process in order to take into storage facilities, and an implication of user in the decision making process in order to take into account his/her feelings by a comprehensive knowledge of the subjective comfort notion. storage facilities, and an implication of user in the decision making process in order to take into account his/her feelings by a comprehensive knowledge of the subjective comfort notion. account his/her feelings by a comprehensive knowledge of the subjective comfort notion. account his/her feelings by a comprehensive knowledge of the subjective comfort notion. © 2016, IFAC (International Federation of Automatic Control) Hosting by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Smart Keywords: Smart house, house, supervision, supervision, thermal thermal confort confort models, models, heat heat storage storage /// recovery, recovery, power power Keywords: Smart house, supervision, thermal confort models, heat storage recovery, management Keywords: Smart house, supervision, thermal confort models, heat storage / recovery, power power management management management 1. INTRODUCTION the management of the energy consumed in buildings, 1. INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION the management management of of the the energy energy consumed consumed in in buildings, buildings, 1. the especially in the smart building framework. Indeed, in 1. INTRODUCTION the management of the energy consumed in buildings, especially in the smart building framework. Indeed, in especially in the smart building framework. Indeed, in France, the building sector is the largest consumer of especially in the smart building framework. Indeed, in Fulfil world growing energy needs is a societal challenge France, the building sector is the largest consumer of Fulfil world world growing growing energy energy needs needs is is aa societal societal challenge challenge France, the building sector is the largest consumer of energy among all economic sectors with 43% of total final Fulfil France, the building sector is the largest consumer of that mobilizes worldwide governments, scientific research Fulfil world growing energy needs is a societal challenge energy among all economic sectors with 43% of total final that mobilizes worldwide governments, scientific research energy among all sectors with 43% final (ADEME (2008)). This sector 21% of that mobilizes worldwide governments, scientific research energy among all economic economic sectors withrepresents 43% of of total total final teams and major players in the economy and industry. that mobilizes worldwide governments, scientific research energy (ADEME (2008)). This sector represents 21% of teams and and major major players players in in the the economy and and industry. industry. energy (ADEME (2008)). This sector represents 21% of CO2 emissions. the building out to be an teams energy (ADEMEThus, (2008)). sectorturns represents of teams and major players in the economy economy andcurrent industry. CO2 emissions. emissions. Thus, the This building turns out to to21% be an an Given the production of electric power, the posiCO2 Thus, the building turns out be important source of energy savings that can not be ignored CO2 emissions. Thus, the building turns out to be an Given the production of electric power, the current posiimportant source source of of energy energy savings savings that that can can not be be ignored ignored Given the production of power, the position of France is characterized by mass nuclear production Given production of electric electric the current current posi- important in the goal of reducing energy consumption. achieve important source of energy savings that can not notTo be ignored tion of of the France is characterized characterized by power, mass nuclear nuclear production in the goal of reducing energy consumption. To achieve tion France is by mass production units and a power grid suitable for transporting very high in the goal of reducing energy consumption. To achieve tion of France is characterized by mass nuclear production this, besides the optimization of existing equipment, it is in the goal of reducing energy consumption. To achieve units and and aa power power grid grid suitable suitable for for transporting transporting very very high high this, besides the optimization of existing equipment, it is is units power over long distances to consumption points (RTE this, besides the optimization of existing equipment, it units and a power grid suitable for transporting very high also necessary to improve methods of energy management this, besides the optimization of existing equipment, it is power over long distances to consumption points (RTE also necessary to improve methods of energy management power over long distances to consumption points (RTE (2015)). However report published by ADEME necessary to improve methods of energy management power over long the distances to consumption points(French (RTE also in order to better integration of renewable energy, and also necessary to improve methods of energy management (2015)). However the report published by ADEME (French in order order to to better better integration of of renewable renewable energy, energy, and and (2015)). However the published by (French Environment & Energy Management in October (2015)). However the report report publishedAgency), by ADEME ADEME (French in also to successfully change behaviours of occupants in in order to better integration integration of renewable energy, and Environment & Energy Energy Management Agency), in October October also to successfully change behaviours of occupants in Environment & Management Agency), in 2015, caused quite a stir by considering a realistic energy also to successfully change behaviours of occupants in Environment & Energy Management Agency), in October connection with heating. also to successfully change behaviours of occupants in 2015, caused caused quite quite aa stir stir by by considering considering aa realistic realistic energy energy connection with heating. 