A quantitative analysis of Japan's optimal power generation mix in 2050 and the role of CO2-free hydrogen

Accepted Manuscript A quantitative analysis of Japan's optimal power generation mix in 2050 and the role of CO2-free hydrogen Yuhji Matsuo, Seiya Endo, Yu Nagatomi, Yoshiaki Shibata, Ryoichi Komiyama, Yasumasa Fujii PII:

S0360-5442(18)31959-5

DOI:

10.1016/j.energy.2018.09.187

Reference:

EGY 13881

To appear in:

Energy

Received Date: 12 April 2018 Revised Date:

26 September 2018

Accepted Date: 27 September 2018

Please cite this article as: Matsuo Y, Endo S, Nagatomi Y, Shibata Y, Komiyama R, Fujii Y, A quantitative analysis of Japan's optimal power generation mix in 2050 and the role of CO2-free hydrogen, Energy (2018), doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.09.187. This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

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A quantitative analysis of Japan's optimal power generation mix in 2050 and the role of CO2-free hydrogen

Yasumasa Fujii2

*: Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract

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2: The University of Tokyo

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1: The Institute of Energy Economics, Japan

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Yuhji Matsuo1*, Seiya Endo1, Yu Nagatomi1, Yoshiaki Shibata1, Ryoichi Komiyama2,1,

In this study, the authors developed an Optimal Power Generation Mix model, which

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takes into account the supply chain of imported and domestically produced hydrogen,

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also modeling the intermittency of renewable energy at a 10-minute resolution, and applied it to the case of Japan, to investigate quantitatively the possibility of achieving zero emission in 2050. Even if the costs of wind and solar PV decline drastically towards 2050 and the huge potentials that have been assumed in the literature are realized, the total system costs escalate significantly with very high shares of intermittent renewables. Since the use of hydrogen produced by excess electricity from renewable

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power generation sources can only make a slight contribution to reducing this escalation, it would be invaluable to introduce at least a significant amount of electricity

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generated by “zero-emission thermal power” technologies, including CO2-free imported hydrogen or conventional thermal power generation with carbon capture and

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sequestration (CCS). Nuclear power is also estimated as being effective in reducing the cost hike associated with achieving zero emissions. The results of this study could

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contribute to give insights regarding global deployment of hydrogen-related technologies, as well as to present a frame of reference for Japan’s future energy

Highlights

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policies.

Variable renewables can contribute greatly to zero emission power in 2050 in Japan

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A very high share of them, however, could escalate the total cost to 20-30 JPY/kWh

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“Zero emission thermal” power generation is a necessity to meet the 2050 target

Use of imported hydrogen is one possibility for zero emission thermal power

Use of nuclear power is also an effective way to reduce the cost escalation

Keywords: Keywords:

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power system modeling; linear programming; optimization; CO2 emission reduction;

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hydrogen; intermittent renewables

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Abbreviations Carbon Storage and Sequestration

DSM

Demand Side Management

EUR

Euro

FCV

Fuel Cell Vehicle

FIT

Feed-in Tariff

GHG

Greenhouse Gas

JPY

Japanese Yen

LCOE

Levelized Cost of Energy / Electricity

LNG

Liquefied Natural Gas

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Linear Programming

METI

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MOE

Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry

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LP

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CCS

Ministry of the Environment

NaS

Sodium-Sulfur (battery)

OPGM model

Optimal Power Generation Mix model

O&M

Operation and Maintenance

PV

Photovoltaic

USD

U. S. Dollar

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1.1 Necessity of deep decarbonization of the power sector

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1. Introduction

At the 21st Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention

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on Climate Change, held at the end of 2015, the Paris Agreement was adopted, with the long-term goal of keeping the increase in global average temperature to well below 2°C

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above pre-industrial levels, and with an aim to limit the increase to 1.5°C. In this agreement, all parties are obliged to make efforts to curtail emissions in line with nationally determined goals. Prior to this Conference, the Japanese government

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submitted an intended nationally determined contribution to the United Nations, pledging to reduce its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 26% from 2013 levels by 2030.

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Subsequently, in May 2016, the Cabinet decided on the Plan for Global Warming

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Countermeasures, which sets a long-term goal of 80% reduction by 2050 [1]. The reduction target for 2030 is based on the Strategic Energy Plan decided by the Cabinet in 2014 [2] and its quantification, the Long-term Energy Supply and Demand Outlook [3]. This aims to curb CO2 emissions and improve the energy self-sufficiency rate, without a considerable rise in power generation costs, through energy conservation and achieving a well-balanced energy mix. Specifically, its goals are to reduce the share

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of fossil fuel-fired thermal power generation from 84% in 2015 to 56% in 2030, while raising the share of nuclear power to 20%–22% and the share of renewable energies to

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22%–24%.

However, the government has published no quantified energy plans related to the

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2050 target. One reason for this may be that the target is too ambitious. Achieving this target would necessitate Japan continuing its annual reduction of carbon intensity at a

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rate 2.5 times faster than past trends until 2050 [4]; this has been estimated to require carbon prices equivalent to hundreds to thousands of dollars per ton-CO2 [5,6,7]. For the moment, the Japanese government has not identified a feasible way to meet this

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challenge. Since it is not possible to reduce CO2 emissions from each demand sector (i.e., industry, residential, commercial, and transport) to extremely low levels only by energy

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conservation, it would be required to increase the share of electricity in final energy

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demand, and generate electricity using low-carbon technologies. It has been pointed out that near-zero emissions would be required in the power generation sector to achieve the 2050 target [8,9,10].

Zero-emission technologies include nuclear, renewable, and “zero-emission thermal” power generation. We should note that these technologies do not strictly guarantee zero CO2 emissions. Although nuclear and renewable power generation do not emit GHGs

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during the process of power generation, a certain amount of CO2 is emitted during other processes, from the standpoint of life-cycle assessment [11]. Thermal power generation

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with carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) technology also emits CO2 due to leakage and ancillary energy consumption, such as during transport and storage. The term

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“zero-emission” power generation indicates that CO2 emissions from the power sector can be reduced to almost zero (i.e., by more than 90% from current levels), and relevant

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studies imply that deep CO2 reduction to this level is a requirement for the 2050 target.

1.2 Chall Challenges allenges for deep deep decarbonization

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Each “zero-emission” technology, however, has its own challenges. As for nuclear power, in the wake of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident in 2011, it

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would be difficult, at least, to expand nuclear power generation capacity as planned

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before the accident. Since current plants are going to close successively after a lifetime of 40 to 60 years, Japan cannot expect a high nuclear power share in 2050. The costs of renewable power generation, especially those of solar PV, have been declining rapidly, and they are expected to decline further in the future. However, a major barrier to the use of both wind and solar PV is their recognized variability, or intermittency, with fluctuating power outputs depending on climate conditions. This is

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why a massive introduction of these technologies would require additional costs, affecting the economics of the power sector.

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Zero-emission thermal power generation includes not only conventional systems with the addition of CCS technology but also CO2-free hydrogen-fired power generation

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technology. Although the CCS technology has long been studied worldwide, and several studies suggest that the technology could be deployed with relatively low costs [12,13],

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existing CCS power projects exhibit quite high costs around 13-14 USD thousand/kW [14,15]. It has been assessed as being more expensive in Japan than in other countries [16] and having limited domestic potential, except for those in underground aquifers

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[17,18]. In this regard, CCS could play an important role as a zero emission technology only if the costs can be reduced significantly in the future and we can make full use of

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the underground aquifers. Otherwise, we must rely on other technologies.

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Another option is power generation by CO2-free hydrogen. In the power sector, fueling thermal power plants with hydrogen produced with (almost) no GHG emissions could greatly contribute to decarbonization. Conversely, we can produce hydrogen from electricity generated by variable renewable energies and use it in the power or other energy demand sectors. Thus, at least conceptually, hydrogen can work in two ways, i.e., as a back-up for intermittent renewables, and as a form of energy storage. Since

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hydrogen can be used to fuel power generators similar to those that use liquefied natural gas (LNG), it can represent an alternative to conventional energies in terms of

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load following and frequency control.

Several methods have been proposed for producing hydrogen effectively; these include

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electrolysis of water, steam reforming of fossil fuels, and thermochemical water splitting processes by high-temperature gas-cooled nuclear reactors. Although hydrogen does not

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emit CO2 during use, it emits CO2 during the production process, depending on the primary energy source. If the primary energy is from a non-fossil source, or from a fossil

processes.

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fuel source with CCS, the hydrogen is said to be produced (and used) by “CO2-free”

Japan’s Strategic Energy Plan in 2014 stated that hydrogen will play a central role in

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the future energy mix, together with electricity and heat [2]. The Ministry of Economy,

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Trade, and Industry (METI) issued a Strategic Road Map for Hydrogen and Fuel Cells in 2014 and a revision of the road map in 2016, which describes the goals in each step of hydrogen production, transportation, and storage, and the necessary steps to achieve them [19]. A report by the Working Group on CO2-Free Hydrogen of METI [20] also showed a roadmap towards the use of CO2-free hydrogen, proposing several options for CO2 production including the steam reforming of coal and water electrolysis using

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renewable electricity. In all these reports, however, it is recognized that a major obstacle could be the high cost of producing and transporting hydrogen.

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Keeping these challenges in mind, we investigated the feasibility of the deep decarbonization of the power sector of Japan, focusing on the use of hydrogen and

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renewable energies.

1.3.1

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1.3 Literature survey

Hydrogen use in energy systems

Hydrogen is a secondary energy source that is rarely present in nature. It has long

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been regarded, however, as a candidate for a next-generation energy source because, for example, it can be produced from many kinds of primary energies; it can be stored easily

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and stably; it can fuel highly efficient energy devices, such as fuel cells; and it does not

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emit CO2 in use. In the commercial, household, and transport sectors its uses would be for consumption mainly by fuel cells in cogeneration systems or automobiles, while in the power sector, it would also fuel turbine generators as well as fuel cells. Since hydrogen can be stored directly in a tank, it can also replace batteries. That is, when electricity is generated excessively by intermittent renewables, it can be converted to hydrogen and be stored. The stored hydrogen can be used for power

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generation by turbines or fuel cells, when necessary. Moreover, if the future demand for hydrogen increases in the residential, commercial, and transport sectors with fuel cell

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devices, it could be possible to use the stored hydrogen in these sectors to realize an efficient energy system as a whole. Thus, the advantage of the hydrogen energy system

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is its flexibility of production and consumption, which makes it adaptable to future changes in the energy systems.

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Hydrogen usage in energy systems has long been studied, focusing mainly on its consumption by fuel cells in the transport and the buildings sectors. Recent studies also estimate its possible contributions to the decarbonization of the power sector.

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Quantitative modeling analysis of the use of hydrogen in energy systems include Ref. [21-24]. These studies model the hydrogen supply and consumption chain within a

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region, where hydrogen is assumed to be used by fuel cells or as a means of energy

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storage in the power sector. At the same time, other studies also propose international hydrogen trades as a means of global CO2 emissions reductions. For example, Gulagi et al. [25] proposes CO2-free hydrogen export from Australia as one of the possible options to reduce CO2 emissions in Asian countries. Ozawa et al. [26] also assesses international trades of CO2-free hydrogen, which is produced in Australia or Norway. CO2-free hydrogen can be produced either from renewable energies or from fossil fuels.

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One option is to produce it by steam reforming of fossil fuels and transport it by ship. The primary fossil fuel is supposed as being either cheap lignite or natural gas produced

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in resource-rich countries, and the CO2 emitted by hydrogen production is supposed as being stored underground. From the viewpoint of global CO2 emissions reduction, this

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could be understood as a method for wholistic utilization of unevenly distributed CCS potentials. Although the potentials for CCS are estimated to be large in the

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resource-rich countries in North America, in the Middle East, or Australia, they are quite limited in East Asian countries, such as Japan and China, at least if we only consider depleted oil and gas fields that have been regarded as suitable storage

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locations [18]. The idea of transporting CO2-free hydrogen could be a competitive option to reduce global CO2 emissions, in case the economic potentials of CCS remain uneven

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in the future.

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The cost of CO2-free hydrogen in Japan produced from Australian lignite is estimated at 30 JPY/Nm3 (28 US cents/Nm3) [27,28]. The two largest components of this are the costs for hydrogen production and hydrogen liquefaction needed for shipment, each accounting for 30% of the total cost. Other components include fuel acquisition, CCS, and transportation. The unit cost of power generation from this imported CO2-free hydrogen stands at 16 JPY/kWh, which is significantly higher than the unit cost of

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conventional thermal and nuclear power generation, at around 10 JPY/kWh (9.4 US cents/kWh). The most ambitious cost reduction target is set at 20 JPY/Nm3 [29].

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The use of renewable sources has also been investigated, including the option to produce hydrogen from wind power in Patagonia [30]. Although the related costs have

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been estimated as higher than hydrogen from fossil fuels in the near future [31], the

demand chain is established [32].

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energy source could be shifted to renewables in the far future, once the supply and

Attempts have been made to estimate the economics of hydrogen usage in the power sector by modeling the whole supply chain of hydrogen [33-35]. These studies are,

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however, based on the MARKAL or TIMES models [36,37], which are commonly used as energy systems’ analysis tools, and do not reflect the detailed characteristics of

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electricity supply and demand in Japan, such as the regional uneven distribution of

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resources and intermittent output profiles.

1.3.2

High penetration of renewable energies and decarbonization of the power

sector– sector– Overseas cases In response to recent increasing concerns about global climate change, many studies have been conducted focusing on the possibility of achieving zero or near-zero emissions

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in the future in the power sector or in the total energy system. While many studies claim that modeling analysis show that a 100% renewable power system is achievable,

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at least some of them have been criticized as not having considered grid-related issues arising with high penetration of intermittent renewables. Heard et al. [38] proposed

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four criteria, including the adequacy and the reliability of the power systems, to check the feasibility of 24 zero-emission scenarios published after 2006 and concluded that

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none of the scenarios fully met the criteria. This highlights the importance of quantitative evaluation of grid-related or “integration” issues when analyzing the feasibility of deep decarbonization of the power system.

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Ueckerdt et al. [39] and Hirth et al. [40] classified the integration costs, which will be required for power systems with high penetration of intermittent renewables, into three

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categories: balancing costs, grid-related costs, and profile costs. They introduced the

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concept of system LCOE (levelized cost of energy), showing that the total system cost takes the minimum value at the point where the marginal additional cost with respect to renewable power generation equals the difference between the LCOEs of conventional and renewable power generation. They also reviewed existing studies that estimate the integration costs and showed that with high penetration of intermittent renewables, the profile costs rather than the balancing costs become dominant, and that

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the integration cost amounts to 2.5–3.5 eurocents/kWh with 30–40% penetration. Heptonstall et al. [41] also reviewed existing integration cost studies and showed that

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the integration cost amounts to 0.5–2 pence/kWh with 30% penetration, and that it could rise to more than 4 pence/kWh with 50% penetration. A latest report by

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OECD/NEA[42] show that additional system cost may rise to 40 USD/MWh at a 30% penetration level.

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These studies estimate the integration costs with the intermittent renewables penetration up to 40–50%, while more recent studies also estimate the costs with higher penetration [43-47]. The results show that the integration cost largely depends on the

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ratio of wind and solar PV power generation, as well as on climate, geographical, and other regional conditions [48,49]. Therefore, specific regional studies have been

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regarded as necessary to investigate the possibility of global deep decarbonization. In

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addition to the United States [48,50,51] and Europe [52-56], which have long been studied, zero or near-zero emission scenarios have also been studied recently for Canada [57,58], Australia [59], Turkey [60], Brazil [61], China [62], and other countries and regions.

1.3.3

High penetration of renewable energies and decarbonization of the power

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sector– sector– The case case of Japan In contrast to these studies, however, there has been a very limited number of studies

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that focus on zero-emission power generation in Japan. Esteban et al. [63] roughly estimated the capacity of batteries necessary to accommodate 100% wind and solar PV

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power generation in 2100, with 41TWh as the minimum. However, they did not estimate the related costs for the deployment of power generating and storing facilities.

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Using a power generation model at a 10-minute resolution, Komiyama and Fujii [64] estimated the rise in power generation costs with an increasing intermittent renewable share in 2050 in Japan. However, the model used in the study could not reflect the

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unevenly distributed renewable resources, as it models the whole of Japan as one region. In contrast, Sugiyama et al. [65] and Komiyama and Fujii [66] developed an optimal

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power generation model representing Japan by 135 nodes and 166 branches or

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transmission lines. This study, however, did not assume zero-emission thermal power generation and could not estimate the feasibility of Japan’s 2050 target. Based on the knowledge gained from these previous studies, our study quantitatively estimates the economics of deep decarbonization in 2050, explicitly modeling regional differences and the use of hydrogen. Ogimoto et al. [67] used a simple model to assess the costs for achieving 100%

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renewables in 2050, and concluded that the LCOE could be as high as 137 JPY/kWh (1.3 USD/kWh). In contrast, WWF Japan [68] concluded that renewable energy (“natural

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energy” as they call it) can account for 100% of Japan’s power generation mix in 2050 without any large economic impacts. A study by Energy Watch Group [69] also exhibits

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similar conclusions. These reports are not peer-reviewed academic papers, and the details of the models and the assumptions are not fully explained. However, we tried to

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perform a comparative analysis with the results of these studies in Section 3.4. The report by WWF Japan attracts attention in that the model assumes hydrogen production in the power sector from excess intermittent renewables, as well as

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hydrogen consumption in the transport sector by fuel cell vehicles (FCVs). To investigate the feasibility of this idea quantitatively, we additionally conducted analyses

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assuming that excess hydrogen can be sold from the power sector to other demand

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sectors at a fixed price.

Jacobson et al. [70] propose a scenario to supply the energy needed in 139 countries and all demand sectors in 2050 only from wind, solar, and hydropower. This scenario assumes that solar PV accounts for 86% of Japan’s total energy supply, with an assumption that, in the commercial and residential sectors, for example, a large part of the electricity demand for space heating, space warming, and water warming is

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replaced by heat demand, and the fluctuations in demand are met by heat storage, rather than electricity storage. In fact, however, heat storage in the residential and

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commercial sectors has hardly been deployed in Japan. Our study does not take into account this kind of energy demand replacement. Bogdanov and Breyer [71] proposed a

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Northeast Asian Super Grid, which would enable a 100% renewable energy supply in China, North Korea, South Korea, and Japan. However, we did not assume such an

difficulties.

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1.4 Research Research objectives and scope

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international grid interconnection in the future, mainly because of anticipated political

In view of these circumstances, this study addresses the following research questions:

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Is the complete decarbonization of the power sector economically feasible in Japan? If so,

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what are the cost-optimal generation mix to achieve it? What are the related future challenges? To answer these questions, it is necessary to analyze the power sector modelling the total supply chain of CO2-free hydrogen, and fully reflecting the regional characteristics, such as the availability of renewable resources and the structure of the power grid. To this end, we developed an Optimal Power Generation Mix (OPGM) model using the

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linear programming (LP) method to analyze the power system of Japan, representing the intermittency of renewable energy at a 10-minute resolution. Since the focus of the

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study is on the power sector, the model does not explicitly represent specific hydrogen consuming technologies, such as fuel cell vehicles and residential fuel cells. However, it

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encompasses the total supply chain of CO2-free hydrogen, since the economics of the power sector are dependent on energy consumption in other sectors. Four

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“zero-emission” technologies are assumed in the model; these are nuclear power, dispatchable renewables, intermittent renewables, and CO2-free hydrogen. We should note that an important part of the results shown in this paper can also provide

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implications for the use of thermal power generation with CCS, in case this technology becomes commercially available in Japan, as the two zero emission thermal

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technologies are similar, at least from the viewpoint of power system operation.

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The contribution of this article is threefold. First, we modeled the total chain of CO2-free hydrogen utilization, including import, supply, and consumption, and incorporated it into a detailed Optimal Power Generation Mix model, making it possible to evaluate the economics of electricity generation and hydrogen usage in achieving long-term carbon mitigation targets. We then applied the model to the case of Japan, where hydrogen usage is explicitly referred to in official policy documents. Although

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many modeling studies have already been published regarding hydrogen usage in the context of energy decarbonization, most of them have investigated domestic hydrogen

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production and its consumption as a transport fuel or as a means of energy storage. While several recent studies estimate the economics of CO2-free hydrogen trades and

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usage, they do not use detailed models representing the power sector, assuming high penetration of intermittent renewable energies. This study is meant to fill this gap.

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Second, this study specifies the pathways and challenges for achieving full decarbonization of the power sector and draws policy implications. As described later, the cost increase with high penetration of intermittent renewables has been recognized

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as one of the major challenges in achieving zero emissions. While this issue has so far mainly been investigated focusing on the United States and Europe, it has also been

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recognized that the results largely depend on regional differences such as climate

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conditions, availability of dispatchable renewable energies, and possible future grid connections. Although several studies analyze situations in regions other than the U.S. and Europe, a very limited number of studies focus on isolated and skewer-shaped grids such as Japan, where renewable resources are located far from electricity demands. In this regard, detailed and quantitative analysis fully modeling the geographical and climate conditions of Japan can contribute to assessing the possibility of total

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decarbonization of the global power sector. Third, this study directly gives implications to Japan’s energy policies. As far as the

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authors know, there has not been a study that used a detailed optimization model fully representing the power sector to estimate the feasibility of Japan’s policy targets

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including the use of CO2-free hydrogen and the total decarbonization of electricity generation. In this regard, this study can present a frame of reference for Japan’s future

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energy policies.

The rest of this article is organized as follows: Section 2 briefly describes our methodology, and Section 3 shows the results of the calculations and discusses the

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necessity of hydrogen in 2050 from an economical point of view. Section 4 summarizes the conclusions, with policy implications related to Japan’s power generation mix in in

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2050, as well as discussing possible future works. A more detailed description of the

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Optimum Power Generation Mix model, taking the total chain of hydrogen supply into consideration, can be found in the Appendix. All the prices are converted to 2014 JPY, using exchange rates of 106 JPY/USD and 141 JPY/EUR in 2014. In some cases prices in USD are also presented for reference. Some ambiguity arises because some of the Japanese documents referred to in this study do not explicitly specify the base year for real prices. In such cases, we assumed

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the prices are in 2014 JPY.

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2. Methodology 2.1 Structure of the model

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For this study, we improved the OPGM model used in previous studies [21,64-66,72,73], importing the wind and solar PV power generation profile data at a

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10-minute resolution for one year and explicitly modeling hydrogen supply, storage, and utilization. The model represents Japan through nine nodes and 10 branches, as shown in Figure 1, in accordance with the supply area of nine former general electric utilities,

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except for Okinawa. Each area forms an independent power grid, and they are all mutually connected by either DC or AC transmission lines.

Figures 2–4 show

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examples of wind power generation, solar PV power generation, and electric load profile

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for the Tohoku area.

It may be thought that demand side management (DSM) technologies can alter the shape of electric loads to adjust to high penetration of intermittent renewables. The Ministry of the Environment conducted a thorough survey and assessed future domestic DSM resources, which mainly result from anticipated large deployment of heat pumps and electric vehicles, at 26-39GW [74]. Although this seems quite large, it is by far

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smaller than the wind and solar PV potentials, and does not largely affect the overall picture related with high penetration of intermittent renewables, as described later. For

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this reason, we did not explicitly model DSM technologies in this study.

The model uses the LP method to minimize the total power system cost in Japan and

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obtain the optimal power supply and demand operation. The number of endogenous variables and constraint equations are approximately 22 million and 18 million,

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respectively.

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Figure 1 Geographical division

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Figure 2 Wind output profile in the Tohoku area

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Figure 3 Solar PV output profile in the Tohoku area

Figure 4 Electric load load profile in the Tohoku area

Figure 5 is a schematic diagram of the hydrogen production, storage, and utilization system in the model. Hydrogen is either generated by electrolysis of water using excess

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electricity by intermittent renewables—this is temporarily stored in tanks—or supplied as imported CO2-free hydrogen. The former can be used either in the power sector to

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fuel turbine generators or in other sectors with fuel cells. The latter is assumed to be used exclusively for power generation.

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Assuming a centralized power system, we simulated hydrogen gas turbine power generation, which could be regarded as an adaptation of proven technologies. We should

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note that high-efficiency fuel cells such as solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs) can be used in distributed power systems. Hybrid SOFC and gas turbine systems have also been proposed [75,76]. If the costs of these advanced

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power sector.

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systems become reasonably chap in the future, they can also be introduced into the

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Figure 5 Schematic diagram of the the total system of hydrogen supply, storage, and utilization

Major assumptions for the model were made based on the literature [27-29, 77-89].The endogenous variables of the model include power generating and storing capacities, as well as hourly outputs and electricity flows. A detailed description of the

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model and the assumptions are found in the Appendix.

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2.2 Case setting

Since we have fixed a relatively small upper limit for nuclear power generating

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capacity, zero-emission thermal power and renewable energies compete with each other in the power generation mix in 2050. From this perspective, we set nine cost cases, with

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three cases (high, medium, and low cases) for the cost of imported hydrogen, each with three cases for the renewables’ and storage costs, as shown in Table 1. For each of the nine cases we assumed two subcases, with the upper bounds of nuclear power capacity

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at 0 GW and 25 GW, respectively. We also calculated cases in which excess hydrogen can be sold at a fixed price, considering its usage in the transport, the residential, and the

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commercial sectors.

Table 1 Cost cases

3. Results and discussion 3.1 Optimization results Figure 6 shows the results of cost optimization for the nine cost cases, with the

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maximum nuclear power capacity at 25 GW. In the cases with the low hydrogen cost assumption, hydrogen-fired power generation accounts for almost all of the power

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supply, except for hydro, geothermal, and biomass, whose outputs are fixed in the model. In other cases, nuclear power is used to the upper limit, whereas wind and solar PV are

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used depending on the assumption for the costs of renewables and storage systems. In the M/M case (medium cost of imported hydrogen and medium costs of renewables and

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storage systems), the share of intermittent renewables, i.e. the sum of wind and solar PV, stands at 12%. The largest penetration of intermittent renewables is achieved in the H/L case allowing the sale of hydrogen to other sectors, where the share rises to 55%,

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and 8,796 thousand tons of oil equivalent (ktoe) of hydrogen must be sold to other sectors, which amounts, approximately, to an annual hydrogen consumption of 41

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million FCVs. If the sale of hydrogen sale is not allowed, the optimal share of

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intermittent renewables declines to 47%. In all of these optimal results, offshore wind is not used, which is more expensive than both onshore wind and solar PV.

Figure 6 Optimization results

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3.2 Changes in the results with different levels of hydrogen hydrogen--fired power generation Figures 7 and 8 show the results of the M/M case, without allowing the sale of

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hydrogen, with fixed hydrogen-fired power generation from 0 TWh to 600 TWh. Renewables penetration becomes larger for smaller hydrogen-fired power generation.

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Offshore wind is introduced massively, with hydrogen power generation below 25 TWh with nuclear and 100 TWh without nuclear. In the extreme case, with zero

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hydrogen-fired and zero nuclear power generation, offshore wind accounts for 34%, which is almost the same as the share of onshore wind. In the cases with very little hydrogen-fired power generation, total power output becomes larger than in other cases,

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due to the power losses caused by frequent power charges and discharges. The unit cost of the system, defined as the total cost divided by the minimum power

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output, i.e., the output in the cases without power losses for storage, increases with

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decreasing hydrogen-fired power generation. In the cases with zero hydrogen-fired power, the unit cost stands at 20.0 JPY/kWh (2014 price; 18.9 US cents/kWh) with nuclear and at 24.9 JPY/kWh (23.5 US cents/kWh) without nuclear, compared with 11 JPY/kWh with a hydrogen-fired power generation of 600 TWh. As shown in Figure 8, the costs of batteries account for the largest part of the cost increase, standing at 5.5 JPY/kWh with nuclear and 7.3 JPY/kWh without nuclear. The costs of transmission,

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which is required with high penetration of wind power with large resources in the northern area of Japan, will also increase with the rising share of renewables.

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The curtailment cost, which is related to the drop in the net capacity factor of wind and solar PV caused by the curtailment of excess electricity, will also increase, as shown

SC

in the figure. Since we are assuming that the costs of wind and solar PV will decline rapidly toward 2050, the “power generation” cost shown in Figure 8 does not change

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drastically, even in the cases with zero hydrogen-fired power generation.

Figure 7 Power generation mix with different levels of hydrogenhydrogen-fired power generation

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(M/M case)

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Figure 8 Change in the unit system cost and its components (M/M case)

The total annual system cost is shown in Figure 9. With zero hydrogen power generation, the total cost amounts to 20.8 JPY trillion (2014 price; 196 USD billion) with nuclear and 25.9 JPY (244 USD billion) trillion without nuclear, compared with 11 to 12 JPY trillion (10 to 11 USD billion) with hydrogen power generation at 600TWh. It can be seen from the figure that the largest contribution to the rise in the system cost is

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made by the costs of power storage systems. Among the storage systems assumed in the model, NaS batteries are mainly used, due to their low prices, followed by Li-ion

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batteries with fast response rates, while hydrogen storage tanks are not used. This is due to the fact that the storage system with hydrogen tanks is inefficient compared to

SC

other systems, as it involves a conversion loss from power to hydrogen and a loss during

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hydrogen-fired power generation. This is consistent with a previous study [21].

Figure 9 Change in the total annual system cost (M/M case)

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Figure 10 shows the unit system cost for the M/M case and the H/M, L/M, M/H, and M/L cases. In the case with nuclear, the unit cost with zero hydrogen is 15.7 JPY/kWh

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for M/L, 20.0 JPY/kWh for M/M, and 27.3 JPY/kWh for M/H, including grid-level system

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costs (the costs other than “power generation” in Figure 8) of 6.1 JPY/kWh, 9.1 JPY/kWh, and 13.8 JPY/kWh, respectively. Without nuclear, the unit costs rise to 19.4 JPY/kWh, 24.9 JPY/kWh, and 35.2 JPY/kWh for M/L, M/M, and M/H, respectively, including grid-level system costs of 9.5 JPY/kWh, 13.4 JPY/kWh, and 21.2 JPY/kWh, respectively. In the cases with the high hydrogen costs (H/M), the unit system cost is the same as

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in the medium cost case (M/M) with zero hydrogen power generation; however, as the hydrogen-fired power generation increases the gap between H/M and M/M increases,

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showing a convex curve. The minimal point of this curve corresponds to the optimal solution shown in Figure 6. If hydrogen-fired power generation is set at 600 TWh, with

the L/M, M/M, and H/M cases, respectively.

SC

nuclear at 25GW, the unit costs are 8.2 JPY/kWh, 11.0 JPY/kWh, and 13.8 JPY/kWh for

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These results show that the total cost rises very sharply with hydrogen-fired power generation below 100 TWh. This suggests the extreme difficulty of supplying electricity only with non-flexible power sources, such as nuclear and renewables, even in 2050,

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when Japan aims to achieve zero emissions in the power sector. On the other hand, in the case with nuclear, for example, the results show moderate changes in the unit cost

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with hydrogen-fired power generation larger than 200 TWh, indicating that a

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considerably high share of intermittent renewables could be economically feasible under the condition that their costs will be reduced greatly, as assumed in this study. Another observation is that, with zero hydrogen, the difference between the unit costs with and without nuclear amounts to 3.6 JPY/kWh, 4.9 JPY/kWh, and 7.9 JPY/kWh, for the M/L, M/M, and M/H cases, respectively. This implies that nuclear power is effective in suppressing the surge in the total system cost with very small flexible power

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generation.

With nuclear

Without nuclear

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Figure 10 Unit system cost in different cases

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In the cases with high penetration of intermittent renewables, not only are a large amount of batteries required for system operation but also a considerable amount of excess electricity must be curtailed. Figure 11 shows power generating capacities in the

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M/M case, whereas Figure 12 plots the average curtailment ratio of intermittent renewables, versus wind and solar PV power generation. As of 2017, the total capacity

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of power generating facilities in Japan, including in-house power generation and

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excluding pumped-hydro, is approximately 270 GW [90]. Since the optimization results take the most efficient configuration, the total capacity in the M/M case, with nuclear capacity at 25 GW and with a hydro-fired power generation of 600 TWh, is 200GW, which is significantly smaller than the 2017 actual value. In the cases with high intermittent renewables, however, the total capacity become considerably larger because of the low load factors. In the M/M case with zero hydrogen, the total capacity

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amounts to 597 GW with nuclear and 687 GW without nuclear, with wind and solar PV accounting for more than 90%. As shown in Figure 12, more than 30% of intermittent

SC

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renewable power generation is curtailed in the highest penetration cases.

