A new program to promote injury prevention and its application in China

Safety Science 49 (2011) 1087–1098

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A new program to promote injury prevention and its application in China Li JianFeng a,⇑, Zhang Bin a, Deng HuaSheng b a b

Beijing Municipal Institute of Labor Protection, Beijing, China Occupational Safety and Health Council in Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

a r t i c l e

i n f o

Article history: Received 18 August 2010 Accepted 30 September 2010 Available online 12 March 2011 Keywords: Safe Community Public health Injury prevention Harmonious society

a b s t r a c t To create Safe Community is considered a new methodology to promote Harmonious Society in China. Safe Community (SC) is centralized by ‘‘injury prevention’’ which is a concept involved from occupational safety and health in process industry. In this paper, it first examined the definition and elements of SC. Then, it introduced a Safe Community program in Honey Lake of Futian District of Shenzhen in detail to depict the actual procedure to create a desired Safe Community in China. In this application, Occupational Safety and Health Council in Hong Kong played an important role to instruct the design and execution of SC principle and suggest ways to crystallize a culture of safety within a Chinese community. From the SC program in Honey Lake of Futian District of Shenzhen, China has found out a new way to promote injury prevention in a community. Also, using these experiences from this program, more SC could be constructed that is beneficial to the safety and health of Chinese people. Ó 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction 1.1. The definition of Safe Community Safe Community’ refers to the community that has established a set of organization and procedure, community government and relative departments, enterprises, volunteers and individuals join hands to participate in the injury precaution and safety promotion to improve the quality of community life and working environment as well as strengthen safety protection and reduce accidents and personnel injuries to make sustainable progresses in realizing the safety target. Safe Community’s work is based on three core values (Davies et al., 2000): First, safety is a fundamental human right. Second, everybody has a responsibility to promote and maintain their safety and the safety of others. Third, people are the heart of making communities safer places in which to live, work, learn, travel and play. Safe Community has six basic principles (Grote and Kunzler, 2000). SC builds on existing local networks, infrastructure and ⇑ Corresponding author. Address: Sino-Italian Ecological and Energy-Efficient Building (SIEEB), Division of Air Pollution Control, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China. Tel./fax: +86 10 62794833. E-mail address: [email protected] (L. JianFeng). 0925-7535/$ - see front matter Ó 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2010.09.021

capacities (each community has different resources, skills and capacities to deal with the unique safety issues they face). SC develops a shared vision and productive partnerships between community, government, academic and corporate knowledge areas. SC fosters national leadership in safety promotion. SC ensures sustainability in community safety promotion at a national and community level. SC applies the World Health Organization’s (WHO) indicators for safe communities which will guide our development. SC practices an evidence based approach using worldwide experience. Standards of Safe Community are depicted as following (Howard, 1998). SC is an organization that is responsible for facilitating cross-departments. SC is a long-term and sustainable injury-prevention program covering all ages and genders people as well as environment and situations. SC is a prevention program aiming to assist high risk people and environment as well as enhance the safety protection level of weakness population. SC is a system of recording frequencies and causes of injures. SC is an approach to evaluate project, working procedure and change effects. Indicators for international safe communities must include six aspects (Cooper, 2000). International safe communities are an infrastructure based on partnership and collaborations, governed by a cross-sectional group that is responsible for safety promotion in their community. It holds long-term, sustainable programs covering genders and all ages, environments, and situations. It conducts programs that target high-risk groups and environments, and programs that promote safety for vulnerable groups. It covers programs that document the frequency and causes of injuries. Its evaluation measures can assess their programs, processes and

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the effects of change. It should join national and international Safe Communities networks. 1.2. Six indicators for Safe Community Beginning January, 2009 applicants to the SC network must demonstrate their capacity to meet a minimal set of activities for each indicator. The following section of this document will describe how SC applicants can meet each indicator (Greenberg and Baron, 1997; Muchinsky, 1997). Indicator 1 requires SC is an infrastructure based on partnership and collaborations, governed by a cross-sectional group that is responsible for safety promotion in their community. Minimal criteria for indicator 1 can be summarized as following. 1.2.1. Reference groups Applicants to the SC network are required to demonstrate that they have representation from a number of different community sectors within the SC programme. The applicant’s reference group (also referred to as the board, governing body, steering committee, and leadership group or community partners) must ensure that the SC programme is sustainable, and that the organization will have a positive effect on local safety promotion and injury prevention activities, organizations, and policies. We recognize that in some organizations, the driving force behind the work is not elected officials or local governments per se. Still, government representation is necessary where it is available; to ensure that there is policy support for community safetypromotion programs. Reference groups should seek representation from all community, government and non-government organizations that have a vested interest in community safety. Typical representatives would be recruited from the following groups. First, the political unit is responsible for local government-for example, in many countries, this is the mayor. Second, the government organization is responsible for public safety within the community. (In most countries, this will be the local police unit. In other countries a national (or international) police force will have a local presence, and a representative should be recruited from this group.) Third, the local health care system where injury issues are addressed-specifically, there must be at least one representative from a hospital or public health unit that serves the local community. (In many locations, there will be more than one hospital that serves the area-applicants must provide evidence that they have partnered with the majority of the hospitals in the area in safety activities.) Fourth, the local emergency response services and-or fire service. Fifth, the local governmental organizations taking charge of traffic safety. Other sectors that may be represented on reference groups may include private sector partners, sport and recreational associations, public and private schools and other educational partners that can assist as valuable program delivery partners, including postsecondary institutions, seniors associations, Red Cross or equivalent, community based intentional injury prevention partners (women’s shelters, neighborhood watch, etc.) and service clubs. 1.2.2. Task force groups The second most important organizational trait of a Safe Community program is the existence of task force groups doing the actual work in the community. Task force groups, also known as working groups, are based on inter-sectorial co-operation. (There are of course huge differences in organizations depending on whether a community has 5000 inhabitants or 500,000.)

