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A production of fine ferrotitanium powder by intensive planetary mill grinding
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Materials Today: Proceedings journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr
A production of fine ferrotitanium powder by intensive planetary mill grinding G.A. Pribytkov a,⇑, A.V. Baranovskiy a,b, E.N. Korosteleva a, M.G. Krinitcyn a,b, V.V. Korzhova a a b
Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Akademicheskii pr., 2/4, Tomsk 634055, Russia National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin pr.,30, Tomsk 634050, Russia
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 4 November 2019 Received in revised form 16 December 2019 Accepted 20 December 2019 Available online xxxx Keywords: Mechanical activation Self-propagating high temperature synthesis Metal matrix composites (MMC) Titanium carbide
a b s t r a c t Micron and submicron size ferrotitanium powders were obtained by planetary ball milling. The fractional and phase composition and morphology of obtained powder after crushing and under various milling conditions were studied. The obtained powder with micron-sized particles has good prospects for application in metal-matrix composites ‘‘titanium carbide – iron-based binder” production by synthesis from reaction mixtures with carbon. Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the III All-Russian Conference (with International Participation) Hot Topics of Solid State Chemistry: From New Ideas to New Materials.
1. Introduction Self-propagating high temperature synthesis (SHS) is a highly productive and economical method for the refractory compounds synthesis based on exothermic chemical reactions in powder mixtures [1]. Among the numerous applications of SHS, it is important to single out the production of metal-matrix composites (MMC) ‘‘titanium carbide – metal binder” [2–6]. Cubic titanium carbide forms equiaxial inclusions, uniformly distributed in the metal matrix. That is why titanium carbide the most often used as a dispersed hardening phase in SHS MMCs. Metal matrix porous cakes synthesized from titanium, carbon and metal matrix powder mixtures are easily crushed, and the resulting powder can be used for plasma surfacing [7,8] or electron beam facing [9,10] of wearresistant coatings. A significant limitation of wide SHS practical application for titanium carbide base MMC powders production is a high cost of titanium powder, which degrades the economic and technological advantages of SHS over furnace methods. Therefore, replacing titanium powder in reaction mixtures with cheaper titanium-containing raw materials or semi-finished products would have a great economic effect.
⇑ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (G.A. Pribytkov).
Among titanium-containing raw materials a cast ferrotitanium is the most prospective one. Due to large-scale production and cheap feedstock, ferrotitanium price is about 15 times lower than that of commercial titanium powders used in SHS technology. Ferrotitanium of different grades contains from 25 to 70% of titanium, the rest is iron and a small amount of aluminum and silicon impurities. To use ferrotitanium as a titanium additive in reaction mixtures, it is necessary to obtain sufficiently fine powder from ingots. So the objectives of this work were: 1) to determine the phase composition of ‘‘as received” ferroalloy; 2) find out the possibility of obtaining fine powders by cast bars crushing and subsequent milling; 3) to study the fractional, phase composition and morphology of obtained powder after various milling conditions. 2. Materials and methods FeTi35C5 grade ferrotitanium in the form of pieces of various sizes and shapes was used as the starting material. The chemical composition of ferrotitanium according to the supplier certificate is shown in Table 1. Pieces of ferrotitanium were crushed under a hydraulic press, and the resulting coarse powder (<315 lm) was treated by an ‘‘Activator-2S” planetary ball mill in two 250 ml. volume vials. The milling intensity of ferrotitanium powder was controlled by planetary disc rotational speed variation (Ng) and by the balls mass (Mb) to powder mass (Mp) ratio. Two different intensity modes
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.177 2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the III All-Russian Conference (with International Participation) Hot Topics of Solid State Chemistry: From New Ideas to New Materials.