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Figure 11 Power generating capacities (M/M case)

Figure 12 Curtailment ratio for wind and solar PV

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Figure 13 shows the introduction of the power storage systems. Under the assumptions of this study, there is massive introduction of cheap NaS batteries,

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amounting to 4,500 GWh with nuclear and 5,800 GWh without nuclear.

Figure 13 13 Introduced capacities of the power storage systems (M/M case)

Figure 14 shows the capacity of interregional transmission lines. As the wind penetration rises, required transmission capacity expands from Hokkaido and Tohoku to Tokyo, i.e., from the regions endowed with large resources to the largest energy

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consumer. In the M/M case without nuclear and hydrogen, a transmission capacity of 97 GW will be required, compared to the current level of approximately 7 GW (6.3 GW from

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Tohoku to Tokyo and 0.6GW from Hokkaido to Tohoku, with an expansion plan of

SC

0.3GW).

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Figure 14 14 Interregional transmission lines (M/M case)

Figure 15 illustrates the electricity demand and power generation profiles in Japan in August and May, in the optimal case for M/M. In this case nuclear, shown in green, and

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hydro, shown in light blue, are used as the base power source, and the fluctuations of wind and solar PV are absorbed by hydrogen-fired power generation in purple. As

EP

shown in Figure 6, the annual average share of intermittent renewables in total power

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generation is approximately 12% in this case. Hydrogen-fired power generation continues to be used throughout the month in August, when demand is large, while it occasionally becomes zero in May, when demand is much smaller.

Aug August

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May

SC

optimized M/M case)

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Figure 15 Power supply and demand in August and May (Total of the nine regions: regions:

In sharp contrast to this, in the M/M case without nuclear and hydrogen, solar PV

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power generation largely surpasses the demand in the daytime, with the excess being stored by batteries and supplies demand at night, as shown in Figure 16. A large part of the electricity generated by solar PV is curtailed in May, when demand is relatively

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small. These situations illustrate the extreme inefficiency of the system in this case.

August

May

Figure 16 Power supply and demand in August and May (Total of the nine regions: regions: M/M case without nuclear and hydrogen)

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Figure 17 illustrates the power supply and demand in May in Hokkaido and Tokyo. Tens of times the amount of power required to meet Hokkaido’s power demand of 4GW

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is supplied by wind power, and most of the electricity generated is curtailed or transmitted to other areas. On the other hand, the largest part of the demand in Tokyo

SC

is met by electricity transmitted from other areas. Nevertheless, considerable electricity

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generated by solar PV is curtailed in May.

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Hokkaido

Tokyo

nuclear and hydrogen)

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Figure 17 Power supply and demand in Hokkaido and Tokyo in May (M/M case without

3.3 Hydrogen use in other sectors In contrast to Figure 7, where the power sector is assumed to be self-contained, Figure 18 shows the results for the M/M cases assuming that excess hydrogen can be sold at a fixed price equivalent to the hydrogen import price. As shown in this figure,

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with hydrogen-fired power generation below 100 TWh, the surplus electricity results in excess hydrogen equivalent to 25% of total power generation at the maximum; this is

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sold to other sectors. The amount of the hydrogen sold in these cases is roughly equivalent to the curtailed electricity in the cases without the sale of hydrogen (the case

SC

of Figure 7). This implies the possibility of enhancing the profitability of the power sector by converting the excess electricity to hydrogen, if it can be consumed in other

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sectors. This effect reduces the unit system cost in the case without hydrogen from 20.0 JPY/kWh to 19.3 JPY/kWh, with nuclear, and from 24.9 JPY/kWh to 24.0 JPY/kWh, without nuclear. We should note here that the amount of hydrogen sold in the case

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without nuclear is roughly equivalent to the annual hydrogen consumption of 109 million FCVs, which is larger than the current car ownership in Japan—at 77 million. It

EP

would not be realistic to assume the sales of this amount of hydrogen, even if we also

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assume sales to residential and commercial sectors, taking into account the fact that most of the hydrogen is produced in Hokkaido. Even in these cases, the hydrogen produced and stored is not used for power generation, but it is all sold to other sectors. As shown in Table 2, the amount of required NaS batteries will not be reduced greatly, while a huge additional amount of hydrogen tanks will be required. This implies that hydrogen storage is not efficient

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enough to contribute to reducing grid-level system costs, at least under the assumptions

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of this study.

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Figure 18 Power generation mix with hydrogen sale (M/M case)

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Table 2 Unit system cost and power storage capacities (M/M case)

The hydrogen import prices assumed in this study, i.e., 10 JPY/Nm3, 20 JPY/Nm3, and

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30 JPY/Nm3, for the low, medium, and high cases, respectively, can be converted to 2.8 JPY/kWh, 5.6 JPY/kWh, and 8.4 JPY/kWh, respectively, under the assumption of the

EP

gross heating value of 12.8 MJ/Nm3. If these prices exceed the power generation unit

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cost [levelized cost of electricity (LCOE)] of intermittent renewables, divided by the efficiency of electrolysis, assumed at 89% in this study, the maximum deployment of intermittent power generation facilities and production of hydrogen from surplus electricity leads to the maximization of the profits of the power sector. However, this is not the case, at least under the assumptions for this study. For this reason, only the amount of the hydrogen that corresponds to the curtailed electricity is produced and

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sold. Figure 19 shows electricity supply and demand in August and May without nuclear

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and hydrogen. In August, it is quite similar to Figure 16, except that hydrogen is sold on several days with large demands. In contrast, since demand is much smaller in May, a

SC

considerable amount of hydrogen is sold consistently, depending on the capacity of the tank. Electricity is temporarily stored in NaS batteries on a windy day, and then used

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for hydrogen production on less windy days, to minimize the required capacity of

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hydrogen tanks.

May

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August

Figure 19 Power supply and demand in August and May (Total of the nine regions: regions: M/M case without nuclear and hydrogen, allowing hydrogen sale to other sectors)

3.4 Comparative Comparative discussion As shown in Section 1.3.3, there have been several studies analyzing the

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decarbonization of Japan’s power sector, including Esteban et al. [63], Ogimoto et al. [67], World Wide Fund for Nature Japan (WWFJ) [68], and Energy Watch Group (EWG)

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[69]. Most of these studies are not peer-reviewed academic papers, and detailed methodologies and assumptions are not always clear. However, in this subsection we

SC

tried to compare these studies with our results for the M/M case without nuclear and thermal power generation.

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Our analysis assumes that dispatchable renewable energies including hydro, geothermal and biomass account for 20% of total power generation in 2050. WWFJ also assumes that they account for 24%. In contrast, the share is set at 0% in Esteban et al.

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and Ogimoto et al, and less than 10% in EWG.

Table 3 shows the assumptions and results of the studies. First, we should mention

EP

the difference in the number of regional divisions. WWFJ divides Japan including

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Okinawa into ten regions, but other models divide it into at most two regions. This means that these models cannot properly estimate the grid-related costs, since the largest energy consumer (Tokyo) and the largest renewable power producer (Hokkaido island) are within the same region, as is explicitly noted in Ogimoto et al.

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Table 3 Comparison of different studies

EWG assumes that annual electricity demand per capita will increase from the

SC

current level of 8.0 MWh to 10.7 MWh in 2050, meaning that Japan’s electricity demand will increase to 1,150 TWh by 2050. This is partly because deep decarbonization of

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energy systems requires considerable rise of the share of electricity in final energy demand, as described in Section 1. Other studies take similar views except for WWFJ, which assumes that electricity demand per capita declines to 6.2 MWh per person.

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The required storage capacity also differs significantly. Esteban et al. shows the largest figure of 41.0 TWh, but this is different from others in that they did not attempt

EP

to calculate the related costs, and that the target year is set at 2100. EWG proposes the

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second largest figure over 20 TWh, which seems to be a result from the low cost assumptions for power storage systems, as described later. The figure by Ogimoto et al. is also larger than our result at 12.0 TWh. This is due to the assumption of 0% share of dispatchable renewable energies. The grounds for the extremely small figure by WWFJ are unknown. The rightmost column shows the unit system cost in 2014 JPY/kWh. As shown here,

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Ogimoto et al. exhibit a very high cost at 134 JPY/kWh, with a sharp contrast to WWFJ which predicts a cost decline from the current level of 11.3 JPY/kWh to 8.4 JPY/kWh in

EUR/MWh, which is almost equivalent to the cost by WWFJ.

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2050. Our result lies in-between these figures. EWG also shows a low cost of 59.5

SC

One reason of the high cost by Ogimoto et al. seems to be the large storage capacity of 12 TWh. At the same time, their assumptions on the unit cost of storage systems may be

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higher than those of other studies. On the contrary, the low cost by WWFJ apparently result from the very small capacity requirements.

Although EWG assumes a very large storage capacity of 20 TWh, the estimated unit

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cost is much lower than our result. This is because EWG assumes power storage by synthetic natural gas or methane, rather than by batteries. It should be noted that our

EP

study also assumes a power storage system with hydrogen, but it is hardly exploited as

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shown in Figure 13, due mainly to the large energy losses during the conversion processes. There is a possibility that EWG assumes very low LCOEs for wind and PV power generation, resulting in relatively small cost hikes due to energy losses. As shown in Appendix A.4, initial investments for wind and solar PV have been much higher in Japan than in other countries [77,78]. Even if the PV module price will converge to international levels, and the other part of the initial costs will continue to

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decline with a historical learning rate of 15%, renewable costs are projected to remain higher in Japan than in other countries [77]. Differences in the assumptions on future

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cost reductions may be one reason of the gap between the figures by EWG and this study.

SC

The comparative analysis exhibits large gaps between different studies. It reveals that some studies make assumptions in quite a different way from others. However,

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even between the studies with relatively moderate assumptions, the results may differ significantly. These observations highlight the importance of future academic discussions and comparative analyses. It would also be important to continue the

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attempts to make estimations based on the most reliable data, since there is always a

EP

possibility that future prospects and projections deviate from the reality.

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4. Conclusion

In this study, we evaluated the economic feasibility of achieving zero emissions in Japan’s power sector in 2050, using an optimal power generation mix model at a 10-minute resolution. Even if the huge potentials of onshore wind and solar PV that have been assumed in the literature are realized, we must also rely on more expensive offshore wind if we are to achieve a renewables penetration higher than 60%. In

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extreme cases, with the share of intermittent renewables higher than 70%, the total power generation capacity largely exceeds the peak demand in some areas, which

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results in inefficient system operation, with large curtailment of generated electricity. If the excess electricity can be effectively used in the form of hydrogen in other demand

SC

sectors, the rise in the cost can be reduced to some extent, although it is not enough to eliminate the rise in cost.

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In this regard, it would be particularly important to consider the balance between renewable and zero-emission thermal power generation. If it is possible to introduce a large amount of cheap zero-emission thermal power, either as imported hydrogen power

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generation or as thermal power with CCS, this can greatly contribute to achieving zero emissions by the power sector. If this is not the case, however, additional costs will be

EP

incurred. Since it would be necessary to introduce a large amount of power storage

AC C

systems, as well as curtailing excess electricity, research and development toward the reduction of the costs of batteries and other storage systems would be an important challenge.

At the same time, we should also note that the unit system cost will rise sharply with thermal power generation below 100 TWh, or approximately 10% of total power generation, even if the costs of renewables and power storage systems drop drastically

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by 2050. This means that at least a certain amount of flexible thermal power is

thermal power generation will be a key issue.

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indispensable even in 2050, and that research and development of zero emission

Although new construction of nuclear power plants would not be possible in the near

SC

future in Japan, it is also true that nuclear could play a large part in reducing the cost hike resulting from deep decarbonization of the power sector, especially when there are

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limitations for the introduction of zero emission thermal power generation. Since there are always great uncertainties regarding future developments of new technologies, it seems necessary, from the viewpoint of long-term energy policies, to retain the option of

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nuclear power as a proven large scale zero-emission technology. Energy policies should always consider the balance between various energies. The

EP

results of this study imply the necessity of directing continuous efforts toward the cost

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reduction of all the innovative technologies, including not only renewable energies but also power storage systems and zero emission thermal power generation, since drawing a blueprint that relies exclusively on a single technology is not desirable from the viewpoint of risk management. Comparative analyses suggest the importance of future detailed academic discussions, since the results of previous studies exhibit considerably large differences, and a very

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few of them are peer-reviewed papers. Special focus should be on LCOEs of renewable energies, which have been higher in Japan than in other countries, despite significant

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historical learning rates. We must also take into account the fact that the assumed potentials of 240 GW for solar PV and 270 GW for onshore wind account for 0.6% and

SC

4.4%, respectively, of Japan’s total land area. A massive introduction of solar PV supported by the FIT scheme has already been causing environmental problems. It

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would be highly important to continue to investigate the economics and the availability of renewable energies based on the latest and unbiased data.

It would also be important to analyze the effect of demand side management in more

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detail. It has also been pointed out that the batteries in electric vehicles can largely contribute to stable operation of power grid systems [91,92]. Although demand side

EP

technologies are not expected to largely affect the results for the extreme cases as shown

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in Figure 16, they can influence the economics of the power sector with lower levels of renewables

penetration.

Future

works

should

include

detailed

quantitative

assessments taking these aspects into account.

Acknowledgments This research was partly supported by the Environment Research and Technology

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Development Fund 2-1704 of the Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency.

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Appendix Structure of the model and major assumptions

TC : Total annual cost, 2014 JPY/year

Xi,d,t : Power output, GW

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XH i,d,t : Power output by hydrogen from tank , GW, i {0, .. ,8}

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Ki : Power generating capacity, GW Api,d : Available capacity, GW

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A.1 A.1 Nomenclature

Mkm,i : Unavailable capacity due maintenance, GW Chaj,d,t : Charge to battery, GW

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Disj,d,t : Discharge from battery, GW Tpb,d,t : Electricity flows, GW

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Tnb,d,t : Electricity flows (reverse), GW

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SSj,d,t : Electricity storage, GWh

KS1j : Storage capacity in terms of GW KS2j : Storage capacity in terms of GWh VCn,d,t : Hydrogen usage in transport sector, etc., kWh-eq. Where

d: day (1–365), t: time (1-144), n: node number (1–9), b: branch number (1–10), i: power

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generation plant (0–8: Hydrogen-fired; 9–17: Nuclear; 18–26: Hydro; 27–32: Geothermal; 33–41:

Biomass; 42–50: Onshore wind; 51–59: Offshore wind; 60–68: Solar PV), j: storage facility (0-7:

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Pumped hydro, 8-16: NaS battery, 17-25: Li-ion battery, 26-34: Hydrogen storage), m: outage

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pattern (1–4)

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A.2 A.2 Objective function

We set the annual total system cost expressed by equation (1), which is the sum of the fixed and variable costs of all the related technologies, as the objective function. The fixed costs include the initial investment averaged over the lifetime, assuming a real

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discount rate of 3%, following Ref. [77]. To model hydrogen usage in the energy demand sectors, we assumed the cases in which excess hydrogen can be sold at a fixed price pH,

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assumed to be the same as is the price of imported hydrogen (see Table A.4), to assess

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its effects on the economics of the power sector.

  min .TC = ∑  g i pf i K i + ∑ pvi X i ,d ,t  + ∑ CS j − p H ∑VCn,d ,t i  d ,t n , d ,t  j CS j = gs1 j pfs1 j KS1 j + gs 2 j pfs 2 j KS 2 j + pfs3 j TCha j = ∑ Cha j ,d ,t

TCha j cycle j

(A.1)

(A.2)

(A.3)

d ,t

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where gi is annual fixed cost rate, pfi is unit initial investment cost (2014 JPY/GW), pvi is unit variable cost (i.e., fuel cost) (2014 JPY/GWh), gs1j is annual fixed cost rate for GW

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capacity, gs2j is annual fixed cost rate for GWh capacity, pfs1j is unit battery construction cost in terms of GW (2014 JPY/GW), pfs2j is unit battery construction cost in terms of

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GWh (2014 JPY/GWh), pfs3j is expendable costs for batteries (2014 JPY/GWh), cyclej is

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maximum charge/discharge number for a storage facility, and pH is hydrogen price.

A.3 Constraints A.3.1

Supply and demand balance constraints

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Electricity demand at node n, day d, and time t equals the net total supply from electricity generation, storage systems, and transmission lines, with transmission

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losses subtracted. For each n, d, and t,

∑X

∑ Dis

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∑X

i∈I n

i , d ,t

+

i∈I H n

H i , d ,t

+

j∈J 'n

j , d ,t

− ∑ Cha j ,d ,t + ∑ ccn,b (Tpb ,d ,t − Tnb ,d ,t ) − lossn ,d ,t = load n ,d ,t j∈J n

b

(A.4)

where In is the set of power generating facilities at node n, IH n is the set of hydrogen-fired power generating facilities at node n, Jn is the set of storage facilities at node n, J’n is the

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set of storage facilities at node n (other than hydrogen tank), ccn,b is the matrix connecting node n and branch b, lossn,d,t is transmission losses, and loadn,d,t is electricity

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demand plus distribution losses.

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A.3.2 Available capacity constraints

The available capacity Api,d is calculated via the following equations, subtracting the

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capacity under maintenance Mkm,i from the total capacity Ki. The model assumes four types of maintenance schedules, as shown in Figure A.1.

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Figure A.1 Assumed rates of plant shutdown

∑ urs

m

Mk m,i = (1 − upai )K i

(A.5)

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m

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For each i,

urs m =

1 ∑ urm,d 365 d

(A.6)

where urm,d is outage ratio due to maintenance and upai is average annual load factor.

For each i and d,

∑ ur

m,d

Mk m,i ≥ (1 − uppi )K i

(A.7)

m

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Api ,d + ∑ urm, d Mk m,i = K i

(A.8)

m

For each d and i representing hydro and geothermal,

X i , d ,t ≤ u i , d ,t K i

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where uppi is maximum daily load factor.

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(A.9)

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where ui is the availability factor of hydro and geothermal power plants.

For each d and i representing other technologies,

Cha

j , d ,t

+ Dis

(A.10)

≤ us1 j , d KS 1 j

(A.11)

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For each j, d, and t,

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X i , d , t ≤ Ap i , d

(A.12)

j , d ,t

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SS j , d ,t ≤ us 2 j , d KS 2 j

where us1i is the GW availability factor of storage facilities and us2i is the GWh availability factor of storage facilities.

A.3.3 Capacity constraints Installed capacity of each technology is subject to upper and lower bounds. For each i,

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K low ,i ≤ K i ≤ K up , i

(A.13)

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For each j,

KS 1low , j ≤ KS 1 j ≤ KS 1up , j

(A.14)

KS 2 low , j ≤ KS 2 j ≤ KS 2 up , j

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(A.15)

the upper bounds for capacities.

A.3.4 Reserve capacity constraints

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where Klow,i, KS1low,j, KS2low,j are the lower bounds for capacities and Kup,i, KS1up,j, KS2up,j are

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A certain level of reserve margin must be secured to maintain supply reliability with either thermal power, nuclear power, dispatchable renewables, or storage systems. For

∑ Ap

i ,d

+

∑ us1 j∈J n

j ,d

KS1 j ≤ (1 + δ ) max(load n ,d ,t )

(A.16)

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i∈I n

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each n and d,

Where the δ: reserve margin is assumed to be 8%.

A.3.5 Load following constraints Each type of power plant has its own capability of ramping up and down due to its technological characteristics. Thermal power with high ramping rates is preferred to

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nuclear with low ramping rates. For each i, d, and t,

X i , d ,t +1 ≤ X i , d , t +1 + inc i Ap i , d

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(A.17)

X i , d , t +1 ≥ X i , d ,t +1 − dec i Ap i , d

(A.18)

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where inci is the maximum increase rate per 10 minutes and deci is the maximum

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increase rate per 10 minutes.

A.3.6 Charge and discharge balance constraints

Charge and discharge balances are expressed as follows, with different efficiencies

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and different self-discharge rates for different types of batteries.

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SS j ,d ,t +1 = (1 − sd j )SS j ,d ,t + eff j Cha j ,d ,t −

1 eff j

Dis j ,d ,t

SS j , d , t ≤ m j u j , d SK 1 j

(A.19)

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(A.20)

where sdj is self-discharge rate, effj is storage efficiency, and m is energy storage capacity per generation capacity.

The C-rates measure how fast the batteries are charged and discharged.

Cha

j , d ,t

≤ crate j SK 2 j

(A.21) 73

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Dis j , d ,t ≤ crate j SK 2 j

(A.22)

A.3.7

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where cratej is the C-rate of batteries.

Hydrogen balance constraints

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Hydrogen tanks are assumed as being one of the four storage systems in the model. The “discharged” hydrogen can be used either for power generation or in other demand

For each n, d, and t,

i∈J H n

j , d ,t

=

1 eff H

∑X

i∈I H n

H i , d ,t

+ VCn, d ,t

(A.23)

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∑ Dis

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sectors; in the latter case it is assumed to be sold at a fixed price pH.

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where JH n is the set of hydrogen tanks at node n and effH is the thermal efficiency of

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hydrogen-fired power generation.

A.4 A.4 Major assumptions

A.4.1 Power generation costs We assumed power generation costs following the estimation by the Japanese government [77], which forecasts drastic cost declines for wind and solar PV up to 2030

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and presents the cost ranges of these technologies based on several scenarios reflecting assumptions of future penetration rates and the convergence of the costs in Japan and

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those of global averages. For this study, we extrapolated the cost declines up to 2050, and set the high-, medium-, and low-cost assumptions. Note that solar PV costs have

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been much higher in Japan than in other countries. According to IEA-PVPS [78], residential and ground-mounted PV system prices are USD 2.98/W and USD 2.17/W in

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2016 in Japan, respectively, compared with USD 1.43-1.88/W for residential and USD 0.66/W for ground-mounted in Germany. Although the module and other costs are expected to decline in the future with historical learning rates of 20% and 15%,

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respectively, the overall costs will remain higher than in other countries. We should always keep in mind, however, that some studies predict that the cost of solar PV power

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countries [79].

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generation could be quite low in Japan in the future, as well as in other developed

For hydrogen-fired power generation facilities, we assumed the same fixed cost as with LNG-fired power generation, with high, medium, and low assumptions of the fuel costs. Note that the assumptions of the costs for hydro, geothermal, and biomass power generation do not affect the results, as electricity generation from these technologies is fixed in the calculations.

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For nuclear power generation, Ref. [77] estimates the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) at 8.8 JPY/kWh (2014 price). This includes the capital and the operation &

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maintenance (O&M) costs, as well as the costs for nuclear fuel cycle, decommissioning, reprocessing, radioactive waste disposal, and nuclear accident risks. However, since the

SC

estimated damage cost by the Fukushima accident has been revised upwards from 12.2 JPY trillion to 21.5 JPY trillion, the accident risk cost, which has been calculated by

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multiplying the damage cost by an assumed accident frequency of once per 4,000 reactor-years, should also be revised upwards by 0.3 JPY/kWh. In our model, we set the “annual O&M cost rate” to cover not only the O&M costs, but also all the other

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nuclear-related costs. Note that the decommissioning and waste disposal costs have been estimated as quite small at 0.1 JPY/kWh and 0.04 JPY/kWh, respectively. This

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results from the fact that these expenditures take place much later than other

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expenditures [80]. We should not forget, however, that waste disposal could pose serious issues related with public acceptance. We should also note that there is some uncertainty with respect to the accident risk cost, because the clean-up of the Fukushima area is still an ongoing process, and because there should be considerable uncertainty regarding the accident frequency. The scope of the social impact of a nuclear accident is also controversial, since there is an argument that the additional

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expenditure of 9.6 JPY trillion (90 USD billion) caused by the shutdown of the nuclear reactors after the Fukushima accident should be included in the nuclear power

study, and future detailed discussions are expected.

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generation costs. These many controversial issues, however, are out of the scope of this

SC

Since the LCOE includes the capital costs, we are implicitly assuming new builds in our model. This is partly justified by the fact that most of the existing facilities will have

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been replaced by 2050. We should note, however, that this is a simplification because some of the existing plants may be in operation still in that year.

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The assumptions for the power generating technologies are shown in Tables A.1–3.

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Table A.1 Assumptions for nuclear and hydrogenhydrogen-fired power generation

Table A.2 Assumptions for hydro, geothermal, and biomass power generation

Table A.3 Assumptions for wind and solar PV power generation

A.4.2

Other cost assumptions

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Other cost assumptions were made, as in Table A.4, based on the literature. We set the high-cost assumptions as those generally expected in the future, whereas the

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medium-cost assumptions reflect the most ambitious targets found in the literature. We referred to Yoshino et al. [27] and Kamiya et al. [28] for the high assumption and to

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Mizuno et al. [29] for the medium assumption on the cost of imported hydrogen. We also

for hydrogen tanks.

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referred to IRENA [81] for batteries, to FCH JU [82] for electrolysis, and FCH JU [83]

Additionally, we set low-cost assumptions, just for reference, which stand at half of

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the medium-cost assumptions.

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Table A.4 Other cost assumptions

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Table A.5 shows the assumptions for power storage facilities. Hydrogen tanks are supposed to be installed on the ground, as in Ref. [21]. Since there is an energy loss related with compression during storage, the efficiency shown in this table takes a value smaller than 1.

Table A.5 Assumptions for storage systems

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The unit construction costs of interconnection lines were assumed at 34 JPY

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thousand/kW for AC and 253 JPY thousand/kW for DC, with reference to the plan by

A.4.3 Electricity output of intermittent renewables

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the Organization for Cross-regional Coordination of Transmission Operators [84,85].

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Electricity output profiles of wind and solar PV at a 10-minute resolution were calculated from the Automated Meteorological Data Acquisition System (AMeDAS) observation database [86], following the methodology used in past studies

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[21,64-66,72,73]. Figures 2 and 3 in Section 3 give examples of wind and solar PV output profiles in the Tohoku area.

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Power generation by solar PV is greatest around noon, when the radiation is

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strongest, and falls to zero at night. It is generally large in summer and small in winter. Wind power generation is relatively evenly distributed over time, although it is relatively small in summer.

A.4.4 Wind and solar PV potentials Several studies have estimated the technical and economical potentials of

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intermittent renewables in various regions in Japan. In this study, we referred to the Ministry of the Environment [87], which not only describes the technical potentials in

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each municipality in Japan but also gives more realistic limits, assuming several levels of the Feed-in Tariff (FIT) rates. We set the upper limit of onshore wind, offshore wind,

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and solar PV power generation capacities, referring to the highest FIT rate case in the Ministry of the Environment [88], shown as “FIT” in Table A.6.

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According to these assumptions, an enormous amount—239 GW for solar PV, 271 GW for onshore wind, and 277 GW for offshore wind— could be introduced in Japan. An important observation is that the solar resources are relatively evenly distributed

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among regions, whereas wind resources are located mainly in the northern part of Japan, including the Hokkaido and the Tohoku areas. Hokkaido alone accounts for 54%

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and 64% of Japan’s total onshore and offshore wind resources, respectively.

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These potentials were estimated using wind condition maps and aerial photographs throughout Japan. We should note that the realization of the full potentials is not easy, even if the costs related with the technologies become sufficiently low, taking into account the fact that the area corresponding to the solar PV and onshore wind assumptions account for 5% of Japan’s total land area.

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A.4.5 Assumptions for other energy sources

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Table A.6 Wind and solar solar PV potentials

In the wake of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident, it would be

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difficult to newly construct nuclear power plants in Japan in the near future. At the same time, the lifetime of existing nuclear reactors is limited to 40 years by law, with a

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possible extension to 60 years, at the maximum. We assumed the maximum nuclear power generating capacity as being 25 GW, which is equivalent to the total capacity of the existing plants that began operation after 1990 added to that of the three nuclear

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power plants currently under construction.

Other power generation technologies assumed in the model include hydro, geothermal,

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and biomass. For the future penetration of these technologies, we referred to the

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Ministry of the Environment [88], at 110 TWh for hydro, 38 TWh for geothermal, and 68 TWh for biomass, and fixed the values in 2050, since these technologies are not expected to expand as rapidly as are wind and solar PV. The biomass figure includes that of ocean power generation, as we did not model this technology separately.

A.4.6

Daily load curves

81

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Following previous studies [21,64-66,72,73], we estimated daily load curves of the nine regions for 365 days using data downloaded from the websites of electric utilities.

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Figure 4 in Section 3 shows an example of the Tohoku area. Demand is larger in summer and winter and smaller in spring and autumn. There are sharp peaks in the

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afternoons on summer days, while the peaks tend to smooth out in winter days. We multiplied the demand data by a constant value, so that the total annual demand

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equals 1,043 TWh, which is set as the demand for electricity in 2050, referring to IEEJ

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[89].

82

Figure1

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

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Hokkaido

Tohoku

Hokuriku

Chugoku

Chubu

Shikoku

Tokyo

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EP

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D

M AN U

SC

Kyushu

Kansai

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Figure2

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

D

3

4

0.00879 0.06624 0.61987 0.07433 0.70359 0.75856 0.227 0.09 0.10889 0.28173 0.12055 0.35997 0.12187 0.76048 0.82541 0.37511 0.04983 0.04367 0.00208 0.03748 0.38045 0.16232 0.05776 0.55935 0.02956 0.17277 0.10203 0.41828 0.41449 0.28989 0.30252 0.03417 0.52359 0.36102 0.06368 0.89402 0.03033 0.00441 0.81413 0.66082 0.65985 0.06611 0.22064 0.48919 0.0375 0.05797 0.55377 0.0023 0.5664 0.06241 0.14658 0.18751 0.12091 0.17972 0.2149 0.0023 0.16642 0.57078 0.09373 0.03071 0.00543 0.01962 0.02275 0.16416 0.03258 0.36665 0.14797 0.03082 0.01515

0.01292 0.04108 0.61192 0.08208 0.77942 0.75407 0.58926 0.19635 0.16199 0.27906 0.15781 0.54149 0.06296 0.86542 0.81144 0.48221 0.03525 0.01387 0.00104 0.07392 0.30345 0.15809 0.01577 0.5281 0.05238 0.34012 0.2728 0.54936 0.47327 0.23695 0.48629 0.02867 0.38953 0.20159 0.1005 0.74988 0.01456 0.01191 0.77693 0.46751 0.66195 0.10836 0.17403 0.57324 0.01621 0.08535 0.44962 0.00047 0.36056 0.07474 0.21489 0.24161 0.08593 0.10799 0.45663 0.01281 0.17454 0.50112 0.09339 0.02954 0.00488 0.06794 0.06901 0.07407 0.05693 0.31998 0.17715 0.01774 0.0109

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1-Dec

1-Nov

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69

M AN U

1-Oct

1 32 61 92 122 153 183 214 245 275 306 336

1-Sep

1-Aug

1-Jul

31 29 31 30 31 30 31 31 30 31 30 31 366

TE

AC C

1-Jan

0

1-Jun

0.2

1-May

0.4

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

EP

0.6

1-Apr

0.8

0.00302 0.003 0.00879 0.01292 0.00328 0.0129 0.04458 0.06159 0.0511 0.02429 0.01894 0.03205 0.06014 0.01582 0.00517 0.01145 0.02387 0.02388 0.02501 0.03012 0.03199 0.03707 0.01838 0.02218 0.02448 0.0281 0.01641 0.03732 0.03467 0.01291 0.02173 0.02398 0.00439 0.00567 0.00305 0.0215 0.0459 0.0424 0.04556 0.06973 0.06402 0.044 0.0372 0.04349 0.02053 0.03769 0.03324 0.0653 0.07547 0.09578 0.10449 0.04817 0.03554 0.04171 0.06961 0.11018 0.10033 0.08682 0.03806 0.05616 0.08947 0.04266 0.08112 0.0853 0.05242 0.00832 0.01159 0.01727 0.01696

1-Mar

1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69

1-Feb

Output (p.u.)