Task force groups work on specific safety promotion and injury prevention (SPIP) areas. Some of them may very well rise from existing groups or structures but must know their new role as a partner in something bigger than just their sector. Many older Safe Communities groups and those in larger populations have at least six task force groups. Examples of the most common areas for task force groups covered traffic safety, home safety, work safety, sports safety, school safety, safety in public places, and safety for children, safety for elderly, crime and violence prevention, suicide prevention and injury surveillance. Indicator 2. Long-term, sustainable programs covering genders and all ages, environments, and situations. Applicants to the SC network will meet criteria two through activities that address issues of safety for both males and females, through activities that address safety for children, adolescents, adults, and older adults. Examples of effective programs might include transport safety, home and leisure safety and disaster preparedness and response, etc. Safe Community organizations should address multiple safety promotion and injury prevention activities. Indicator 3. Programs that target high-risk groups and environments, and programs that promotes safety for vulnerable groups. Safe Communities organizations plan and implement activities that promote safety and prevent injuries to the most vulnerable groups in their communities. In particular, the organizations aim to provide services to groups with higher-than-average injury rates, compared to community averages. High-risk groups may include indigenous peoples, low-income groups, older people, Children, women, minority groups within the community, including workplaces, those at risk for intentional injuries, including victims of crime and self-harm, and teenagers and young adults, people with mental illnesses, developmental delays or other disabilities, people participating in sports and recreation settings, homeless populations, people at risk for injuries from natural disasters; and people living or working near high risk environments (for example, a particular road or intersection, a water hazard, etc.). Indicator 4. Programs that document the frequency and causes of injuries. While the heart of Safe Communities is its activities, reduction of injuries requires that each member community has access to data that document the number of injuries occurring in their areas. Injuries can be categorized by their outcomes (broken bones, brain injuries, etc.) or by their external causes (falls, intentional violence, etc.). As of January 2009, ICECI (WHO) is the preferred system to classify the external causes of injuries (see http://www.rivm.nl/ who-fic/ICECIeng.htm). Many still use the WHO International Classification of Diseases, Revision 10, Chapters 19 and 20 to classify injury outcomes. The ICD 10 can be found at http:// www.who.int/classifications/apps/icd/icd10online/. (If necessary we even in some cases accept ICD 9 based injury data, when a country has not moved onto the ICD 10 system.) The responsibility for producing accurate injury surveillance data usually lies with government. If that responsibility is not recognized it is of utmost importance for Safe Communities to lobby for such surveillance. SC applicants are not expected to have a dedicated data analysis section operating on a full time basis. However, applicants are required, at a minimum, to review, on a regular basis, local injury surveillance data. If injury surveillance data is not available on an annual basis, please note in your application, and describe what data sources you do have, and how often you will be able to review data. If sufficient information is not achieved household surveys are often used to complement other information. Also, applicants are required to use data to prioritize the development and delivery

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of activities addressing the most frequent injuries in the community. While it is not required, applicants are urged to maintain an ongoing partnership with an individual or organization that can provide epidemiological analysis of injury patterns to the SC applicant if possible. One of the most cost-effective methods of obtaining data is through household surveys. One survey may serve a purpose for a long time for priorities of actions. Asking about occurring injuries the last 2 weeks and their causes and where they occurred is usually sufficient for data gathering purposes. Injury-related hospital stays during the last year is a good set of complementary data for analysis. Indicator 5. Evaluation measures to assess their programs, processes and the effects of change. Programme evaluation allows SC members to measure the impact of their actions within their communities. Good evaluation begins with good planning. If you set clear and measurable goals and objectives when you begin your program it is much easier to measure whether or not you have achieved them. SC organizations need measurable organizational goals to help guide their activities. Activities should also have specific goals, which should be measurable. Organizations can obtain pre-activity and post-activity information about behavior change, for example. Organizations should measure how many people attend or benefit from specific activities, and organizations should be able to measure their programmes’ impact on overall community safety status. Minimal criteria for SC applicants for this criterion include development and ongoing use of programme goals to reduce injuries and promote safety within the community and use of activity goals for specific SPIP actions, which accurately measure the impacts of these activities. A partnership with an individual or organization that can provide evaluation support to the organization is highly recommended-many times local universities or colleges are involved. Indicator 6. Ongoing participation in national and international Safe Communities networks. Our network is an international one. Safe Communities should provide evidence that they will contribute to the overall network, through ongoing participation in the larger network’s activities. Communities contribute to international development of the network not only by sending representatives to meetings, but also through other forms of partnership, such as electronic communication, publishing articles in international journals, hosting visits from individuals from international Safe Communities and working with other applicant communities outside one’s national boundaries, to share programme ideas. Applicants to the SC network are expected to have participated in at least one national or regional SC-related event or safety promotion or injury reduction related training events. Safety related activities events with international participation before they are eligible to join the network. A regional event is an event that features participation by countries within the applicant’s continent, as defined by WHO and the United Nations Applicable events include local or regional SC-related conferences, and-or shared SPIP activities with a partner organization outside your national boundaries.

2. Methods for joining the international Safe Communities If an organization meets the criteria discussed in this document, it is ready to apply for SC membership. This process involves a series of steps, partnering with SC Centers, as your group demonstrates its capacity. The first step is to find the right partner, and then submit a letter of interest. Community organizations that decide to pursue

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membership will approach an SC partner organization, either a CC or an ASC, and submit a letter asking for assistance in joining the network. Second, CCCSP is notified. Once a letter with the mayor’s endorsement, is received by the partner organization, the applicant community’s application is considered pending. The CCCSP is notified, and the community is listed as a potential member in CCCSP files and on the Safe Communities website. Third, clock starts ticking. With the receipt of the letter of intent from the community to its organizational partner, a clock starts ticking for the applicant community. The community normally has 12 months from that point, to complete the application process, and states in its letter that it agrees to these terms. The fourth step is the paper review process. The CC will acknowledge that it has received the applicant’s documents. A peer review process to review the application will then begin. The CC has 6 weeks to review documents, in partnership with its peer reviewers. By the deadline, applicants will receive a written report from the CC’s peer reviewers, which will state if the community is ready for a site visit, or if more information is needed in order to finish reviewing the documents. Normally, the community will have 6 weeks to respond to a request for more information. If, after a second review, the applicant community and its CC partner do not agree on a community’s readiness, CCCSP will referee. In the event that a community is asked to revise its application, new copies must be sent to the CC. If the community is not at that point, the community has an option to withdraw its application and re-apply later, or work with the CC to bring its organization or application into compliance with SC standards. By the way, visitors must meet the members of the reference group and the political leadership of the community, and should be able to view activities in progress. Visitors will want to meet some of the members of the Task Force groups. Visitors should be given the opportunity to speak with community members who have participated in, or benefited from, organization activities as well as to see demonstration activities on the field. The site visit team will meet with the applicant’s representatives before they leave, and inform applicants that they will either recommend that the CC approve your membership application, or they will recommend that the CC delay approval. If a membership application is delayed, because of site visit concerns, the Site Visit team will describe these concerns before they leave. They will then submit a report, discussing the concerns in more detail, and outlining recommendations that the community should take before the application is recommended for approval. The site visit team will tell applicants if they can provide written proof of addressing shortfalls, or if another site visit is required. Normally, a deadline of 6 weeks is desirable, so that communities and site visitors do not lose momentum in this process. CCCSP reserves the right to resolve disagreements. In the end, the designation ceremony is normally held within 6 months of a site visit, given time to make program changes. Upon a community’s designation, they will now receive communication from the CCCSP. A letter welcoming the community into the network will be sent from Dr. Leif Svanström, director of CCCSP. In addition, new members will be acknowledged in the monthly Safe Communities newsletter and will also be acknowledged at the next international Safe Communities conference. Membership in the network is an important step in the development of a local organization, but we remind you, now, as we did in the beginning of this document, that community safety is a process and designation as a Safe Community as a staging point in this process. Designation is more about helping commu-

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nities achieve a solid beginning than it is about acknowledging a community has arrived. The current members of the network look forward to learning from your experiences, and sharing theirs.