Please cite this article as: G. A. Pribytkov, A. V. Baranovskiy, E. N. Korosteleva et al., A production of fine ferrotitanium powder by intensive planetary mill grinding, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.177
2
G.A. Pribytkov et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Table 1 The chemical composition of FeTi35C5 ferrotitanium (according to the supplier certificate). Chemical composition, % Ti 32.45
Al 9.75
Si 4.65
C 0.18
P 0.035
were applied: ‘‘soft” (vials rotation speed 480 rpm – 22g; Mb/ Mp = 10) and ‘‘intensive” (vials rotation speed 960 rpm – 88g; Mb/Mp = 10;) The treated powders were studied by X-ray diffraction analysis (DRON-7 diffractometer, Burevestnik, Russia) and by scanning electron microscopy (EVO 50, Zeiss, Germany). SEM was used to study powders morphology and dispersity and to examine elemental composition by Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) (Table 2). 3. Results and discussion According to the X-ray diffraction analysis the cast ferrotitanium consists of two phases: Ti(Fe0.875Al0.125)2 – aluminum solid solution in the intermetallic TiFe2 and Ti5.21Fe0.02Si2.7 – iron solid solution in titanium silicide Ti5Si3. The dissolution of additional elements in these refractory compounds is not surprising, since the TiFe2 intermetallic compound and Ti5Si3 silicide have wide homogeneity regions. The intermetallic-based phase is the main one (89–84 wt%), and the silicide content of is 16– 11 wt%. Pieces of cast ferrotitanium were easily crushed by a hydraulic press to form a polydisperse powder with particles of a predominantly fragmented form. The good crushability of ferrotitanium is explained by its phase composition, since it consists of two brittle phases: intermetallic and silicide. Further grinding of the polydisperse powder (<315 lm) obtained by crushing was carried out in a planetary ball mill. According to screening results after 3 min milling of the grinded powder under ‘‘soft” mode (22 g) an output of <56 lm fraction was 98.2 wt%, and <25 lm fraction was 91.9 wt%. The use of an intensive milling mode (88 g) results in further increase in the fine fractions content (Fig. 1). Bimodal character of the particle size distribution were observed in these conditions. Along with micron and submicron particles, the large (56 lm or
S 0.029
Cu 0.85
V 0.88
Mo 0.35
Zr 0.15
Sn 0.02
more) lumps with a fine tuberous surface are present after milling for 5 and 10 min (Fig. 1a, b). The lumps formations could be either conglomerates of small particles, or, more likely, large (more than 10 mm) particles of ferrotitanium with a surface embedded by micron and submicron particles. With an increase in milling time to 20 and 30 min, both the size of the lumps and their relative content decrease (Fig. 1c, d). Regarding to a small particles, with an increase in milling time, a changes in their morphology and size were also observed. At a milling time of up to 10 min, these particles had an equiaxed shape and a one-micron or less size (Fig. 2a). There was also a little amount of small particles conglomerates. After long-term milling (30 min), the powder consisted mainly of highly deformed small particles conglomerates. The size of these conglomerates was several times larger than the size of the initial equiaxial particles. It seems that under the balls impact, the flattening and aglomeration of the initially equiaxed particles occurred. The experimentally established [11] elevated temperature on the balls surface under intensive milling conditions contributed to plastic deformation and particle integration. To find out if intensive milling does not lead to phase transformations, an additional X-ray phase analysis of milled products were carried out after a maximum (30 min) duration. According to X-ray diffraction, no initial phases’ dissociation or new phases formation were revealed. The described evolution of ferrotitanium particles morphology and dispersion with increasing milling time can affect the thermokinetic characteristics and phase composition of the synthesized products in reaction powder mixtures of ferrotitanium and carbon. Since carbon black (soot) had a submicron particle size, so its particles covered the surface of larger ferrotitanium particles in reaction mixtures. In that way, the specific reaction surface area in the mixtures will be determined by the specific surface of the ferrotitanium powder. With a short milling time, the powder
Table 2 The chemical composition of as-received ferrotitanium and grinded powder. Sample for EDX
FeTi35C5 ferrotitanium (as-received) Grinded powder
Grinding duration, minutes
0 5 10 20 30
Concentration, mass.% Al
Si
Ti
Fe
9.75 8.6 6.7 5.6 5.5
4.7 3.6 3.5 2.7 2.5
32.5 31.9 31.6 32.5 32.6
50.65 55.8 58.2 59.2 59.4
Fig. 1. Evolution of the fractional composition of ferrotitanium powder under ‘‘intensive” mode milling. Milling time: a-5 min.; b-10 min.; c-20 min.; d-30 min.