1 2 00:00 1-Jan 0.00302 0.003 0.12992 0.08055 0.47686 0.64787 0.05395 0.10313 0.79807 0.73716 0.69223 0.528 0.28545 0.22844 0.06894 0.07723 0.12601 0.19187 0.0415 0.09243 0.14855 20:00 0.10876 16:00 0.20435 0.35457 12:00 0.05983 0.01976 08:00 0.78166 0.89568 04:00 0.81165 0.85167 00:00 0.61367 0.40499 0.06357 0.06227 0.03658 0.04861 0.00074 0.00159 0.00856 0.02348 0.38244 0.43032 0.23047 0.1262 0.01243 0.02804 0.53001 0.30922 0.02645 0.07942 0.19316 0.07658 0.14443 0.28788 0.45288 0.39052 0.57772 0.30689 0.42275 0.36533 0.62294 0.35503 1-Feb 0.01933 0.01943 0.38093 0.44625 0.23116 0.33644 0.08501 0.07743 0.79849 0.7618 0.03713 0.03314 0.02898 0.00577 0.82465 0.85719 0.44093 0.68033 0.26983 0.69644 0.16035 0.07985 0.19466 0.25668 0.56628 0.4479 0.04016 0.03956 0.03323 0.03552 0.78374 0.49734 0.00087 0.00392 0.30464 0.37679 0.15533 0.15116 0.08563 0.0437 0.15466 0.10859 0.10333 0.16312 0.11642 0.10918 0.18056 0.1625 0.00976 0.01283 0.17727 0.1772 0.47155 0.49889 0.12324 0.08158 0.01518 0.04144 1-Mar 0.00154 0.00417 0.06381 0.05627 0.03866 0.02985 0.08193 0.0755 0.03404 0.01936 0.37805 0.35125 0.15154 0.11932 0.03771 0.06112 0.00265 0.00029

31-Dec

144

Figure3

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0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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1-Dec

1-Nov

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69

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1-Oct

1 32 61 92 122 153 183 214 245 275 306 336

1-Sep

1-Aug

1-Jul

31 29 31 30 31 30 31 31 30 31 30 31 366

TE

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1-Jan

0

1-Jun

0.2

1-May

0.4

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

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0.6

1-Apr

0.8

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.005878 0.034609 0.040306 0.059632 0.070732 0.049954 0.066321 0.090684 0.091693 0.088717 0.107256 0.106674 0.11172 0.08294 0.097722 0.110253 0.097698 0.090301 0.202858 0.249018 0.146205 0.156575 0.218613 0.23072

1-Mar

1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69

1-Feb

Output (p.u.)

1 00:00 1-Jan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20:00 16:00 0 12:00 0 08:00 0 04:00 0 00:00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1-Feb 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1-Mar 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

31-Dec

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Figure4

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10.3248 9.50529 9.7281 9.79985 10.9101 11.5748 11.8127 11.4917 10.8837 11.4086 11.7825 12.5227 12.3867 12.4282 12.0921 11.537 11.9335 11.9033 11.4992 11.3671 11.4653 11.2009 10.6307 12.0355 12.2734 12.6435 12.7002 12.8134 12.2281 11.9864 12.8588 12.7795 12.7304 12.9343 12.5906 12.0279 11.4917 11.6276 11.8958 12.7832 12.8323 12.9079 12.0959 11.7636 11.8807 11.6994 12.2092 12.0884 12.4962 11.994 11.5937 11.7258 11.8127 11.605 11.284 11.2689 11.1707 11.3784 12.4018 12.0431 11.7938 11.5332 11.8051 11.1934 10.8384 11.2576 10.8119 10.9139 10.8082

10.3437 9.56193 9.77719 9.86216 10.9611 11.6409 11.8505 11.5276 10.9384 11.4483 11.8505 12.5699 12.4452 12.4849 12.145 11.6012 11.9977 11.9694 11.5729 11.4369 11.5276 11.2443 10.7062 12.0884 12.3263 12.6888 12.7511 12.8474 12.2696 12.0431 12.9097 12.8361 12.7851 13.0004 12.6435 12.0657 11.5729 11.6918 11.9751 12.8474 12.8814 12.9607 12.1507 11.8391 11.9354 11.7655 12.2753 12.1563 12.5472 12.0657 11.6579 11.7881 11.8731 11.6635 11.352 11.3236 11.233 11.4313 12.4679 12.0997 11.8505 11.5899 11.8561 11.25 10.9101 11.3123 10.8818 10.9781 10.8648

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1-Dec

1-Nov

1-Oct

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69

M AN U

1-Sep

1 32 61 92 122 153 183 214 245 275 306 336

D

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1-Jan

0

1-Aug

2

1-Jul

4

31 29 31 30 31 30 31 31 30 31 30 31 366

TE

6

1-Jun

8

1-May

10

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

EP

12

1-Apr

14

10.287 10.3059 10.3248 10.3437 10.3625 10.3814 10.4003 10.423 10.4456 10.4683 10.4909 10.5136 10.5363 10.5495 10.5627 10.5759 10.5891 10.6023 10.6156 10.5967 10.5778 10.5589 10.54 10.5211 10.5023 10.4664 10.4305 10.3946 10.3588 10.3229 10.287 10.2115 10.136 10.0604 9.98489 9.90937 9.83384 9.71488 9.59592 9.47696 9.35801 9.23905 9.12009 9.18429 9.24849 9.31269 9.37689 9.44109 9.50529 9.51095 9.51662 9.52228 9.52795 9.53361 9.53928 9.49773 9.45619 9.41465 9.37311 9.33157 9.29003 9.25227 9.2145 9.17674 9.13897 9.10121 9.06344 9.04645 9.02946

1-Mar

16

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69

1-Feb

Electricity demand (GW)

1 2 00:00 1-Jan 10.287 10.3059 9.39199 9.44864 9.62991 9.679 9.67523 9.73754 10.8082 10.8591 11.4426 11.5087 11.7372 11.7749 11.4199 11.4558 10.7742 10.8289 11.3293 11.369 11.6465 20:00 11.7145 16:00 12.4282 12.4755 12:00 12.2696 12.3282 08:00 04:0012.315 12.3716 11.9864 12.0393 00:00 11.4086 11.4728 11.8051 11.8693 11.7711 11.8372 11.352 11.4256 11.2273 11.2972 11.3406 11.4029 11.114 11.1575 10.4796 10.5551 11.9298 11.9826 12.1677 12.2205 12.5529 12.5982 12.5982 12.6492 12.7455 12.7795 12.145 12.1866 11.8731 11.9298 12.7568 12.8078 1-Feb 12.6662 12.7228 12.6208 12.6756 12.8021 12.8682 12.4849 12.5378 11.9524 11.9902 11.3293 11.4105 11.4992 11.5634 11.7372 11.8165 12.6548 12.719 12.7341 12.7832 12.8021 12.855 11.9864 12.0412 11.6125 11.6881 11.7711 11.8259 11.5672 11.6333 12.077 12.1431 11.9524 12.0204 12.3943 12.4452 11.8505 11.9222 11.4653 11.5295 11.6012 11.6635 11.6918 11.7523 11.4879 11.5465 11.148 11.216 11.1594 11.2141 11.0461 11.1084 11.2727 11.3255 12.2696 12.3357 11.9298 11.9864 1-Mar 11.6805 11.7372 11.4199 11.4766 11.7032 11.7542 11.0801 11.1367 10.6949 10.7666 11.148 11.2028 10.6722 10.7421 10.7855 10.8497 10.6949 10.7515

31-Dec

144

Figure5

Power grid

Electrolyzer

Hydrogen-fired power generation

Hydrogen storage tank

Imported CO2 -free hydrogen

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EP

TE

D

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Hydrogen usage (Transport, residential and commercial)

Hydrogen Electricity

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Intermittent renewables (Wind, Solar PV)

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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Figure6

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

TWh 1,200

600 400 200 0

水素価格高位

Case PV/Wind share

6 0%

4 0%

8 0%

L/H

M/L

M/M

2 25%

1 12%

-200

L/L

L/M

H/L H/L w/o sale w/ sale

Medium hydrogen cost

7 55%

5 33%

H/M

High hydrogen cost

H/H

AC C

EP

TE

D

M AN U

Low hydrogen cost

M/H

3 0%

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800

水素価格中位

再エネ等 再エネ等 再エネ等 再エネ等 再エネ等 再エネ等 再エネ等 再エネ等 再エネ等 低位 中位 高位 低位 中位 高位 低位 中位 高位 Hydrogen sale Hydrogen 832 837 836 398 531 658 143 324 440 Power Nuclear 0 0 0 178 178 178 177 177 178 storage losses Onshore wind 5 0 0 159 76 0 402 208 79 Hydro, etc. Offshore wind 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Solar PV 0 0 0 106 53 0 256 143 144PV Solar Hydro, etc. 209 209 209 209 209 209 209 208 208 Offshore Power storage losses -2 -2 -2 -5 -2 -1 -37 -11 -4 wind Hydrogen sale 0 0 0 -0 0 0 -102 -3 -0 Onshore Total 1,044 1,044 1,044 1,045 1,044 1,044 1,047 1,045 1,045 wind

SC

1,000

水素価格低位

9 21%

Figure7

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

800 600 400

200

100 200 300 100 200 300 166 175 176 346 251 206 5 0 0 256 235 168 204 206 207 -28.601 -21.3437 -12.6659 1,048 1,046 1,045 13.3 12.1 11.4 56% 46% 35%

400 500 600 400 Hydro, 500etc. 600 178 178 178 162 Solar PV 90 50 0 0 0 101 Offshore 69 wind 9 209 209 209 Onshore wind -4.9969 -2.21898 -2.18674 1,045 1,044 1,044 Nuclear 11.1 11.0 11.0 25% 15% 6% Hydrogen

Power storage losses

0 -200

0

25 50 100 200 300 400 500 600 0

Hydrogen-fired

25 50 100 200 300 400 500 600 Power Output, TWh Without nuclear

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EP

TE

D

M AN U

With nuclear

Without nuclear 0 25 50 0 25 50 0 0 0 399 457 479 275 178 122 225 233 238 191 194 196 -37.059 -34.7113 -33.9792 1,053 1,052 1,051 24.9 18.9 17.0 82% 80% 77%

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1,000

With nuclear 0 25 50 Hydrogen 0 25 50 Nuclear 68 128 150 Onshore wind 487 465 415 Offshore wind 106 19 13 Solar PV 232 248 252 Hydro, etc. 201 200 201 Power storage losses-42.035 -33.652 -31.7263 Total 1,052 1,051 1,050 tanka, JPY/kWh 20.0 15.3 14.4 PV+Wind share 75% 67% 63%

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TWh 1,200

26%

Figure8

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 2014 JPY/kWh

百万円 With nuclear Without nuclear 0 25 50 100 200 300 400 500 600 0 Fixed - thermal 0 246,908 493,816 987,633 1,975,267 2,962,900 3,950,534 4,938,167 5,925,801 0 20 Fixed - nuclear 126,068 237,785 279,825 307,986 325,060 327,982 330,614 331,073 331,344 0 Variable - thermal 0 380,406 432,853 503,886 678,217 816,207 935,571 992,616 1,100,151 0 Variable - nuclear 1,208,004 1,208,004 1,208,004 1,208,004 1,208,004 1,208,004 1,208,004 1,208,004 1,208,004 0 Transmission 15 Variable - Onshore wind5,530,977 5,122,279 4,472,014 3,599,276 2,557,558 2,098,201 1,595,891 863,941 459,446 5,530,977 Battery Variable - Offshore wind1,827,620 339,616 217,707 85,055 0 0 0 0 0 5,954,044 Variable - Solar PV 2,655,892 2,884,080 2,884,080 2,884,080 2,570,089 1,828,488 1,076,133 732,848 97,557 2,884,080 Storage losses 10 Variable - Other 1,850,675 1,850,675 1,850,675 1,850,675 1,850,675 1,850,675 1,850,675 1,850,675 1,850,675 1,850,675 Curtailment Pumped hydro 331,505 331,532 331,538 331,552 331,567 331,581 331,552 331,521 331,526 331,499 Power generation Battery - NaS 5,457,503 1,593,988 1,373,886 991,591 625,180 233,689 20,165 0 0 7,022,292 5 - Li-ion Battery 0 72,214 46,151 61,811 63,707 56,833 48,910 41,835 26,961 227,138 Hydrogen storage 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Transmission 1,843,465 1,746,988 1,393,349 1,053,105 482,907 221,332 201,252 155,697 154,197 2,142,783 0 sales Hydrogen 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hydrogen-fired 0 25 50 20,831,698 100 200 30016,015,204 400 500 600 0 25 50 100 200 300 400 500 600 Total 14,984,974 13,867,936 12,673,761 11,940,205 11,551,876 Power Output, TWh11,448,478 11,487,549 25,943,473 check -12 729

Without nuclear

EP

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With nuclear

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25

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Power generation Curtailment Storage losses Battery Transmission Hydrogen sales Check

JPY/kWh With nuclear 0 10.9 1.2 0.6 5.5 1.8 0.0 0.00 20.0

25 10.3 1.0 0.4 1.9 1.7 0.0 0.00 15.3

50 10.1 0.8 0.4 1.7 1.3 0.0 0.00 14.4

100 10.1 0.5 0.3 1.3 1.0 0.0 0.00 13.3

200 10.2 0.3 0.2 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.01 12.1

300 10.3 0.2 0.1 0.6 0.2 0.0 0.00 11.4

Without nuclear 400 500 600 0 10.5 11.5 10.3 10.4 0.1 -0.000315 -0.000184 3.3902214 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.3 7.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 2.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.1 11.0 11.0 24.9

Figure9

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 30

Hydrogen sales

百万円 2014 JPY trillion/year

Without nuclear

AC C

EP

TE

D

M AN U

With nuclear

SC

RI PT

With nuclear Without nuclear Transmission 0 25 50 100 200 300 400 500 600 0 Fixed - thermal 0 246,908 493,816 987,633 1,975,267 2,962,900 3,950,534 0 Hydrogen storage 4,938,167 5,925,801 25 Fixed - nuclear 126,068 237,785 279,825 307,986 325,060 327,982 330,614 331,073 331,344 0 Battery -935,571 Li-ion Variable - thermal 0 380,406 432,853 503,886 678,217 816,207 992,616 1,100,151 0 Variable 1,208,004 1,208,004 1,208,004 1,208,004 1,208,004 1,208,004 1,208,004 1,208,004 0 20 - nuclear Battery1,208,004 - NaS Variable - Onshore wind5,530,977 5,122,279 4,472,014 3,599,276 2,557,558 2,098,201 1,595,891 863,941 459,446 5,530,977 Pumped hydro 0 Variable - Offshore wind1,827,620 339,616 217,707 85,055 0 0 0 0 5,954,044 15 - Solar PV Variable 2,655,892 2,884,080 2,884,080 2,884,080 2,570,089 1,828,488 1,076,133 732,848 97,557 2,884,080 Variable - Other Variable - Other 1,850,675 1,850,675 1,850,675 1,850,675 1,850,675 1,850,675 1,850,675 1,850,675 1,850,675 1,850,675 Variable 331,552 - Solar PV 331,521 Pumped hydro 331,505 331,532 331,538 331,552 331,567 331,581 331,526 331,499 10 Battery - NaS 5,457,503 1,593,988 1,373,886 991,591 625,180 233,689 20,165 0 0 7,022,292 Variable - Offshore Battery - Li-ion 0 72,214 46,151 61,811 63,707 56,833 48,910 41,835 26,961 227,138 wind Hydrogen storage 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 Variable - Onshore wind Transmission 1,843,465 1,746,988 1,393,349 1,053,105 482,907 221,332 201,252 155,697 154,197 2,142,783 Variable - nuclear Hydrogen sales 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total0 20,831,698 16,015,204 14,984,974 13,867,936 12,673,761 11,940,205 11,551,876 11,448,478 11,487,549 25,943,473 Hydrogen-fired 0 25 50 100 200 300 600 0 25 50 100 200 300 400 500 600 check -12 400 500729 Power Output, TWh

Figure10_With_Nuclear

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 2014 JPY/kWh

25

原子力あり 0 20.0 27.3 15.7 20.0 20.0 19.9 19.3

Green: M/L and M/H

20

15

標準 High Low 水素高 水素低 標準p 標準_販売

25 50 100 15.3 14.4 13.3 18.8 17.4 15.8 13.3 12.6 11.8 15.5 14.6 13.8 15.2Purple:14.1 L/M and12.8 H/M 15.3 14.3 13.3 M/M 15.1 14.2 Blue:13.2

200 12.1 13.9 11.1 13.1 11.2 12.2 12.1

300 11.4 12.7 10.8 12.9 10.0 11.5 11.4

400 11.1 11.9 10.7 13.0 9.2 11.1 11.1

10

0 100

200 300 400 500 Hydrogen power output, TWh

600

TE

D

M AN U

0

600 11.0 11.3 10.9 13.8 8.2 11.0 11.0

SC

5

500 11.0 11.5 10.7 13.3 8.6 11.0 11.0

25 15.3 15.3 18.0 18.9

EP

0 19.9 20.0 23.2 24.9

AC C

標準P・原子力あり 標準・原子力あり 標準P・原子力なし 標準・原子力なし

50 14.3 14.4 16.6 17.0

100 13.3 13.3 15.2 15.4

200 12.2 12.1 13.7 13.8

300 11.5 11.4 12.8 12.7

400 11.1 11.1 12.1 12.0

原子力なし 0 24.9 35.2 19.4 24.9 24.9 23.2 24.0

25 18.9 24.3 15.7 19.0 18.7 18.0 18.4

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30

500 11.0 11.0 11.6 11.6

600 11.0 11.0 11.4 11.4

50 17.0 21.2 14.5 17.2 16.7 16.6 16.7

Figure10_Without_Nuclear

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 2014 JPY/kWh

25

20

15

10

標準 High Low 水素高 水素低 標準p 標準_販売

原子力あり 0 20.0 27.3 15.7 20.0 20.0 19.9 19.3

25 15.3 18.8 13.3 15.5 15.2 15.3 15.1

50 14.4 17.4 12.6 14.6 14.1 14.3 14.2

100 13.3 15.8 11.8 13.8 12.8 13.3 13.2

200 12.1 13.9 11.1 13.1 11.2 12.2 12.1

300 11.4 12.7 10.8 12.9 10.0 11.5 11.4

400 11.1 11.9 10.7 13.0 9.2 11.1 11.1

0 100

200 300 400 500 Hydrogen power output, TWh

600

TE

D

M AN U

0

600 11.0 11.3 10.9 13.8 8.2 11.0 11.0

SC

5

500 11.0 11.5 10.7 13.3 8.6 11.0 11.0

25 15.3 15.3 18.0 18.9

EP

0 19.9 20.0 23.2 24.9

AC C

標準P・原子力あり 標準・原子力あり 標準P・原子力なし 標準・原子力なし

50 14.3 14.4 16.6 17.0

100 13.3 13.3 15.2 15.4

200 12.2 12.1 13.7 13.8

300 11.5 11.4 12.8 12.7

400 11.1 11.1 12.1 12.0

原子力なし 0 24.9 35.2 19.4 24.9 24.9 23.2 24.0

25 18.9 24.3 15.7 19.0 18.7 18.0 18.4

RI PT

30

500 11.0 11.0 11.6 11.6

600 11.0 11.0 11.4 11.4

50 17.0 21.2 14.5 17.2 16.7 16.6 16.7

Figure11

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

600 500 400 300

Hydrogen Nuclear Hydro Geothermal Biomass Wind Wind-offshore PV Total

With nuclear 0 25 0 40 25 25 24 24 5 5 8 8 271 251 43 8 220 239 596.8 600.7

50 45 25 24 5 8 219 5 239 571.5

100 53 25 24 5 8 177 2 239 533.0

200 71 25 24 5 8 125 0 213 472.1

300 85 25 24 5 8 103 0 152 402.4

400 98 25 24 5 8 78 0 89 327.8

200

Without nuclear 0 25 0 36 0 0 24 24 5 5 8 8 271 271 139 79 239 239 686.9 663.0

50 50 0 24 5 8 271 52 239 649.2

Hydrogen 53 71 85 98 104 115 25 25 25 25 25 25 177 125 103 78 42 23 Hydrogen-fired 0 0 502 100 2000 300 400 0500 600 0 Power Output, TWh 239 213 152 89 61 8 Without nuclear 37 37 37 37 37 37 533 472 402 328 269 208

0 0 271 139 239 37 687

36 0 271 79 239 37 663

50 0 271 52 239 37 649

PV+Wind share

78%

95%

89%

87%

90%

83%

81%

SC

45 Hydrogen 0 40 Nuclear 25 25 25 Onshore wind 271 251 219 Offshore 43 400 500 8 600 05 25 0 25 wind 50 100 200 300 Solar PV 220 239 239 With nuclear Hydro, etc. 37 37 37 Total 597 601 571

AC C

EP

TE

D

0

600 115 25 24 5 8 23 0 0 Onshore 61 wind 8 269.4 208.1

Nuclear

M AN U

100

500 104etc. Hydro, 25 24 Solar PV 5 8 Offshore 42 wind

RI PT

GW 700

72%

63%

51%

38%

15%

Figure12

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Curtailment ratio

30% 標準

25%

GWh

20% 15%% 10%

原子力あり 原子力なし 10 11 12 13 14 15 106 118 16 17 18 Wind 49,733 89,947 161,762 205,753 250,942 346,314 415,436 465,147 486,907 129,843 214,129 Wind-offshore 0 0 0 0 0 5,017 12,588 19,214 106,033 0 0 PV 9,247 69,447 101,419 168,435 235,467 256,191 251,790 247,635 232,006 108,721 129,147 Wind-onshore 25% 25% 24% 23% 23% 22% 22% 21% 20% 24% 23% Wind-offshore29.1% 29% 28% 28% 28% 29.1% 29.1% 29.1% 29.1% 29.1% 29.1% PV 13% 13% 13% 13% 13% 12% 12% 12% 12% 13% 13%

5% 0%

GWh

%

水素高

GWh

%

水素低

GWh

標準p

GWh

%

標準_販売 GWh

%

425,068 9,716 245,517 21% 27% 12%

475,131 14,937 241,080 21% 27% 11%

437,762 160,817 243,206 19% 28% 12%

78,905 0 160,297 25% 29.1% 13%

176,000 0 168,213 24% 29.1% 13%

SC

351,940 3,081 251,365 22% 28% 12%

Wind 50,579 Wind-offshore 0 PV 9,066 Wind-onshore 25% Wind-offshore29.1% PV 13%

84,917 0 74,858 25% 29.1% 13%

157,634 0 105,544 24% 29.1% 13%

201,847 0 170,879 23% 29.1% 13%

236,892 0 251,060 23% 29.1% 13%

331,357 16,142 261,238 23% 29% 12%

389,507 32,737 257,774 22% 29% 12%

462,883 19,391 257,171 22% 29% 12%

438,445 105,151 258,375 22% 29% 12%

122,206 0 116,917 24% 29.1% 13%

205,220 0 138,425 24% 29.1% 13%

Wind 49,733 Wind-offshore 0 PV 9,247 Wind-onshore 25% Wind-offshore29.1% PV 13%

89,953 0 69,448 25% 29.1% 13%

161,769 0 101,422 24% 29.1% 13%

206,096 0 168,655 23% 29.1% 13%

252,438 0 235,306 23% 29.1% 13%

348,272 5,011 256,624 22% 29% 12%

415,436 12,588 251,787 22% 28% 12%

464,890 19,236 247,511 21% 28% 12%

486,907 106,033 232,006 20% 28% 12%

129,844 0 108,720 24% 29.1% 13%

214,170 0 129,169 23% 29.1% 13%

Wind 49,733 Wind-offshore 0 PV 9,247 Wind-onshore 25% Wind-offshore29.1% PV 13%

89,943 0 69,447 25% 29.1% 13%

161,751 0 101,413 24% 29.1% 13%

205,764 0 168,442 23% 29.1% 13%

250,924 0 235,451 23% 29.1% 13%

346,111 5,023 256,035 22% 29% 12%

415,464 12,586 251,788 22% 28% 12%

465,060 19,219 247,632 21% 28% 12%

486,907 106,033 232,006 20% 28% 12%

129,841 0 108,721 24% 29.1% 13%

214,140 0 129,156 23% 29.1% 13%

Wind 49,602 Wind-offshore 0 PV 9,474 Wind-onshore 25% Wind-offshore29.1% PV 13%

89,673 0 69,953 25% 29.1% 13%

166,817 0 96,708 23% 29.1% 13%

212,139 0 164,455 23% 29.1% 13%

244,458 0 248,450 23% 29.1% 13%

302,814 1,182 316,823 23% 29% 12%

367,614 10,406 317,658 22% 28% 12%

417,530 7,649 325,610 21% 28% 11%

363,643 225,528 275,697 20% 26% 11%

132,281 0 106,515 24% 29.1% 13%

217,803 0 126,169 23% 29.1% 13%

Wind 49,733 Wind-offshore 0 PV 9,247 Wind-onshore 25% Wind-offshore29.1%

89,951 0 69,448 25% 29.1%

161,764 0 101,419 24% 29.1%

206,202 0 168,440 23% 29.1%

256,150 0 235,510 23% 29.1%

383,929 2,576 262,631 24% 29%

492,286 5,299 263,229 24% 29%

574,336 12,017 263,772 25% 29%

598,923 127,238 267,629 25% 30%

74,787 0 55,613 25% 29.1%

214,185 0 129,173 23% 29.1%

AC C

%

251,073 0 235,405 23% 29.1% 12%

M AN U

Low

D

%

200 4003,108 600 Wind 39,837 800 124,844 1,000 188,554 PV + Wind power output, Wind-offshore 0 0 TWh 0 0 PV 54,430 119,033 139,397 185,870 Wind-onshore 28% 28% 24% 23% Wind-offshore29.1% 29.1% 29.1% 29.1% PV 13% 13% 13% 12%

TE

0 GWh

EP

High

RI PT

35%

Figure13

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

50

100

200

300

400

500

600

163

163

163

163

163

163

163

163

163

163

163

163

4,505

1,315

1,134

818

516

193

17

0

0

5,797

2,374

1,572

0

39

25

33

34

30

26

22

14

122

41

30

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

4,668 27 355 0 0 383

1,518 27 158 77 0 263

1,322 27 150 49 0 228

1,016 27 115 66 0 211

716 27 72 68 0 174

389 27 27 61 0 120

208 27 2 52 0 85

1,000 0

0

Without nuclear 0 25

25

25 50 100 200 300 400 500 600 0

25 50 100 200 300 400 500 600 Without nuclear

AC C

EP

TE

D

M AN U

With nuclear

Hydrogen tank

RI PT

GW

With nuclear 0

50

0 Battery 0

0

0

0

187 179 27 27 Battery 0 0 - NaS 45 29 0 0 74 Pumped 58

6,082 27 379 53 0 459

2,578 27 264 54 0 344

1,765 27 187 60 0 275

- Li-ion

hydro

SC

GWh

GWh 7,000 Pumped hydro 6,000 Battery - NaS Battery 5,000 - Li-ion Hydrogen 4,000 tank Total Pumped hydro 3,000 Battery - NaS Battery - Li-ion Hydrogen tank 2,000 Total

Hydrogen-fired Power Output, TWh

Figure14

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT GW

Chugoku-Kyushu 50 31.8 54.0 23.4 0.3 2.8 16.9 1.4 2.2 7.9 6.0 146.8 0.00

0 0

25 50 100 200 300 400 500 600 0

200 5.8 32.7 8.8 0.3 2.8 7.0 1.4 1.5 7.5 5.6 73.3 0.00

Without nuclear

300 1.4 25.4 2.1 0.3 2.8 3.5 1.4 1.2 5.6 4.4 48.2 0.00

AC C

EP

TE

D

M AN U

With nuclear

Kansai-Chugoku 400 500 600 0.9Shikoku-0.9 0.9 23.2Chugoku6.3 6.3 Kansai-Shikoku 2.1 2.1 2.1 0.3Chubu-Kansai 0.3 0.3 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8Hokuriku-Kansai 2.8 2.8 1.4 1.4 1.4 Chubu-Hokuriku 1.2 1.2 1.2 5.6Tokyo-Chubu 5.6 5.6 3.9 3.9 3.4 44.2Tohoku-Tokyo 27.3 26.7 0.00 0.00 0.00 HokkadoTohoku Hydrogen-fired 25 50 100 200 300 400 500 600 Power Output, TWh 100 22.2 45.0 17.9 0.3 2.8 12.6 1.4 2.5 8.3 6.4 119.3 0.00

Without nuclear 0 25 43.0 51.0 71.4 65.4 43.5 37.9 0.3 0.3 2.8 2.8 34.9 31.7 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.5 15.8 12.9 7.8 7.0 222.1 212.0 0.00 0.00

RI PT

With nuclear 0 25 36.5 42.0 1200 北海道－東北 2 60.6 60.1 東北－東京 3 38.3 29.1 東京－中部 4150 中部－北陸 0.3 0.3 5 2.8 2.8 北陸－関西 27.6 20.9 6 中部－関西 1.4 1.4 7100 関西－四国 8 1.2 1.4 四国－中国 9 12.1 9.3 関西－中国 10 5.9 7.8 中国－九州 50 Total 186.7 175.1 0.00 0.00

SC

250

50 48.7 63.0 32.2 0.3 2.8 29.3 1.4 1.9 11.2 6.1 196.8 0.00

Figure15_August

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 9 地域番号

Exports Hydrogen (in)

Li-ion (in) NaS (in) Pumped (in)

174 FR FR

175 FR FR

陸上風力 洋上風力 太陽光

Curtailment (wind and PV)

Imports Hydrogen (out) Li-ion (out) NaS (out) Pumped (out) Solar PV Wind Offshore Wind Onshore Hydrogen

Biomass

Geothermal Hydro

Nuclear

Demand

176 FR FR

Output profile

RI PT

0.203

SC

M AN U

D

77D1 77D2 77D3 77D4 77D5 77D6 77D7 77D8 77D9 77DA 77DB 77DC 77DD 77DE 77DF 77E0 77E1 77E2 77E3 77E4 77E5 77E6 77E7 77E8 77E9 77EA 77EB 77EC 77ED 77EE 77EF 77F0 77F1 77F2 77F3 77F4 77F5 77F6 77F7 77F8 77F9 77FA 77FB 77FC 77FD 77FE 77FF 7800 7801 7802 7803 7804 7805 7806 7807 7808 7809 780A 780B 780C 780D 780E 780F 7810 7811 7812 7813 7814 7815 7816 7817 7818 7819 781A 781B 781C 781D 781E 781F 7820 7821 7822 7823 7824 7825 7826 7827 7828 7829 782A 782B 782C 782D 782E 782F 7830 7831 7832 7833 7834 7835 7836 7837 7838 7839 783A 783B 783C 783D 783E 783F 7840 7841 7842 7843 7844 7845 7846 7847 7848 7849 784A 784B 784C 784D 784E 784F 7850 7851 7852 7853 7854 7855 7856 7857 7858 7859 785A 785B 785C 785D 785E 785F 7860 7861

AC C

30,673 30,674 30,675 30,676 30,677 100 30,678 30,679 30,680 30,681 50 30,682 30,683 30,684 30,685 30,686 0 30,687 30,688 30,689 30,690 30,691 -50 30,692 30,693 30,694 30,695 30,696 30,697 30,698 30,699 30,700 30,701 30,702 30,703 30,704 30,705 30,706 30,707 30,708 30,709 30,710 30,711 30,712 30,713 30,714 30,715 30,716 30,717 30,718 30,719 30,720 30,721 30,722 30,723 30,724 30,725 30,726 30,727 30,728 30,729 30,730 30,731 30,732 30,733 30,734 30,735 30,736 30,737 30,738 30,739 30,740 30,741 30,742 30,743 30,744 30,745 30,746 30,747 30,748 30,749 30,750 30,751 30,752 30,753 30,754 30,755 30,756 30,757 30,758 30,759 30,760 30,761 30,762 30,763 30,764 30,765 30,766 30,767 30,768 30,769 30,770 30,771 30,772 30,773 30,774 30,775 30,776 30,777 30,778 30,779 30,780 30,781 30,782 30,783 30,784 30,785 30,786 30,787 30,788 30,789 30,790 30,791 30,792 30,793 30,794 30,795 30,796 30,797 30,798 30,799 30,800 30,801 30,802 30,803 30,804 30,805 30,806 30,807 30,808 30,809 30,810 30,811 30,812 30,813 30,814 30,815 30,816 30,817