3. Safe Community in Honey Lake of Futian district of Shenzhen city 3.1. Overview of Honey Lake Safe Community Honey Lake Community of Futian District of Shenzhen City lied in No.1, Nonglin Road, Futian District, Shenzhen City, China. She launched its application process from December 2006. See Fig. 1. The Honey Lake Community is located in the west of Futian District, and at the south of Antuo Mountain. Its administrative area covers from Xiangmei Road (adjacent to Lianhua Community in the east) to Qiaocheng East Road (adjacent to Shahe Community of the Nanshan District in the west); from Shennan Road (adjacent to Shatou Community in the south) to North Ring Highway in the north. The total area of the community is 9.98 square kilometers. There are currently 123,022 residents living in the Honey Lake Community, thereof, there are 61,631 permanent and 61,391 temporary inhabitants, respectively from various ethic groups including Han, Hui, Miao, Yi, Zhuang, Hani, Korean, Mongolian, etc. In the year 2007, the birth rate in the community is 15.19‰, and the population growth 14.67‰. There are 1835 residents over 60 years old in the community which is 2.9% of the population, 9298 residents are under the age of 15 and occupy by 15% of the population. The registered disabled population of the community is 1088, which is 17.7‰ of the population, thereof, 326 persons have the certificates of disability, which is 5.3‰. More detailed information can be found in Table 1.

3.2. Safety-promotion programs The plan of injury prevention was sustained and continuous; meanwhile, it has covered all the people of the community and all kinds of injuries. The safety program aimed at promoting the safety level of people working in high risk environment and people injury-prone. The development of Honey Lake Community was later than other communities, so there was much land for construction and many new buildings have been constructed in recent years. However, the supporting installation for safety could not keep up with the urban development. For example, the Zhuzilin Block, which was the earliest residence area in Shenzhen originally developed by Engineering Corps, was relatively developed slower than other blocks, and the people there, including laborers from other areas, had relatively lower living standard and lacked of injury knowledge. These people are accident-prone. According to the current condition of the community, and the results of survey to residents and analysis on injury, we have conducted various programs for promoting safety on transportations, children, fire-fighting, elderly, home, society, public venues, drowning and flood, disaster prevention, environment and many others people concern. In addition, for injury prevention, we have taken various measures, assessed and adjusted them in order to cover various people and conditions permanently and continuously. See Fig. 2. 3.2.1. Home safety Several efforts have been made in home safety. (1) It’s reported by statistics authority, that the questionnaire survey by home visiting the residents of the community was carried out from June to July of 2008, which helped to determine the emphasis and the direction of training.

Fig. 1. Schematic map of Honey Lake.

Table 1 Population distribution in Honey Lake Community. Statistics by the Family Planning Department of Honey Lake Community in November 2008.

Male Female Total Ratio

0–4 years old

5–14 years old

15–24 years old

25–34 years old

35–44 years old

45–54 years old

55–64 years old

Above 65 years old

Total

2738 2384 5122 4.16%

12,548 10,131 22,679 18.43%

8584 8902 17,486 14.21%

11,498 11,292 22,790 18.53%

12,416 12,661 25,077 20.38%

9016 8131 17,147 13.94%

5731 4893 10,624 8.64%

1165 932 2097 1.71%

63,696 59,326 123,022

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Table 2 Statistics on house residence injury in 2006–2008. Source: District Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Year

Quantity of injury

The reducing ratio on injury (based on the year of 2006 %)

2006 2007 2008

400 345 268

0 13.75 33.00

on tumble have all been reduced. In sum, the injury-prevention program is quite successful in Honey Lake Community. See Table 2. 3.2.2. Traffic safety Several efforts have been made in traffic safety.

Fig. 2. Actual activities in the construction of Safe Community.

(2) We contacted the Municipal 120 First Aid Training Center for training on injury, and many clerks or residents have been trained in the last two years. Meanwhile, the trainees’ Feedback Forms on Cardio-pulmonary Resuscitation Training had been collected. (3) The Community Health Center is in charge of all the training and propaganda on first aid. They made use of dummy to teach first-aid knowledge for the untrained workers in construction sites and shopping centers, etc. (4) The community has invested RMB 500,000 Yuan to build the reemployment base and more than 640 residents could work again, which helped the unemployed women improve their living standard and promoted the community’s service for residents. (5) We started a ‘‘Sunny Mommy’’ service program, in which community workers and volunteers have provided the sustained and comprehensive assistance for the single parent mother of low income. (6) We freely distributed Women Right Manual and propagandized knowledge on right on the Legal Day. The community workers provided professional training for 10 single mommies in the community, assessed their conditions by various techniques and methods, supported them on emotion, reduced their feelings of helpless, and encouraged them to actively look for social assistance. (7) We established mutual help and encouraging teams for 100 single parent families, built supportive network among these mothers, helped them solve various financial problems and family issues, all of which helped them accept and respect each other. The program could generally meet the demands of different groups in the community, and was very popular with the residents. The program has greatly improved the self protecting knowledge of the residents, and effectively reduced the number of accidents. Taking the Honey Lake Hospital for example, from 2006 to 2008, the number of injury cases has decreased from 135 in 2006 to 39 in 2008. Traffic accidents, blunt injury, cut injury, and the injury

(1) Since 2006, the community has been conducting many classes and trainings on traffic regulation and laws according to proposal. For example, we posted Traffic Safety Regulations on the entrance of each building, and had a road safety class to construction truck drivers, etc. (2) We have strictly set up sidewalk, bicycle lane, and vehicle lane on the road, added traffic signs, and marked traffic lines over 1000 meters at newly-built residence area and roads with heavy traffic. We have installed traffic signals at all the 9 crossings in the community area, and marked crosswalk lines at heavy traffic crossings. (3) We installed speed limit, horn-blowing control signs beside old residence area and roads, and added 58 deceleration strips and 23 traffic signs. (4) We have added 31 wheel-chair accessible passages at the residence area, health center, and community work stations. (5) We have arranged special persons in charge of leading the traffic at crossings, parking sites, and gateways of residence area with heavy traffic flow. (6) We have added traffic signals at crossings with heavy and complex traffic flow, such as the entrance of Sam Member Shop at Nonglin Road, and the Lixuan Primary School. The traffic assistors were on duty to direct the traffic on the site. (7) We have provided whole-day surveillance to the Qiaoxiang Road, and enhanced safety propaganda to the construction truck driver, installed road traffic signs and warnings at the construction site. (8) The safety surveillance department and the traffic police sent more than 6 policemen to regulate the parking order at Sixth Zizhu Road, Seventh Zizhu Road, Qiushi Building, and Futian State Administration of Taxation. The number of traffic accidents had been decreased from 2005 to 2007, but received a raise in 2008, which warned us that the social economy and urban development and population growth brought us more issues to be dealt with. See Table 3. 3.2.3. Workplace safety Several efforts have been made in workplace safety.