2015, mix from 80% to 100% from renewable sources by 2050, in connection with heating. 2015, caused quite a stir by renewable consideringsources a realistic energy connection with heating. mix from 80% to 100% from by 2050, in this purpose, two laboratories of the University of mix from 80% from renewable sources by in France (ADEME (2015)). In addition to aa mutation of the mix from 80% to to 100% 100% from by 2050, 2050, in For For this this purpose, purpose, two two laboratories laboratories of of the the University University of of France (ADEME (2015)). In renewable addition to tosources mutation of the the For Reims Champagne-Ardenne decided to join forces and France (ADEME (2015)). In addition a mutation of For this purpose, two laboratories of the University of grid structure, this transformation of production facilities France (ADEME (2015)). In addition to a mutation of the Reims Champagne-Ardenne decided to join forces and grid structure, this transformation of production facilities Reims Champagne-Ardenne decided to join forces and pool their skills to comprehensively address energy savings grid structure, this transformation of production facilities Reims Champagne-Ardenne decided to join forces and requires a massive decentralization. Smaller production grid structure, this transformation of production facilities pool their skills to comprehensively address energy savings requires massive decentralization. Smaller production production pool their skills comprehensively address energy savings in homes approach. This fact is strong requires aa decentralization. Smaller pool their with skills aato tosystem comprehensively energy units must be located as close to consumption areas, requires a massive massive decentralization. Smaller production in homes homes with system approach.address This fact fact is aaa savings strong units must be located as close to consumption areas, in with a system approach. This is line of the project that we present in this paper. The units must be located as close to consumption areas, in homes with a system approach. This fact paper. is a strong strong including with regard to domestic uses. In this regard, units must be located as close to consumption areas, line of the project that we present in this The including with regard to domestic uses. In this regard, line of the project that we present in this paper. The Research Group in engineering sciences (GRESPI) has a including with regard to domestic uses. In this regard, line of the project that we present in this paper. The the so-called energy transition law, passed in France in including with regard to domestic uses. In this regard, Research Group in engineering sciences (GRESPI) has the so-called so-called energy energy transition transition law, law, passed passed in in France France in in Research Group in engineering sciences (GRESPI) has aa well known expertise in the field of thermal processes. the Research Group in engineering sciences (GRESPI) has a July 2015, requires a paradigm shift in terms of electrical the energya transition law, in passed in well known expertise in the field of thermal processes. Julyso-called 2015, requires requires paradigm shift shift termsinof ofFrance electrical well known expertise in the field of thermal processes. It helps in understanding the mechanisms involved in July 2015, aa paradigm in terms electrical well known expertise in the field of thermal processes. energy. The objectives set for 2020 require reconsider inJuly 2015, requires paradigm shift in terms of electrical It helps helps in in understanding understanding the the mechanisms mechanisms involved involved in in energy. The The objectives objectives set set for for 2020 2020 require require reconsider reconsider inin- It comfort in aa residential environment. GRESPI energy. It helps conditions in understanding the mechanisms involved in depth the current methods of management control of energy. The objectives set for 2020 require and reconsider incomfort conditions in residential environment. GRESPI depth the current methods of management and control of comfort conditions in a residential environment. GRESPI laboratory is also involved for its expertise in applied depth the current methods of management and control of comfort conditions in a residential environment. GRESPI energy flows that are now highly variable. To cope with depth current of management control of laboratory is also involved for its expertise in applied energythe flows that methods are now now highly highly variable. and To cope cope with laboratory is for its in science in thermal materials, including the optimization energy flows that are variable. To with laboratory is also also involved involved its expertise expertise in applied applied the high variability of renewable energy, suitable storage energy flows that are now highly variable. To cope with science in in thermal thermal materials,for including the optimization optimization the high