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A proposed framework for evaluating the socioeconomic health impact of obesity prevention strategies
ANZOS 2013 abstracts colonic tissue mRNA libraries and validated an in vitro human enteroendocrine I-cell model (Hutu80) using a variety of known TAS2R bitter agonists. We show that mRNAs for bitter taste receptors are expressed in human gastric, small intestinal and colonic tissue as well as the Hutu-80 cellline. In addition, Hutu-80 cells respond to a subset of known bitter agonists via a G-protein coupled phospholipase C mediated pathway, elevated cytoplasmic calcium concentrations and subsequent release of CCK. In conclusion, the capability to sense luminal bitter compounds may occur throughout the GI tract. However, not all known lingual bitter agonists stimulate hormone secretion in Hutu-80 cells, suggesting key differences between lingual and GI bitter sensing that may have important implications for design of functional foods to modulate appetite through bitter sensing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orcp.2013.12.702 204 Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between parents’ and preschoolers’ physical activity and TV viewing Gavin Abbott ∗ , Jo Salmon, Anna Timperio, Keren Kneebone, Jill Hnatiuk, Kylie Hesketh Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia Background: Parental modelling may be important for the development of physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviours in children, yet little is known about its impact in the preschool years and beyond. This study examined associations between parent and child PA and TV viewing behaviours when children were at preschool and again 3 years later. Methods: In 2008—9 (T1), parents in the HAPPY cohort study (n = 516) self-reported their usual weekly PA and TV viewing, and proxyreported their partner’s PA and TV, and their 3—5 year-old preschool child’s TV viewing. Children wore accelerometers for eight days to measure their light-, moderate-, and vigorous-intensity PA (LMVPA). Repeat data collection occurred in 2011—12 (T2). Linear regression models tested associations between T1 parental behaviours and corresponding child behaviours at T1 and T2, stratified by child gender and adjusting for socioeconomic covariates and clustering by recruitment centre. Physical activity analyses adjusted for
e113 accelerometer wear-time; longitudinal analyses adjusted for T1 child behaviours. Results: Mother (B = 0.18; CI95 = 0.03—0.32) and father (B = 0.13; CI95 = 0.01—0.24) PA levels predicted LMVPA among preschool girls at T1, but not boys. Parents’ TV viewing times were significant correlates of girls’ (mothers: B = 0.33; CI95 = 0.20—0.46; fathers: B = 0.22; CI95 = 0.05—0.38) and boys’ (mothers: B = 0.39; CI95 = 0.26—0.59; fathers: B = 0.24; CI95 = 0.10—0.37) TV viewing at T1. When mothers’ and fathers’ health behaviours were entered in models simultaneously, fathers’ PA was more strongly related to preschoolers’ PA, but for girls only, while mothers’ TV viewing was more strongly related to preschool children’s TV time, for both sexes. Longitudinally, sex-specific associations were found for TV viewing, with child behaviour at follow-up associated only with that of their same-gender parent at T1 (mother/daughter: B = 0.16; CI95 = 0.03—0.28; father/son: B = 0.13; CI95 = 0.00—0.27). Conclusions: The PA and TV viewing of both parents may be important influences on preschool children’s behaviours. As children get older the influence of the gender-matched parent may take precedence, particularly for TV viewing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orcp.2013.12.703 205 A proposed framework for evaluating the socioeconomic health impact of obesity prevention strategies Kathryn Backholer 1,∗ , Alison Beauchamp 1 , Kylie Ball 2 , Gavin Turrell 3 , Jane Martin 4 , Julie Woods 2 , Anna Peeters 1 1 Baker
IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia 2 Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia 3 Public Health and Social Work, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia 4 Obesity Policy Coalition, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Background: There is a paucity of empirical data assessing the effect of obesity prevention policies across the socioeconomic gradient of population weight. We therefore aimed to develop a