Table 3 Injury and loss caused by traffic accidents in 2005–2008. Source: Futian Traffic Police Office. Year

Quantity

Injury

Death

Direct loss (Unit: RMB 10,000)

2005 2006 2007 2008

83 11 4 11

93 24 9 10

15 9 7 10

312.19 163 26.5 73

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(1) From May to August in 2008, we had made health survey and safety inspection to Vehicle Repairing Factories in Lianhe Huapeng Vehicle Market. We applied advanced technologies and management measures, and conducted a ranking management to the Coating Bake Room for the vehicle. We focused on the ventilation equipment, personnel protection and the protection device of baking equipment. All the workers in the Vehicle Repair Factories were asked to have qualification. Twenty three baking varnish rooms were upgraded to their overheats alarming and over concentration alarming facilities. Three bake rooms that did not meet the requirements were asked to reform to spray-paint rooms. We provided training class on safety and skills to over 95 employees of the Baking Varnish Rooms. (2) Considering the fact that there were many temporary buildings in the vacation village, we asked the owner and the management parties to make safety inspection carried out by professionals. The temporary building that did not meet the requirements should be taken down. All 41 buildings in the vacation village were asked to submit their certificates on safety. The inspection party gave each building advices on maintenance and guidance, which is convenient for monitoring and management. (3) During June to July in 2008, we carried out a special inspection to the cafeteria section of the vacation village. We inspected their sanitary conditions, environment–protection approvals and kitchen sanitary conditions. Thirteen restaurants were closed due to their lack of sanitation licenses, and nine restaurants without business license were banned. After the inspection, we helped these restaurants to complete relevant procedures. At present, all these restaurants have got valid certificates and licenses. (4) During March to September of 2008, the fire fighter brigade, the safety surveillance department and the property management company of the vacation village conducted an inspection to the fire-fighting installations and passage for fire-fighting truck. Fire hydrants in the vacation village were completed and some places were equipped with new fire extinguishers and fire alarms. (5) During September to November 2008, the law enforcement team, and the industrial and commercial administration authority together inspected the licenses of the production sites and shops in the resort. Those without valid license were banned. And advertisement posters which didn’t comply with relevant regulations were taken down. (6) During March to May in 2008, the community authority conducted a safety survey on fire, electricity and gas in dormitories and cafeterias; and put up the publications on safety. (7) In July 2008, the property management company set a toll station at the gateway of the community, so as to regulate the access to the community area and prevent vehicles stolen. (8) Since 2006 we progressively started to sign the safety agreement with all the construction contractors in the community area, required them to conduct people-oriented management on safety, such as prohibiting working in time of high-temperature and bad weather, limiting work time, and protecting people of aloft work. (9) We have made the inspection plan according to actual conditions, held meetings among safety management staff, and asked them to implement the inspection plan to eliminate all injuries. (10) We inspected safety status on the construction sites, such as fire, electricity, protection measures to poison and workers training. We checked if the transport road, machinery, water supply and drainage, power system, material storage, scaf-

fold, work platform, accommodation conditions had met the requirements and the standards on safety. (11) We provided safety education classes and speeches on construction sites, so as to improve the knowledge of workers on protecting themselves against hurricane, rain, and thunder. (12) We have checked and ensured that the safety signs, installations and protection equipments on construction sites were perfected. Effort was made to complete safety signs, enhance safety management and the safety knowledge of the workers, which effectively helped avoiding accidents on construction sites. Effect of program implementation can be seen in Table 4. 3.2.4. School safety Several efforts have been made in school safety. (1) We checked all the school installations before a term started or after it ended. The check was focused on sharp corners, power installations, cafeteria environment, etc. Aged power equipment, cable, gas appliance, and fire extinguisher were replaced in time. (2) Patrol duty was arranged in school gates and campuses, and the teacher on duty worked from 7 am to 6 pm. The patrol work was done at night and vacation period, so as to protect the school installations from theft and prevent fire accident. (3) Lixuan Primary school and Zhuyuan Primary School have arranged special persons for patrolling to keep the traffic orderly, strictly restricting the vehicles entering the campus. Associated with law enforcement team, the school successfully inhibited the street vendors without licenses around the school. (4) We held parent meetings on regular basis, built up a ‘‘Family School Interaction Platform’’, taught the children to correctly surf the internet, and provided psychological guidance to the children. (5) We provided safety education in various forms, including class meeting, activity class, cross sector content, forums, school radio, blackboard paper, through explanation, demonstration, and training process; taught comprehensive knowledge on preventing drowning, traffic accident, electric accident, food poisoning, illness, sports injury, fire, theft, earthquake, and natural gas accidents. (6) We have established psychological education room, talk mail box, and psychological files for the students, resolved the contradictions in time. The Zhuyuan Primary School has edited several books including Education starts from the ‘‘Heart’’, psychological health education plan of Zhuyuan Primary School, etc., which could ensure the education on safety and health. (7) The school hired a deputy school mater to have classes on law and safety, and invited various experts to hold 26 times of speeches on transportation, fire-fighting, health, and safety, etc.