Please cite this article as: G. A. Pribytkov, A. V. Baranovskiy, E. N. Korosteleva et al., A production of fine ferrotitanium powder by intensive planetary mill grinding, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.177
G.A. Pribytkov et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
3
Fig. 2. Morphology of small particles of ferrotitanium powder, depending on milling duration under ‘‘intensive” mode: a) 10 min.; b) 30 min.
contained many large lumps (Fig. 1a), which increases the diffusion path during synthesis and could lead to incomplete reaction behavior. With a long milling time (Fig. 2b), conglomerates from small particles were formed, which also reduced the specific reaction surface. Therefore, optimization of the milling time is required, in which the milled powder will contain a minimum content of large particles of ferrotitanium, but small particles will not yet start to conglomerate. According to the results of the X-ray diffraction analysis, the initial ferrotitanium powder consists of solid solutions based on TiFe2 intermetallic compound and Ti5Si3 silicide. A question of the grinded powder nature arises. To identify elemental composition of the powder, a local elemental analysis was performed using the EDX method. Particles about 2 lm in size were chosen for local measurements, since the analysis of smaller particles was limited by the locality of the microprobe method. Along with local tests on the fine particles the integral elemental composition of the conglomerates was determined. According to EDX results the relative elements content on the surface of the conglomerates and of the small particles in general correlate with that in the as-received ferrotitanium (according to the supplier’s certificate). However, there are some differences. The iron content in the powders according to the EDX results was 4–8 wt% higher than that stated in the certificate. Accordingly, the content of aluminum and silicon was lower in comparison with the values specified in the certificate. The ratio of aluminum to silicon content in all cases was close to 2. Returning to the question of the small particles nature in the ferrotitanium milling products, it can be argued that after 5 min of intense milling the initial intermetallic and silicide grains have diminished (Fig. 2a) to the submicron size and subsequently integrates into granules with initial ferrotitanium elemental composition. 4. Conclusions Ferrotitanium FeTi35C5, consisting of two brittle intermediate compounds, is easily crushed and can be milled to micron and submicron powders by planetary ball mill. With intensive (88 g) milling for 30 min, the fine particles integrate to form agglomerates up to 10 mm in size. The elemental and phase composition of the agglomerates and of the fine particles correlate with as-received ferrotitanium composition.