e114 theoretical framework that will enable organisation of current and future universal obesity prevention interventions into their likely impact on the socioeconomic gradient of population weight gain. Methods: We partitioned the framework into two scales; the environment where action is taken (micro and macro environments) and the degree to which an intervention targets individual agency or embedded structures to influence behaviour change (characterised by three predominant policy types: agentic, agento-structural and structural). Results: Agentic interventions, which are heavily reliant on individual agency, are more likely to increase socioeconomic inequalities in population weight. Examples of these types of interventions include social marketing, school nutrition education programs and signage to encourage healthy behaviours. Structural interventions generally describe an equal or greater benefit for lower socioeconomic groups and include food procurement policies, restricting the availability of unhealthy foods in schools and a mandatory increase in school physical education time. Agento-structural interventions are mindful of the environment in which health behaviours take place, but individual agency is nonetheless important. Agento-structural interventions include work place design to encourage incidental exercise and mandatory nutrition labelling. There is a lack of empirical evidence and theoretical clarity regarding the socioeconomic impact of agento-structural interventions, however we hypothesise that those aimed at the macroenvironmental context are more likely to have an equitable impact. Conclusions: Examination of the socioeconomic health impact of obesity prevention interventions is crucial. This is especially true for agentostructural interventions, which show great promise for obesity prevention, but where the greatest uncertainty regarding the socioeconomic health impact remains. Failure to do so runs the risk of widening the socioeconomic gradient in health as we strive to prevent obesity. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orcp.2013.12.704
Abstracts 206 The role of new media in marketing unhealthy food and beverages to children and adolescents Tara Boelsen-Robinson ∗ , Kathryn Backholer, Anna Peeters Epidemiology, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Prahran, VIC, Australia Background: The growth of new media — including branded websites, social media, mobile applications and content sharing websites — has created new avenues for unhealthy food and beverage companies to target children and adolescents utilising digital marketing techniques. The aim of this study was to perform an audit of the usage of new media in the marketing of unhealthy food and beverages to children and adolescents. Methods: The top selling brand from each of the five most advertised food categories was identified. A brand audit sought to identify how these five brands utilised digital marketing aimed at children and adolescents. Utilising a combination of structured data collection and descriptive analyses to illustrate individual campaigns, information on target audience, the main focus of the activity, marketing strategies employed, connectivity and length of presence, potential reach and adherence to self regulation was collected. Results: McDonald’s, Coca-Cola and Cadbury Dairy Milk were selected as being sufficiently active on digital media, and a combined number of 36 promotional activities were identified during June and July 2013, out of which 22 met the inclusion criteria. These included a range of mobile applications, branded websites, and Facebook, Twitter and YouTube content. The most common types of promotional activity identified were mobile applications (11), Facebook (8), and branded websites (8). Emerging themes included the frequent use of animation and music, as well as encouragement to spread the content virally via social media sites. Indirect product associations were often fun, playful, cool, and used humour aimed at children and/or adolescents. Branding was prominent in nearly all promotional activities. Conclusion: Food and beverage companies are utilising engaging content via new media that is aimed at children and adolescents. Strategies need to be developed to reduce exposure of children and adolescents to unhealthy food and drink branding. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orcp.2013.12.705
e113 accelerometer wear-time; longitudinal analyses adjusted for T1 child behaviours. Results: Mother (B = 0.18; CI95 = 0.03—0.32) and father (B = 0.13; CI95 = 0.01—0.24) PA levels predicted LMVPA among preschool girls at T1, but not boys. Parents’ TV viewing times were significant correlates of girls’ (mothers: B = 0.33; CI95 = 0.20—0.46; fathers: B = 0.22; CI95 = 0.05—0.38) and boys’ (mothers: B = 0.39; CI95 = 0.26—0.59; fathers: B = 0.24; CI95 = 0.10—0.37) TV viewing at T1. When mothers’ and fathers’ health behaviours were entered in models simultaneously, fathers’ PA was more strongly related to preschoolers’ PA, but for girls only, while mothers’ TV viewing was more strongly related to preschool children’s TV time, for both sexes. Longitudinally, sex-specific associations were found for TV viewing, with child behaviour at follow-up associated only with that of their same-gender parent at T1 (mother/daughter: B = 0.16; CI95 = 0.03—0.28; father/son: B = 0.13; CI95 = 0.00—0.27). Conclusions: The PA and TV viewing of both parents may be important influences on preschool children’s behaviours. As children get older the influence of the gender-matched parent may take precedence, particularly for TV viewing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orcp.2013.12.703 205 A proposed framework for evaluating the socioeconomic health impact of obesity prevention strategies Kathryn Backholer 1,∗ , Alison Beauchamp 1 , Kylie Ball 2 , Gavin Turrell 3 , Jane Martin 4 , Julie Woods 2 , Anna Peeters 1 1 Baker
IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia 2 Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia 3 Public Health and Social Work, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia 4 Obesity Policy Coalition, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Background: There is a paucity of empirical data assessing the effect of obesity prevention policies across the socioeconomic gradient of population weight. We therefore aimed to develop a
e114 theoretical framework that will enable organisation of current and future universal obesity prevention interventions into their likely impact on the socioeconomic gradient of population weight gain. Methods: We partitioned the framework into two scales; the environment where action is taken (micro and macro environments) and the degree to which an intervention targets individual agency or embedded structures to influence behaviour change (characterised by three predominant policy types: agentic, agento-structural and structural). Results: Agentic interventions, which are heavily reliant on individual agency, are more likely to increase socioeconomic inequalities in population weight. Examples of these types of interventions include social marketing, school nutrition education programs and signage to encourage healthy behaviours. Structural interventions generally describe an equal or greater benefit for lower socioeconomic groups and include food procurement policies, restricting the availability of unhealthy foods in schools and a mandatory increase in school physical education time. Agento-structural interventions are mindful of the environment in which health behaviours take place, but individual agency is nonetheless important. Agento-structural interventions include work place design to encourage incidental exercise and mandatory nutrition labelling. There is a lack of empirical evidence and theoretical clarity regarding the socioeconomic impact of agento-structural interventions, however we hypothesise that those aimed at the macroenvironmental context are more likely to have an equitable impact. Conclusions: Examination of the socioeconomic health impact of obesity prevention interventions is crucial. This is especially true for agentostructural interventions, which show great promise for obesity prevention, but where the greatest uncertainty regarding the socioeconomic health impact remains. Failure to do so runs the risk of widening the socioeconomic gradient in health as we strive to prevent obesity. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orcp.2013.12.704
Abstracts 206 The role of new media in marketing unhealthy food and beverages to children and adolescents Tara Boelsen-Robinson ∗ , Kathryn Backholer, Anna Peeters Epidemiology, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Prahran, VIC, Australia Background: The growth of new media — including branded websites, social media, mobile applications and content sharing websites — has created new avenues for unhealthy food and beverage companies to target children and adolescents utilising digital marketing techniques. The aim of this study was to perform an audit of the usage of new media in the marketing of unhealthy food and beverages to children and adolescents. Methods: The top selling brand from each of the five most advertised food categories was identified. A brand audit sought to identify how these five brands utilised digital marketing aimed at children and adolescents. Utilising a combination of structured data collection and descriptive analyses to illustrate individual campaigns, information on target audience, the main focus of the activity, marketing strategies employed, connectivity and length of presence, potential reach and adherence to self regulation was collected. Results: McDonald’s, Coca-Cola and Cadbury Dairy Milk were selected as being sufficiently active on digital media, and a combined number of 36 promotional activities were identified during June and July 2013, out of which 22 met the inclusion criteria. These included a range of mobile applications, branded websites, and Facebook, Twitter and YouTube content. The most common types of promotional activity identified were mobile applications (11), Facebook (8), and branded websites (8). Emerging themes included the frequent use of animation and music, as well as encouragement to spread the content virally via social media sites. Indirect product associations were often fun, playful, cool, and used humour aimed at children and/or adolescents. Branding was prominent in nearly all promotional activities. Conclusion: Food and beverage companies are utilising engaging content via new media that is aimed at children and adolescents. Strategies need to be developed to reduce exposure of children and adolescents to unhealthy food and drink branding. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orcp.2013.12.705