Table 4 Statistics on workplace injury at Honey Lake Community. Source: Futian Social Insurance Bureau. Year

Quantity of injury

Economic loss (Unit: RMB 10,000 Yuan)

2006 2007 2008

96 85 74

192.38 178.46 164.52

L. JianFeng et al. / Safety Science 49 (2011) 1087–1098 Table 5 Statistics of injury in school in 2006–2008. Source: District Center of Disease Control and Prevention. Year

Quantity of injury

The reducing ratio on injury (based on the year of 2006 %)

2006 2007

433 333

0 23.09

(8) Some schools made soft packing to the sharp corners in the school, and established a ‘‘class protection and guidance system’’, which asked the ‘‘protection and guidance teacher’’ to patrol on the walkway and playground and prevent any possible accidents. Effect of program implementation can be seen in Table 5. 3.2.5. Sports safety Several efforts have been made in sports safety. (1) We launched each community’s property management institution and property owners committee to set up in each closed community at least one path for fitness. For public areas, government funds should be used to open sports venues, and establish fitness path, and free fitness equipment by the roads with heavy population flow and some old residential areas with a big floating population; introduced fitness gyms in some communities so as to provide residents with sports exercise advice and guidance. (2) We have pasted notice on use and sports safety prompts by the fitness paths, and laid soft protection cushions under the sports facilities and fitness paths which were used by a big number of people, and conducted regular maintenance and upgraded of sports exercise installation and equipment. (3) We have equipped sports meetings, outdoor climbers, and other big number of participants with community health doctors free of charge who would carry first aid kit and promptly dealt with a variety of accidental injuries. For the sports meetings involving the elderly, children, and other vulnerable groups, the number of accompanying doctors and drugs pertinence would be appropriately improved. Accompanying doctors should give a brief speech on participants’ cautions and methods for self-relief in case of common emergencies prior to the commencement of the activity. (4) Community Health Center has, on regular basis, opened first-aid knowledge lectures and training on the skills for cardio-pulmonary resuscitation and other first aid skills, with a view to popularizing common knowledge in sports and emergency. For 3 years, a total of 93 fitness paths have been set up, with no reports received on major hurts and death accidents caused by sports and outdoor activities. Community Health Center has had harmonious relationship with residents under the jurisdiction, for instance, Cuihai Community Health Center was strongly ob-

Table 6 Statistics of injury on sports in 2006–2008. Source: District Center of Disease Control and Prevention. Year

Quantity of injury

The reducing ratio on injury (based on the year of 2006 %)

2006 2007 2008

372 358 257

0 3.76 30.91

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jected by residents of Cuihai Community, and now it is well received by nearby people. More effect of program implementation can be seen in Table 6. 3.2.6. Disaster prevention and mitigation and environmental security Program implementation and its effect on disaster prevention and mitigation can be found as follows. (1) We have identified 19 key prevention targets for antiterrorism including gas stations, schools, major shopping malls, and high-rise buildings, and set up an auxiliary emergency team consisting of 243 grass-roots militia officers. (2) Community Office implemented 24 h on-duty system, closely keeping communication and liaison with key prevention target institutions to enhance the collection and report of intelligence and information. (3) Community auxiliary emergency team members should, at any time, prepare to keep smooth communication, response to call at that time, and conduct regular patrol inspection and duty in key locations during key periods. (4) Having conducted earthquake disaster prevention knowledge lectures three times, with more than 500 residents trained, distributing 270 seismic knowledge publicity brochures, 320 wall pictures, and 32 banners for publicity. (5) Having conducted meteorological and geological disaster knowledge training for more than 160 people from property, and production and operation management institutions in the jurisdiction so that management staff could correctly and fully use information resources, grasp early warningrelated knowledge, and take emergency measures in view of early warning signals. We have distributed more than 20,000 copies of manuals for disaster prevention and reduction knowledge to community residents. (6) We coordinated with relevant urban and district departments and property institutions to make a survey of the geological environment surrounding the reservoir, specified the direction of laying of drainage pipes. Old pipes were replaced. Original 80  80 (cm) small pipes were replaced by 200  200 (cm) large pipelines, connected with the municipal pipes of the same specifications. Reservoir dam was maintained and reinforced, and emergency supplies such as sandbags were stored nearby so as to ensure timely maintenance in case of emergency. (7) Reservoir management entity, resort company carried out inspection of the reservoir usually, and 24 h monitoring and inspection in heavy rains, reported relevant cases immediately and initiated corresponding pre-warning.

3.2.7. Safety of the disabled Efforts have been made in the safety of the disabled. (1) There were 135 blind people registered in the record needed for independent walking training. (2) We coordinated with relevant department to resolve issues such as car parking on the blind route, the accessible passage was not complete, and the road was rough, etc. So far, we have added 31 accessible passages in the community. (3) A month routine meeting, at regular basis, was held to communicate issues and experiences encountered in the training practice, so as to further improve the training service. (4) We have established cooperation relationship with the City Amentian Service Center and the District Rehabilitation Guide Center, and invited the workers from Kenning Hospital, social workers, and the relatives of the disabled people.

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We encouraged the volunteers and residents to play with the target group in the rehabilitation center, so as to help with the rehabilitation treatment. (5) We paid much attention to the injury prevention and safety knowledge training to the disabled people, and improved their living condition gradually. On the afternoon of 10th and 25th of each month, the tutors from Kenning Hospital had a class on psychological knowledge, mental condition maintaining, family relation and neighbor relation for the disabled people, while provided special consulting to specific cases. (6) We provided, free of charge, nursing service to the disabled people in the community. Some of them could learn basic technique that could help them find a work in the society.

(6)

Effect of program implementation can be summarized as follows. (7) (1) By the end of 2008, we had trained 125 blind people to walk independently by themselves. (2) The community provided sight aid equipment for 33 weak sight patients, and organized operations for 33 cataract patients. (3) Through training the volunteers and family of the blind, they could observe and analyze the walk route of the blind, marked the road section of falling off easily, and led the blind to walk independently. During the period of the program implementation, the accidents, including falling off injury and death by knocking, never happened. (4) Shown by interviewing the trained volunteers and family of the blind, all the blind could get into a good habit of walking. They were more careful when walking, and no accidents happened within the year. (5) Since November 2006 when the occupation comprehensive center was established, we have provided various services to over 1000 persons, thereof, about 40 disabled people for treatment every day, and have won high reputation among the disabled people and their families. 3.2.8. Children safety Several efforts have been made in Children safety. (1) A green ‘‘Sunny Internet Bar’’ has been founded by investing RMB 100,000 Yuan, which became the favorite place of the kids. And more than 40 children took the ‘‘4:30 school’’ program, even in Saturday and Sunday. We hired 10 community workers, encouraged retired teacher voluntarily to provide instructions for the children. (2) In the eight sub communities, propagation activities were held regularly during the Population’s Day and the Children’s Day. There have been totally 24 propagation events in the recent 3 years, with 20,000 copies of posters dispatched. The activities for children safety were great popular with the residents. (3) With the assistance and guidance of the community authorities, the youngsters of the community actively conducted several social beneficial activities, e.g. They launched a social beneficial program that students in primary and middle schools did volunteer jobs for the community. (4) Nearly 1000 youngsters attended the ‘‘concern and discovery’’ activity, in which they listed and discussed several behavior and moral qualities that did not comply with social standards. The events brought wide social influence, and had been reported by mainstream media in Shenzhen. (5) We held marriage and pregnancy training class providing knowledge on sex education. We invited education experts