30673 最初 35136 最後 170 171 172 173 169 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 2 181 182 183 184 2 FN FO FP FQ FM FR FS FT FU FV FW FX B FY FZ GA GB B Nuclear Hydro Geothermal Biomass Hydrogen Wind Onshore Wind Offshore Solar PV Pumped (out) NaS (out) Li-ion (out)Hydrogen Imports (out) Curtailment dummy (wind and Pumped PV) (in) NaS (in) Li-ion (in) Hydrogen Exports (in) Demand check 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 71.880 3.497 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -113.583 -0.003 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 113.579 -0.002 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 71.175 3.019 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -112.400 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 112.396 -0.004 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 69.475 3.534 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -111.215 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 111.213 -0.003 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 67.549 4.623 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -110.377 -0.343 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 110.030 -0.005 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 65.712 4.951 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -108.869 -0.019 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 108.847 -0.004 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 64.996 4.717 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -107.918 -0.253 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 107.664 -0.001 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 64.360 4.035 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -106.601 -0.120 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 106.481 0.000 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 63.407 4.705 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -106.318 -0.310 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 106.007 -0.001 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 63.491 3.972 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -105.668 -0.135 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 105.533 0.000 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 62.715 4.612 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -105.533 -0.472 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 105.059 -0.001 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 62.743 4.135 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -105.085 -0.497 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 104.586 -0.002 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 61.690 4.868 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -104.764 -0.652 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 104.112 -0.001 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 60.658 5.375 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -104.239 -0.600 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 103.638 0.000 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 60.777 5.469 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -104.452 -0.861 0.000 -0.025 0.000 0.000 103.566 0.000 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 60.919 5.232 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -104.357 -0.863 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 103.494 0.000 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 61.198 4.878 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -104.282 -0.861 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 103.421 0.000 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 60.887 4.947 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -104.040 -0.691 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 103.349 0.000 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 60.505 5.480 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -104.191 -0.913 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 103.277 -0.001 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 60.509 5.125 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -103.839 -0.631 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 103.204 -0.004 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 59.207 6.567 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -103.980 -0.913 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 103.056 -0.010 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 59.306 5.845 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -103.357 -0.448 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 102.909 0.000 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 59.681 4.877 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -102.764 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 102.761 -0.003 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 59.419 4.990 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -102.615 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 102.613 -0.002 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 59.366 4.895 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -102.467 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 102.465 -0.002 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 59.646 4.467 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -102.319 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 102.317 -0.002 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 58.775 5.420 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -102.401 -0.287 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 102.113 -0.001 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 58.624 5.210 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -102.041 -0.131 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 101.910 0.000 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 58.284 5.407 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -101.897 -0.191 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 101.706 0.000 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 58.204 5.404 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -101.814 -0.311 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 101.502 0.000 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 58.524 5.100 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -101.830 -0.531 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 101.299 -0.001 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 61.130 2.022 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -101.359 -0.212 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 101.095 -0.052 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 58.986 5.141 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -102.335 -0.286 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 102.034 -0.015 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 59.853 5.549 0.000 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -0.094 -103.517 -0.637 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 102.974 0.000 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 60.399 5.755 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -0.255 -104.104 -0.446 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 103.914 0.000 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 61.271 6.198 0.000 0.017 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -0.478 -105.214 -0.839 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 104.853 0.000 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 62.298 5.338 0.000 0.176 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -0.257 -105.760 -0.225 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 105.793 0.000 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 62.645 5.943 0.000 0.628 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -0.274 -107.148 -0.689 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 106.732 -0.001 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 64.082 6.054 0.000 1.217 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -0.104 -109.455 -0.779 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 108.779 -0.001 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 65.067 6.353 0.000 1.944 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -111.570 -0.743 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 110.825 -0.002 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 65.469 7.067 0.000 2.702 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -113.444 -0.566 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 112.872 -0.006 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 66.358 7.213 0.000 3.670 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -115.448 -0.516 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 114.918 -0.014 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 69.530 5.039 0.000 4.874 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -117.649 -0.052 0.000 -0.625 0.000 0.000 116.965 -0.007 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 72.797 3.056 0.000 5.491 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -119.551 0.000 0.000 -0.485 0.000 0.000 119.011 -0.055 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 74.115 5.169 0.000 6.443 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -123.933 -0.052 0.000 -1.507 0.000 0.000 122.323 -0.051 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 75.437 5.206 0.000 8.149 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -126.998 0.000 0.000 -1.302 0.000 0.000 125.634 -0.062 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 73.850 7.899 0.000 9.365 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -129.321 -0.017 0.000 -0.340 0.000 0.000 128.946 -0.018 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 75.006 8.318 0.000 10.748 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -132.278 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 132.258 -0.020 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 76.417 7.999 0.000 13.052 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -135.673 -0.052 0.000 -0.046 0.000 0.000 135.570 -0.006 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 77.803 9.186 0.000 14.218 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -139.413 -0.052 0.000 -0.478 0.000 0.000 138.881 -0.001 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 78.861 11.303 0.000 13.817 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -142.187 -0.052 0.000 -0.415 0.000 0.000 141.694 -0.026 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 80.253 10.641 0.000 15.411 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -144.512 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 144.506 -0.006 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 81.480 9.564 0.000 17.914 0.000 0.000 0.186 0.000 0.000 0.000 -147.350 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 147.318 -0.032 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 86.472 7.110 0.000 19.129 0.000 0.000 0.317 0.000 0.000 0.000 -151.234 -1.072 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 150.130 -0.032 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 89.996 7.486 0.000 20.036 0.000 0.000 0.425 0.000 0.000 0.000 -156.148 -3.184 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 152.942 -0.022 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 87.877 10.081 0.000 21.938 0.000 0.000 0.483 0.000 0.000 0.000 -158.585 -2.806 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 155.754 -0.025 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 90.228 8.243 0.000 23.516 0.000 0.000 0.469 0.000 0.000 0.000 -160.662 -3.678 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 156.951 -0.033 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 89.137 10.530 0.000 24.540 0.000 0.000 0.377 0.000 0.000 0.000 -162.790 -4.456 0.000 -0.147 0.000 0.000 158.148 -0.039 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 89.417 9.402 0.000 24.849 0.000 0.000 0.521 0.000 0.000 0.000 -162.395 -3.003 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 159.344 -0.048 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 86.200 13.544 0.000 23.839 0.000 0.000 0.519 0.000 0.000 0.000 -162.309 -1.747 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 160.541 -0.021 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 86.681 14.385 0.000 24.593 0.000 0.000 0.370 0.000 0.000 0.000 -164.235 -2.053 0.000 -0.369 0.000 0.000 161.738 -0.074 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 83.632 15.777 0.000 27.941 0.000 0.000 0.361 0.000 0.000 0.000 -165.917 -2.680 0.000 -0.264 0.000 0.000 162.935 -0.038 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 85.188 14.563 0.000 29.449 0.000 0.000 0.070 0.000 0.000 0.000 -167.476 -2.858 0.000 -0.913 0.000 0.000 163.626 -0.079 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 87.482 13.121 0.000 28.723 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -167.531 -1.465 0.000 -1.706 0.000 0.000 164.318 -0.042 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 86.380 15.494 0.000 28.579 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -168.660 -2.170 0.000 -1.410 0.000 0.000 165.010 -0.071 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 89.518 10.037 0.000 30.747 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -168.508 -0.052 0.000 -2.675 0.000 0.000 165.701 -0.079 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 90.201 11.087 0.000 30.262 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -169.757 -0.052 0.000 -3.240 0.000 0.000 166.393 -0.071 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 87.982 12.684 0.000 30.451 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -169.323 -0.052 0.000 -2.122 0.000 0.000 167.085 -0.064 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 85.665 15.068 0.000 31.053 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -169.991 -0.052 0.000 -3.724 0.000 0.000 166.144 -0.071 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 84.338 13.967 0.000 31.819 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -168.330 -0.052 0.000 -3.027 0.000 0.000 165.203 -0.047 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 81.121 17.436 0.000 34.355 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -171.118 -1.926 0.000 -4.862 0.000 0.000 164.262 -0.068 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 80.869 16.661 0.000 31.073 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -166.809 -0.052 0.000 -3.396 0.000 0.000 163.322 -0.039 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 80.823 16.437 0.000 31.957 0.000 0.000 0.058 0.000 0.000 0.000 -167.481 -0.052 0.000 -5.024 0.000 0.000 162.381 -0.023 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 77.725 17.288 0.000 32.326 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -165.545 -0.052 0.000 -4.021 0.000 0.000 161.440 -0.031 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 79.053 16.411 0.000 30.864 0.000 0.000 0.143 0.000 0.000 0.000 -164.676 -0.052 0.000 -2.197 0.000 0.000 162.405 -0.021 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 80.507 16.435 0.000 29.681 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -164.829 -0.052 0.000 -1.348 0.000 0.000 163.370 -0.058 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 79.178 18.581 0.000 30.728 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -166.693 -0.052 0.000 -2.285 0.000 0.000 164.336 -0.020 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 81.679 18.353 0.000 31.034 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -169.272 -0.028 0.000 -3.923 0.000 0.000 165.301 -0.020 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 81.940 18.595 0.000 30.295 0.000 0.000 0.097 0.000 0.000 0.000 -169.133 0.000 0.000 -2.814 0.000 0.000 166.266 -0.054 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 82.952 16.677 0.000 32.761 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -170.596 0.000 0.000 -3.318 0.000 0.000 167.231 -0.047 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 86.545 15.231 0.000 30.421 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -170.403 0.000 0.000 -2.892 0.000 0.000 167.444 -0.067 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 84.213 19.086 0.000 29.900 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -171.405 0.000 0.000 -3.672 0.000 0.000 167.658 -0.075 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 87.149 15.380 0.000 26.992 0.000 0.000 0.215 0.000 0.000 0.000 -167.942 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 167.871 -0.070 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 84.614 18.162 0.000 27.314 0.000 0.000 0.061 0.000 0.000 0.000 -168.357 0.000 0.000 -0.190 0.000 0.000 168.085 -0.082 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 84.685 18.239 0.000 27.351 0.000 0.000 0.166 0.000 0.000 0.000 -168.646 0.000 0.000 -0.273 0.000 0.000 168.299 -0.075 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 82.051 21.927 0.000 27.233 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -169.418 0.000 0.000 -0.841 0.000 0.000 168.512 -0.064 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 82.685 19.601 0.000 29.120 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -169.611 0.000 0.000 -1.313 0.000 0.000 168.276 -0.023 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 84.119 20.342 0.000 26.406 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -169.072 -0.279 0.000 -0.729 0.000 0.000 168.039 -0.024 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 82.717 20.267 0.000 27.626 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -168.817 0.000 0.000 -0.971 0.000 0.000 167.803 -0.043 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 84.594 19.808 0.000 27.167 0.000 0.000 0.011 0.000 0.000 0.000 -169.786 0.000 0.000 -2.194 0.000 0.000 167.566 -0.026 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 87.371 16.887 0.000 26.568 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -169.032 0.000 0.000 -1.665 0.000 0.000 167.330 -0.038 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 84.357 21.080 0.000 27.128 0.000 0.000 0.135 0.000 0.000 0.000 -170.906 0.000 0.000 -3.716 0.000 0.000 167.094 -0.097 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 87.386 16.394 0.000 25.879 0.000 0.000 0.190 0.000 0.000 0.000 -168.054 0.000 0.000 -0.935 0.000 0.000 167.084 -0.035 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 89.672 13.943 0.000 25.779 0.000 0.000 0.203 0.000 0.000 0.000 -167.803 0.000 0.000 -0.684 0.000 0.000 167.074 -0.046 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 89.927 14.727 0.000 25.315 0.000 0.000 0.179 0.000 0.000 0.000 -168.353 0.000 0.000 -1.241 0.000 0.000 167.064 -0.049 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 87.163 20.967 0.000 24.184 0.000 0.000 0.312 0.000 0.000 0.000 -170.832 -0.683 0.000 -2.994 0.000 0.000 167.054 -0.102 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 87.186 20.227 0.000 22.755 0.000 0.000 0.281 0.000 0.000 0.000 -168.655 -0.202 0.000 -1.289 0.000 0.000 167.044 -0.120 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 90.469 18.114 0.000 20.020 0.000 0.000 0.325 0.000 0.000 0.000 -167.135 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 167.034 -0.101 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 87.605 19.585 0.000 20.516 0.000 0.000 0.253 0.000 0.000 0.000 -166.165 0.000 0.000 -0.143 0.000 0.000 165.935 -0.086 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 85.688 21.890 0.000 18.793 0.000 0.000 0.330 0.000 0.000 0.000 -164.907 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 164.837 -0.070 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 86.784 22.770 0.000 17.156 0.000 0.000 0.264 0.000 0.000 0.000 -165.179 -1.171 0.000 -0.220 0.000 0.000 163.738 -0.050 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 89.445 20.670 0.000 15.485 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -163.806 0.000 0.000 -1.109 0.000 0.000 162.640 -0.057 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 90.043 20.285 0.000 14.745 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -163.279 -0.121 0.000 -1.575 0.000 0.000 161.542 -0.042 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 92.433 16.161 0.000 13.290 0.052 0.000 0.357 0.000 0.000 0.000 -160.499 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 160.443 -0.056 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 89.335 20.789 0.000 11.663 0.052 0.000 0.124 0.000 0.000 0.000 -160.169 -0.183 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 159.854 -0.133 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 90.059 20.632 0.000 10.116 0.052 0.000 1.529 0.000 0.000 0.000 -160.594 -1.124 0.000 -0.078 0.000 0.000 159.264 -0.129 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 93.498 15.455 0.000 8.709 0.573 0.000 2.304 0.000 0.000 0.000 -158.744 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 158.674 -0.070 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 94.348 13.533 0.000 7.376 0.913 0.000 3.791 0.000 0.000 0.000 -158.168 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 158.085 -0.083 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 91.250 20.145 0.000 5.749 0.913 0.000 3.284 0.000 0.000 0.000 -159.547 -1.825 0.000 -0.076 0.000 0.000 157.495 -0.152 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 93.907 15.435 0.000 4.489 0.886 0.000 4.055 0.000 0.000 0.000 -156.977 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 156.905 -0.072 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 94.069 15.956 0.000 3.203 0.719 0.000 4.627 0.000 0.000 0.000 -156.780 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 156.697 -0.083 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 93.732 18.434 0.000 1.704 0.360 0.000 4.161 0.000 0.000 0.000 -156.597 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 156.488 -0.109 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 94.483 17.348 0.000 0.872 0.677 0.000 4.815 0.000 0.000 0.000 -156.402 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 156.280 -0.122 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 94.497 17.461 0.000 0.465 0.913 0.000 5.355 0.000 0.000 0.000 -156.898 -0.708 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 156.071 -0.119 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 94.539 16.163 0.000 0.226 0.913 0.000 6.881 0.000 0.000 0.000 -156.928 -0.955 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 155.863 -0.111 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 95.200 14.473 0.000 0.123 0.913 0.000 6.853 0.000 0.000 0.000 -155.769 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 155.654 -0.114 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 92.975 16.358 0.000 0.057 0.913 0.000 6.719 0.000 0.000 0.000 -155.228 -0.597 0.000 -0.053 0.000 0.000 154.432 -0.146 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 93.515 14.558 0.000 0.019 0.913 0.000 6.108 0.000 0.000 0.000 -153.320 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 153.210 -0.109 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 92.387 17.259 0.000 0.007 5.025 0.000 1.271 0.000 0.000 0.000 -154.155 -1.845 0.000 -0.178 0.000 0.000 151.988 -0.143 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 93.328 13.739 0.000 0.000 4.812 0.000 0.794 0.000 0.000 0.000 -150.880 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 150.766 -0.113 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 91.859 16.557 0.000 0.000 4.139 0.000 0.451 0.000 0.000 0.000 -151.212 -1.512 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 149.544 -0.156 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 93.217 12.769 0.000 0.000 3.693 0.000 0.557 0.000 0.000 0.000 -148.442 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 148.322 -0.120 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 92.315 13.653 0.000 0.000 2.589 0.000 0.306 0.000 0.000 0.000 -147.069 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 146.950 -0.119 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 90.090 17.518 0.000 0.000 2.173 0.000 0.173 0.000 0.000 0.000 -148.159 -1.462 0.000 -0.973 0.000 0.000 145.577 -0.146 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 89.977 14.601 0.000 0.000 1.507 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -144.292 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 144.205 -0.087 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 89.363 14.705 0.000 0.000 0.626 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -142.900 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 142.833 -0.067 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 87.032 16.980 0.000 0.000 0.656 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -142.874 -0.736 0.000 -0.549 0.000 0.000 141.460 -0.129 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 87.153 14.797 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -140.156 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 140.088 -0.068 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 87.133 13.778 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -139.117 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 139.048 -0.069 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 85.025 14.856 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -138.086 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 138.009 -0.078 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 85.496 13.442 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -137.144 0.000 0.000 -0.082 0.000 0.000 136.969 -0.093 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 82.398 15.934 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -136.538 0.000 0.000 -0.526 0.000 0.000 135.929 -0.082 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 82.759 14.671 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -135.636 -0.680 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 134.890 -0.066 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 82.252 13.443 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -133.901 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 133.850 -0.051 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 80.210 15.210 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -133.626 -1.155 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 132.412 -0.059 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 77.362 15.593 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -131.161 0.000 0.000 -0.135 0.000 0.000 130.974 -0.053 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 76.000 16.690 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -130.896 -1.297 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 129.536 -0.064 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 76.517 13.409 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -128.132 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 128.098 -0.034 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 75.425 13.054 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -126.684 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 126.660 -0.024 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 75.252 11.779 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -125.237 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 125.222 -0.015 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 74.703 10.562 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -123.471 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 123.447 -0.023 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 73.405 10.078 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -121.689 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 121.673 -0.016 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 72.969 8.732 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -119.906 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 119.899 -0.008 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 70.194 9.745 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -118.145 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 118.124 -0.020 22.346 9.989 1.266 4.605 70.794 7.360 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -116.359 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 116.350 -0.010 22.348 9.852 1.266 4.605 69.110 7.438 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -114.618 -0.041 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 114.576 -0.002

TE

150

I

Power Generation, 8GW 月

EP

200

FR FR

Figure15_May

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 9 地域番号

Exports Hydrogen (in)

Li-ion (in) NaS (in) Pumped (in)

174 175 FR FR FR FR FR FR Output profile

Imports Hydrogen (out) Li-ion (out) NaS (out) Pumped (out) Solar PV Wind Offshore Wind Onshore Hydrogen

Biomass

Geothermal Hydro

Nuclear

Demand

176 FR FR FR

陸上風力 洋上風力 太陽光

Curtailment (wind and PV)

RI PT

0.243

SC

M AN U

D

4411 4412 4413 4414 4415 4416 4417 4418 4419 441A 441B 441C 441D 441E 441F 4420 4421 4422 4423 4424 4425 4426 4427 4428 4429 442A 442B 442C 442D 442E 442F 4430 4431 4432 4433 4434 4435 4436 4437 4438 4439 443A 443B 443C 443D 443E 443F 4440 4441 4442 4443 4444 4445 4446 4447 4448 4449 444A 444B 444C 444D 444E 444F 4450 4451 4452 4453 4454 4455 4456 4457 4458 4459 445A 445B 445C 445D 445E 445F 4460 4461 4462 4463 4464 4465 4466 4467 4468 4469 446A 446B 446C 446D 446E 446F 4470 4471 4472 4473 4474 4475 4476 4477 4478 4479 447A 447B 447C 447D 447E 447F 4480 4481 4482 4483 4484 4485 4486 4487 4488 4489 448A 448B 448C 448D 448E 448F 4490 4491 4492 4493 4494 4495 4496 4497 4498 4499 449A 449B 449C 449D 449E 449F 44A0 44A1

AC C

17,425 17,426 17,427 17,428 80 17,429 17,430 17,431 60 17,432 17,433 17,434 40 17,435 17,436 17,437 20 17,438 17,439 17,440 0 17,441 17,442 17,443 -20 17,444 17,445 17,446 17,447 17,448 17,449 17,450 17,451 17,452 17,453 17,454 17,455 17,456 17,457 17,458 17,459 17,460 17,461 17,462 17,463 17,464 17,465 17,466 17,467 17,468 17,469 17,470 17,471 17,472 17,473 17,474 17,475 17,476 17,477 17,478 17,479 17,480 17,481 17,482 17,483 17,484 17,485 17,486 17,487 17,488 17,489 17,490 17,491 17,492 17,493 17,494 17,495 17,496 17,497 17,498 17,499 17,500 17,501 17,502 17,503 17,504 17,505 17,506 17,507 17,508 17,509 17,510 17,511 17,512 17,513 17,514 17,515 17,516 17,517 17,518 17,519 17,520 17,521 17,522 17,523 17,524 17,525 17,526 17,527 17,528 17,529 17,530 17,531 17,532 17,533 17,534 17,535 17,536 17,537 17,538 17,539 17,540 17,541 17,542 17,543 17,544 17,545 17,546 17,547 17,548 17,549 17,550 17,551 17,552 17,553 17,554 17,555 17,556 17,557 17,558 17,559 17,560 17,561 17,562 17,563 17,564 17,565 17,566 17,567 17,568 17,569

17425 最初 21888 最後 170 171 172 173 169 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 2 181 182 183 184 2 FN FO FP FQ FM FR FS FT FU FV FW FX B FY FZ GA GB B Nuclear Hydro Geothermal Biomass Hydrogen Wind Onshore Wind Offshore Solar PV Pumped (out) NaS (out) Li-ion (out)Hydrogen Imports (out) Curtailment dummy (wind and Pumped PV) (in) NaS (in) Li-ion (in) Hydrogen Exports (in) Demand check 13.504 12.377 1.266 4.605 42.909 7.934 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -82.595 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 82.590 -0.006 13.541 12.377 1.266 4.605 42.495 8.257 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -82.541 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 82.537 -0.004 13.577 12.377 1.266 4.605 41.435 9.250 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -82.510 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 82.485 -0.026 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 42.739 7.678 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.159 0.000 0.000 0.000 -82.434 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 82.432 -0.002 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 42.175 7.934 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.417 0.000 0.000 0.000 -82.383 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 82.379 -0.004 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 42.391 8.087 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -82.336 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 82.327 -0.009 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 41.706 8.988 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -82.552 -0.258 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 82.274 -0.020 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 42.121 8.549 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.357 0.000 0.000 0.000 -82.886 -0.211 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 82.665 -0.010 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 42.682 8.707 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -83.246 -0.182 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 83.056 -0.009 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 44.438 7.228 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.111 0.000 0.000 0.000 -83.635 -0.181 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 83.446 -0.008 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 44.610 7.461 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.088 0.000 0.000 0.000 -84.016 -0.172 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 83.837 -0.007 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 42.989 9.511 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -84.358 -0.119 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 84.228 -0.011 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 44.464 7.930 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.508 0.000 0.000 0.000 -84.760 -0.132 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 84.619 -0.009 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 45.111 8.087 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -85.056 -0.141 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 84.908 -0.008 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 44.086 9.391 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -85.335 -0.093 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 85.197 -0.044 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 46.033 7.036 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.713 0.000 0.000 0.000 -85.640 -0.143 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 85.487 -0.010 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 47.376 6.210 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.445 0.000 0.000 0.000 -85.888 -0.107 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 85.776 -0.005 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 48.179 5.992 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.209 0.000 0.000 0.000 -86.238 -0.165 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 86.065 -0.008 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 48.949 5.721 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.046 0.000 0.000 0.000 -86.574 -0.207 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 86.354 -0.012 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 48.598 5.943 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -86.399 -0.204 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 86.183 -0.012 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 48.603 5.642 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.128 0.000 0.000 0.000 -86.230 -0.205 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 86.012 -0.013 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 47.872 6.285 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -86.015 -0.160 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 85.840 -0.015 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 47.857 6.200 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -85.915 -0.002 0.000 -0.229 0.000 0.000 85.669 -0.015 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 48.170 5.798 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -85.826 0.000 0.000 -0.315 0.000 0.000 85.498 -0.014 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 47.711 6.209 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -85.778 0.000 0.000 -0.439 0.000 0.000 85.326 -0.013 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 46.525 6.996 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -85.378 0.000 0.000 -0.449 0.000 0.000 84.914 -0.015 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 46.181 6.931 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -84.971 0.000 0.000 -0.455 0.000 0.000 84.502 -0.014 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 46.077 6.540 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.046 0.000 0.000 0.000 -84.521 0.000 0.000 -0.421 0.000 0.000 84.090 -0.010 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 45.815 6.574 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -84.247 0.000 0.000 -0.564 0.000 0.000 83.678 -0.005 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 45.229 6.638 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -83.726 0.000 0.000 -0.451 0.000 0.000 83.266 -0.008 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 44.702 6.721 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -83.281 0.000 0.000 -0.417 0.000 0.000 82.854 -0.009 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 44.670 7.287 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -83.816 0.000 0.000 -0.475 0.000 0.000 83.334 -0.007 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 45.279 7.121 0.000 0.011 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -84.269 0.000 0.000 -0.450 0.000 0.000 83.813 -0.006 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 45.879 7.054 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -0.021 -84.770 0.000 0.000 -0.490 0.000 0.000 84.292 -0.009 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 46.194 7.097 0.000 0.070 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -0.051 -85.167 0.000 0.000 -0.441 0.000 0.000 84.772 -0.006 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 46.252 6.526 0.000 0.306 0.000 0.000 0.318 0.000 0.000 -0.074 -85.186 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 85.251 -0.009 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 46.399 6.898 0.000 0.579 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -0.026 -85.707 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 85.730 -0.003 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 47.049 6.554 0.000 1.000 0.000 0.000 0.146 0.000 0.000 0.000 -86.607 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 86.606 -0.001 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 47.849 5.240 0.000 1.624 0.000 0.000 0.914 0.000 0.000 0.000 -87.485 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 87.482 -0.004 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 48.406 5.658 0.000 2.165 0.000 0.000 0.274 0.000 0.000 0.000 -88.361 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 88.358 -0.003 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 48.807 5.480 0.000 2.861 0.000 0.000 0.236 0.000 0.000 0.000 -89.242 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 89.234 -0.009 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 48.366 6.390 0.000 3.509 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -90.123 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 90.109 -0.013 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 47.743 7.408 0.000 3.780 0.000 0.000 0.285 0.000 0.000 0.000 -91.075 0.000 0.000 -0.073 0.000 0.000 90.985 -0.017 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 47.426 8.556 0.000 4.486 0.000 0.000 0.224 0.000 0.000 0.000 -92.550 0.000 0.000 -0.109 0.000 0.000 92.423 -0.018 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 44.940 11.107 0.000 5.991 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -93.895 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 93.861 -0.034 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 45.483 11.125 0.000 6.794 0.000 0.000 0.064 0.000 0.000 0.000 -95.324 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 95.299 -0.024 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 47.887 8.694 0.000 8.199 0.000 0.000 0.111 0.000 0.000 0.000 -96.749 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 96.737 -0.012 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 46.807 9.458 0.000 9.896 0.000 0.000 0.174 0.000 0.000 0.000 -98.193 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 98.175 -0.019 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 46.668 10.375 0.000 10.428 0.000 0.000 0.307 0.000 0.000 0.000 -99.636 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 99.613 -0.024 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 47.326 9.842 0.000 11.417 0.000 0.000 0.369 0.000 0.000 0.000 -100.812 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 100.786 -0.026 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 49.524 7.014 0.000 12.472 0.000 0.000 1.116 0.000 0.000 0.000 -101.985 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 101.960 -0.025 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 47.914 9.247 0.000 13.254 0.000 0.000 0.884 0.000 0.000 0.000 -103.157 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 103.133 -0.024 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 46.404 10.912 0.000 14.069 0.000 0.000 1.090 0.000 0.000 0.000 -104.334 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 104.306 -0.027 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 46.262 11.417 0.000 15.975 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -105.512 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 105.480 -0.033 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 49.809 9.038 0.000 16.022 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -106.726 -0.032 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 106.653 -0.041 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 46.683 11.748 0.000 17.496 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -107.786 -0.132 0.000 -0.496 0.000 0.000 107.107 -0.050 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 45.132 12.291 0.000 18.805 0.000 0.000 0.446 0.000 0.000 0.000 -108.532 0.000 0.000 -0.919 0.000 0.000 107.562 -0.052 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 44.988 12.147 0.000 17.260 0.000 0.000 1.797 0.000 0.000 0.000 -108.051 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 108.016 -0.035 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 45.122 11.273 0.000 18.648 0.000 0.000 1.892 0.000 0.000 0.000 -108.793 0.000 0.000 -0.281 0.000 0.000 108.470 -0.042 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 41.955 15.681 0.000 19.362 0.000 0.000 0.858 0.000 0.000 0.000 -109.714 0.000 0.000 -0.700 0.000 0.000 108.924 -0.091 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 43.457 13.975 0.000 19.516 0.000 0.000 0.637 0.000 0.000 0.000 -109.442 0.000 0.000 -0.025 0.000 0.000 109.378 -0.038 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 41.603 16.830 0.000 20.270 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -110.561 -0.871 0.000 -0.025 0.000 0.000 109.554 -0.111 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 44.083 16.790 0.000 18.280 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -111.011 -0.871 0.000 -0.353 0.000 0.000 109.729 -0.058 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 45.640 16.871 0.000 16.604 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -110.973 -0.871 0.000 -0.134 0.000 0.000 109.904 -0.064 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 45.693 16.555 0.000 16.977 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -111.083 -0.871 0.000 -0.061 0.000 0.000 110.079 -0.072 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 46.321 15.779 0.000 16.889 0.000 0.000 0.355 0.000 0.000 0.000 -111.202 -0.871 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 110.254 -0.077 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 47.682 15.638 0.000 15.124 0.000 0.000 0.879 0.000 0.000 0.000 -111.181 -0.681 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 110.429 -0.071 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 43.878 12.999 0.000 17.719 0.000 0.000 3.406 0.000 0.000 0.000 -109.861 -0.158 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 109.663 -0.040 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 39.776 15.421 0.000 22.241 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -109.296 -0.335 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 108.897 -0.065 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 40.276 18.922 0.000 19.814 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -110.870 -0.871 0.000 -1.798 0.000 0.000 108.131 -0.069 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 39.884 16.447 0.000 19.952 0.000 0.000 0.142 0.000 0.000 0.000 -108.283 -0.839 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 107.365 -0.079 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 40.200 14.782 0.000 19.927 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -106.767 -0.115 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 106.599 -0.054 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 38.908 15.670 0.000 20.470 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -106.906 -0.871 0.000 -0.149 0.000 0.000 105.833 -0.054 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 40.124 14.370 0.000 20.353 0.000 0.000 0.164 0.000 0.000 0.000 -106.869 -0.250 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 106.568 -0.052 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 37.163 17.198 0.000 21.668 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -107.888 -0.497 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 107.303 -0.089 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 41.616 13.799 0.000 20.985 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -108.258 -0.170 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 108.038 -0.051 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 43.550 14.176 0.000 19.614 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -109.198 -0.382 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 108.773 -0.044 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 44.971 16.766 0.000 17.532 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -111.127 -0.871 0.000 -0.703 0.000 0.000 109.508 -0.045 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 44.158 16.793 0.000 18.908 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -111.716 -0.871 0.000 -0.544 0.000 0.000 110.243 -0.059 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 41.210 19.233 0.000 19.895 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -112.196 -0.871 0.000 -0.976 0.000 0.000 110.280 -0.068 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 42.073 19.994 0.000 17.628 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -111.554 -0.839 0.000 -0.304 0.000 0.000 110.318 -0.092 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 44.040 19.258 0.000 16.581 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -111.736 -0.871 0.000 -0.417 0.000 0.000 110.356 -0.092 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 46.383 16.845 0.000 15.916 0.000 0.000 0.763 0.000 0.000 0.000 -111.766 -0.871 0.000 -0.436 0.000 0.000 110.394 -0.065 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 46.928 18.345 0.000 14.680 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -111.811 -0.871 0.000 -0.443 0.000 0.000 110.432 -0.065 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 47.049 18.995 0.000 13.993 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -111.895 -0.871 0.000 -0.486 0.000 0.000 110.469 -0.067 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 45.040 19.592 0.000 15.260 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -111.750 -0.663 0.000 -0.607 0.000 0.000 110.398 -0.083 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 46.052 20.576 0.000 14.217 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -112.704 -0.871 0.000 -1.435 0.000 0.000 110.326 -0.071 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 45.033 20.925 0.000 13.835 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -111.651 -0.445 0.000 -0.877 0.000 0.000 110.254 -0.075 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 47.540 19.777 0.000 12.997 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -112.172 -0.692 0.000 -1.230 0.000 0.000 110.182 -0.069 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 47.469 19.774 0.000 13.207 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -112.309 -0.871 0.000 -1.260 0.000 0.000 110.110 -0.067 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 49.364 17.593 0.000 11.776 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -110.591 -0.295 0.000 -0.192 0.000 0.000 110.038 -0.066 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 50.364 18.233 0.000 11.139 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -111.594 -0.724 0.000 -0.649 0.000 0.000 110.156 -0.065 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 50.225 21.051 0.000 9.286 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -112.420 -0.151 0.000 -1.927 0.000 0.000 110.275 -0.068 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 51.232 20.780 0.000 8.209 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -112.079 -0.871 0.000 -0.746 0.000 0.000 110.393 -0.069 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 50.327 19.731 0.000 9.429 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -111.345 -0.436 0.000 -0.320 0.000 0.000 110.511 -0.078 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 50.531 21.921 0.000 7.719 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -112.029 -0.345 0.000 -0.966 0.000 0.000 110.629 -0.089 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 52.006 19.580 0.000 7.418 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -110.863 -0.053 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 110.747 -0.063 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 55.360 16.644 0.000 6.495 0.000 0.000 0.325 0.000 0.000 0.000 -110.682 -0.013 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 110.619 -0.050 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 56.530 17.136 0.000 5.075 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -110.599 -0.053 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 110.491 -0.055 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 54.662 19.570 0.000 4.544 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -110.633 -0.198 0.000 -0.003 0.000 0.000 110.363 -0.069 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 56.584 17.683 0.000 3.999 0.000 0.000 0.173 0.000 0.000 0.000 -110.296 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 110.235 -0.061 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 61.218 13.339 0.000 3.508 0.000 0.000 0.204 0.000 0.000 0.000 -110.129 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 110.107 -0.021 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 60.334 14.555 0.000 2.869 0.000 0.000 0.397 0.000 0.000 0.000 -110.013 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 109.979 -0.034 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 62.075 14.155 0.000 2.395 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -110.482 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 110.460 -0.023 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 64.412 12.079 0.000 1.603 0.000 0.000 1.005 0.000 0.000 0.000 -110.957 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 110.940 -0.017 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 62.295 15.666 0.000 1.334 0.000 0.000 0.317 0.000 0.000 0.000 -111.471 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 111.421 -0.050 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 66.399 12.084 0.000 0.868 0.000 0.000 0.714 0.000 0.000 0.000 -111.923 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 111.901 -0.022 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 67.813 10.621 0.000 0.524 0.000 0.000 1.597 0.000 0.000 0.000 -112.413 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 112.382 -0.031 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 68.349 12.124 0.000 0.390 0.000 0.000 0.172 0.000 0.000 0.000 -112.892 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 112.862 -0.030 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 69.635 10.586 0.000 0.328 0.000 0.000 0.472 0.000 0.000 0.000 -112.879 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 112.839 -0.040 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 68.201 11.568 0.000 0.257 0.000 0.000 0.974 0.000 0.000 0.000 -112.858 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 112.816 -0.042 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 66.042 14.577 0.000 0.195 0.000 0.000 0.157 0.000 0.000 0.000 -112.831 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 112.794 -0.037 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 67.127 13.482 0.000 0.130 0.000 0.000 0.205 0.000 0.000 0.000 -112.801 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 112.771 -0.031 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 68.645 11.977 0.000 0.068 0.228 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -112.777 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 112.748 -0.029 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 67.876 12.907 0.000 0.024 0.092 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -112.757 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 112.725 -0.032 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 67.585 12.164 0.000 0.009 0.000 0.000 0.262 0.000 0.000 0.000 -111.879 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 111.855 -0.024 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 65.392 13.768 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -111.020 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 110.985 -0.036 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 63.033 14.921 0.000 0.000 0.387 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -110.199 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 110.115 -0.085 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 66.066 9.983 0.000 0.000 0.871 0.000 0.475 0.000 0.000 0.000 -109.253 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 109.244 -0.009 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 64.847 10.330 0.000 0.000 0.871 0.000 0.491 0.000 0.000 0.000 -108.397 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 108.374 -0.023 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 63.950 10.328 0.000 0.000 0.871 0.000 0.519 0.000 0.000 0.000 -107.526 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 107.504 -0.022 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 62.103 11.354 0.000 0.000 0.871 0.000 0.262 0.000 0.000 0.000 -106.448 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 106.425 -0.023 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 60.920 12.045 0.000 0.000 0.526 0.000 0.014 0.000 0.000 0.000 -105.363 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 105.346 -0.017 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 58.799 13.087 0.000 0.000 0.542 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -104.286 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 104.267 -0.019 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 61.936 8.865 0.000 0.000 0.532 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -103.191 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 103.188 -0.003 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 60.682 9.558 0.000 0.000 0.023 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -102.122 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 102.109 -0.013 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 60.987 7.245 0.000 0.000 0.528 0.000 0.418 0.000 0.000 0.000 -101.036 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 101.030 -0.006 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 58.752 8.564 0.000 0.000 0.871 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -100.045 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 100.040 -0.005 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 57.639 8.684 0.000 0.000 0.871 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -99.052 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 99.050 -0.001 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 56.322 9.013 0.000 0.000 0.871 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -98.064 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 98.061 -0.004 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 56.729 7.139 0.000 0.000 0.683 0.000 0.665 0.000 0.000 0.000 -97.074 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 97.071 -0.003 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 56.798 6.456 0.000 0.000 0.800 0.000 0.179 0.000 0.000 0.000 -96.092 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 96.082 -0.011 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 54.489 7.615 0.000 0.000 0.871 0.000 0.270 0.000 0.000 0.000 -95.103 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 95.092 -0.012 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 52.483 9.876 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -94.217 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 94.197 -0.020 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 53.065 7.558 0.000 0.000 0.598 0.000 0.243 0.000 0.000 0.000 -93.321 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 93.301 -0.020 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 52.465 7.242 0.000 0.000 0.711 0.000 0.147 0.000 0.000 0.000 -92.423 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 92.406 -0.017 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 50.174 8.686 0.000 0.000 0.667 0.000 0.144 0.000 0.000 0.000 -91.529 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 91.510 -0.018 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 50.774 7.343 0.000 0.000 0.647 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -90.623 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 90.615 -0.007 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 49.432 7.871 0.000 0.000 0.565 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -89.725 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 89.720 -0.006 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 48.451 8.182 0.000 0.000 0.385 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -88.875 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 88.867 -0.008 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 47.125 8.810 0.000 0.000 0.231 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -88.023 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 88.015 -0.008 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 47.949 7.163 0.000 0.000 0.093 0.000 0.112 0.000 0.000 0.000 -87.175 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 87.162 -0.013 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 45.428 8.912 0.000 0.000 0.147 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -86.345 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 86.309 -0.036 13.610 12.377 1.266 4.605 45.900 7.544 0.000 0.000 0.172 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -85.474 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 85.457 -0.017 13.648 12.353 1.266 4.605 44.594 7.933 0.000 0.000 0.221 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -84.620 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 84.604 -0.016