variability of renewable energy, suitable storage science materials, including the of thermal energy storage in the building environment. the high variability of renewable energy, suitable storage science in thermal materials, including the optimization means appear to be essential for designing sustainable the high variability of renewable energy, suitable storage of thermal thermal energy energy storage storage in in the the building building environment. environment. means appear appear to to be be essential for for designing sustainable sustainable of means of thermal energy storage in the and building environment. management means appearsystems. to be essential essential for designing designing sustainable The Research Centre in Science Technology of Informanagement systems. The Research Centre in Science and Technology of InforInformanagement systems. management systems. The Research Centre in Science and Technology of mation and Communication (CReSTIC) provides scienThe Research Centre in Science and Technology of InforIn the field of smart grids, about the uses and necessities of mation and Communication (CReSTIC) provides scienIn the field of smart grids, about the uses and necessities of mation and (CReSTIC) provides scientific expertise in the fields of digital technologies enIn the field of smart grids, about the uses and necessities of mation and Communication Communication (CReSTIC) providesand scienstorage, we can quote the VENTEEA project conducted In the field of smart grids, about the uses and necessities of tific expertise in the fields of digital technologies and enstorage, we we can can quote quote the the VENTEEA VENTEEA project project conducted conducted tific expertise in the fields of digital technologies and energy conversion. These technologies will include large-scale storage, tific expertise in the fields of digital technologies and enin France by ERDF. The storage solution integrates a storage, we can quote the VENTEEA project conducted ergy conversion. These technologies will include large-scale in France France by by ERDF. ERDF. The The storage storage solution solution integrates integrates aa ergy conversion. These technologies will include large-scale analysis of the extensive data collected within the building in ergy conversion. These technologies will include large-scale battery Lithium with a total capacity of 1.3 MWh and in France by ERDF. storage solution analysis of of the the extensive extensive data data collected collected within within the the building building battery Lithium with The total capacity of 1.3 1.3integrates MWh and anda analysis or provided by users, to optimize energy consumption. battery Lithium with aa capacity of MWh analysis of the extensive data collected within the building abattery capacity of 22 MW. storage is required order to Lithium withThis a total total capacity of 1.3 in MWh and or provided by users, to optimize energy consumption. a capacity of MW. This storage is required in order to or provided by users, to optimize energy consumption. aallow capacity of MW. This storage is in aa nearby participate in the high-voltage a capacity of 22wind MW.farm Thisto is required required in order order to to or provided by users, to optimize energy consumption. allow nearby wind farm tostorage participate in the the high-voltage high-voltage allow a nearby wind farm to participate in network settings. this storage issue concerns allow a nearby windSimilarly, farm to participate in the high-voltage network settings. Similarly, this storage storage issue concerns network network settings. settings. Similarly, Similarly, this this storage issue issue concerns concerns Copyright 2016 IFAC 313 Hosting by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 2405-8963 © 2016, IFAC (International Federation of Automatic Control) Copyright © 2016 IFAC 313 Copyright 2016 IFAC 313 Peer review© of International Federation of Automatic Copyright ©under 2016 responsibility IFAC 313Control. 10.1016/j.ifacol.2016.10.710
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Mixing human-machine interface technologies, thermal and electrochemical storage capabilities, renewable energy integration and a comprehensive knowledge of the subjective comfort notion in order to improve performances of the energy management system of the building to save energy and simultaneously educate users to change their behaviours is the challenge addressed by this project. 2. SUBJECT AND SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 2.1 Production and conversion Several energy sources must cooperate to meet the building’s heating needs. The main power supply is of electrical origin. It is obtained by a conventional grid connection. Several ancillary sources contribute to improving the energy balance by exploiting renewable energy. The first one is the wind energy. A wind generator will deliver a ten kilowatts peak power. This is a vertical axis wind turbine. The Darrieus type rotor has a height of 9 meters. The Darrieus turbine is well suited to operating in environment where urban turbulence, due to the proximity of the buildings, are quite significant. The low level noise of the turbine, compared to a three-blade rotor, is another advantage of this technology. The wind turbine will be set on top of a 18 meters high mast. Solar energy will be exploited in two ways. The first one consists in a direct conversion of radiation into heat through the use of solar thermal plants. The second one consists in the use