The obtained powder with micron-sized particles has good application prospects for the production of ‘‘titanium carbide – iron-based binder” metal-matrix composites by synthesis from reaction mixtures with carbon. CRediT authorship contribution statement G.A. Pribytkov: Conceptualization, Project administration, Supervision. A.V. Baranovskiy: Resources, Investigation. E.N. Korosteleva: Investigation. M.G. Krinitcyn: . V.V. Korzhova: Data curation, Investigation. Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Acknowledgements The work was carried out within the framework of the Program of Fundamental Scientific Research of the State Academies of Sciences (line of research III.23) with the financial support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Grant No. 18-32-00330). References [1] A.G. Merzhanov, Self-propagating High-temperature Synthesis: Twenty Years of Search and Findings in Combusion and Plasma Synthesis of Hightemperature Materials, VCH Publishers, New York, 1990. [2] A. Ilyushchenko, P. Vitaz, A. Beliaev, T. Talako. SHS powder materials for protective coatings in powder industry, Proc. of Int. Conf. ‘‘Thermal Spray 2001” Ohio, 2001, pp. 1299–1302. [3] P. Vitaz, A. Iluschenko, A. Belyaev, T. Talako, The Proceedings of EUROPM 2005 Congress 2 (2005) 91–94. [4] E.N. Korosteleva, G.A. Pribytkov, M.G. Krinitcyn, A.V. Baranovskii, V.V. Korzhova, V.E. Strelnitskij, Key Eng. Mat. 712 (2016) 195–199. [5] G.A. Pribytkov, I.A. Firsina, V.V. Korzhova, M.G. Krinitcyn, A.A. Polaynskaya, Russian J. Non-Ferrous Metals Res. 60–3 (2019) 282–289. [6] M. Kobashi, D. Ichioka, N. Kanetake, Materials 3 (2010) 3939–3947. [7] V.I. Kalita, D.I. Komlev, G.A. Pribytkov, A.V. Baranovsky, A.A. Radyuk, V.V. Korzhova, A.B. Mikhaylova, Inorg. Mater. Appl. Res. 10–3 (2019) 549–555. [8] G.A. Pribytkov, V.I. Kalita, D.I. Komlev, V.V. Korzhova, A.A. Radyuk, A.V. Baranovsky, A.B. Mikhailova, Inorg. Mater. Appl. Res. 9–3 (2018) 442–450. [9] E.N. Korosteleva, G.A. Pribytkov, S.S. Kalambaeva, V.V. Korzhova, V.G. Durakov, Key Eng. Mat. 685 (2016) 695–699. [10] M. Krinitcyn, G. Pribytkov, V. Korzhova, I. Firsina, Surf. Coat. Technol. 358 (2019) 706–714. [11] Y.-S. Kwon, K.B. Gerasimov, S.-K. Youn, J. Alloys Compd. 346 (2002) 276–281.
Please cite this article as: G. A. Pribytkov, A. V. Baranovskiy, E. N. Korosteleva et al., A production of fine ferrotitanium powder by intensive planetary mill grinding, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.177
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Materials Today: Proceedings journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr
A production of fine ferrotitanium powder by intensive planetary mill grinding G.A. Pribytkov a,⇑, A.V. Baranovskiy a,b, E.N. Korosteleva a, M.G. Krinitcyn a,b, V.V. Korzhova a a b
Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Akademicheskii pr., 2/4, Tomsk 634055, Russia National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin pr.,30, Tomsk 634050, Russia
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 4 November 2019 Received in revised form 16 December 2019 Accepted 20 December 2019 Available online xxxx Keywords: Mechanical activation Self-propagating high temperature synthesis Metal matrix composites (MMC) Titanium carbide
a b s t r a c t Micron and submicron size ferrotitanium powders were obtained by planetary ball milling. The fractional and phase composition and morphology of obtained powder after crushing and under various milling conditions were studied. The obtained powder with micron-sized particles has good prospects for application in metal-matrix composites ‘‘titanium carbide – iron-based binder” production by synthesis from reaction mixtures with carbon. Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the III All-Russian Conference (with International Participation) Hot Topics of Solid State Chemistry: From New Ideas to New Materials.
1. Introduction Self-propagating high temperature synthesis (SHS) is a highly productive and economical method for the refractory compounds synthesis based on exothermic chemical reactions in powder mixtures [1]. Among the numerous applications of SHS, it is important to single out the production of metal-matrix composites (MMC) ‘‘titanium carbide – metal binder” [2–6]. Cubic titanium carbide forms equiaxial inclusions, uniformly distributed in the metal matrix. That is why titanium carbide the most often used as a dispersed hardening phase in SHS MMCs. Metal matrix porous cakes synthesized from titanium, carbon and metal matrix powder mixtures are easily crushed, and the resulting powder can be used for plasma surfacing [7,8] or electron beam facing [9,10] of wearresistant coatings. A significant limitation of wide SHS practical application for titanium carbide base MMC powders production is a high cost of titanium powder, which degrades the economic and technological advantages of SHS over furnace methods. Therefore, replacing titanium powder in reaction mixtures with cheaper titanium-containing raw materials or semi-finished products would have a great economic effect.