TE

120

100

I

Power Generation, 5GW 月

EP

140

FR FR FR

Figure16_August

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 9 地域番号 8

I

Power Generation, GW 月 30673 最初 500

Exports Hydrogen (in) Li-ion (in) NaS (in)

174 FR FR

175 FR FR

陸上風力 洋上風力 太陽光

Pumped (in) Curtailment (wind and PV) Imports

Hydrogen (out) Li-ion (out) NaS (out) Pumped (out) Solar PV Wind Offshore Wind Onshore Hydrogen Biomass

Geothermal Hydro

Nuclear

Demand

176 FR FR

Output profile

RI PT

1.684

SC

M AN U

D

TE

77D1 77D2 77D3 77D4 77D5 77D6 77D7 77D8 77D9 77DA 77DB 77DC 77DD 77DE 77DF 77E0 77E1 77E2 77E3 77E4 77E5 77E6 77E7 77E8 77E9 77EA 77EB 77EC 77ED 77EE 77EF 77F0 77F1 77F2 77F3 77F4 77F5 77F6 77F7 77F8 77F9 77FA 77FB 77FC 77FD 77FE 77FF 7800 7801 7802 7803 7804 7805 7806 7807 7808 7809 780A 780B 780C 780D 780E 780F 7810 7811 7812 7813 7814 7815 7816 7817 7818 7819 781A 781B 781C 781D 781E 781F 7820 7821 7822 7823 7824 7825 7826 7827 7828 7829 782A 782B 782C 782D 782E 782F 7830 7831 7832 7833 7834 7835 7836 7837 7838 7839 783A 783B 783C 783D 783E 783F 7840 7841 7842 7843 7844 7845 7846 7847 7848 7849 784A 784B 784C 784D 784E 784F 7850 7851 7852 7853 7854 7855 7856 7857 7858 7859 785A 785B 785C 785D 785E 785F 7860 7861

AC C

30,673 300 30,674 30,675 30,676 200 30,677 30,678 30,679 100 30,680 30,681 30,682 0 30,683 30,684 30,685 -100 30,686 30,687 30,688 -200 30,689 30,690 30,691 -300 30,692 30,693 30,694 30,695 30,696 30,697 30,698 30,699 30,700 30,701 30,702 30,703 30,704 30,705 30,706 30,707 30,708 30,709 30,710 30,711 30,712 30,713 30,714 30,715 30,716 30,717 30,718 30,719 30,720 30,721 30,722 30,723 30,724 30,725 30,726 30,727 30,728 30,729 30,730 30,731 30,732 30,733 30,734 30,735 30,736 30,737 30,738 30,739 30,740 30,741 30,742 30,743 30,744 30,745 30,746 30,747 30,748 30,749 30,750 30,751 30,752 30,753 30,754 30,755 30,756 30,757 30,758 30,759 30,760 30,761 30,762 30,763 30,764 30,765 30,766 30,767 30,768 30,769 30,770 30,771 30,772 30,773 30,774 30,775 30,776 30,777 30,778 30,779 30,780 30,781 30,782 30,783 30,784 30,785 30,786 30,787 30,788 30,789 30,790 30,791 30,792 30,793 30,794 30,795 30,796 30,797 30,798 30,799 30,800 30,801 30,802 30,803 30,804 30,805 30,806 30,807 30,808 30,809 30,810 30,811 30,812 30,813 30,814 30,815 30,816 30,817

EP

400

35136 最後 170 171 172 173 169 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 2 181 182 183 184 2 FN FO FP FQ FM FR FS FT FU FV FW FX B FY FZ GA GB B Nuclear Hydro Geothermal Biomass Hydrogen Wind Onshore Wind Offshore Solar PV Pumped (out) NaS (out) Li-ion (out)Hydrogen Imports (out) Curtailment dummy (wind and Pumped PV) (in) NaS (in) Li-ion (in) Hydrogen Exports (in) Demand check 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 12.920 6.262 0.000 0.000 63.780 6.531 0.000 0.000 0.000 -113.723 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 113.579 -0.144 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 7.853 4.933 0.000 0.000 67.708 7.802 0.000 0.000 0.000 -112.526 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 112.396 -0.131 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 10.470 6.420 0.000 0.000 63.286 6.941 0.000 0.000 0.000 -111.347 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 111.213 -0.135 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 19.317 9.770 0.000 0.000 52.927 3.962 0.000 0.000 0.000 -110.207 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 110.030 -0.177 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 18.750 8.544 0.000 0.000 53.060 4.437 0.000 0.000 0.000 -109.020 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 108.847 -0.174 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 23.928 12.666 0.000 0.000 44.788 2.243 0.000 0.000 0.000 -107.855 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 107.664 -0.191 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 24.934 12.478 0.000 0.000 42.950 2.085 0.000 0.000 0.000 -106.677 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 106.481 -0.196 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 34.578 12.770 0.000 0.000 34.368 0.406 0.000 0.000 0.000 -106.352 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 106.007 -0.345 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 27.933 12.825 0.000 0.000 40.062 0.716 0.000 0.000 0.000 -105.766 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 105.533 -0.233 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 39.743 14.880 0.000 0.000 26.771 0.008 0.000 0.000 0.000 -105.631 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 105.059 -0.572 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 39.794 18.404 0.000 0.000 23.216 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 -105.646 0.000 -0.175 -0.174 0.000 0.000 104.586 -0.711 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 44.838 19.175 0.000 0.000 19.355 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 -107.600 0.000 -1.390 -1.334 0.000 0.000 104.112 -0.765 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 47.475 16.289 0.000 0.000 23.898 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 -111.894 0.000 -4.028 -3.588 0.000 0.000 103.638 -0.640 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 57.478 16.436 0.000 0.000 27.517 0.021 0.000 0.000 0.000 -125.682 0.000 -12.375 -9.160 0.000 0.000 103.566 -0.581 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 58.337 17.144 0.000 0.000 24.845 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 -124.558 0.000 -11.694 -8.741 0.000 0.000 103.494 -0.629 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 57.434 16.341 0.000 0.000 25.227 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 -123.235 0.000 -10.935 -8.280 0.000 0.000 103.421 -0.599 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 51.435 18.670 0.000 0.000 20.544 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 -114.882 0.000 -5.864 -4.965 0.000 0.000 103.349 -0.704 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 60.634 19.081 0.000 0.000 19.344 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 -123.292 0.000 -10.975 -8.308 0.000 0.000 103.277 -0.732 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 50.412 15.990 0.000 0.000 21.672 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 -112.307 0.000 -4.474 -3.931 0.000 0.000 103.204 -0.698 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 54.662 17.060 0.000 0.000 21.779 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 -117.733 0.000 -7.716 -6.267 0.000 0.000 103.056 -0.694 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 38.124 16.632 0.000 0.000 24.451 0.009 0.000 0.000 0.000 -103.445 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 102.909 -0.536 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 10.732 11.740 0.000 0.000 50.083 6.072 0.000 0.000 0.000 -102.857 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 102.761 -0.097 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 13.304 6.396 0.000 0.000 51.576 7.220 0.000 0.000 0.000 -102.726 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 102.613 -0.113 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 12.324 8.081 0.000 0.000 51.339 6.600 0.000 0.000 0.000 -102.574 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 102.465 -0.109 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 16.577 8.421 0.000 0.000 48.041 5.177 0.000 0.000 0.000 -102.447 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 102.317 -0.130 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 31.908 12.666 0.000 0.000 33.114 0.449 0.000 0.000 0.000 -102.368 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 102.113 -0.254 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 29.669 9.686 0.000 0.000 37.154 1.382 0.000 0.000 0.000 -102.121 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 101.910 -0.211 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 29.739 11.707 0.000 0.000 35.745 0.509 0.000 0.000 0.000 -101.931 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 101.706 -0.225 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 32.078 13.058 0.000 0.000 32.056 0.411 0.000 0.000 0.000 -101.833 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 101.502 -0.331 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 38.663 13.063 0.000 0.000 25.529 0.314 0.000 0.000 0.000 -101.800 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 101.299 -0.501 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 23.843 8.054 0.003 0.000 43.640 1.544 0.000 0.000 0.000 -101.313 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 101.095 -0.218 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 32.720 10.084 0.016 0.000 34.650 0.573 0.000 0.000 0.000 -102.273 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 102.034 -0.239 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 46.140 15.769 0.029 0.000 17.412 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-129.732 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 129.536 -0.197 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 17.671 9.623 0.000 0.000 70.610 6.123 0.000 0.000 0.000 -128.256 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 128.098 -0.158 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 23.055 14.588 0.000 0.000 59.790 5.167 0.000 0.000 0.000 -126.830 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 126.660 -0.171 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 29.268 17.834 0.000 0.000 50.229 3.857 0.000 0.000 0.000 -125.417 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 125.222 -0.196 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 16.155 9.873 0.000 0.000 67.158 6.169 0.000 0.000 0.000 -123.586 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 123.447 -0.138 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 15.082 7.485 0.000 0.000 69.007 6.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 -121.806 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 121.673 -0.133 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 13.966 9.984 0.000 0.000 65.714 6.137 0.000 0.000 0.000 -120.030 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 119.899 -0.132 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 16.890 12.928 0.000 0.000 58.315 5.899 0.000 0.000 0.000 -118.261 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 118.124 -0.137 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 15.022 9.814 0.000 0.000 61.606 5.813 0.000 0.000 0.000 -116.485 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 116.350 -0.135 0.000 12.829 4.489 6.734 0.000 14.552 6.085 0.000 0.000 64.473 5.550 0.000 0.000 0.000 -114.711 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 114.576 -0.136

FR FR

Figure16_May

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 9 地域番号

Exports Hydrogen (in)

Li-ion (in) NaS (in) Pumped (in)

174 FR FR

175 FR FR

陸上風力 洋上風力 太陽光

Curtailment (wind and PV) Imports Hydrogen (out) Li-ion (out) NaS (out) Pumped (out)

Solar PV Wind Offshore Wind Onshore Hydrogen Biomass

Geothermal Hydro

Nuclear

Demand

176 FR FR

Output profile

RI PT

1.772

SC

M AN U

D

AC C

4411 4412 4413 4414 4415 4416 4417 4418 4419 441A 441B 441C 441D 441E 441F 4420 4421 4422 4423 4424 4425 4426 4427 4428 4429 442A 442B 442C 442D 442E 442F 4430 4431 4432 4433 4434 4435 4436 4437 4438 4439 443A 443B 443C 443D 443E 443F 4440 4441 4442 4443 4444 4445 4446 4447 4448 4449 444A 444B 444C 444D 444E 444F 4450 4451 4452 4453 4454 4455 4456 4457 4458 4459 445A 445B 445C 445D 445E 445F 4460 4461 4462 4463 4464 4465 4466 4467 4468 4469 446A 446B 446C 446D 446E 446F 4470 4471 4472 4473 4474 4475 4476 4477 4478 4479 447A 447B 447C 447D 447E 447F 4480 4481 4482 4483 4484 4485 4486 4487 4488 4489 448A 448B 448C 448D 448E 448F 4490 4491 4492 4493 4494 4495 4496 4497 4498 4499 449A 449B 449C 449D 449E 449F 44A0 44A1

17425 最初 21888 最後 170 171 172 173 169 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 2 181 182 183 184 2 FN FO FP FQ FM FR FS FT FU FV FW FX B FY FZ GA GB B Nuclear Hydro Geothermal Biomass Hydrogen Wind Onshore Wind Offshore Solar PV Pumped (out) NaS (out) Li-ion (out)Hydrogen Imports (out) Curtailment dummy (wind and Pumped PV) (in) NaS (in) Li-ion (in) Hydrogen Exports (in) Demand check 0.000 15.257 4.281 6.442 0.000 33.944 23.901 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 2.102 -85.928 -0.002 -0.123 -0.004 0.000 0.000 82.590 -1.107 0.000 14.439 4.111 6.206 0.000 35.877 23.318 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 16.435 -100.387 -0.003 -0.099 -0.005 0.000 0.000 82.537 -1.308 0.000 13.770 3.962 5.998 0.000 38.448 21.698 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 11.071 -94.948 -0.003 -0.069 -0.005 0.000 0.000 82.485 -1.317 0.000 13.211 3.831 5.817 0.000 37.138 23.832 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 12.302 -96.131 -0.003 -0.059 -0.004 0.000 0.000 82.432 -1.331 0.000 12.742 3.717 5.660 0.000 33.434 28.193 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 24.502 -108.248 -0.003 -0.058 -0.004 0.000 0.000 82.379 -1.303 0.000 12.389 3.621 5.531 0.000 41.651 20.604 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 38.883 -122.680 -0.003 -0.053 -0.004 0.000 0.000 82.327 -1.411 0.000 12.134 3.543 5.429 0.000 43.589 19.068 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 49.387 -133.152 -0.003 -0.050 -0.004 0.000 0.000 82.274 -1.435 0.000 11.966 3.482 5.354 0.000 36.800 26.490 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 61.173 -145.267 -0.003 -0.049 -0.004 0.000 0.000 82.665 -1.373 0.000 11.900 3.439 5.308 0.000 36.663 27.172 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 61.395 -145.878 -0.003 -0.047 -0.004 0.000 0.000 83.056 -1.374 0.000 11.936 3.412 5.290 0.000 44.100 20.236 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 43.667 -128.641 -0.003 -0.043 -0.004 0.000 0.000 83.446 -1.478 0.000 12.034 3.401 5.298 0.000 42.274 22.322 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 47.397 -132.727 -0.003 -0.043 -0.004 0.000 0.000 83.837 -1.444 0.000 12.213 3.406 5.332 0.000 35.704 28.989 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 66.917 -152.562 -0.003 -0.044 -0.004 0.000 0.000 84.228 -1.367 0.000 12.503 3.428 5.395 0.000 42.613 22.185 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 51.122 -137.246 -0.003 -0.042 -0.003 0.000 0.000 84.619 -1.458 0.000 12.890 3.466 5.485 0.000 45.663 18.922 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 42.534 -128.961 -0.003 -0.040 -0.003 0.000 0.000 84.908 -1.472 0.000 13.367 3.521 5.599 0.000 48.731 15.501 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 35.552 -122.272 -0.003 -0.039 -0.003 0.000 0.000 85.197 -1.477 0.000 13.934 3.592 5.738 0.000 48.034 15.773 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 37.978 -125.050 -0.003 -0.039 -0.003 0.000 0.000 85.487 -1.541 0.000 14.628 3.680 5.902 0.000 48.264 14.775 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 27.813 -115.064 -0.002 -0.026 -0.003 0.000 0.000 85.776 -1.444 0.000 14.833 3.757 6.046 0.000 48.100 14.843 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 30.884 -118.464 -0.002 -0.030 -0.003 0.000 0.000 86.065 -1.480 0.000 15.309 3.854 6.219 0.000 47.405 14.867 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 31.178 -118.833 -0.002 -0.018 -0.003 0.000 0.000 86.354 -1.278 0.000 15.249 3.850 6.219 0.000 47.714 14.514 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 30.599 -118.147 -0.002 -0.021 -0.003 0.000 0.000 86.183 -1.339 0.000 15.235 3.835 6.185 0.000 47.664 14.480 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 29.957 -117.357 -0.002 -0.020 -0.003 0.000 0.000 86.012 -1.363 0.000 14.665 3.756 6.042 0.000 47.786 15.174 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 32.669 -120.092 -0.003 -0.038 -0.003 0.000 0.000 85.840 -1.540 0.000 14.604 3.724 5.970 0.000 47.678 15.271 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 33.476 -120.724 -0.003 -0.037 -0.003 0.000 0.000 85.669 -1.536 0.000 15.013 3.741 5.971 0.000 47.716 14.453 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 32.874 -119.768 -0.002 -0.023 -0.003 0.000 0.000 85.498 -1.369 0.000 14.544 3.679 5.847 0.000 47.823 14.950 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 38.620 -125.464 -0.002 -0.033 -0.003 0.000 0.000 85.326 -1.479 0.000 14.039 3.624 5.732 0.000 47.940 15.163 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 43.549 -130.049 -0.003 -0.043 -0.003 0.000 0.000 84.914 -1.537 0.000 13.749 3.592 5.651 0.000 43.356 19.721 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 50.937 -137.008 -0.003 -0.047 -0.003 0.000 0.000 84.502 -1.516 0.000 13.735 3.584 5.610 0.000 46.252 16.491 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 40.704 -126.376 -0.003 -0.045 -0.003 0.000 0.000 84.090 -1.532 0.000 13.863 3.595 5.599 0.000 46.096 16.024 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 42.545 -127.723 -0.002 -0.039 -0.003 0.000 0.000 83.678 -1.455 0.000 13.542 3.597 5.572 0.000 46.670 15.453 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 43.307 -128.143 -0.003 -0.055 -0.003 0.000 0.000 83.266 -1.509 0.000 13.358 3.619 5.578 0.000 46.472 15.419 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 42.170 -126.615 -0.003 -0.061 -0.003 0.000 0.000 82.854 -1.524 0.000 13.308 3.661 5.616 0.000 46.487 15.846 0.011 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 46.556 -131.486 -0.003 -0.072 -0.003 0.000 0.000 83.334 -1.519 0.000 13.401 3.725 5.689 0.000 46.667 15.908 0.034 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 43.370 -128.795 -0.003 -0.084 -0.003 0.000 0.000 83.813 -1.523 0.000 13.568 3.807 5.792 0.000 46.113 16.634 0.035 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 49.014 -134.965 -0.003 -0.123 -0.003 0.000 0.000 84.292 -1.531 0.000 13.888 3.912 5.929 0.000 45.671 16.876 0.211 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 48.049 -134.535 -0.003 -0.211 -0.003 0.000 0.000 84.772 -1.499 0.000 14.368 4.039 6.099 0.000 47.276 14.966 0.630 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 13.365 -100.745 -0.003 -0.599 -0.002 0.000 0.000 85.251 -1.525 0.000 15.024 4.189 6.302 0.000 48.221 19.322 1.405 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 6.697 -101.161 -0.003 -7.145 -0.002 0.000 0.000 85.730 -1.585 0.000 15.839 4.352 6.534 0.000 39.522 18.588 4.241 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.568 -89.645 -0.002 -1.269 -0.002 0.000 0.000 86.606 -1.199 0.000 16.117 4.488 6.733 0.000 30.953 13.632 7.122 0.002 8.902 0.012 0.000 0.000 0.001 -87.963 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 87.482 -0.480 0.000 15.185 4.291 6.456 0.000 39.273 16.321 8.260 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 4.388 -94.176 -0.002 -0.030 -0.002 0.000 0.000 88.358 -1.395 0.000 14.326 4.112 6.202 0.000 41.915 15.245 8.943 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 12.303 -103.046 -0.003 -0.026 -0.002 0.000 0.000 89.234 -1.479 0.000 13.547 3.948 5.967 0.000 41.442 17.092 9.631 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 38.618 -130.246 -0.003 -0.025 -0.002 0.000 0.000 90.109 -1.488 0.000 12.848 3.797 5.749 0.000 36.710 23.519 9.872 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 74.625 -167.121 -0.003 -0.023 -0.002 0.000 0.000 90.985 -1.483 0.000 12.222 3.658 5.546 0.000 32.499 28.365 11.620 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 95.475 -189.389 -0.003 -0.022 -0.002 0.000 0.000 92.423 -1.463 0.000 11.663 3.531 5.359 0.000 29.302 31.233 14.234 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 127.308 -222.631 -0.003 -0.022 -0.002 0.000 0.000 93.861 -1.434 0.000 11.169 3.414 5.185 0.000 29.645 31.336 16.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 134.847 -231.597 -0.003 -0.021 -0.002 0.000 0.000 95.299 -1.425 0.000 10.731 3.307 5.025 0.000 28.167 31.080 19.829 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 104.438 -202.576 -0.003 -0.021 -0.002 0.000 0.000 96.737 -1.375 0.000 10.343 3.208 4.877 0.000 27.387 31.361 22.382 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 107.563 -207.121 -0.003 -0.020 -0.002 0.000 0.000 98.175 -1.358 0.000 9.998 3.118 4.740 0.000 27.753 31.054 24.336 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 112.311 -213.311 -0.003 -0.020 -0.002 0.000 0.000 99.613 -1.362 0.000 9.694 3.035 4.615 0.000 27.032 29.813 27.961 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 122.435 -224.585 -0.003 -0.020 -0.002 0.000 0.000 100.786 -1.339 0.000 9.428 2.959 4.499 0.000 26.883 28.416 31.088 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 110.813 -214.087 -0.003 -0.020 -0.002 0.000 0.000 101.960 -1.290 0.000 9.196 2.889 4.394 0.000 26.503 29.208 32.274 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 125.394 -229.859 -0.003 -0.020 -0.002 0.000 0.000 103.133 -1.308 0.000 8.995 2.825 4.297 0.000 27.658 29.258 32.608 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 147.390 -253.031 -0.003 -0.019 -0.002 0.000 0.000 104.306 -1.311 0.000 8.822 2.765 4.208 0.000 26.482 28.733 35.799 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 173.257 -280.067 -0.003 -0.019 -0.002 0.000 0.000 105.480 -1.306 0.000 8.675 2.711 4.127 0.000 24.912 30.624 36.941 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 173.217 -281.207 -0.003 -0.019 -0.002 0.000 0.000 106.653 -1.313 0.000 8.545 2.661 4.054 0.000 26.687 28.485 37.981 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 234.823 -343.237 -0.003 -0.019 -0.002 0.000 0.000 107.107 -1.282 0.000 8.436 2.615 3.987 0.000 27.117 27.801 38.906 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 247.594 -356.456 -0.003 -0.019 -0.002 0.000 0.000 107.562 -1.278 0.000 8.346 2.574 3.926 0.000 27.327 30.255 36.873 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 200.283 -309.586 -0.003 -0.019 -0.002 0.000 0.000 108.016 -1.264 0.000 8.272 2.538 3.871 0.000 25.825 30.136 39.126 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 212.180 -321.949 -0.003 -0.019 -0.002 0.000 0.000 108.470 -1.275 0.000 8.211 2.504 3.822 0.000 30.263 27.141 38.272 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 189.234 -299.447 -0.003 -0.019 -0.002 0.000 0.000 108.924 -1.265 0.000 8.165 2.474 3.777 0.000 28.824 28.734 38.689 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 213.627 -324.290 -0.003 -0.018 -0.002 0.000 0.000 109.378 -1.262 0.000 8.132 2.447 3.737 0.000 29.778 27.261 39.481 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 257.150 -367.987 -0.003 -0.018 -0.002 0.000 0.000 109.554 -1.260 0.000 8.111 2.424 3.702 0.000 29.845 28.866 38.074 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 278.045 -389.068 -0.003 -0.018 -0.002 0.000 0.000 109.729 -1.271 0.000 8.102 2.403 3.670 0.000 28.237 30.799 37.994 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 256.606 -367.811 -0.003 -0.018 -0.002 0.000 0.000 109.904 -1.279 0.000 8.101 2.385 3.642 0.000 28.489 30.248 38.499 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 253.167 -364.532 -0.003 -0.018 -0.002 0.000 0.000 110.079 -1.263 0.000 8.109 2.370 3.617 0.000 28.625 30.865 37.973 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 215.539 -327.099 -0.003 -0.017 -0.002 0.000 0.000 110.254 -1.284 0.000 8.116 2.357 3.595 0.000 30.912 35.090 31.662 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 224.701 -336.433 -0.003 -0.017 -0.002 0.000 0.000 110.429 -1.283 0.000 8.112 2.345 3.575 0.000 28.216 33.171 35.521 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 210.226 -321.167 -0.003 -0.017 -0.002 0.000 0.000 109.663 -1.257 0.000 8.110 2.334 3.557 0.000 26.890 31.874 37.414 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 224.710 -334.890 -0.003 -0.017 -0.002 0.000 0.000 108.897 -1.263 0.000 8.111 2.325 3.541 0.000 28.441 33.434 33.579 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 274.950 -384.382 -0.003 -0.016 -0.002 0.000 0.000 108.131 -1.280 0.000 8.107 2.317 3.528 0.000 27.411 32.989 34.298 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 243.457 -352.107 -0.003 -0.016 -0.002 0.000 0.000 107.365 -1.265 0.000 8.103 2.311 3.516 0.000 29.116 31.323 33.511 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 210.904 -318.785 -0.003 -0.016 -0.002 0.000 0.000 106.599 -1.261 0.000 8.098 2.306 3.506 0.000 28.728 30.488 34.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 237.594 -344.720 -0.003 -0.016 -0.002 0.000 0.000 105.833 -1.273 0.000 8.095 2.302 3.497 0.000 30.593 31.697 31.673 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 207.252 -315.109 -0.003 -0.016 -0.002 0.000 0.000 106.568 -1.269 0.000 8.097 2.299 3.490 0.000 30.185 31.673 32.847 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 232.688 -341.278 -0.003 -0.016 -0.002 0.000 0.000 107.303 -1.267 0.000 8.106 2.297 3.484 0.000 29.785 31.884 33.769 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 203.689 -313.015 -0.003 -0.016 -0.002 0.000 0.000 108.038 -1.267 0.000 8.120 2.296 3.480 0.000 30.491 36.235 29.455 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 210.003 -320.082 -0.003 -0.015 -0.002 0.000 0.000 108.773 -1.286 0.000 8.133 2.294 3.476 0.000 32.963 36.434 27.510 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 257.535 -368.347 -0.003 -0.015 -0.002 0.000 0.000 109.508 -1.285 0.000 8.142 2.293 3.474 0.000 32.643 35.277 29.719 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 258.196 -369.746 -0.003 -0.015 -0.002 0.000 0.000 110.243 -1.287 0.000 8.157 2.293 3.472 0.000 33.574 34.755 29.341 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 276.511 -388.104 -0.003 -0.015 -0.002 0.000 0.000 110.280 -1.293 0.000 8.165 2.293 3.471 0.000 32.118 34.041 31.524 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 255.823 -367.435 -0.003 -0.015 -0.002 0.000 0.000 110.318 -1.274 0.000 8.182 2.293 3.472 0.000 30.441 34.545 32.710 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 255.497 -367.140 -0.003 -0.015 -0.002 0.000 0.000 110.356 -1.267 0.000 8.211 2.295 3.473 0.000 31.563 35.149 31.012 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 260.719 -372.422 -0.003 -0.015 -0.002 0.000 0.000 110.394 -1.290 0.000 8.248 2.297 3.476 0.000 34.480 35.380 27.871 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 249.055 -360.807 -0.003 -0.015 -0.002 0.000 0.000 110.432 -1.301 0.000 8.280 2.299 3.480 0.000 33.912 36.949 26.868 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 253.687 -365.476 -0.003 -0.015 -0.002 0.000 0.000 110.469 -1.300 0.000 8.307 2.302 3.485 0.000 34.984 35.657 26.974 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 219.518 -331.227 -0.003 -0.015 -0.002 0.000 0.000 110.398 -1.293 0.000 8.339 2.306 3.490 0.000 34.455 35.866 27.177 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 248.205 -359.838 -0.003 -0.015 -0.002 0.000 0.000 110.326 -1.288 0.000 8.373 2.310 3.497 0.000 33.991 36.861 26.524 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 221.350 -332.908 -0.003 -0.015 -0.002 0.000 0.000 110.254 -1.285 0.000 8.411 2.316 3.505 0.000 33.546 36.121 27.575 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 196.034 -307.509 -0.003 -0.014 -0.002 0.000 0.000 110.182 -1.275 0.000 8.450 2.322 3.515 0.000 32.022 39.907 25.207 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 237.211 -348.636 -0.003 -0.014 -0.002 0.000 0.000 110.110 -1.296 0.000 8.490 2.330 3.526 0.000 30.945 41.910 24.155 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 183.850 -295.207 -0.003 -0.014 -0.002 0.000 0.000 110.038 -1.299 0.000 8.528 2.338 3.537 0.000 32.028 42.734 22.305 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 197.287 -308.758 -0.003 -0.014 -0.002 0.000 0.000 110.156 -1.296 0.000 8.564 2.348 3.550 0.000 35.779 41.468 19.904 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 180.132 -291.746 -0.003 -0.014 -0.002 0.000 0.000 110.275 -1.321 0.000 8.610 2.359 3.565 0.000 37.039 42.740 17.422 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 240.026 -351.762 -0.003 -0.014 -0.002 0.000 0.000 110.393 -1.325 0.000 8.661 2.371 3.582 0.000 36.586 41.975 18.716 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 186.838 -298.730 -0.003 -0.014 -0.002 0.000 0.000 110.511 -1.363 0.000 8.714 2.384 3.599 0.000 39.381 42.179 15.764 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 193.793 -305.815 -0.003 -0.014 -0.002 0.000 0.000 110.629 -1.375 0.000 8.770 2.399 3.619 0.000 38.320 44.043 14.986 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 179.545 -291.684 -0.003 -0.014 -0.002 0.000 0.000 110.747 -1.373 0.000 8.837 2.415 3.640 0.000 37.880 45.881 13.381 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 160.529 -272.566 -0.003 -0.013 -0.002 0.000 0.000 110.619 -1.399 0.000 8.906 2.433 3.664 0.000 39.380 46.562 10.988 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 162.031 -273.964 -0.003 -0.013 -0.002 0.000 0.000 110.491 -1.424 0.000 8.972 2.451 3.688 0.000 39.286 47.775 9.575 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 173.133 -284.881 -0.003 -0.013 -0.002 0.000 0.000 110.363 -1.367 0.000 9.055 2.471 3.715 0.000 40.919 46.642 8.848 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 108.619 -220.270 -0.003 -0.013 -0.002 0.000 0.000 110.235 -1.398 0.000 9.143 2.493 3.745 0.000 38.668 49.972 7.533 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 93.572 -205.127 -0.003 -0.013 -0.002 0.000 0.000 110.107 -1.430 0.000 9.232 2.517 3.776 0.000 39.679 50.338 5.924 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 115.514 -226.981 -0.003 -0.013 -0.002 0.000 0.000 109.979 -1.471 0.000 9.321 2.541 3.810 0.000 41.857 49.374 5.036 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 96.476 -208.416 -0.003 -0.013 -0.002 0.000 0.000 110.460 -1.463 0.000 9.429 2.565 3.845 0.000 45.432 47.574 3.560 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 47.669 -160.075 -0.003 -0.012 -0.002 0.000 0.000 110.940 -1.449 0.000 9.533 2.591 3.882 0.000 44.864 49.146 2.799 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 76.743 -189.559 -0.003 -0.013 -0.002 0.000 0.000 111.421 -1.378 0.000 9.647 2.620 3.923 0.000 48.740 46.432 2.026 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 50.013 -163.401 -0.003 -0.012 -0.002 0.000 0.000 111.901 -1.471 0.000 9.760 2.651 3.967 0.000 43.361 52.823 1.325 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 65.816 -179.704 -0.003 -0.012 -0.002 0.000 0.000 112.382 -1.489 0.000 9.874 2.682 4.012 0.000 43.306 53.439 1.072 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 80.209 -194.596 -0.003 -0.012 -0.002 0.000 0.000 112.862 -1.508 0.000 9.999 2.716 4.061 0.000 44.769 51.955 0.927 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 72.803 -187.230 -0.003 -0.012 -0.002 0.000 0.000 112.839 -1.571 0.000 10.128 2.750 4.112 0.000 46.576 50.085 0.722 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 62.500 -176.874 -0.003 -0.012 -0.002 0.000 0.000 112.816 -1.541 0.000 10.265 2.786 4.167 0.000 44.868 51.665 0.560 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 98.783 -213.095 -0.003 -0.012 -0.002 0.000 0.000 112.794 -1.502 0.000 10.427 2.826 4.227 0.000 51.549 44.876 0.397 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 73.951 -188.253 -0.003 -0.012 -0.002 0.000 0.000 112.771 -1.515 0.000 10.609 2.870 4.292 0.000 57.814 38.520 0.236 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 48.846 -163.188 -0.003 -0.012 -0.002 0.000 0.000 112.748 -1.579 0.000 10.805 2.916 4.361 0.000 56.624 39.475 0.115 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 64.120 -178.417 -0.003 -0.012 -0.002 0.000 0.000 112.725 -1.555 0.000 11.027 2.965 4.435 0.000 56.067 38.876 0.049 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 65.766 -179.187 -0.003 -0.012 -0.002 0.000 0.000 111.855 -1.550 0.000 11.275 3.019 4.516 0.000 57.195 36.526 0.009 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 59.958 -172.500 -0.003 -0.012 -0.002 0.000 0.000 110.985 -1.541 0.000 11.557 3.079 4.604 0.000 58.763 33.600 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 38.576 -150.179 -0.003 -0.012 -0.002 0.000 0.000 110.115 -1.472 0.000 11.884 3.147 4.701 0.000 55.717 35.264 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 5.990 -116.704 -0.003 -0.010 -0.002 0.000 0.000 109.244 -1.455 0.000 12.097 3.215 4.798 0.000 52.881 36.942 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 7.041 -116.975 -0.003 -0.010 -0.002 0.000 0.000 108.374 -1.545 0.000 12.253 3.283 4.898 0.000 53.671 34.966 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 6.484 -115.557 -0.003 -0.010 -0.002 0.000 0.000 107.504 -1.554 0.000 12.342 3.354 5.002 0.000 50.896 36.311 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 36.020 -143.925 -0.003 -0.012 -0.002 0.000 0.000 106.425 -1.464 0.000 12.539 3.435 5.120 0.000 52.205 33.546 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 46.301 -153.147 -0.003 -0.012 -0.002 0.000 0.000 105.346 -1.484 0.000 12.850 3.528 5.253 0.000 47.042 37.028 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 55.945 -161.647 -0.003 -0.012 -0.002 0.000 0.000 104.267 -1.419 0.000 13.287 3.636 5.404 0.000 51.834 30.551 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 12.582 -117.295 -0.003 -0.011 -0.002 0.000 0.000 103.188 -1.509 0.000 13.806 3.755 5.569 0.000 52.077 28.474 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 40.382 -144.064 -0.003 -0.012 -0.002 0.000 0.000 102.109 -1.557 0.000 14.461 3.890 5.752 0.000 50.195 28.200 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 3.003 -105.502 -0.002 -0.009 -0.001 0.000 0.000 101.030 -1.457 0.000 15.079 4.033 5.945 0.000 37.056 39.146 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 4.231 -105.491 -0.002 -0.010 -0.001 0.000 0.000 100.040 -1.206 0.000 15.881 4.194 6.159 0.000 34.996 38.479 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.220 -99.930 -0.002 -0.005 -0.001 0.000 0.000 99.050 -0.652 0.000 15.763 4.174 6.135 0.000 33.276 39.328 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.484 -99.162 -0.002 -0.006 -0.001 0.000 0.000 98.061 -0.607 0.000 15.289 4.088 6.021 0.000 33.542 39.434 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 11.012 -109.387 -0.003 -0.011 -0.002 0.000 0.000 97.071 -1.288 0.000 15.684 4.086 6.007 0.000 33.327 37.622 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.359 -97.087 -0.002 -0.006 -0.001 0.000 0.000 96.082 -0.637 0.000 14.831 3.938 5.809 0.000 35.494 36.322 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 13.656 -110.050 -0.003 -0.011 -0.002 0.000 0.000 95.092 -1.287 0.000 14.172 3.810 5.636 0.000 37.686 34.265 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 54.272 -149.843 -0.003 -0.012 -0.002 0.000 0.000 94.197 -1.357 0.000 13.736 3.704 5.487 0.000 34.923 36.804 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 21.328 -115.983 -0.003 -0.012 -0.002 0.000 0.000 93.301 -1.339 0.000 13.515 3.616 5.363 0.000 34.693 36.535 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 9.798 -103.521 -0.003 -0.011 -0.002 0.000 0.000 92.406 -1.302 0.000 13.443 3.545 5.260 0.000 35.857 34.764 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 24.047 -116.915 -0.003 -0.012 -0.002 0.000 0.000 91.510 -1.342 0.000 13.592 3.493 5.180 0.000 33.138 36.268 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 2.203 -93.875 -0.002 -0.009 -0.001 0.000 0.000 90.615 -1.045 0.000 13.307 3.425 5.083 0.000 31.331 37.833 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 7.114 -98.094 -0.003 -0.011 -0.002 0.000 0.000 89.720 -1.246 0.000 13.116 3.368 4.998 0.000 32.783 35.892 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 12.811 -102.968 -0.003 -0.011 -0.002 0.000 0.000 88.867 -1.275 0.000 13.092 3.323 4.930 0.000 32.749 35.212 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 15.390 -104.696 -0.003 -0.011 -0.002 0.000 0.000 88.015 -1.276 0.000 13.250 3.292 4.879 0.000 33.585 33.210 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 2.169 -90.385 -0.002 -0.009 -0.001 0.000 0.000 87.162 -1.041 0.000 12.871 3.234 4.795 0.000 32.888 33.728 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 5.763 -93.281 -0.003 -0.010 -0.001 0.000 0.000 86.309 -1.193 0.000 12.478 3.178 4.713 0.000 33.015 33.357 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 7.580 -94.322 -0.003 -0.011 -0.002 0.000 0.000 85.457 -1.270 0.000 12.097 3.126 4.637 0.000 31.162 34.890 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 18.102 -104.013 -0.003 -0.012 -0.002 0.000 0.000 84.604 -1.292