of photovoltaic panels to compensate for the wind generator and smooth the effects of intermittent wind. At any time, the management system must determine the use of sources of electricity. They may be used to reduce power consumption to the power grid. They canalso be stored in heat form via the Joule effect or stored in Lithium electrochemical storage. The managment system will balance between immediat use, thermal storage or electrochemical storage / recovery taking into account various criterion as peak power needs, electricity instant cost, life cycle cost of batteries, the green energy objective ratio. Of course, all these energy exchanges require to ensure the necessary conversions between different sources, storage devices, and the power grid. It must also ensure the automatic switching circuitry to allocate or share each power / storage resources. 2.2 Heat storage / recovery The storage will be ensured by a module which consists mainly of phase change material (PCM). The design and the size of the module will depend on the targeted use of the stored energy, i.e. for a room, an apartment or a building. Charging phase: the module will be designed to enable the choice between two power-feeds, namely hot fluid and electric current. Heat carried by thermal fluid onto the storage module is expected to come mainly from solar thermal plants. Electric current is either recovered from electric batteries, electric grid during inexpensive off-peak periods, and/or from intermittent energy generators such as wind power plants and photovoltaic panels. The device should incorporate a hydraulic pipe for heat feeding. A 314
metallic grid will be embedded within the PCM volume and will be connected to both heat pipe and electric feed, for the purposes of heat transfer enhancement onto the PCM volume and electricity to heat conversion. Discharging phase: During discharging phase, the heat recovery will be ensured by a cold fluid (e.g. water) flowing through same hydraulic pipe as during the charging phase. For the purpose of the room heating, the module will be directly positioned inside the targeted room. In this case, the module will be covered by a heat spreader (infrared radiator or fin system). For the purpose of apartment or building heating, the module will be positioned in a common area. The heat spreading components will be connected to the module by a pipe network. Therefore, the design of the heat storage system will depend on the targeting purpose. Design and validation via numerical modeling and experimental tests: Despite of various studies focused on heat storage via PCM embedding heat transfer enhancer such as metallic foams (e.g. [Sharma et al. (2009), Fan and Khodadadi (2011)]), questions that designer has systematically to ask, what kind of PCM, metallic grid, hydraulic pipe, and heat spreaders enable to maximize the device performance? Material characterization, design and simulation are essential to better understand the phenomena, in particular the structure properties relationships at different scales, and to answer to the above questions. In this project, two numerical models will be respectively implemented in a Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code to design the storage system and component at different scales. Considering PCM infiltrated metallic foams as example of the storage component, a numerical model at the characteristics scale of few pores [Randrianalisoa et al. (2015)] will be used to design the composite structure satisfying the heat transfer constraints and then to establish thermal properties structure relationships. At the scale of the storage module, a CFD model such as in [Tay et al. (2012)] will be build to simulate and predict the response of the system for a given couple of device components (storage, pipe and heat spreader) and operating conditions. To assess the model suitability, two experimental tests will be designed. The first set up is devoted to characterize thermal properties of PCM based composite materials. Especially, it will be used to validate the pore scale model. The second one is a prototype of the storage module and will be used to ensure the suitability of the CFD model at the device scale. 3. THERMAL COMFORT PERCEPTION Various parameters influence thermal comfort. Some of these parameters are related to the user (its activity, clothing) and others are related to the indoor environment (air temperature, surrounding surfaces temperature, air relative velocity, degree of turbulence, water vapor pressure and relative humidity). At present, taking into account of thermal comfort is made with methods developed from static approaches, simplifying the complexity of interactive phenomena. Thus, constructive requirements and recommendations for designers encourage the oversizing of equipments and systems like Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC), cooling, etc. However, these