(8)

(9)

to hold a child education training class, provided guidance and solutions to various problems. The corners of doors, windows, tables and stairs in kindergartens have been soft-packed, so that there were not ‘‘sharp corners’’ in the area of the kindergarten. The classroom of the kindergarten has been paved with wood floor, and soft pad has been installed at outdoor playground to reduce injury. The door bolt and doorknob were set at lower location than normal, so as to be accessible to the children. The teacher made instructions on children safety. Safety knowledge publicity in the form of songs, stories and comics were provided in various places for children. The Tefa Kindergarten has invested hundreds of thousand Yuan to implement soft packing and environment-safety improvement. The safety knowledge and signs were put up everywhere in the kindergarten. Other kindergartens also started similar projects. More than 800 people participated the safety knowledge competition. The parents learnt much knowledge on safety, and would bring more safety factors into the family education. Blackmail and extort actions targeted at students, internet bar and game center without valid license should be stopped and banned as soon as it was discovered. We have provided scholarship RMB 214,000 Yuan in total for 40 students for needy families.

Through our efforts, the number of severe injury, death and criminal rate in the schools has been keeping at zero for these years. Drugs, gamble and other unhealthy influences were generally eliminated, which provided the youth with a good and healthy environment. Effect of program implementation can be found in Table 7. 3.2.9. Surveillance system of accident and injury Surveillance System was set up by Futian District Health Bureau, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention was in charge of implementation, and Honey Lake Community Health Working Group assisted to implement day-to-day operation and supervision of the community-based injury surveillance system. Efforts were made to summarize and analyze statistical data, found out the major accidents and injury types, collected the changes of relevant data, analyzed causes, consequences, distribution and trends, and took these as the basis of various professional groups adjusting the guidance on the safety-promotion program. Every year, relevant data of the last year were summarized to conduct comparison and analysis with relevant data of the year before, so as to provide guiding data and information for the continuous improvement of the safety work of the community in the year. Fliers or poster and other forms were used to inform community residents of the typical cases of accidents and injury information; when such inform was offered, privacy of the party concerned was protected meanwhile. (1) We have set up Injury Surveillance System  Injury surveillance system of hospital: People’s Hospital of Futian District, Honey Lake Hospital, Nonke Community Health Center, and Cuihai Community Health Center. Table 7 Statistics of children injured (0–14 years old) in 2006–2008. Source: District Center of Disease Control and Prevention. Year

Total quantity (0–14 years old)

Quantity of injury

Ratio (%)

2006 2007 2008

13,411 13,607 13,928

247 204 166

1.84 1.50 1.19

L. JianFeng et al. / Safety Science 49 (2011) 1087–1098 Table 8 Comparative analysis of injury rate in 2006–2008. Year

Total residents

Quantity of injury

Annual rate of injury (%)

Relative rate of injury (based on the year of 2006) (%)

2006 2007 2008

56,608 60,367 61,631

2635 2404 1823

4.65 3.98 2.96

– 14.41 36.64

 Injury surveillance system of school and kindergarten: Shennan Middle School, Zhulin Middle School, Zhuyuan Primary School, Zhuxiang Primary School, Futian Authority First Kindergarten, and Tefa Kindergarten.  Injury surveillance system of community: Injury surveillance systems have been set up in eight community work stations of Honey Lake Community, including: Xiangmi community work station, Nongyuan community work station, Zhuyuan community work station, Zhulin community work station, Xiangling community work station, Xiangmei community work station, Xiang’an community work station, and Donghai community work station.  Injury surveillance system of key units: According to the characteristics of the enterprises in Honey Lake Community, Injury surveillance systems have been set up in the following construction units, which are Pengcheng, Jianye, Jinzhong and Yuezhong construction companies. (2) Injury data analysis The injury rate reduced year by year in 2006–2008. Based on the year of 2006, the injury rate was reduced by 14.41% in 2007, and 36.64% in 2008 comparing with the rate in 2006. Effects of program implementation can be seen in Table 8. 3.3. Promotion and publications Besides compiling and printing some propaganda materials, Honey Lake Community also relied on Safe Community construction network to hand out propaganda materials of the government at higher level. Relevant information in this field is shown in Table 9. 3.4. Configuration of the staff Total number of the staff is 142, in which covers full-time staff 35 and temporary workers 35. 3.5. Active participation in relevant activities of the local government and international Safe Community network Since commencement of the campaign of building Safe Community, Honey Lake Street has actively participated in exchange activities of building safe communities and has gone to Hong Kong, Beijing, Shenyang Ji’nan for many times to learn the experience of building Safe Community. Experts on safe communities were also invited from both home and abroad to hold seminars. Honey Lake Safe Community forum and safety forum were carried out. In the meantime, efforts have been made to actively organize 2008 Shenzhen–Hong Kong International Safe Community Theory Seminar, with the intention to share the experience of building Safe Community with counterparts. Table 10 depicted relevant activities of building Safe Community network. 3.6. Continuous improvement plan According to the basic principles of SC, continuous improvement plan must be designed and executed.

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(1) As to traffic safety, traffic conditions of newly-built residential quarters shall be tracked and investigated to timely understand the traffic conditions and guarantee perfection of the traffic facilities in new residential quarters. Various kinds of traffic control and management systems shall be explored and integrated, with the objective to integrate the traffic system and reduce the injury rate in highways and roads (current injury rate monitored standing is 23.42%). (2) As to safety of fire control, on the one hand, relevant authorities shall make more efforts to rebuild the old residential buildings and upgrade the old fire control facilities and passages. On the other hand, fire control management level shall be improved. Attention shall be paid to fire that may happen in residential buildings, houses, forests, dangerous articles warehouses, etc. (3) As to home safety, disabled persons shall be helped in such aspects as employment, and life guarantee. Both software and hardware facilities of Social rehabilitation center shall be perfected continuously. Interaction between social rehabilitation center and residents shall be strengthened. The medial service level of social rehabilitation center shall be improved. Due to the high injury rate from knives, women and children shall be trained to prevent injuries from knives. Knife management measures shall also be worked out. (4) As to safety of the aged, function of the senior citizen association shall be put into play. Senior citizen volunteer teams shall be integrated. The senior citizens shall put into play the advantages of having rich experience and involve themselves into safety management undertaking. In accordance with injury monitoring and analysis report, the injury rate of tumble is as high as 22%, so specific measures shall be worked out to prevent falling of senior citizens. (5) As to safety of children in school, birth defect investigation shall be strengthened. Relevant resources of middle schools and elementary schools shall be integrated. Through youth working conference, relevant schools shall engage in exchange of working experience and understand the developing trend of growth of youth. The problems impacting growth of children and youth shall be prevented and avoided. (6) As to safety in working place and public place, technological equipments of managerial personnel shall be perfected. Training shall be emphasized. As to some important places, such as stores, water plants, power plants, and populated area. Seasonal visit system shall be materialized to solve the possible problems and avoid mass injuries. (7) As to prevention of drowning and flood, typhoon prevention system and store-resistance system shall be worked out. Working plan and emergency treatment system shall be perfected. Various kinds of shelters and evacuation destinations shall be checked and maintained on regular basis. Patrol system (around the clock) shall be strengthened. Municipal meteorological bureau shall be cooperated to improve alarming capability and emergency response capability. (8) As to public security, rented houses shall be emphasized. More CCTV systems shall be installed. Strict access management policy shall be carried out in old residential buildings. Patrol in metro construction site, other construction sites and factories shall be strengthened. Public security problems and disputes among the public shall be solved in time. (9) As to disaster prevention and environment safety, the core task is to control the macro-environment of the community and focus shall be put on rebuilding of Antuoshan block. Such problems as damage to vegetation shall be tracked and solved in time. Various kinds of lands used by troops