TE

500 17,425 400 17,426 17,427 17,428 300 17,429 17,430 17,431 200 17,432 17,433 17,434 100 17,435 17,436 17,437 0 17,438 17,439 17,440 -100 17,441 17,442 17,443 -200 17,444 17,445 17,446 17,447 17,448 17,449 17,450 17,451 17,452 17,453 17,454 17,455 17,456 17,457 17,458 17,459 17,460 17,461 17,462 17,463 17,464 17,465 17,466 17,467 17,468 17,469 17,470 17,471 17,472 17,473 17,474 17,475 17,476 17,477 17,478 17,479 17,480 17,481 17,482 17,483 17,484 17,485 17,486 17,487 17,488 17,489 17,490 17,491 17,492 17,493 17,494 17,495 17,496 17,497 17,498 17,499 17,500 17,501 17,502 17,503 17,504 17,505 17,506 17,507 17,508 17,509 17,510 17,511 17,512 17,513 17,514 17,515 17,516 17,517 17,518 17,519 17,520 17,521 17,522 17,523 17,524 17,525 17,526 17,527 17,528 17,529 17,530 17,531 17,532 17,533 17,534 17,535 17,536 17,537 17,538 17,539 17,540 17,541 17,542 17,543 17,544 17,545 17,546 17,547 17,548 17,549 17,550 17,551 17,552 17,553 17,554 17,555 17,556 17,557 17,558 17,559 17,560 17,561 17,562 17,563 17,564 17,565 17,566 17,567 17,568 17,569

I

5 GW 月 Power Generation,

EP

600

FR FR

Figure17_Tokyo

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 3 地域番号

I

5 月 Power Generation, GW

Exports Hydrogen (in) Li-ion (in)

NaS (in) 0.518 Pumped (in) Curtailment (wind and PV) Imports Hydrogen (out) Li-ion (out) NaS (out) Pumped (out) Solar PV

Wind Offshore Wind Onshore Hydrogen

48 AV AV

49 AV AV

Biomass

Geothermal Hydro

Nuclear

Demand

50 AV AV

Output profile 陸上風力 洋上風力 太陽光 #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF! #REF!

RI PT

SC

M AN U

D

4411 4412 4413 4414 4415 4416 4417 4418 4419 441A 441B 441C 441D 441E 441F 4420 4421 4422 4423 4424 4425 4426 4427 4428 4429 442A 442B 442C 442D 442E 442F 4430 4431 4432 4433 4434 4435 4436 4437 4438 4439 443A 443B 443C 443D 443E 443F 4440 4441 4442 4443 4444 4445 4446 4447 4448 4449 444A 444B 444C 444D 444E 444F 4450 4451 4452 4453 4454 4455 4456 4457 4458 4459 445A 445B 445C 445D 445E 445F 4460 4461 4462 4463 4464 4465 4466 4467 4468 4469 446A 446B 446C 446D 446E 446F 4470 4471 4472 4473 4474 4475 4476 4477 4478 4479 447A 447B 447C 447D 447E 447F 4480 4481 4482 4483 4484 4485 4486 4487 4488 4489 448A 448B 448C 448D 448E 448F 4490 4491 4492 4493 4494 4495 4496 4497 4498 4499 449A 449B 449C 449D 449E 449F 44A0 44A1

AC C

17,425 60 17,426 17,427 17,428 40 17,429 17,430 17,431 20 17,432 17,433 17,434 0 17,435 17,436 17,437 -20 17,438 17,439 17,440 -40 17,441 17,442 17,443 -60 17,444 17,445 17,446 17,447 17,448 17,449 17,450 17,451 17,452 17,453 17,454 17,455 17,456 17,457 17,458 17,459 17,460 17,461 17,462 17,463 17,464 17,465 17,466 17,467 17,468 17,469 17,470 17,471 17,472 17,473 17,474 17,475 17,476 17,477 17,478 17,479 17,480 17,481 17,482 17,483 17,484 17,485 17,486 17,487 17,488 17,489 17,490 17,491 17,492 17,493 17,494 17,495 17,496 17,497 17,498 17,499 17,500 17,501 17,502 17,503 17,504 17,505 17,506 17,507 17,508 17,509 17,510 17,511 17,512 17,513 17,514 17,515 17,516 17,517 17,518 17,519 17,520 17,521 17,522 17,523 17,524 17,525 17,526 17,527 17,528 17,529 17,530 17,531 17,532 17,533 17,534 17,535 17,536 17,537 17,538 17,539 17,540 17,541 17,542 17,543 17,544 17,545 17,546 17,547 17,548 17,549 17,550 17,551 17,552 17,553 17,554 17,555 17,556 17,557 17,558 17,559 17,560 17,561 17,562 17,563 17,564 17,565 17,566 17,567 17,568 17,569

TE

80

17425 最初 21888 最後 44 45 46 47 43 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 2 55 56 57 58 2 AR AS AT AU AQ AV AW AX AY AZ BA BB B BC BD BE BF B Nuclear Hydro Geothermal Biomass Hydrogen Wind Onshore Wind Offshore Solar PV Pumped (out) NaS (out) Li-ion (out)Hydrogen Imports (out) Curtailment dummy (wind and Pumped PV) (in) NaS (in) Li-ion (in) Hydrogen Exports (in) Demand check 0.000 4.657 0.148 2.062 0.000 0.012 0.184 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 20.189 0.111 -27.363 0.000 -0.005 -0.003 0.000 0.000 26.952 -0.292 0.000 4.413 0.143 1.992 0.000 0.009 0.110 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 20.501 0.115 -27.281 0.000 -0.005 -0.003 0.000 0.000 26.790 -0.368 0.000 4.219 0.138 1.930 0.000 0.011 0.136 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 20.576 0.137 -27.147 0.000 -0.004 -0.002 0.000 0.000 26.628 -0.376 0.000 4.055 0.134 1.877 0.000 0.051 0.706 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 20.023 0.565 -27.412 0.000 -0.004 -0.002 0.000 0.000 26.465 -0.375 0.000 3.915 0.130 1.831 0.000 0.007 0.084 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 20.699 0.090 -26.756 0.000 -0.004 -0.002 0.000 0.000 26.303 -0.357 0.000 3.813 0.126 1.794 0.000 0.007 0.088 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 20.718 0.093 -26.640 0.000 -0.004 -0.002 0.000 0.000 26.140 -0.400 0.000 3.742 0.123 1.767 0.000 0.011 0.130 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 20.625 0.136 -26.533 0.000 -0.003 -0.002 0.000 0.000 25.978 -0.413 0.000 3.697 0.120 1.748 0.000 0.008 0.100 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 20.627 0.106 -26.406 0.000 -0.003 -0.002 0.000 0.000 25.914 -0.380 0.000 3.688 0.118 1.740 0.000 0.019 0.236 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 20.434 0.249 -26.483 0.000 -0.003 -0.002 0.000 0.000 25.850 -0.380 0.000 3.716 0.116 1.741 0.000 0.001 0.016 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 20.618 0.018 -26.227 0.000 -0.003 -0.002 0.000 0.000 25.785 -0.419 0.000 3.761 0.115 1.751 0.000 0.009 0.108 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 20.385 0.113 -26.242 0.000 -0.003 -0.001 0.000 0.000 25.721 -0.403 0.000 3.834 0.114 1.771 0.000 0.017 0.205 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 20.098 0.218 -26.257 0.000 -0.003 -0.001 0.000 0.000 25.657 -0.377 0.000 3.948 0.113 1.801 0.000 0.029 0.360 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 19.758 0.361 -26.370 0.000 -0.003 -0.001 0.000 0.000 25.593 -0.412 0.000 4.098 0.113 1.839 0.000 0.064 0.876 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 19.016 0.698 -26.704 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.000 25.582 -0.420 0.000 4.278 0.113 1.886 0.000 0.016 0.210 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 19.500 0.199 -26.202 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.000 25.570 -0.429 0.000 4.486 0.114 1.940 0.000 0.006 0.071 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 19.393 0.074 -26.083 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.000 25.559 -0.447 0.000 4.742 0.115 2.002 0.000 0.005 0.074 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 19.021 0.044 -26.001 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 25.548 -0.408 0.000 4.745 0.116 2.052 0.000 0.007 0.097 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 18.940 0.069 -26.026 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.000 25.536 -0.418 0.000 4.862 0.117 2.113 0.000 0.005 0.090 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 18.686 0.020 -25.893 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 25.525 -0.346 0.000 4.847 0.117 2.108 0.000 0.002 0.023 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 18.767 0.015 -25.879 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 25.495 -0.367 0.000 4.851 0.117 2.101 0.000 0.003 0.049 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 18.722 0.021 -25.864 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 25.465 -0.377 0.000 4.657 0.116 2.048 0.000 0.006 0.079 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 18.972 0.078 -25.957 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.000 25.434 -0.442 0.000 4.659 0.116 2.028 0.000 0.001 0.017 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 19.024 0.018 -25.864 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.000 25.404 -0.439 0.000 4.831 0.116 2.045 0.000 0.006 0.105 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 18.647 0.035 -25.785 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 25.374 -0.374 0.000 4.688 0.116 1.995 0.000 0.012 0.184 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 18.767 0.101 -25.864 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 25.344 -0.416 0.000 4.509 0.116 1.946 0.000 0.005 0.060 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 19.144 0.062 -25.842 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.000 25.334 -0.443 0.000 4.417 0.117 1.911 0.000 0.292 5.025 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 14.001 1.879 -27.641 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.000 25.325 -0.434 0.000 4.444 0.118 1.891 0.000 0.107 1.890 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 17.308 0.625 -26.383 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.000 25.315 -0.440 0.000 4.527 0.119 1.882 0.000 0.045 0.825 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 18.319 0.178 -25.895 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 25.306 -0.409 0.000 4.373 0.121 1.860 0.000 0.059 0.894 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 18.424 0.560 -26.291 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.000 25.296 -0.432 0.000 4.273 0.123 1.849 0.000 0.025 0.326 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 19.133 0.286 -26.015 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.000 25.287 -0.439 0.000 4.222 0.126 1.850 0.000 0.033 0.448 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 19.364 0.380 -26.424 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.000 25.602 -0.439 0.000 4.223 0.129 1.864 0.000 0.043 0.639 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 19.462 0.415 -26.776 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.000 25.918 -0.441 0.000 4.237 0.133 1.888 0.000 0.059 0.858 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 19.505 0.562 -27.241 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.000 26.233 -0.443 0.000 4.304 0.137 1.924 0.000 0.048 0.683 0.043 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 19.844 0.547 -27.530 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.000 26.548 -0.432 0.000 4.425 0.141 1.972 0.000 0.024 0.326 0.233 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 20.187 0.472 -27.781 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.000 26.864 -0.442 0.000 4.606 0.146 2.032 0.000 0.135 2.425 0.579 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 17.714 0.970 -28.606 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.000 27.179 -0.454 0.000 4.851 0.152 2.103 0.000 0.125 1.737 1.395 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 17.511 0.077 -27.950 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 27.530 -0.341 0.000 4.883 0.158 2.143 0.000 0.089 1.077 2.186 0.000 0.001 0.011 0.000 17.509 0.000 -28.057 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 27.881 -0.176 0.000 4.617 0.152 2.060 0.000 0.078 1.432 2.191 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 18.104 0.588 -29.222 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 28.233 -0.399 0.000 4.358 0.146 1.983 0.000 0.101 1.674 2.402 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 18.349 1.482 -30.495 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.000 28.584 -0.426 0.000 4.115 0.140 1.910 0.000 0.245 4.007 2.507 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 16.445 3.204 -32.574 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.000 28.935 -0.432 0.000 3.893 0.135 1.842 0.000 0.506 8.068 2.237 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 13.041 5.865 -35.588 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.000 29.286 -0.433 0.000 3.691 0.131 1.779 0.000 0.811 12.400 2.816 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 8.606 9.712 -39.944 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.000 29.798 -0.432 0.000 3.510 0.127 1.719 0.000 1.194 14.771 3.756 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 5.662 18.790 -49.529 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.000 30.310 -0.426 0.000 3.350 0.122 1.664 0.000 1.211 14.713 3.678 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 6.508 19.288 -50.534 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.000 30.821 -0.422 0.000 3.209 0.119 1.612 0.000 1.473 17.896 4.277 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 3.156 23.280 -55.022 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.000 31.333 -0.406 0.000 3.084 0.115 1.564 0.000 1.358 14.971 5.147 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 6.005 24.841 -57.086 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.000 31.845 -0.397 0.000 2.976 0.112 1.519 0.000 1.353 15.040 4.562 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 7.198 23.945 -56.706 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.000 32.356 -0.401 0.000 2.881 0.109 1.478 0.000 1.504 14.928 5.095 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 7.158 29.179 -62.332 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.000 32.755 -0.396 0.000 2.799 0.106 1.439 0.000 1.521 15.788 5.134 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 6.746 28.497 -62.031 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.000 33.153 -0.377 0.000 2.727 0.104 1.404 0.000 1.555 14.226 5.672 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 8.252 32.520 -66.460 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.000 33.552 -0.385 0.000 2.664 0.102 1.372 0.000 1.503 12.907 5.755 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 10.035 33.200 -67.538 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.000 33.950 -0.385 0.000 2.610 0.100 1.342 0.000 1.500 12.469 6.624 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 10.092 35.422 -70.160 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.000 34.349 -0.387 0.000 2.564 0.098 1.315 0.000 1.593 15.592 6.259 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 7.718 32.344 -67.483 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.000 34.747 -0.389 0.000 2.523 0.096 1.290 0.000 1.570 11.667 5.941 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 12.195 37.866 -73.149 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.000 34.902 -0.378 0.000 2.488 0.094 1.268 0.000 1.441 11.052 5.950 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 13.143 35.088 -70.524 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.000 35.057 -0.377 0.000 2.459 0.093 1.247 0.000 1.287 10.202 5.536 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 14.759 31.103 -66.686 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.000 35.211 -0.369 0.000 2.434 0.092 1.229 0.000 1.449 11.835 6.411 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 12.293 34.649 -70.392 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.000 35.366 -0.373 0.000 2.413 0.090 1.212 0.000 1.248 10.263 6.692 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 13.979 32.090 -67.987 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.000 35.521 -0.373 0.000 2.395 0.089 1.196 0.000 1.551 10.874 6.478 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 13.465 40.225 -76.274 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.000 35.676 -0.371 0.000 2.380 0.088 1.182 0.000 1.415 10.691 7.060 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 13.282 37.604 -73.703 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.000 35.727 -0.370 0.000 2.369 0.087 1.170 0.000 1.421 10.866 6.879 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 13.363 36.913 -73.068 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.000 35.778 -0.375 0.000 2.359 0.087 1.159 0.000 1.511 12.367 5.636 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 13.091 34.179 -70.388 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.000 35.829 -0.377 0.000 2.350 0.086 1.148 0.000 1.532 11.990 5.611 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 13.534 35.475 -71.729 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.000 35.880 -0.371 0.000 2.343 0.085 1.139 0.000 1.343 12.988 5.912 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 12.500 28.402 -64.713 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.000 35.931 -0.377 0.000 2.335 0.085 1.131 0.000 1.293 11.298 5.474 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 14.740 29.084 -65.440 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.000 35.982 -0.371 0.000 2.328 0.084 1.123 0.000 1.447 11.423 6.033 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 13.710 34.691 -70.840 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.000 35.784 -0.363 0.000 2.321 0.084 1.117 0.000 1.354 10.354 6.741 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 13.981 35.638 -71.589 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.000 35.585 -0.363 0.000 2.316 0.083 1.111 0.000 1.322 9.596 5.973 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 15.360 34.569 -70.329 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.000 35.387 -0.370 0.000 2.312 0.083 1.105 0.000 1.619 10.987 6.439 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 13.010 42.036 -77.592 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.000 35.189 -0.364 0.000 2.309 0.082 1.101 0.000 1.265 9.726 6.983 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 13.890 34.936 -70.293 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.000 34.991 -0.363 0.000 2.307 0.082 1.097 0.000 1.118 9.276 6.711 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 14.570 30.201 -65.362 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.000 34.792 -0.366 0.000 2.307 0.082 1.093 0.000 1.327 10.213 6.553 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 13.794 34.604 -69.973 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.000 35.002 -0.364 0.000 2.306 0.082 1.090 0.000 1.564 10.502 6.775 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 13.259 42.417 -77.995 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.000 35.211 -0.364 0.000 2.307 0.081 1.088 0.000 1.671 12.208 7.103 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 11.328 42.453 -78.240 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.000 35.421 -0.363 0.000 2.309 0.081 1.086 0.000 1.705 12.945 6.954 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 10.916 41.608 -77.604 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.000 35.631 -0.363 0.000 2.310 0.081 1.085 0.000 1.590 12.306 6.546 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 12.289 38.431 -74.638 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.000 35.840 -0.364 0.000 2.312 0.081 1.083 0.000 1.573 11.873 6.216 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 13.281 38.122 -74.540 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.000 36.050 -0.366 0.000 2.313 0.081 1.083 0.000 1.615 10.832 5.820 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 14.676 40.791 -77.211 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.000 36.050 -0.368 0.000 2.316 0.080 1.082 0.000 1.584 10.650 5.561 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 15.143 39.604 -76.023 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.000 36.050 -0.366 0.000 2.321 0.080 1.083 0.000 1.579 11.646 5.208 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 14.499 36.792 -73.208 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.000 36.050 -0.364 0.000 2.326 0.080 1.083 0.000 1.572 11.504 4.981 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 14.874 36.400 -72.821 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.000 36.050 -0.368 0.000 2.333 0.080 1.084 0.000 1.730 13.511 5.308 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 12.382 38.329 -74.756 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.000 36.050 -0.375 0.000 2.339 0.080 1.086 0.000 1.753 13.202 4.661 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 13.301 38.487 -74.910 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.000 36.050 -0.371 0.000 2.347 0.080 1.087 0.000 1.638 13.197 4.572 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 13.461 34.954 -71.336 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.000 36.010 -0.369 0.000 2.355 0.080 1.089 0.000 1.567 12.845 4.552 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 13.854 33.365 -69.707 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 35.971 -0.369 0.000 2.364 0.080 1.092 0.000 1.550 11.772 4.541 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 14.902 34.541 -70.841 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 35.931 -0.367 0.000 2.375 0.080 1.095 0.000 0.985 10.408 4.374 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 16.938 19.440 -55.695 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 35.891 -0.362 0.000 2.386 0.080 1.098 0.000 1.555 14.389 4.536 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 12.178 30.716 -66.938 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 35.852 -0.368 0.000 2.397 0.080 1.102 0.000 1.733 16.213 4.127 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 10.529 32.819 -69.001 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 35.812 -0.368 0.000 2.410 0.080 1.106 0.000 1.674 16.408 4.105 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 10.436 30.833 -67.053 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 35.850 -0.368 0.000 2.423 0.080 1.111 0.000 1.488 14.988 3.748 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 12.432 26.998 -63.269 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 35.887 -0.381 0.000 2.437 0.080 1.116 0.000 1.540 14.725 3.532 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 12.877 28.564 -64.872 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 35.925 -0.381 0.000 2.454 0.080 1.122 0.000 1.451 16.185 3.798 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 11.272 24.391 -60.753 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 35.963 -0.397 0.000 2.471 0.080 1.129 0.000 1.463 16.425 3.512 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 11.330 24.126 -60.535 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 36.001 -0.406 0.000 2.490 0.080 1.135 0.000 1.524 16.867 3.305 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 11.042 25.073 -61.516 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 36.039 -0.403 0.000 2.511 0.080 1.143 0.000 1.558 19.132 3.238 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 8.809 23.090 -59.563 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 36.061 -0.409 0.000 2.534 0.080 1.151 0.000 1.564 20.257 2.415 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 8.506 21.053 -57.561 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 36.084 -0.421 0.000 2.558 0.080 1.161 0.000 1.518 17.477 2.016 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 11.694 22.784 -59.288 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 36.106 -0.396 0.000 2.587 0.081 1.171 0.000 1.518 19.923 1.846 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 9.418 19.634 -56.176 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 36.129 -0.411 0.000 2.618 0.081 1.181 0.000 1.551 24.051 1.608 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 5.478 15.158 -51.727 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 36.152 -0.414 0.000 2.651 0.081 1.193 0.000 1.511 21.504 1.393 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 8.273 17.063 -53.668 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 36.174 -0.428 0.000 2.688 0.081 1.206 0.000 1.403 21.196 1.158 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 9.076 14.183 -50.991 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 36.380 -0.426 0.000 2.728 0.081 1.220 0.000 1.138 19.930 0.837 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 11.068 7.579 -44.582 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 36.586 -0.415 0.000 2.767 0.081 1.235 0.000 1.000 15.349 0.874 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 15.878 9.838 -47.022 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 36.792 -0.389 0.000 2.809 0.082 1.251 0.000 1.046 18.440 0.569 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 13.225 6.566 -43.988 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 36.998 -0.422 0.000 2.851 0.082 1.268 0.000 1.476 26.503 0.303 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 5.145 7.958 -45.586 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 37.204 -0.422 0.000 2.894 0.082 1.286 0.000 1.580 26.668 0.175 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 5.163 11.162 -49.010 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 37.409 -0.437 0.000 2.945 0.082 1.305 0.000 1.566 27.829 0.146 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 3.954 8.812 -46.639 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 37.366 -0.459 0.000 3.001 0.083 1.327 0.000 1.500 27.189 0.113 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 4.564 7.341 -45.118 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 37.323 -0.452 0.000 3.063 0.083 1.350 0.000 1.351 21.249 0.077 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 10.545 11.579 -49.296 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 37.279 -0.436 0.000 3.138 0.084 1.376 0.000 0.712 11.602 0.046 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 20.717 5.570 -43.244 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 37.236 -0.437 0.000 3.223 0.084 1.403 0.000 0.451 7.788 0.014 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 24.691 2.886 -40.539 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 37.192 -0.459 0.000 3.309 0.085 1.433 0.000 0.382 6.175 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 26.218 3.041 -40.643 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 37.149 -0.450 0.000 3.403 0.085 1.464 0.000 0.356 5.844 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 26.176 2.712 -40.040 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 36.883 -0.444 0.000 3.507 0.086 1.498 0.000 0.387 6.361 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 25.232 2.933 -40.004 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 36.616 -0.453 0.000 3.625 0.086 1.535 0.000 0.220 3.360 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 27.952 2.016 -38.795 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 36.350 -0.427 0.000 3.759 0.087 1.575 0.000 0.262 4.826 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 25.991 0.755 -37.256 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 36.084 -0.415 0.000 3.830 0.088 1.612 0.000 0.296 5.463 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 24.992 0.978 -37.259 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 35.818 -0.461 0.000 3.866 0.089 1.651 0.000 0.215 3.969 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 26.233 0.834 -36.856 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 35.551 -0.469 0.000 3.857 0.090 1.690 0.000 0.222 3.163 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 26.611 2.302 -37.935 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 35.210 -0.421 0.000 3.894 0.090 1.734 0.000 0.163 2.224 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 27.195 1.817 -37.118 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 34.868 -0.431 0.000 3.978 0.092 1.783 0.000 0.317 4.396 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 24.370 3.443 -38.379 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 34.526 -0.408 0.000 4.112 0.093 1.839 0.000 0.291 5.247 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 23.044 1.475 -36.101 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 34.184 -0.440 0.000 4.270 0.094 1.899 0.000 0.288 4.541 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 23.212 2.433 -36.737 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 33.843 -0.459 0.000 4.479 0.095 1.965 0.000 0.244 4.264 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 22.876 0.413 -34.336 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 33.501 -0.421 0.000 4.639 0.097 2.033 0.000 0.331 5.843 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 20.566 0.601 -34.110 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 33.191 -0.316 0.000 4.864 0.099 2.109 0.000 0.498 6.184 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 19.266 0.034 -33.055 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 32.881 -0.139 0.000 4.844 0.099 2.098 0.000 0.424 5.457 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 19.749 0.068 -32.739 0.000 -0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 32.572 -0.098 0.000 4.692 0.098 2.058 0.000 0.410 7.564 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 17.787 1.561 -34.171 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 32.262 -0.345 0.000 4.850 0.097 2.074 0.000 0.392 4.982 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 19.653 0.050 -32.099 0.000 -0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 31.952 -0.095 0.000 4.581 0.096 2.003 0.000 0.203 3.410 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 21.700 1.448 -33.441 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 31.643 -0.348 0.000 4.383 0.095 1.942 0.000 0.226 2.913 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 22.118 2.730 -34.407 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 31.297 -0.378 0.000 4.273 0.094 1.890 0.000 0.168 2.416 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 22.479 1.715 -33.033 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 30.952 -0.365 0.000 4.252 0.093 1.849 0.000 0.075 1.122 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 23.569 0.713 -31.673 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 30.606 -0.351 0.000 4.287 0.092 1.817 0.000 0.073 0.937 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 23.430 0.880 -31.515 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 30.261 -0.372 0.000 4.414 0.091 1.796 0.000 0.112 2.039 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 21.713 0.262 -30.427 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 29.915 -0.248 0.000 4.321 0.090 1.763 0.000 0.149 2.624 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 20.959 0.853 -30.758 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 29.569 -0.334 0.000 4.268 0.089 1.735 0.000 0.111 1.655 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 21.715 1.071 -30.646 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 29.224 -0.349 0.000 4.295 0.089 1.714 0.000 0.150 2.246 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 20.739 1.428 -30.661 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 28.878 -0.353 0.000 4.407 0.088 1.700 0.000 0.190 3.234 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 19.169 0.269 -29.057 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 28.533 -0.253 0.000 4.258 0.087 1.668 0.000 0.255 4.707 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 17.538 0.753 -29.268 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 28.187 -0.326 0.000 4.100 0.087 1.636 0.000 0.185 3.339 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 18.844 0.911 -29.103 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 27.842 -0.348 0.000 3.943 0.086 1.605 0.000 0.162 2.346 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 19.710 1.624 -29.476 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 27.496 -0.354