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systems are the main energy consumers of buildings and the main CO2 emitter. Regarding the heating system, the connection between the physical phenomena taking place in the local (conduction, convection, radiation, laminar / turbulent flows, ...) and thermal comfort felt by the user is poorly known especially because of the dynamic interaction between subjects and their environments. 3.1 Thermal comfort models The field of indoor thermal comfort is divided between two approaches. The first approach is studying the thermal comfort of an analytically way, while the second approach, based on the inability of the analytical approach to represent the reality of thermal comfort in buildings, is the adaptive approach. The analytical approach to thermal comfort is based on calculation of the thermal balance of the human body, by physical and physiological models essentially. The objective is to predict the thermal sensation of the occupants to identify the conditions for thermal comfort. To determine the physiological variables of the individual (skin temperature, internal temperature and skin wetness), physiological models of thermoregulation system were developed. Physical models are also used to calculate the heat exchanges between the occupant and its environment (conduction, convection, radiation and evaporation). These models use physical quantities of ambient air (air temperature, radiant temperature, air humidity and air velocity), as well as user characteristics (size and weight, metabolic heat production, characteristics of clothing ...). In buildings, the most commonly used models are those of Fanger (Fanger (1970)) and that of Gagge (ASHRAE (2005)). In some cases, despite the various methods to analyze thermal comfort, the prediction does not match the measurements performed in situ (ASHRAE (2005), ISO (2005) ). The differences between the expected comfort and in situ measured comfort are not due only to measurement errors and uncertainties in estimates of clothing insulation and metabolic parameters, but they reveal the dynamic interaction between individuals and their environments. Humphreys & Nicol (Nicol (2002)) explains that people naturally tend to adapt to changing conditions in their environment. This natural tendency is expressed in the adaptive approach of thermal comfort. They postulate the existence of an influence of some psychological and sociological factors on thermal comfort. The adaptive approach of thermal comfort considers the person as an active element that reacts with changes in its environment to ensure comfort. 3.2 Comfort perception Generally people adapt naturally and can also make various biological adjustments and adjust some parameters of their environment to reduce the discomfort and physiological fatigue. It was observed that through adaptation actions, an acceptable level of comfort in residential and offices is possible over an air temperature range of about 17◦ C to 31◦ C. Adaptive adjustments are usually conscious actions such as changing dress, posture, activities, labor rates, food... These people may also unconsciously adapt 315
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to long term by changing their physiological guidelines, blood circulation, skin, and perspiration. However, only limited information can be found on this subject in the literature. Rather than submit to the conditions of its environment, the occupant responds by adapting to its environment. This adaptive approach puts into doubt the relationship between physics, physiology and comfort. The adaptation is expressed through feedback loops that are set up in uncomfortable situations. 4. SMART SUPERVISION 4.1 Contexte The concepts and approaches for smart systems, remote controlled and sometimes communicating, are currently the subject of much research. This research topic is particularly active in the field of housing (De Silva et al. (2012)), as evidenced by the extensive bibliography about the smart-house concepts, smart home or smart building (Balta-Ozkan et al. (2013), Galissot (2012), Missaoui et al. (2014)). Most of these works are focused on the issues of managing a particular energy or so on a specific group of actuators to the exclusion of others (radiators, lighting ...) (Eynard (2010)). Supervision systems are implemented simply to produce a sensor data display. Studies conducted on the correlation of all sensors and actuators in order that all systems (smart home) interact, begin to appear. The explosion of connected objects in the housing environment contributes to the booming of this theme. Indeed the trend towards hyper-connectivity of all household appliances, allows to broadcast a large quantity of information, especially those related to energy housing conditions. In addition, putting the user in control capacity, including distance and since nomadic interfaces, positioned as an actor of his consumption and makes him a ”prosumer”. This multitude of technologies, allowing to consider a particularly effective energy management, is based not only on a very rational use, if not optimal, of the equipements but also a thorough knowledge of the status of these systems. In a strong societal approach, our contribution is to propose an energy monitoring system of housing capable of aggregating the sensor signals with subjective data from the residents. In a pedagogical perspective, suggestions of changes in the resident practices can be suggested in order to achieve savings. By designing a high level Human Machine Interface (HMI), we want to place the resident, in its behavior and in the expression of his/her feelings, in the heart of an energy management system. The resident will be both cooperating and self-learning (Annebicque (2010) ). 4.2 Integration of subjectives data Our goal is to also include a supervision system that will collect objective data from various sensors such as the order temperature, actual temperature, occupancy of a room. It is even possible to integrate some data on available energy sources (amount of stored energy, for example).