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Table 9 Information on handing out of publications and propaganda materials of Honey Lake Community (Part). No.

Material name

Qty. of copies

1

List of propaganda materials at provincial and municipal level Guiding Book on Standards of National Sanitary City

2

Guiding Book on Spring-Festival Transportation

2500

3

Food Quality and Safety Guiding Book

2000

4

Propaganda materials of Guangdong Provincial Food Quality and Safety Campaign (Disc)

200

5

Animal Epidemic Prevention Law of the People’s Republic of China

500

6 7

Key Animal Epidemics Emergency Settlement Rules Clearing Accumulated Water in Home and Preventing Dengue Fever

100

300 5000

8 9 10

Readings of Law for Leaders of Guangdong Making your own efforts to Keep yourself away from venereal diseases Propaganda book of Shenzhen Product Quality and Food Safety Campaign

120 30,000 1000

11 12

Common Sense on Safety in Public Place (1, 2, 3 and 4; used for safety propaganda month) Guangdong Highway Traffic Safety Rules

12,000 2000

13

Food Safety Guiding Book

1800

14

Guiding Book on 2008 Spring-Festival Passenger Transportation in Shenzhen

1200

15

Fire control Knowledge 1 and 2 (used for propaganda in safe production month)

5000

16

Illustrations of Common Sense on Safety

1000

17

Fire Control Knowledge of Rented Buildings and Small Stores

800

18

Safe Production Knowledge for Enterprise Operators

400

19

Pesticide Safety Materials

150

20 21 22 23 24

Shenzhen Shenzhen Shenzhen Shenzhen Shenzhen

150 500 200 200 100

25

Guiding Book on Application of Urban Water Drainage Permit

100

26

Agricultural Produce Quality Safety Law of People’s Republic of China

500

27

Shenzhen Agricultural Food Safety Rules

1000

28

Individual-use Environment Protection Handbook

5000

29

Propaganda Book of Guangdong Patriotic Health Rules

2000

30

Common Sense on Safety: for Corporate Employees (two discs)

31 32 33 34 35 36

Course of Law for Laborers in Shenzhen Marriage Law Mediation Propaganda Handbook Drug Prevention Handbook (for middle school students) Constitutional Law Collection of Laws and Regulations for Laborers in Shenzhen

37

List of propaganda materials of Futian District How to work out safety management emergency treatment plan

38

Fire Control and Safe Production Campaign (extinguishment of fire, self-saving, excavation, contents and

Environment-friendly Street Standards Dog Management Rules Water Drainage Rules Water-use Planning Method Water Drainage Network Clearing Campaign

50 600 400 300 1200 300 600 800 12,000

Compiler

Office of All-China Patriotic Health Campaign Committee Guangdong Provincial Communications Department Guangdong Steering Team on Food Quality and Safety Guangdong Steering Team on Food Quality and Safety Guangdong Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Bureau China Traditional Chinese Medicine Press Office of Guangdong Patriotic Health Campaign Committee Guangdong Law Propaganda Office Shenzhen Family Planning Association Shenzhen Product Quality and Food Safety Campaign Leading Team Shenzhen Safety Supervision Bureau Printed by Traffic Police Bureau of Shenzhen Public Security Administration Office of Shenzhen Food Safety Committee Food and Drug Supervision and Administration Bureau Shenzhen Spring-Festival Passenger Transportation Office Shenzhen Communications Administration Shenzhen Safe Production Supervision Bureau Shenzhen Safe Production Committee Office Shenzhen Safe Production Supervision Bureau Shenzhen Safe Production Committee Office Shenzhen Safe Production Supervision Bureau Shenzhen Safe Production Committee Office Shenzhen Safe Production Supervision Bureau Shenzhen Safe Production Committee Office Shenzhen Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery Bureau Shenzhen Environment Protection Bureua Shenzhen Urban Management Bureau Shenzhen Water Administration Shenzhen Water Administration Shenzhen Water Pollution Treatment Steering Office Shenzhen Water Drainage Management Office Shenzhen Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery Bureau Shenzhen Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery Bureau Shenzhen Futian Environment Protection Bureau Office of Shenzhen Patriotic Health Campaign Committee Shenzhen Safe Production Brueau Safe Production Propaganda Center Shenzhen Law Propaganda Office Women‘s Federation Shenzhen Law Propaganda Office Shenzhen Drug Prohibition Office Shenzhen Law Propaganda Office Shenzhen Law Propaganda Office Futian Safe Production Commission Futian Safe Production Supervision Bureau Fire Control Safety Team of Futian Safe

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Material name

Qty. of copies

39

standards of the campaign; propaganda materials of building international Safe Community) Youth: Speak Your Mind Please

40 41 42

Demand of Prepotency for Husband and Wife Folacin Agent can Prevent Abnormal Neutral Tube in Pregnant Period Family Planning Service and Sincere Care

43

Handbook of Birth Defect Prevention Service

44 45 46 47

Population and Family Planning Handbook of Futian District Protect Yourself and Learn to Say No Prevention of ADIS Construction of Safe Community and Harmonious Society

48 49

Common Sense on Safety at Home Safe Production Law of People’s Republic of China

50 51 52 53 54

List of propaganda materials of Honey Lake Community Life Can Become Better and Better Guiding Book on Family Planning Service Special Treatment Given to People with Single Child Certificate High-quality Family Planning Service Book Common Sense of Highway Traffic Safety