EP

100

AV AV

Figure17_Hokkaido

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 1 地域番号

I

月 Power Generation,5GW

Exports Hydrogen (in) Li-ion (in)

NaS (in) Pumped (in) Curtailment (wind and PV) Imports Hydrogen (out) Li-ion (out) NaS (out) Pumped (out) Solar PV

Wind Offshore Wind Onshore Hydrogen

6 7 8 F G H @ #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! Output profile 陸上風力 洋上風力 太陽光 0.07135 0.07747 0 0.14105 0.15315 0 0.14369 0.15602 0 0.14007 0.15209 0 0.16116 0.17499 0 0.32571 0.35366 0 0.398 0.43215 0 0.391 0.42454 0 0.38795 0.42124 0 0.39115 0.42471 0 0.39245 0.42612 0 0.38416 0.41712 0 0.39042 0.42392 0 0.39166 0.42526 0 0.38064 0.4133 0 0.39119 0.42475 0 0.38266 0.41549 0 0.39492 0.4288 0 0.40364 0.43828 0 0.39961 0.43389 0 0.39659 0.43062 0 0.38346 0.41636 0 0.39576 0.42972 0 0.41087 0.44613 0 0.43488 0.47219 0 0.43524 0.47258 0 0.43442 0.4717 0 0.42498 0.46144 0 0.45438 0.49336 0 0.42763 0.46432 0 0.41815 0.45402 0 0.43573 0.47311 0.00109 0.43484 0.47215 0.00219 0.44844 0.48691 0.00471 0.44229 0.48024 0.01343 0.26001 0.28232 0.0241 0.22168 0.2407 0.03992 0.14613 0.15867 0.06983 0.10447 0.11344 0.08961 0.16544 0.17963 0.11575 0.21889 0.23767 0.13526 0.31544 0.3425 0.16675 0.4189 0.45484 0.1925 0.43959 0.4773 0.21828 0.4024 0.43693 0.24382 0.42356 0.4599 0.30701 0.30743 0.33381 0.31687 0.22969 0.24939 0.3181 0.21323 0.23153 0.49671 0.20831 0.22618 0.59908 0.25106 0.27261 0.63636 0.19021 0.20653 0.67195 0.22593 0.24532 0.70556 0.37242 0.40437 0.73917 0.53891 0.58515 0.77117 0.67282 0.73055 0.80269 0.73972 0.80319 0.83186 0.48879 0.53073 0.85849 0.60494 0.65685 0.88493 0.35711 0.38775 0.90994 0.47182 0.5123 0.93258 0.74667 0.81073 0.95259 0.81962 0.88995 0.9717 0.77201 0.83825 0.9903 0.75651 0.82142 1.00634 0.6656 0.72271 1.02035 0.67378 0.73159 1.03368 0.57865 0.6283 1.04367 0.60865 0.66087 1.05345 0.76851 0.83445 1.06149 0.67065 0.72819 1.06668 0.53381 0.57962 0.97048 0.72412 0.78625 0.9969 0.5601 0.60815 0.48351 0.61979 0.67297 0.65259 0.55328 0.60075 0.47939 0.60537 0.65732 0.31307 0.87325 0.94817 0.44573 0.84369 0.91608 0.69191 0.82449 0.89524 0.63804 0.71533 0.77671 0.71877 0.81345 0.88324 0.73858 0.81685 0.88693 0.86187 0.81751 0.88766 0.79376 0.82639 0.89729 0.80876 0.67235 0.73004 0.78678 0.83851 0.91045 0.66703 0.62188 0.67523 0.64771 0.67494 0.73285 0.56891 0.86352 0.93761 0.63158 0.58522 0.63544 0.68642 0.68245 0.741 0.72238 0.55931 0.6073 0.70072 0.86662 0.94098 0.66582 0.62754 0.68139 0.63032 0.61036 0.66273 0.43341 0.54898 0.59609 0.45146 0.53979 0.5861 0.34391 0.54828 0.59532 0.29825 0.58058 0.63039 0.23672 0.23291 0.2529 0.22938 0.35058 0.38066 0.11436 0.3407 0.36994 0.06377 0.3068 0.33312 0.05601 0.21581 0.23433 0.03353 0.29112 0.3161 0.0227 0.27029 0.29348 0.01918 0.37207 0.404 0.01027 0.34707 0.37685 0.008 0.37105 0.40288 0.00666 0.35951 0.39036 0.00531 0.35764 0.38832 0.00397 0.34965 0.37965 0.00262 0.34701 0.37678 0.00129 0.37943 0.41199 8.5E-05 0.43484 0.47215 0 0.38094 0.41363 0 0.2872 0.31184 0 0.16161 0.17548 0 0.06023 0.0654 0 0.05054 0.05487 0 0.1337 0.14517 0 0.20399 0.22149 0 0.18782 0.20393 0 0.17724 0.19244 0 0.27638 0.30009 0 0.15243 0.16551 0 0.04122 0.04476 0 0.01306 0.01418 0 0.00927 0.01006 0 0.07901 0.08579 0 0.05075 0.05511 0 0.08222 0.08928 0 0.16353 0.17756 0 0.06944 0.0754 0 0.04202 0.04563 0 0.04844 0.0526 0 0.02249 0.02442 0 0.01028 0.01116 0 0.01421 0.01543 0 0.01254 0.01361 0 0.00831 0.00902 0 0.00801 0.0087 0 0.01404 0.01525 0 0.01585 0.01721 0

RI PT

0.097

SC

M AN U

D

AC C

4411 4412 4413 4414 4415 4416 4417 4418 4419 441A 441B 441C 441D 441E 441F 4420 4421 4422 4423 4424 4425 4426 4427 4428 4429 442A 442B 442C 442D 442E 442F 4430 4431 4432 4433 4434 4435 4436 4437 4438 4439 443A 443B 443C 443D 443E 443F 4440 4441 4442 4443 4444 4445 4446 4447 4448 4449 444A 444B 444C 444D 444E 444F 4450 4451 4452 4453 4454 4455 4456 4457 4458 4459 445A 445B 445C 445D 445E 445F 4460 4461 4462 4463 4464 4465 4466 4467 4468 4469 446A 446B 446C 446D 446E 446F 4470 4471 4472 4473 4474 4475 4476 4477 4478 4479 447A 447B 447C 447D 447E 447F 4480 4481 4482 4483 4484 4485 4486 4487 4488 4489 448A 448B 448C 448D 448E 448F 4490 4491 4492 4493 4494 4495 4496 4497 4498 4499 449A 449B 449C 449D 449E 449F 44A0 44A1

TE

150 17,425 17,426 17,427 100 17,428 17,429 17,430 17,431 50 17,432 17,433 17,434 17,435 0 17,436 17,437 17,438 17,439 -50 17,440 17,441 17,442 17,443 -100 17,444 17,445 17,446 17,447 17,448 17,449 17,450 17,451 17,452 17,453 17,454 17,455 17,456 17,457 17,458 17,459 17,460 17,461 17,462 17,463 17,464 17,465 17,466 17,467 17,468 17,469 17,470 17,471 17,472 17,473 17,474 17,475 17,476 17,477 17,478 17,479 17,480 17,481 17,482 17,483 17,484 17,485 17,486 17,487 17,488 17,489 17,490 17,491 17,492 17,493 17,494 17,495 17,496 17,497 17,498 17,499 17,500 17,501 17,502 17,503 17,504 17,505 17,506 17,507 17,508 17,509 17,510 17,511 17,512 17,513 17,514 17,515 17,516 17,517 17,518 17,519 17,520 17,521 17,522 17,523 17,524 17,525 17,526 17,527 17,528 17,529 17,530 17,531 17,532 17,533 17,534 17,535 17,536 17,537 17,538 17,539 17,540 17,541 17,542 17,543 17,544 17,545 17,546 17,547 17,548 17,549 17,550 17,551 17,552 17,553 17,554 17,555 17,556 17,557 17,558 17,559 17,560 17,561 17,562 17,563 17,564 17,565 17,566 17,567 17,568 17,569

17425 最初 21888 最後 2 3 4 5 1 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 2 13 14 15 16 2 B C D E A F G H I J K L B M N O P B Nuclear Hydro Geothermal Biomass Hydrogen Wind Onshore Wind Offshore Solar PV Pumped (out) NaS (out) Li-ion (out)Hydrogen Imports (out) Curtailment dummy (wind and Pumped PV) (in) NaS (in) Li-ion (in) Hydrogen Exports (in) Demand check 0.000 1.259 1.240 0.428 0.000 10.165 2.822 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.440 -16.353 0.000 -0.002 -0.002 0.000 -12.286 3.560 -0.063 0.000 1.184 1.194 0.412 0.000 17.165 3.964 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 5.415 -29.334 0.000 -0.003 -0.003 0.000 -20.259 3.581 -0.074 0.000 1.118 1.151 0.397 0.000 19.039 4.667 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 3.336 -29.709 0.000 -0.002 -0.002 0.000 -22.689 3.603 -0.076 0.000 1.059 1.112 0.384 0.000 18.262 4.398 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 3.701 -28.916 0.000 -0.002 -0.002 0.000 -21.511 3.624 -0.075 0.000 1.006 1.075 0.371 0.000 16.985 3.973 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 9.372 -32.783 0.000 -0.003 -0.002 0.000 -19.686 3.646 -0.073 0.000 0.959 1.042 0.359 0.000 26.883 7.201 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 27.213 -63.657 0.000 -0.003 -0.002 0.000 -32.686 3.667 -0.086 0.000 0.918 1.011 0.349 0.000 27.845 8.366 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 38.691 -77.180 0.000 -0.002 -0.002 0.000 -34.707 3.689 -0.088 0.000 0.883 0.983 0.339 0.000 21.349 7.670 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 44.565 -75.789 0.000 -0.002 -0.002 0.000 -27.435 3.704 -0.080 0.000 0.853 0.957 0.331 0.000 21.086 7.600 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 44.324 -75.152 0.000 -0.002 -0.002 0.000 -27.024 3.719 -0.080 0.000 0.828 0.935 0.323 0.000 30.058 8.452 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 35.102 -75.698 0.000 -0.002 -0.002 0.000 -36.767 3.734 -0.090 0.000 0.806 0.915 0.316 0.000 28.433 8.333 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 37.090 -75.894 0.000 -0.002 -0.002 0.000 -34.961 3.749 -0.088 0.000 0.788 0.897 0.310 0.000 18.558 7.274 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 46.465 -74.292 0.000 -0.002 -0.002 0.000 -23.981 3.764 -0.077 0.000 0.774 0.882 0.305 0.000 26.592 8.145 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 38.739 -75.436 0.000 -0.002 -0.002 0.000 -32.827 3.779 -0.086 0.000 0.762 0.869 0.300 0.000 31.137 8.553 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 34.018 -75.640 0.000 -0.002 -0.002 0.000 -37.750 3.777 -0.091 0.000 0.753 0.859 0.297 0.000 33.248 8.584 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 29.803 -73.543 0.000 -0.002 -0.002 0.000 -39.869 3.775 -0.093 0.000 0.746 0.851 0.294 0.000 32.615 8.678 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 32.327 -75.510 0.000 -0.002 -0.002 0.000 -39.314 3.772 -0.093 0.000 0.741 0.845 0.292 0.000 35.964 8.885 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 27.165 -73.892 0.000 -0.002 -0.002 0.000 -42.857 3.770 -0.097 0.000 0.738 0.841 0.291 0.000 35.642 9.017 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 29.663 -76.191 0.000 -0.002 -0.002 0.000 -42.661 3.767 -0.096 0.000 0.737 0.839 0.290 0.000 35.830 9.157 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 30.977 -77.829 0.000 -0.002 -0.002 0.000 -42.987 3.765 -0.097 0.000 0.737 0.839 0.290 0.000 35.838 9.102 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 30.264 -77.070 0.000 -0.002 -0.002 0.000 -42.955 3.750 -0.097 0.000 0.739 0.841 0.291 0.000 35.870 9.063 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 29.704 -76.508 0.000 -0.002 -0.002 0.000 -42.969 3.735 -0.097 0.000 0.743 0.846 0.292 0.000 34.423 8.738 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 29.005 -74.047 0.000 -0.002 -0.002 0.000 -41.223 3.720 -0.095 0.000 0.749 0.852 0.295 0.000 34.784 8.945 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 30.751 -76.376 0.000 -0.002 -0.002 0.000 -41.821 3.705 -0.095 0.000 0.757 0.861 0.298 0.000 35.581 9.236 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 32.507 -79.240 0.000 -0.002 -0.002 0.000 -42.942 3.690 -0.097 0.000 0.767 0.872 0.301 0.000 34.967 9.532 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 37.344 -83.782 0.000 -0.002 -0.002 0.000 -42.663 3.675 -0.096 0.000 0.780 0.885 0.306 0.000 33.163 9.381 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 39.365 -83.880 0.000 -0.002 -0.002 0.000 -40.751 3.666 -0.094 0.000 0.796 0.901 0.311 0.000 30.385 9.131 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 42.240 -83.764 0.000 -0.002 -0.002 0.000 -37.772 3.657 -0.091 0.000 0.815 0.919 0.317 0.000 33.871 9.289 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 36.819 -82.031 0.000 -0.002 -0.002 0.000 -41.464 3.648 -0.095 0.000 0.838 0.939 0.325 0.000 34.527 9.785 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 41.199 -87.613 0.000 -0.002 -0.002 0.000 -42.675 3.639 -0.096 0.000 0.865 0.963 0.333 0.000 32.871 9.241 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 38.365 -82.638 0.000 -0.002 -0.002 0.000 -40.545 3.630 -0.094 0.000 0.897 0.988 0.341 0.000 32.479 9.066 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 37.148 -80.920 0.000 -0.002 -0.002 0.000 -40.053 3.621 -0.093 0.000 0.934 1.017 0.351 0.000 31.755 9.268 0.008 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 40.988 -84.320 0.000 -0.002 -0.002 0.000 -39.593 3.642 -0.093 0.000 0.977 1.048 0.362 0.000 33.092 9.369 0.016 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 39.389 -84.254 0.000 -0.002 -0.002 0.000 -41.102 3.664 -0.095 0.000 1.026 1.082 0.374 0.000 31.482 9.436 0.035 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 43.511 -86.946 0.000 -0.002 -0.002 0.000 -39.653 3.685 -0.093 0.000 1.082 1.120 0.386 0.000 31.714 9.363 0.099 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 42.258 -86.023 0.000 -0.002 -0.002 0.000 -39.961 3.707 -0.093 0.000 1.146 1.160 0.400 0.000 32.911 7.740 0.180 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 8.457 -51.994 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 -39.712 3.728 -0.093 0.000 1.217 1.203 0.415 0.000 31.094 8.377 0.333 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 2.502 -45.142 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 -38.795 3.750 -0.092 0.000 1.296 1.250 0.431 0.000 21.257 6.187 1.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.084 -31.507 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -27.562 3.786 -0.071 0.000 1.341 1.292 0.448 0.000 15.218 4.444 1.319 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 -24.064 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -20.196 3.823 -0.045 0.000 1.258 1.241 0.430 0.000 23.765 6.718 1.435 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.921 -35.768 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -30.902 3.859 -0.083 0.000 1.182 1.194 0.414 0.000 30.012 7.732 1.234 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 4.208 -45.976 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -37.778 3.896 -0.091 0.000 1.113 1.150 0.399 0.000 28.931 7.250 1.245 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 24.392 -64.481 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 -36.064 3.932 -0.089 0.000 1.052 1.109 0.385 0.000 20.597 7.973 1.393 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 51.706 -84.214 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 -28.455 3.969 -0.081 0.000 0.998 1.070 0.371 0.000 15.099 7.431 1.548 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 61.864 -88.380 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 -22.411 4.026 -0.076 0.000 0.949 1.034 0.359 0.000 10.140 5.964 1.670 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 61.546 -81.661 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 -15.957 4.084 -0.071 0.000 0.907 1.000 0.347 0.000 9.968 6.071 2.055 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 66.137 -86.486 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 -16.132 4.142 -0.071 0.000 0.870 0.968 0.337 0.000 10.205 5.130 2.146 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 45.041 -64.697 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 -15.383 4.200 -0.070 0.000 0.838 0.939 0.327 0.000 8.803 4.039 2.142 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 32.923 -50.012 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 -12.759 4.258 -0.069 0.000 0.810 0.912 0.318 0.000 8.359 3.779 3.160 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 32.143 -49.481 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 -12.951 4.315 -0.069 0.000 0.786 0.887 0.309 0.000 7.811 3.636 3.622 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 32.952 -50.002 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 -12.623 4.355 -0.069 0.000 0.765 0.864 0.301 0.000 8.808 4.278 3.860 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 39.670 -58.546 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 -14.408 4.395 -0.070 0.000 0.747 0.842 0.294 0.000 7.366 3.357 3.931 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 31.033 -47.570 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 -12.031 4.435 -0.068 0.000 0.732 0.822 0.287 0.000 7.354 3.742 3.961 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 37.850 -54.747 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 -12.351 4.475 -0.068 0.000 0.719 0.804 0.281 0.000 7.824 5.030 3.981 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 64.133 -82.772 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 -14.051 4.515 -0.069 0.000 0.707 0.788 0.276 0.000 9.065 6.392 4.231 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 93.082 -114.543 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 -16.831 4.554 -0.071 0.000 0.698 0.773 0.271 0.000 7.741 6.147 4.050 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 120.499 -140.179 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 -15.039 4.567 -0.070 0.000 0.690 0.759 0.266 0.000 7.703 6.267 4.118 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 133.368 -153.171 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 -15.149 4.580 -0.070 0.000 0.683 0.746 0.262 0.000 7.544 5.488 4.239 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 87.354 -106.316 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 -14.296 4.593 -0.070 0.000 0.677 0.735 0.258 0.000 8.057 6.145 4.396 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 108.276 -128.544 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 -15.588 4.606 -0.070 0.000 0.672 0.724 0.255 0.000 7.398 4.787 4.452 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 63.964 -82.252 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 -13.597 4.619 -0.069 0.000 0.668 0.715 0.252 0.000 7.353 5.331 4.405 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 85.432 -104.156 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 -14.020 4.631 -0.069 0.000 0.664 0.706 0.249 0.000 7.702 6.280 4.455 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 136.106 -156.161 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 -15.348 4.634 -0.070 0.000 0.661 0.699 0.246 0.000 7.690 6.399 4.486 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 149.977 -170.159 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 -15.471 4.637 -0.070 0.000 0.659 0.692 0.244 0.000 8.080 6.566 4.653 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 140.567 -161.461 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 -16.179 4.640 -0.071 0.000 0.657 0.686 0.242 0.000 7.995 6.482 4.674 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 138.035 -158.770 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 -16.018 4.644 -0.071 0.000 0.655 0.680 0.240 0.000 8.737 6.693 4.942 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 119.910 -141.857 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -17.225 4.647 -0.072 0.000 0.653 0.675 0.238 0.000 8.128 6.376 4.808 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 122.706 -143.584 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -16.154 4.650 -0.071 0.000 0.652 0.670 0.237 0.000 7.974 6.019 4.826 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 105.444 -125.821 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -15.695 4.609 -0.071 0.000 0.651 0.666 0.235 0.000 7.657 5.937 4.737 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 111.722 -131.604 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -15.240 4.569 -0.070 0.000 0.650 0.662 0.234 0.000 7.228 6.011 4.562 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 142.454 -161.802 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -14.746 4.529 -0.070 0.000 0.649 0.659 0.233 0.000 7.545 6.026 4.708 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 123.636 -143.456 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -15.258 4.489 -0.070 0.000 0.649 0.656 0.232 0.000 7.492 5.623 4.513 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 97.119 -116.284 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -14.643 4.448 -0.070 0.000 0.648 0.654 0.231 0.000 7.658 6.208 4.561 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 132.521 -152.482 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -15.479 4.408 -0.070 0.000 0.648 0.651 0.230 0.000 7.861 5.900 2.866 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 95.897 -114.054 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -13.652 4.433 -0.069 0.000 0.648 0.649 0.230 0.000 7.547 5.905 3.514 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 109.282 -127.775 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -13.962 4.458 -0.069 0.000 0.647 0.648 0.229 0.000 8.276 6.085 2.885 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 93.935 -112.705 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -14.215 4.482 -0.070 0.000 0.647 0.646 0.228 0.000 8.736 6.499 2.037 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 101.265 -120.059 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -14.214 4.507 -0.070 0.000 0.647 0.645 0.228 0.000 8.581 7.072 2.716 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 152.533 -172.423 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -15.285 4.532 -0.070 0.000 0.647 0.644 0.228 0.000 8.162 6.749 3.724 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 150.329 -170.482 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -15.523 4.557 -0.070 0.000 0.647 0.643 0.227 0.000 7.601 6.347 3.440 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 147.170 -166.075 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -14.280 4.553 -0.070 0.000 0.647 0.643 0.227 0.000 7.500 6.092 3.721 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 127.891 -146.720 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -14.207 4.549 -0.070 0.000 0.647 0.643 0.227 0.000 8.026 6.609 3.871 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 145.453 -165.475 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -15.403 4.546 -0.070 0.000 0.647 0.643 0.226 0.000 7.816 6.477 4.219 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 147.901 -167.930 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -15.413 4.542 -0.070 0.000 0.648 0.643 0.226 0.000 8.304 6.794 4.109 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 146.330 -167.053 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -16.111 4.539 -0.071 0.000 0.648 0.643 0.226 0.000 8.208 6.748 4.138 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 148.333 -168.944 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -16.003 4.535 -0.071 0.000 0.648 0.643 0.226 0.000 8.361 6.504 4.123 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 119.125 -139.632 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -15.904 4.530 -0.071 0.000 0.649 0.644 0.226 0.000 8.468 6.937 3.676 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 148.541 -169.142 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -16.002 4.524 -0.071 0.000 0.649 0.645 0.226 0.000 7.995 6.161 3.565 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 108.847 -128.089 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -14.651 4.519 -0.070 0.000 0.650 0.646 0.226 0.000 9.466 7.107 3.390 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 115.432 -136.917 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -16.898 4.513 -0.071 0.000 0.651 0.648 0.227 0.000 9.229 7.463 3.623 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 151.491 -173.332 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -17.258 4.508 -0.072 0.000 0.652 0.649 0.227 0.000 9.385 6.735 3.920 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 100.201 -121.768 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -16.991 4.502 -0.071 0.000 0.652 0.651 0.227 0.000 9.606 7.203 4.075 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 118.182 -140.597 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -17.825 4.515 -0.072 0.000 0.653 0.653 0.227 0.000 9.166 6.526 3.959 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 95.923 -117.108 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -16.583 4.528 -0.071 0.000 0.654 0.655 0.228 0.000 9.044 7.354 3.744 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 152.753 -174.433 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -17.064 4.541 -0.071 0.000 0.656 0.658 0.228 0.000 9.612 7.010 3.692 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 107.065 -128.921 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -17.228 4.554 -0.072 0.000 0.657 0.661 0.229 0.000 9.621 6.947 2.735 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 101.944 -122.793 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -16.209 4.566 -0.071 0.000 0.658 0.664 0.229 0.000 9.590 6.665 2.836 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 90.870 -111.513 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -15.991 4.579 -0.071 0.000 0.660 0.668 0.230 0.000 10.538 6.999 2.277 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 86.835 -108.206 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -16.719 4.578 -0.071 0.000 0.662 0.672 0.231 0.000 10.766 7.132 2.008 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 87.667 -109.138 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -16.820 4.577 -0.071 0.000 0.664 0.676 0.231 0.000 10.310 7.120 1.616 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 93.700 -114.318 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -15.970 4.575 -0.071 0.000 0.667 0.681 0.232 0.000 9.874 4.236 1.603 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 31.496 -48.790 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -12.649 4.574 -0.069 0.000 0.670 0.686 0.233 0.000 13.965 6.247 0.826 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 46.623 -69.251 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -17.981 4.573 -0.072 0.000 0.673 0.692 0.234 0.000 11.637 5.748 0.463 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 47.210 -66.657 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -14.803 4.571 -0.070 0.000 0.676 0.699 0.236 0.000 12.644 5.529 0.408 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 39.980 -60.173 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -15.512 4.608 -0.070 0.000 0.680 0.706 0.237 0.000 18.087 4.796 0.247 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 17.977 -42.731 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -20.033 4.644 -0.074 0.000 0.685 0.713 0.239 0.000 15.144 5.633 0.167 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 34.177 -56.757 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -17.825 4.680 -0.072 0.000 0.689 0.721 0.240 0.000 21.457 5.901 0.141 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 23.649 -52.800 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -24.354 4.716 -0.077 0.000 0.694 0.730 0.242 0.000 21.958 7.459 0.076 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 40.681 -71.840 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -26.325 4.753 -0.079 0.000 0.700 0.740 0.244 0.000 16.193 6.504 0.059 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 42.679 -67.120 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -19.575 4.789 -0.073 0.000 0.707 0.751 0.246 0.000 19.044 7.152 0.049 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 43.683 -71.632 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -23.070 4.800 -0.076 0.000 0.715 0.763 0.248 0.000 22.050 7.285 0.039 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 38.363 -69.464 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -26.207 4.811 -0.079 0.000 0.725 0.776 0.251 0.000 13.648 6.280 0.029 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 47.407 -69.115 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -16.812 4.822 -0.071 0.000 0.736 0.790 0.254 0.000 17.990 6.744 0.019 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 41.088 -67.621 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -21.622 4.833 -0.075 0.000 0.749 0.805 0.257 0.000 26.473 7.482 0.009 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 31.360 -67.136 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -30.845 4.845 -0.084 0.000 0.764 0.822 0.261 0.000 22.410 7.609 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 41.390 -73.255 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -26.928 4.856 -0.080 0.000 0.782 0.841 0.264 0.000 25.557 8.708 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 47.571 -83.722 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -31.250 4.815 -0.084 0.000 0.802 0.861 0.269 0.000 24.085 7.784 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 39.822 -73.623 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -28.943 4.773 -0.082 0.000 0.826 0.883 0.273 0.000 26.293 6.596 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 21.160 -56.032 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -30.054 4.732 -0.083 0.000 0.854 0.906 0.278 0.000 22.826 6.217 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.371 -32.453 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -26.310 4.691 -0.079 0.000 0.879 0.930 0.284 0.000 7.865 1.898 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.572 -13.428 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -7.140 4.650 -0.065 0.000 0.905 0.955 0.289 0.000 6.535 1.563 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.413 -11.660 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -5.572 4.609 -0.064 0.000 0.931 0.981 0.295 0.000 11.853 3.032 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 10.277 -27.369 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -12.470 4.551 -0.068 0.000 0.964 1.009 0.302 0.000 15.559 4.398 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 18.433 -40.665 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -17.664 4.493 -0.072 0.000 1.004 1.040 0.309 0.000 12.667 3.908 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 18.771 -37.699 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -14.421 4.435 -0.070 0.000 1.051 1.074 0.317 0.000 23.662 5.856 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 3.838 -35.798 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -27.501 4.377 -0.080 0.000 1.106 1.111 0.325 0.000 23.307 6.155 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 22.551 -54.555 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -27.602 4.319 -0.080 0.000 1.169 1.150 0.335 0.000 21.887 6.181 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.619 -31.340 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -26.380 4.261 -0.078 0.000 1.235 1.191 0.345 0.000 5.584 1.412 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.761 -10.529 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -5.489 4.214 -0.062 0.000 1.311 1.236 0.355 0.000 1.884 0.539 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.034 -5.359 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.141 4.167 -0.016 0.000 1.299 1.233 0.355 0.000 1.315 0.362 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.067 -4.631 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -0.415 4.119 -0.028 0.000 1.259 1.209 0.350 0.000 10.114 2.398 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 2.358 -17.688 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -11.189 4.072 -0.067 0.000 1.280 1.203 0.347 0.000 7.366 2.133 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.052 -12.382 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -8.271 4.025 -0.032 0.000 1.208 1.163 0.338 0.000 10.118 2.345 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 3.010 -18.183 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -11.126 3.978 -0.067 0.000 1.147 1.128 0.330 0.000 10.711 3.375 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 16.689 -33.379 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -12.653 3.966 -0.068 0.000 1.100 1.097 0.322 0.000 6.986 1.667 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 4.415 -15.587 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -7.150 3.954 -0.066 0.000 1.065 1.070 0.316 0.000 4.904 1.125 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.879 -10.359 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -4.472 3.941 -0.064 0.000 1.041 1.047 0.310 0.000 4.249 1.094 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 3.773 -11.514 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -3.744 3.929 -0.065 0.000 1.029 1.029 0.305 0.000 3.078 0.791 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.364 -6.595 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -2.255 3.917 -0.058 0.000 1.003 1.008 0.299 0.000 0.994 0.242 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.425 0.699 -4.669 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 3.905 -0.063 0.000 0.982 0.989 0.294 0.000 1.244 0.321 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.105 1.110 -5.046 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 3.869 -0.064 0.000 0.970 0.974 0.290 0.000 1.038 0.278 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.350 1.043 -4.943 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 3.833 -0.064 0.000 0.965 0.961 0.287 0.000 1.052 0.247 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.343 0.264 -4.120 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 3.797 -0.056 0.000 0.938 0.943 0.282 0.000 0.806 0.192 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.664 0.510 -4.335 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 3.761 -0.062 0.000 0.911 0.925 0.278 0.000 1.451 0.342 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.849 -4.758 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -0.118 3.725 -0.063 0.000 0.886 0.908 0.275 0.000 1.304 0.350 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.032 1.329 -5.085 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 0.000 3.689 -0.064