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All these data allow, if sufficiently popularized for users, to understand their consumption (see a price rather than kilowatt / hours for example). It is possible to include an indicator signifying to the user, the comfort level achieved (or intended). The novelty of this study is, in addition to integrating the concept of comfort as a data and a goal, to integrate the user opinion, the feeling of the user. Indeed, the system will aim for a level of comfort, but it would be totaly appropriate to obtain the point of views of users on this comfort. Does the user find the proposed (or obtained) comfort adapted or not, and if not how he describes this uncomfortable situation (too hot or too cold). It seems logical that this data would be very subjective depending on the state of the user, his fatigue level, weather, ... This collection of feeling of the user must be obtained in a very simple and fast way. The difficulty lies partly in the ability to offer a simple and intuitive interface to get at regular intervals or whenever users wish to give his feelings about the situation.
be able to restore this heat when the user or the circumstances require it. Secondly, our approach is original in its management of various power sources for heating. The system incorporates of renewable energies, storage systems and converters. Finally, this study proposes to consider the human aspects in decision making process. The system will be able to suggest some actions or decisions to the user in order to improve his/her comfort. The user will be an important element of the management process. His/her ”opinion” or ”felt” is a data of the system. For this project, we will developp tools for supervision, control, implementation of phase change materials and technologies, and new strategy of managing energy. We will have a real building in order to test our propositions. This building will be equipped with different sources of energy (Darrieus wind generator, photovoltaic, power grid), new radiator (with heat storage by PCM), and software to supervise the managment of power, the confort wish by user, and an interface for collect his/her felt. REFERENCES
4.3 How to interpret and manage these data The difficulty and one of the research axis will be on how to use and exploit the return of the user/resident on his/her feelings. Is what it must have a direct impact, for example changing the temperature settings? Or should we store this data, transmitting them to the operator in charge of heating, and consider contract changes or installation modification. 5. POWER MANAGEMENT Supervision which will be proposed and which allow to collect objectives and subjectives data on the global system, on environment of the resident, on the resident himselft/herself, will be used as a decision making center for the global system. The global system is composed of the building, the energy sources, the sensors, the actuators and the residents. The system will be in capability to help to make decision in order to answer on a multi-criteria problem. This problem is how the resident can have a good confort regarding the cost of energy, his/her subjective feeling, the data from sensors, ... Indeed, the radiators can be supplied from various sources (solar, thermal storage, other fluids, ...). The selection of these sources will depend on several criteria such as setpoint deviation requested, level of energy storage, energy costs, availability of these energies, ...). There will be supervision, coupled with a decision support system to choose the best solution. 6. CONCLUSION This paper presents an original approach to the notion of comfort (well-being) of users regarding temperature and heating. The approach we propose here is interesting on several technicals aspects. Firstly, the work on devices capable of storing heat when there is no need and thus 316
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