⇑ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (G.A. Pribytkov).
Among titanium-containing raw materials a cast ferrotitanium is the most prospective one. Due to large-scale production and cheap feedstock, ferrotitanium price is about 15 times lower than that of commercial titanium powders used in SHS technology. Ferrotitanium of different grades contains from 25 to 70% of titanium, the rest is iron and a small amount of aluminum and silicon impurities. To use ferrotitanium as a titanium additive in reaction mixtures, it is necessary to obtain sufficiently fine powder from ingots. So the objectives of this work were: 1) to determine the phase composition of ‘‘as received” ferroalloy; 2) find out the possibility of obtaining fine powders by cast bars crushing and subsequent milling; 3) to study the fractional, phase composition and morphology of obtained powder after various milling conditions. 2. Materials and methods FeTi35C5 grade ferrotitanium in the form of pieces of various sizes and shapes was used as the starting material. The chemical composition of ferrotitanium according to the supplier certificate is shown in Table 1. Pieces of ferrotitanium were crushed under a hydraulic press, and the resulting coarse powder (<315 lm) was treated by an ‘‘Activator-2S” planetary ball mill in two 250 ml. volume vials. The milling intensity of ferrotitanium powder was controlled by planetary disc rotational speed variation (Ng) and by the balls mass (Mb) to powder mass (Mp) ratio. Two different intensity modes
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.177 2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the III All-Russian Conference (with International Participation) Hot Topics of Solid State Chemistry: From New Ideas to New Materials.
Please cite this article as: G. A. Pribytkov, A. V. Baranovskiy, E. N. Korosteleva et al., A production of fine ferrotitanium powder by intensive planetary mill grinding, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.177
2
G.A. Pribytkov et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Table 1 The chemical composition of FeTi35C5 ferrotitanium (according to the supplier certificate). Chemical composition, % Ti 32.45
Al 9.75
Si 4.65
C 0.18
P 0.035
were applied: ‘‘soft” (vials rotation speed 480 rpm – 22g; Mb/ Mp = 10) and ‘‘intensive” (vials rotation speed 960 rpm – 88g; Mb/Mp = 10;) The treated powders were studied by X-ray diffraction analysis (DRON-7 diffractometer, Burevestnik, Russia) and by scanning electron microscopy (EVO 50, Zeiss, Germany). SEM was used to study powders morphology and dispersity and to examine elemental composition by Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) (Table 2). 3. Results and discussion According to the X-ray diffraction analysis the cast ferrotitanium consists of two phases: Ti(Fe0.875Al0.125)2 – aluminum solid solution in the intermetallic TiFe2 and Ti5.21Fe0.02Si2.7 – iron solid solution in titanium silicide Ti5Si3. The dissolution of additional elements in these refractory compounds is not surprising, since the TiFe2 intermetallic compound and Ti5Si3 silicide have wide homogeneity regions. The intermetallic-based phase is the main one (89–84 wt%), and the silicide content of is 16– 11 wt%. Pieces of cast ferrotitanium were easily crushed by a hydraulic press to form a polydisperse powder with particles of a predominantly fragmented form. The good crushability of ferrotitanium is explained by its phase composition, since it consists of two brittle phases: intermetallic and silicide. Further grinding of the polydisperse powder (<315 lm) obtained by crushing was carried out in a planetary ball mill. According to screening results after 3 min milling of the grinded powder under ‘‘soft” mode (22 g) an output of <56 lm fraction was 98.2 wt%, and <25 lm fraction was 91.9 wt%. The use of an intensive milling mode (88 g) results in further increase in the fine fractions content (Fig. 1). Bimodal character of the particle size distribution were observed in these conditions. Along with micron and submicron particles, the large (56 lm or
S 0.029
Cu 0.85
V 0.88
Mo 0.35
Zr 0.15
Sn 0.02