55

Common Sense on Safety at Home

8000

56

6000

57

Propaganda Book of Safe Production Law of People’s Republic of China and Guangdong Safe Production Rules Safety Handbook of Zhulin Community of Honey Lake Street

58 59

Tips of Family Planning A Letter to Married Women

5000 5000 5000 20,000 5000 30,000 30,000 30,000 3000 2000 2000

20,000 30,000 3000 10,000 4000

6000 40,000 80,000

Compiler Community Promotion Commission District Family Planning Bureau and Family Planning Association Family Planning Bureau District Family Planning Bureau District Family Planning Bureau and Family Planning Association District Family Planning Bureau and Family Planning Association District Family Planning Bureau and District Family Planning Association District Family Planning Association Futian Safe Community Promotion Commission Futian Safe Production Supervision Bureau Futian Safe Production Supervision Bureau Futian Safe Production Commission Office Community Office Community Office Community Office Community Office Honey Lake Safe Production Commission Office Honey Lake Safe Production Commission Office Honey Lake Safe Production Commission Office Zhulin Residential Committee of Honey Lake Community Community Office Community Office

Table 10 Relevant activities of building Safe Community network. Date

Activities participated

December 2006 March 2007 April 2007 May 2007 August 2007 September 2007 November 2007 February 2008 May 2008 April 2008 October 2008 November 2008

Visiting Safe Community construction of Meilin Yi Village Visiting Safe Community construction of Tian’an community Changsha Civil Affairs Bureau visiting our community and learning in-home care of aged persons Shantou Disabled Persons Association visiting our community and the Disabled Persons Rehabilitation Center Visiting Hong Kong Marry Hospital China Safe Community Construction Working Conference Visiting Safe Community construction of Hong Kong Tunmn Visiting Safe Community construction of Xicheng District of Beijing Shenzhen Safe Community Simulation Education Base National Safe Community Naming Ceremony of Huaiyin District Shenzhen–Hong Kong International Safe Community Forum China Safe Community Construction Working Conference

and the reserved lands shall be demarcated in reasonable manners. Efforts shall jointly be made to avoid the miscue of the reserved land and the pollution to the land. 4. Discussions Safety professionals expend extraordinary effort attempting to identify factors affecting the accident (incident) rate. Their consensus suggests a variety of issues commonly described as the company culture or plant social/work environment – a convenient term that means ‘we really don’t know for sure what reduces the incident rate. One certainty, however, is that a strong safety culture yields better results than a deficient one. Extensive study over the years has verified that a variety of caring events must occur to ensure an effective safety program. Defining elements of a strong safety culture include management that is concerned about workforce well-being and a caring attitude on the part of supervisors. While

the old safety adage ‘‘it starts at the top’’ hints at the importance of caring, ‘it’ remains undefined. Acknowledging the importance of a culture conducive to safety helps explain why a company avidly can pursue OSHA compliance to the last detail and yet obtain poor incident rates. That dilemma absolutely frustrates some company presidents who fail to understand the difference between safety culture and compliance. While adherence to OSHA regulations is generally helpful in avoiding or minimizing accidents, a substantial incident rate reduction will not be achieved without the care required to sustain a strong safety culture. Safety professionals are discovering that caring for employee well-being—‘Pollyanna’ as it may sound—provides the motivation for taking action to implement safety in the workplace. Genuine concern, therefore, is the largest single factor contributing to the achievement of a low accident rate. The unanswered question is how a person becomes mature, responsible, and caring. The workplace is not designed to foster these attributes, nor can it afford the time and training to cultivate

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the professional or interpersonal skills necessary to instill these qualities in managers. A time may come in the future when such qualities are weighed more heavily in the interviewing process and a method established to evaluate and quantify desirable attributes. Nonetheless, a key indicator in the identification of a caring culture is some level of personal accountability that extends to areas of responsibility. Caring – or active caring, as it is more accurately described, since the attitude is of little value without the action – also requires maturity. A hallmark of maturity is assuming responsibility for oneself in addition to finding solutions, as opposed to compounding problems by choosing to ignore them. 5. Conclusions We can see from the statistics of injury monitoring data, the injury proportion of Honey Lake Community in 2006–2008 decrease year by year. Comparing to 2006, the injury rate of 2007 decreased 14.41% than that of 2006, and the injury rate of 2008 decreased 36.64% than that of 2006. The work of injury monitoring and prevention and control of Honey Lake Community are effective. More information can be found from the injury data in 2006– 2008. (1) The injuries by motor-vehicle accidents and non-motor accidents slightly increase and others decrease. (2) The injury rates of different ages decrease year by year, and the decrease rate of 2008 is higher than that of 2007. Among them, comparing to 2006, the decrease rate of children of 0– 14 years old in 2007 is the greatest, taking 18.48%; in 2008, the decrease rate of the group of 25–64 years old is the greatest, taking 38.10%. (3) The injury rates of places decrease year by year. Among them, comparing to 2006, the injury places with increased rate in 2008 are public residences, roads, streets, and others, the injury rates of Public Residences, schools and public places, gymnasiums and playgrounds, trade and service places, industry and construction places gradually decrease.

(4) The injuries of children of 0–14 years old mainly happen at Public Residences, and the injury rate nearly keeps unchanged in 2006–2008; the injuries of adolescents of 15–24 years old mainly happen in schools and public places, and the injury rate decreases in the three years; the injuries of the group of 25–64 years old mainly happen on roads and streets, and the injury rate gradually increase; injuries of old men above 65 years old mainly happen at Public Residences, and the injury incidence nearly keeps unchanged. (5) The injury rates in sports, leisure activities, housework and study decrease in the three years, and the rate in payable work and vehicles increase in the three years. Also, mild injury and severe injury slightly increases and the medium decreases. The injury rate of going back home after treatment or die increase, and that of observing, staying in hospital and transferring decreases. Concerning on the above injury monitoring result, we suggest local government to seek critical parts, constitute security promotion program and interventions for feasible resolutions to the problems, and modify interventions for the validity of injury prevention by persistent injury monitoring. Acknowledgment The authors appreciate the support of The National Science Foundation for Post-doctoral Scientists of China. References Cooper, M., 2000. Towards a model of safety culture. Safety Science 36, 111–136. Davies, H. et al., 2000. Organizational culture and quality of health care. Quality in Health Care 9, 111–119. Greenberg, J., Baron, R., 1997. Behavior in Organizations, sixth ed. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. Grote, G., Kunzler, C., 2000. Diagnosis of safety culture in safety management audits. Safety Science 34, 131–150. Howard, L., 1998. Validating the competing values model as a representation of organizational cultures. International Journal of Organizational Analysis 6, 231– 250. Muchinsky, P., 1997. Psychology Applied to Work, fifth ed. Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, North Carolina.