more) lumps with a fine tuberous surface are present after milling for 5 and 10 min (Fig. 1a, b). The lumps formations could be either conglomerates of small particles, or, more likely, large (more than 10 mm) particles of ferrotitanium with a surface embedded by micron and submicron particles. With an increase in milling time to 20 and 30 min, both the size of the lumps and their relative content decrease (Fig. 1c, d). Regarding to a small particles, with an increase in milling time, a changes in their morphology and size were also observed. At a milling time of up to 10 min, these particles had an equiaxed shape and a one-micron or less size (Fig. 2a). There was also a little amount of small particles conglomerates. After long-term milling (30 min), the powder consisted mainly of highly deformed small particles conglomerates. The size of these conglomerates was several times larger than the size of the initial equiaxial particles. It seems that under the balls impact, the flattening and aglomeration of the initially equiaxed particles occurred. The experimentally established [11] elevated temperature on the balls surface under intensive milling conditions contributed to plastic deformation and particle integration. To find out if intensive milling does not lead to phase transformations, an additional X-ray phase analysis of milled products were carried out after a maximum (30 min) duration. According to X-ray diffraction, no initial phases’ dissociation or new phases formation were revealed. The described evolution of ferrotitanium particles morphology and dispersion with increasing milling time can affect the thermokinetic characteristics and phase composition of the synthesized products in reaction powder mixtures of ferrotitanium and carbon. Since carbon black (soot) had a submicron particle size, so its particles covered the surface of larger ferrotitanium particles in reaction mixtures. In that way, the specific reaction surface area in the mixtures will be determined by the specific surface of the ferrotitanium powder. With a short milling time, the powder
Table 2 The chemical composition of as-received ferrotitanium and grinded powder. Sample for EDX
FeTi35C5 ferrotitanium (as-received) Grinded powder
Grinding duration, minutes
0 5 10 20 30
Concentration, mass.% Al
Si
Ti
Fe
9.75 8.6 6.7 5.6 5.5
4.7 3.6 3.5 2.7 2.5
32.5 31.9 31.6 32.5 32.6
50.65 55.8 58.2 59.2 59.4
Fig. 1. Evolution of the fractional composition of ferrotitanium powder under ‘‘intensive” mode milling. Milling time: a-5 min.; b-10 min.; c-20 min.; d-30 min.
Please cite this article as: G. A. Pribytkov, A. V. Baranovskiy, E. N. Korosteleva et al., A production of fine ferrotitanium powder by intensive planetary mill grinding, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.177
G.A. Pribytkov et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
3
Fig. 2. Morphology of small particles of ferrotitanium powder, depending on milling duration under ‘‘intensive” mode: a) 10 min.; b) 30 min.
contained many large lumps (Fig. 1a), which increases the diffusion path during synthesis and could lead to incomplete reaction behavior. With a long milling time (Fig. 2b), conglomerates from small particles were formed, which also reduced the specific reaction surface. Therefore, optimization of the milling time is required, in which the milled powder will contain a minimum content of large particles of ferrotitanium, but small particles will not yet start to conglomerate. According to the results of the X-ray diffraction analysis, the initial ferrotitanium powder consists of solid solutions based on TiFe2 intermetallic compound and Ti5Si3 silicide. A question of the grinded powder nature arises. To identify elemental composition of the powder, a local elemental analysis was performed using the EDX method. Particles about 2 lm in size were chosen for local measurements, since the analysis of smaller particles was limited by the locality of the microprobe method. Along with local tests on the fine particles the integral elemental composition of the conglomerates was determined. According to EDX results the relative elements content on the surface of the conglomerates and of the small particles in general correlate with that in the as-received ferrotitanium (according to the supplier’s certificate). However, there are some differences. The iron content in the powders according to the EDX results was 4–8 wt% higher than that stated in the certificate. Accordingly, the content of aluminum and silicon was lower in comparison with the values specified in the certificate. The ratio of aluminum to silicon content in all cases was close to 2. Returning to the question of the small particles nature in the ferrotitanium milling products, it can be argued that after 5 min of intense milling the initial intermetallic and silicide grains have diminished (Fig. 2a) to the submicron size and subsequently integrates into granules with initial ferrotitanium elemental composition. 4. Conclusions Ferrotitanium FeTi35C5, consisting of two brittle intermediate compounds, is easily crushed and can be milled to micron and submicron powders by planetary ball mill. With intensive (88 g) milling for 30 min, the fine particles integrate to form agglomerates up to 10 mm in size. The elemental and phase composition of the agglomerates and of the fine particles correlate with as-received ferrotitanium composition.
The obtained powder with micron-sized particles has good application prospects for the production of ‘‘titanium carbide – iron-based binder” metal-matrix composites by synthesis from reaction mixtures with carbon. CRediT authorship contribution statement G.A. Pribytkov: Conceptualization, Project administration, Supervision. A.V. Baranovskiy: Resources, Investigation. E.N. Korosteleva: Investigation. M.G. Krinitcyn: . V.V. Korzhova: Data curation, Investigation. Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Acknowledgements The work was carried out within the framework of the Program of Fundamental Scientific Research of the State Academies of Sciences (line of research III.23) with the financial support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Grant No. 18-32-00330). References [1] A.G. Merzhanov, Self-propagating High-temperature Synthesis: Twenty Years of Search and Findings in Combusion and Plasma Synthesis of Hightemperature Materials, VCH Publishers, New York, 1990. [2] A. Ilyushchenko, P. Vitaz, A. Beliaev, T. Talako. SHS powder materials for protective coatings in powder industry, Proc. of Int. Conf. ‘‘Thermal Spray 2001” Ohio, 2001, pp. 1299–1302. [3] P. Vitaz, A. Iluschenko, A. Belyaev, T. Talako, The Proceedings of EUROPM 2005 Congress 2 (2005) 91–94. [4] E.N. Korosteleva, G.A. Pribytkov, M.G. Krinitcyn, A.V. Baranovskii, V.V. Korzhova, V.E. Strelnitskij, Key Eng. Mat. 712 (2016) 195–199. [5] G.A. Pribytkov, I.A. Firsina, V.V. Korzhova, M.G. Krinitcyn, A.A. Polaynskaya, Russian J. Non-Ferrous Metals Res. 60–3 (2019) 282–289. [6] M. Kobashi, D. Ichioka, N. Kanetake, Materials 3 (2010) 3939–3947. [7] V.I. Kalita, D.I. Komlev, G.A. Pribytkov, A.V. Baranovsky, A.A. Radyuk, V.V. Korzhova, A.B. Mikhaylova, Inorg. Mater. Appl. Res. 10–3 (2019) 549–555. [8] G.A. Pribytkov, V.I. Kalita, D.I. Komlev, V.V. Korzhova, A.A. Radyuk, A.V. Baranovsky, A.B. Mikhailova, Inorg. Mater. Appl. Res. 9–3 (2018) 442–450. [9] E.N. Korosteleva, G.A. Pribytkov, S.S. Kalambaeva, V.V. Korzhova, V.G. Durakov, Key Eng. Mat. 685 (2016) 695–699. [10] M. Krinitcyn, G. Pribytkov, V. Korzhova, I. Firsina, Surf. Coat. Technol. 358 (2019) 706–714. [11] Y.-S. Kwon, K.B. Gerasimov, S.-K. Youn, J. Alloys Compd. 346 (2002) 276–281.
Please cite this article as: G. A. Pribytkov, A. V. Baranovskiy, E. N. Korosteleva et al., A production of fine ferrotitanium powder by intensive planetary mill grinding, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.177