EP

200

Biomass

Geothermal Hydro

Nuclear

Demand

Figure18

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT TWh 1,500 50 50 169 492 5 263 207 -43 -94 1,143 14.2 64%

100 100 171 384 3 263 206 -34 -44 1,092 13.2 58%

200 200 175 256 0 236 207 -22 -6 1,052 12.1 46%

300 300 177 206 0 168 208 -13 -1 1,046 11.4 35%

400 400 178 162 0 101 209 -5 0 1,045 11.1 25%

500 500 178 90 0 69 209 -2 0 1,044 11.0 15%

Hydrogen sale Without nuclear 600storage 0 25 Power 600 0 25 losses 178etc. 0 0 Hydro, 50 587 588 0 354 215 Solar PV 9 263 262 209 wind 206 206 Offshore -2 -84 -63 0 wind-274 -182 Onshore 1,044 1,326 1,233 11.0 24.0 18.4 Nuclear 6% 85% 82%

RI PT

With nuclear 0 25 1,200 Hydrogen 0 25 Nuclear 162 166 900 wind Onshore 599 574 Offshore wind 127 12 Solar600 PV 268 264 Hydro, etc. 208 207 Power storage losses -70 -50 300 Hydrogen sale -244 -148 Total 1,294 1,198 tanka, 0JPY/kWh 19.3 15.1 PV+Wind share 73% 68%

Hydrogen

-600

0

25 50 100 200 300 400 500 600 0

SC

-300

Hydrogen-fired

25 50 100 200 300 400 500 600 Power Output, TWh Without nuclear

EP

TE

D

M AN U

With nuclear

AC C

27%

50 50 0 580 145 260 205 -54 -134 1,185 16.7 79%

Figure19_August

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 9 地域番号

Exports Hydrogen (in)

Li-ion (in) NaS (in) Pumped (in)

174 175 176 FR FS FT @ #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! Output profile 陸上風力 洋上風力 太陽光

Curtailment (wind and PV)

Imports Hydrogen (out) Li-ion (out) NaS (out) Pumped (out) Solar PV Wind Offshore Wind Onshore Hydrogen

RI PT

98.833

SC

M AN U

D

AC C

77D1 77D2 77D3 77D4 77D5 77D6 77D7 77D8 77D9 77DA 77DB 77DC 77DD 77DE 77DF 77E0 77E1 77E2 77E3 77E4 77E5 77E6 77E7 77E8 77E9 77EA 77EB 77EC 77ED 77EE 77EF 77F0 77F1 77F2 77F3 77F4 77F5 77F6 77F7 77F8 77F9 77FA 77FB 77FC 77FD 77FE 77FF 7800 7801 7802 7803 7804 7805 7806 7807 7808 7809 780A 780B 780C 780D 780E 780F 7810 7811 7812 7813 7814 7815 7816 7817 7818 7819 781A 781B 781C 781D 781E 781F 7820 7821 7822 7823 7824 7825 7826 7827 7828 7829 782A 782B 782C 782D 782E 782F 7830 7831 7832 7833 7834 7835 7836 7837 7838 7839 783A 783B 783C 783D 783E 783F 7840 7841 7842 7843 7844 7845 7846 7847 7848 7849 784A 784B 784C 784D 784E 784F 7850 7851 7852 7853 7854 7855 7856 7857 7858 7859 785A 785B 785C 785D 785E 785F 7860 7861

30673 最初 35136 最後 170 171 172 173 169 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 2 181 182 183 184 2 FN FO FP FQ FM FR FS FT FU FV FW FX B FY FZ GA GB B Nuclear Hydro Geothermal Biomass Hydrogen Wind Onshore Wind Offshore Solar PV Pumped (out) NaS (out) Li-ion (out)Hydrogen Imports (out) Curtailment dummy (wind and Pumped PV) (in) NaS (in) Li-ion (in) Hydrogen Exports (in) Demand check 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 12.920 6.291 0.000 0.000 63.800 6.483 0.000 0.000 0.000 -113.725 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 113.579 -0.146 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 7.853 4.942 0.000 0.000 67.738 7.764 0.000 0.000 0.000 -112.528 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 112.396 -0.132 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 10.470 6.439 0.000 0.000 63.306 6.904 0.000 0.000 0.000 -111.349 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 111.213 -0.136 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 19.317 9.830 0.000 0.000 52.921 3.910 0.000 0.000 0.000 -110.209 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 110.030 -0.179 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 18.750 8.605 0.000 0.000 53.049 4.388 0.000 0.000 0.000 -109.022 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 108.847 -0.176 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 23.928 12.751 0.000 0.000 44.763 2.186 0.000 0.000 0.000 -107.857 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 107.664 -0.194 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 24.934 12.570 0.000 0.000 42.919 2.026 0.000 0.000 0.000 -106.679 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 106.481 -0.198 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 34.578 12.918 0.000 0.000 34.235 0.399 0.000 0.000 0.000 -106.360 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 106.007 -0.353 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 27.933 12.946 0.000 0.000 39.981 0.681 0.000 0.000 0.000 -105.771 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 105.533 -0.238 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 39.743 15.072 0.000 0.000 26.587 0.004 0.000 0.000 0.000 -105.637 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 105.059 -0.577 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 39.794 18.608 0.000 0.000 23.403 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -106.035 0.000 -0.374 -0.370 0.000 0.000 104.586 -0.705 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 44.838 19.390 0.000 0.000 19.543 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -108.001 0.000 -1.603 -1.526 0.000 0.000 104.112 -0.759 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 47.475 16.527 0.000 0.000 24.085 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -112.317 0.000 -4.280 -3.765 0.000 0.000 103.638 -0.634 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 57.478 16.738 0.000 0.000 27.725 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -126.171 0.000 -12.770 -9.258 0.000 0.000 103.566 -0.577 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 58.337 17.441 0.000 0.000 25.032 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -125.040 0.000 -12.085 -8.838 0.000 0.000 103.494 -0.624 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 57.434 16.633 0.000 0.000 25.414 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -123.711 0.000 -11.317 -8.380 0.000 0.000 103.421 -0.593 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 51.435 18.923 0.000 0.000 20.732 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -115.320 0.000 -6.154 -5.119 0.000 0.000 103.349 -0.698 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 60.634 19.373 0.000 0.000 19.531 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -123.769 0.000 -11.364 -8.401 0.000 0.000 103.277 -0.727 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 50.412 16.232 0.000 0.000 21.859 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -112.734 0.000 -4.739 -4.098 0.000 0.000 103.204 -0.692 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 54.662 17.328 0.000 0.000 21.966 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -118.186 0.000 -8.043 -6.397 0.000 0.000 103.056 -0.688 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 38.124 16.799 0.000 0.000 24.292 0.004 0.000 0.000 0.000 -103.450 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 102.909 -0.541 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 10.732 11.743 0.000 0.000 50.061 6.093 0.000 0.000 0.000 -102.859 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 102.761 -0.099 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 13.304 6.399 0.000 0.000 51.527 7.269 0.000 0.000 0.000 -102.728 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 102.613 -0.115 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 12.324 8.086 0.000 0.000 51.302 6.634 0.000 0.000 0.000 -102.576 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 102.465 -0.111 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 16.577 8.453 0.000 0.000 48.011 5.178 0.000 0.000 0.000 -102.449 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 102.317 -0.132 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 31.908 12.788 0.000 0.000 33.010 0.438 0.000 0.000 0.000 -102.375 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 102.113 -0.261 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 29.669 9.792 0.000 0.000 37.117 1.316 0.000 0.000 0.000 -102.124 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 101.910 -0.214 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 29.739 11.820 0.000 0.000 35.652 0.497 0.000 0.000 0.000 -101.938 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 101.706 -0.232 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 32.078 13.190 0.000 0.000 31.951 0.391 0.000 0.000 0.000 -101.840 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 101.502 -0.338 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 38.663 13.233 0.000 0.000 25.419 0.259 0.000 0.000 0.000 -101.804 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 101.299 -0.506 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 23.843 8.158 0.003 0.000 43.609 1.473 0.000 0.000 0.000 -101.315 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 101.095 -0.221 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 32.720 10.205 0.016 0.000 34.563 0.545 0.000 0.000 0.000 -102.279 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 102.034 -0.245 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 46.140 15.959 0.029 0.000 17.231 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-118.262 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 118.124 -0.138 0.000 13.008 4.489 6.734 0.000 15.022 9.821 0.000 0.000 62.024 5.387 0.000 0.000 0.000 -116.485 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 116.350 -0.135 0.000 12.829 4.489 6.734 0.000 14.552 6.098 0.000 0.000 64.853 5.157 0.000 0.000 0.000 -114.712 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 114.576 -0.136

TE

400 30,673 300 30,674 30,675 30,676 200 30,677 30,678 30,679 100 30,680 30,681 30,682 0 30,683 30,684 30,685 -100 30,686 30,687 30,688 -200 30,689 30,690 30,691 -300 30,692 30,693 30,694 30,695 30,696 30,697 30,698 30,699 30,700 30,701 30,702 30,703 30,704 30,705 30,706 30,707 30,708 30,709 30,710 30,711 30,712 30,713 30,714 30,715 30,716 30,717 30,718 30,719 30,720 30,721 30,722 30,723 30,724 30,725 30,726 30,727 30,728 30,729 30,730 30,731 30,732 30,733 30,734 30,735 30,736 30,737 30,738 30,739 30,740 30,741 30,742 30,743 30,744 30,745 30,746 30,747 30,748 30,749 30,750 30,751 30,752 30,753 30,754 30,755 30,756 30,757 30,758 30,759 30,760 30,761 30,762 30,763 30,764 30,765 30,766 30,767 30,768 30,769 30,770 30,771 30,772 30,773 30,774 30,775 30,776 30,777 30,778 30,779 30,780 30,781 30,782 30,783 30,784 30,785 30,786 30,787 30,788 30,789 30,790 30,791 30,792 30,793 30,794 30,795 30,796 30,797 30,798 30,799 30,800 30,801 30,802 30,803 30,804 30,805 30,806 30,807 30,808 30,809 30,810 30,811 30,812 30,813 30,814 30,815 30,816 30,817

I

8 月 Power Generation, GW

EP

500

Biomass

Geothermal Hydro

Nuclear

Demand

Figure19_May

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT I 地域番号 月 最初 最後 171 172 173 169 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 2 181 182 183 184 2 FO FP FQ FM FR FS FT FU FV FW FX B FY FZ GA GB B Hydro Geothermal Biomass Hydrogen Wind Onshore Wind Offshore Solar PV Pumped (out) NaS (out) Li-ion (out)Hydrogen Imports (out) Curtailment dummy (wind and Pumped PV) (in) NaS (in) Li-ion (in) Hydrogen Exports (in) Demand check 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 35.129 24.880 0.000 0.001 45.910 10.558 0.000 0.000 0.000 -143.818 0.000 0.000 0.000 -61.100 0.000 82.590 -0.127 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 45.485 30.267 0.000 0.001 34.184 6.516 0.000 0.000 0.000 -143.794 0.000 0.000 0.000 -61.101 0.000 82.537 -0.155 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 44.758 26.584 0.000 0.001 38.417 6.610 0.000 0.000 0.000 -143.710 0.000 0.000 0.000 -61.100 0.000 82.485 -0.124 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 43.957 29.436 0.000 0.001 36.031 6.886 0.000 0.000 0.000 -143.651 0.000 0.000 0.000 -61.100 0.000 82.432 -0.118 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 48.105 38.163 0.000 0.001 24.581 5.601 0.000 0.000 0.000 -143.790 0.000 0.000 0.000 -61.100 0.000 82.379 -0.310 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 68.652 32.767 0.000 0.001 14.770 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 -143.533 0.000 0.000 0.000 -61.099 0.000 82.327 -0.106 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 79.742 32.647 0.000 0.001 4.124 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -143.854 0.000 0.000 0.000 -61.100 0.000 82.274 -0.479 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 81.247 43.555 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -152.144 0.000 0.000 0.000 -69.076 0.000 82.665 -0.403 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 81.048 44.518 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -152.909 0.000 0.000 0.000 -69.459 0.000 83.056 -0.394 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 75.757 32.584 0.000 0.001 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -135.685 0.000 0.000 0.000 -51.429 0.000 83.446 -0.809 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 76.688 35.645 0.000 0.001 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -139.678 0.000 0.000 0.000 -55.158 0.000 83.837 -0.681 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 83.727 48.217 0.000 0.001 0.004 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -159.288 0.000 0.000 0.000 -74.726 0.000 84.228 -0.334 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 79.608 36.650 0.000 0.001 0.252 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -143.851 0.000 0.000 0.000 -58.517 0.000 84.619 -0.715 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 76.160 31.298 0.000 0.001 7.933 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -142.732 0.000 0.000 0.000 -57.403 0.000 84.908 -0.421 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 74.224 25.890 0.000 0.001 11.217 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 -138.672 0.000 0.000 0.000 -53.041 0.000 85.197 -0.433 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 75.719 26.405 0.000 0.001 18.079 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 -147.545 0.000 0.000 0.000 -61.723 0.000 85.487 -0.335 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 68.412 22.773 0.000 0.001 27.866 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 -146.393 0.000 0.000 0.000 -60.476 0.000 85.776 -0.141 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 70.689 23.481 0.000 0.001 26.294 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 -147.805 0.000 0.000 0.000 -61.570 0.000 86.065 -0.169 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 70.486 23.315 0.000 0.001 26.003 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 -147.146 0.000 0.000 0.000 -60.632 0.000 86.354 -0.159 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 70.286 22.888 0.000 0.001 26.925 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 -147.441 0.000 0.000 0.000 -61.100 0.000 86.183 -0.157 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 69.704 22.740 0.000 0.001 27.497 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 -147.283 0.000 0.000 0.000 -61.101 0.000 86.012 -0.170 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 71.353 24.608 0.000 0.001 23.849 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 -147.152 0.000 0.000 0.000 -61.100 0.000 85.840 -0.210 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 72.137 24.631 0.000 0.001 22.905 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 -147.014 0.000 0.000 0.000 -61.101 0.000 85.669 -0.244 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 72.190 23.208 0.000 0.001 24.080 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 -146.820 0.000 0.000 0.000 -61.100 0.000 85.498 -0.222 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 76.926 24.844 0.000 0.001 17.696 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 -146.808 0.000 0.000 0.000 -61.100 0.000 85.326 -0.380 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 80.717 26.313 0.000 0.001 12.160 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 -146.532 0.000 0.000 0.000 -61.100 0.000 84.914 -0.517 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 80.607 33.783 0.000 0.001 7.764 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -149.496 0.000 0.000 0.000 -64.421 0.000 84.502 -0.571 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 76.333 27.482 0.000 0.001 11.241 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 -142.397 0.000 0.000 0.000 -57.781 0.000 84.090 -0.525 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 78.501 26.557 0.000 0.001 12.864 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 -145.264 0.000 0.000 0.000 -61.100 0.000 83.678 -0.485 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 78.804 26.997 0.000 0.001 11.677 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 -144.820 0.000 0.000 0.000 -61.101 0.000 83.266 -0.452 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 77.742 26.680 0.001 0.001 12.641 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 -144.405 0.000 0.000 0.000 -61.099 0.000 82.854 -0.451 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 81.345 27.912 0.021 0.001 8.784 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -145.403 0.000 0.000 0.000 -61.503 0.000 83.334 -0.565 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 79.056 27.231 0.068 0.001 11.338 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 -145.036 0.000 0.000 0.000 -60.698 0.000 83.813 -0.523 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 82.949 29.220 0.069 0.001 9.159 0.000 0.000 0.000 -0.053 -148.685 0.000 0.000 0.000 -63.849 0.000 84.292 -0.596 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 81.751 29.335 0.417 0.001 21.343 0.001 0.000 0.000 -0.313 -159.874 0.000 0.000 0.000 -75.252 0.000 84.772 -0.163 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 54.989 20.648 1.197 0.001 25.387 0.002 0.000 0.000 -0.371 -129.192 0.000 0.000 0.000 -44.205 0.000 85.251 -0.106 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 51.230 22.411 2.362 0.001 36.087 7.465 0.000 0.000 -0.165 -146.729 0.000 0.000 0.000 -61.096 0.000 85.730 -0.068 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 39.725 18.877 4.443 0.001 44.878 12.520 0.000 0.000 0.000 -147.784 0.000 0.000 0.000 -61.100 0.000 86.606 -0.077 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 30.953 13.723 7.122 0.001 53.441 16.053 0.000 0.000 0.000 -148.633 0.000 0.000 0.000 -61.100 0.000 87.482 -0.050 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 40.715 17.762 9.909 0.001 41.960 11.836 0.000 0.000 0.000 -149.524 0.000 0.000 0.000 -61.100 0.000 88.358 -0.065 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 46.360 19.404 12.831 0.001 36.516 7.938 0.000 0.000 0.001 -150.389 0.000 0.000 0.000 -61.099 0.000 89.234 -0.056 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 63.052 28.178 15.826 0.001 16.962 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.001 -151.360 0.000 0.000 0.000 -61.100 0.000 90.109 -0.150 15.123 4.289 6.454 0.000 79.427 36.691 11.831 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 17.141 -170.956 -0.008 -0.272 -0.027 -61.102 0.000 90.985 -1.421 14.249 4.110 6.200 0.000 78.601 39.535 12.484 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 37.722 -192.901 -0.008 -0.200 -0.025 -61.101 0.000 92.423 -1.423 13.478 3.947 5.967 0.000 73.339 44.856 14.998 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 69.233 -225.818 -0.008 -0.189 -0.025 -61.101 0.000 93.861 -1.401 12.800 3.798 5.752 0.000 73.904 44.851 16.885 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 76.556 -234.546 -0.008 -0.167 -0.022 -61.101 0.000 95.299 -1.393 12.207 3.663 5.555 0.000 64.898 50.376 22.631 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 45.875 -205.205 -0.008 -0.138 -0.016 -61.100 0.000 96.737 -1.332 11.683 3.539 5.373 0.000 61.111 52.865 26.185 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 48.731 -209.488 -0.008 -0.129 -0.014 -61.100 0.000 98.175 -1.330 11.217 3.427 5.206 0.000 61.787 51.944 28.623 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 53.284 -215.489 -0.008 -0.128 -0.014 -61.100 0.000 99.613 -1.342 10.806 3.324 5.054 0.000 59.438 51.674 33.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 63.241 -226.605 -0.008 -0.133 -0.014 -61.101 0.000 100.786 -1.322 10.447 3.231 4.914 0.000 55.935 50.263 39.662 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 51.558 -216.010 -0.008 -0.128 -0.013 -61.100 0.000 101.960 -1.242 10.124 3.146 4.787 0.000 54.903 52.551 40.169 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 65.922 -231.603 -0.008 -0.137 -0.013 -61.100 0.000 103.133 -1.289 9.841 3.069 4.672 0.000 60.391 49.857 39.037 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 87.824 -254.691 -0.008 -0.144 -0.014 -61.100 0.000 104.306 -1.293 9.596 2.999 4.568 0.000 63.845 45.701 41.326 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 113.721 -281.757 -0.008 -0.155 -0.016 -61.101 0.000 105.480 -1.276 9.388 2.936 4.475 0.000 64.350 46.478 41.582 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 113.751 -282.960 -0.008 -0.154 -0.017 -61.100 0.000 106.653 -1.277 9.209 2.880 4.392 0.000 64.159 46.338 42.678 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 175.385 -345.043 -0.008 -0.174 -0.019 -61.101 0.000 107.107 -1.248 9.062 2.832 4.320 0.000 64.001 45.325 44.573 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 188.160 -358.274 -0.008 -0.181 -0.019 -61.101 0.000 107.562 -1.244 8.944 2.789 4.258 0.000 65.047 46.453 43.051 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 140.612 -311.155 -0.008 -0.174 -0.017 -61.100 0.000 108.016 -1.227 8.849 2.754 4.205 0.000 63.074 46.620 45.520 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 152.579 -323.600 -0.008 -0.187 -0.018 -61.101 0.000 108.470 -1.238 8.777 2.724 4.160 0.000 66.191 42.101 47.528 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 129.399 -300.880 -0.008 -0.195 -0.016 -61.100 0.000 108.924 -1.237 8.724 2.700 4.124 0.000 64.342 45.465 46.586 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 153.889 -325.831 -0.008 -0.207 -0.017 -61.100 0.000 109.378 -1.230 8.691 2.682 4.097 0.000 65.626 44.227 46.822 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 197.642 -369.787 -0.008 -0.235 -0.019 -61.101 0.000 109.554 -1.228 8.678 2.669 4.078 0.000 65.417 46.837 44.671 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 218.616 -390.967 -0.008 -0.255 -0.020 -61.101 0.000 109.729 -1.239 8.685 2.663 4.067 0.000 64.520 48.807 43.803 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 197.176 -369.720 -0.008 -0.266 -0.020 -61.100 0.000 109.904 -1.246 8.709 2.663 4.063 0.000 63.972 48.247 45.080 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 193.760 -366.495 -0.008 -0.298 -0.020 -61.101 0.000 110.079 -1.229 8.752 2.669 4.068 0.000 66.623 45.905 44.940 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 156.111 -329.068 -0.008 -0.325 -0.020 -61.100 0.000 110.254 -1.250 8.804 2.681 4.081 0.000 67.897 52.341 37.522 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 165.190 -338.515 -0.008 -0.527 -0.021 -61.100 0.000 110.429 -1.240 8.859 2.698 4.101 0.000 90.764 59.466 45.906 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 111.500 -323.294 -0.008 -39.788 -0.021 -61.100 0.000 109.663 -1.214 8.924 2.722 4.130 0.000 92.874 57.464 50.169 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 120.909 -337.192 -0.008 -45.034 -0.022 -61.100 0.000 108.897 -1.221 9.004 2.752 4.166 0.000 98.228 58.595 42.877 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 171.371 -386.994 -0.008 -45.120 -0.025 -61.101 0.000 108.131 -1.238 9.098 2.789 4.212 0.000 94.302 60.058 44.429 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 139.947 -354.836 -0.008 -45.168 -0.025 -61.100 0.000 107.365 -1.223 9.211 2.834 4.268 0.000 91.670 58.574 47.590 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 107.484 -321.630 -0.008 -45.190 -0.025 -61.100 0.000 106.599 -1.225 9.341 2.887 4.333 0.000 99.360 52.742 44.779 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 134.557 -347.999 -0.008 -45.246 -0.029 -61.101 0.000 105.833 -1.226 9.500 2.949 4.409 0.000 96.693 58.129 42.549 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 104.329 -318.558 -0.008 -45.293 -0.028 -61.100 0.000 106.568 -1.232 9.691 3.020 4.496 0.000 97.069 57.768 43.071 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 130.021 -345.136 -0.008 -45.441 -0.032 -61.101 0.000 107.303 -1.231 9.923 3.101 4.595 0.000 93.396 60.802 44.833 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 100.575 -317.225 -0.008 -46.229 -0.032 -61.100 0.000 108.038 -1.242 10.196 3.192 4.706 0.000 101.231 69.669 40.246 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 95.563 -324.804 -0.008 -57.986 -0.037 -61.100 0.000 108.773 -1.337 10.502 3.292 4.829 0.000 112.169 67.346 36.105 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 139.581 -373.823 -0.008 -62.224 -0.047 -61.101 0.000 109.508 -1.355 10.811 3.386 4.956 0.000 111.018 65.839 40.243 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 139.467 -375.720 -0.008 -63.487 -0.054 -61.100 0.000 110.243 -1.361 11.106 3.458 5.080 0.000 110.515 65.392 39.523 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 159.467 -394.541 -0.008 -62.263 -0.065 -61.101 0.000 110.280 -1.357 11.436 3.526 5.199 0.000 109.627 65.869 43.286 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 135.345 -374.288 -0.008 -66.088 -0.077 -61.100 0.000 110.318 -1.351 11.815 3.600 5.320 0.000 108.800 66.248 45.501 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 133.350 -374.634 -0.008 -68.369 -0.107 -61.100 0.000 110.356 -1.343 12.249 3.679 5.447 0.000 107.883 65.396 42.258 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 143.613 -380.526 -0.008 -63.902 -0.170 -61.100 0.000 110.394 -1.339 12.742 3.765 5.583 0.000 114.109 65.938 37.842 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 129.606 -369.585 -0.008 -66.728 -0.342 -61.100 0.000 110.432 -1.369 13.300 3.857 5.728 0.000 117.196 69.589 36.850 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 128.499 -375.018 -0.008 -66.573 -7.020 -61.101 0.000 110.469 -1.349 13.916 3.955 5.883 0.000 132.593 83.781 46.075 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 55.267 -341.470 -0.008 -68.586 -44.774 -61.100 0.000 110.398 -1.338 14.579 4.057 6.049 0.000 162.555 98.384 52.437 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 33.053 -371.115 -0.008 -120.358 -44.895 -61.101 0.000 110.326 -1.375 15.300 4.162 6.226 0.000 145.224 110.304 61.239 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 2.498 -344.955 -0.008 -125.208 -44.866 -61.100 0.000 110.254 -1.020 15.824 4.262 6.397 0.000 142.933 91.140 58.891 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.898 -320.345 -0.008 -102.585 -44.835 -61.100 0.000 110.182 -0.736 15.527 4.300 6.457 0.000 159.633 103.094 48.458 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 23.912 -361.381 -0.008 -119.965 -44.942 -61.101 0.000 110.110 -1.344 15.944 4.384 6.579 0.000 123.506 104.259 53.019 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.584 -308.276 -0.008 -91.061 -44.797 -61.100 0.000 110.038 -0.687 15.964 4.399 6.615 0.000 138.721 106.331 49.373 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.520 -321.924 -0.008 -104.624 -44.868 -61.101 0.000 110.156 -0.648 15.981 4.407 6.626 0.000 133.601 99.135 44.578 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.453 -304.784 -0.008 -87.322 -44.785 -61.100 0.000 110.275 -0.840 15.591 4.361 6.556 0.000 174.809 108.571 32.532 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 22.067 -364.487 -0.008 -124.502 -44.965 -61.101 0.000 110.393 -1.451 16.007 4.426 6.645 0.000 144.805 98.456 41.021 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.377 -311.737 -0.008 -93.862 -44.864 -61.100 0.000 110.511 -1.015 16.016 4.433 6.655 0.000 155.267 102.280 33.746 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.353 -318.750 -0.008 -100.612 -44.870 -61.101 0.000 110.629 -1.178 16.025 4.439 6.661 0.000 142.203 102.501 32.344 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.322 -304.496 -0.008 -86.406 -44.799 -61.101 0.000 110.747 -1.113 16.034 4.444 6.667 0.000 132.545 97.653 27.657 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.285 -285.286 -0.008 -68.793 -43.392 -61.101 0.000 110.619 -1.088 16.041 4.448 6.673 0.000 138.263 98.398 22.512 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.263 -286.598 -0.007 -69.183 -44.339 -61.101 0.000 110.491 -1.214 16.047 4.451 6.678 0.000 144.258 105.885 19.870 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.259 -297.449 -0.007 -79.887 -44.828 -61.102 0.000 110.363 -1.003 16.056 4.457 6.685 0.000 97.788 89.389 17.844 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.210 -232.428 -0.007 -59.700 -0.014 -61.101 0.000 110.235 -1.161 16.067 4.462 6.694 0.000 92.679 82.706 14.515 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.149 -217.273 -0.007 -45.306 -0.022 -61.101 0.000 110.107 -0.581 16.067 4.463 6.693 0.000 107.483 92.580 11.504 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.184 -238.974 -0.007 -64.599 -1.873 -61.105 0.000 109.979 -1.227 16.082 4.470 6.704 0.000 98.273 84.868 9.732 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.137 -220.266 -0.007 -46.681 -0.019 -62.014 0.000 110.460 -0.949 16.108 4.482 6.723 0.000 70.818 66.918 6.666 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.020 -171.736 -0.003 -0.008 -0.001 -60.188 0.000 110.940 -0.575 16.093 4.475 6.713 0.000 90.207 78.155 5.342 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.100 -201.086 -0.007 -27.990 -0.026 -61.130 0.000 111.421 -0.411 16.101 4.478 6.716 0.000 77.935 65.672 3.790 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.047 -174.740 -0.005 -1.077 -0.010 -61.082 0.000 111.901 -0.618 16.097 4.477 6.716 0.000 85.903 75.222 2.459 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.064 -190.939 -0.005 -7.476 -0.025 -70.329 0.000 112.382 -0.657 16.113 4.485 6.728 0.000 93.740 82.570 2.004 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.013 -205.654 -0.003 -0.005 -0.001 -91.982 0.000 112.862 -0.787 16.115 4.487 6.730 0.000 92.380 76.672 1.715 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.008 -198.107 -0.002 -0.003 0.000 -84.317 0.000 112.839 -0.937 16.116 4.487 6.731 0.000 87.370 71.454 1.365 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.006 -187.530 -0.002 -0.002 0.000 -73.900 0.000 112.816 -0.804 16.116 4.487 6.732 0.000 107.690 87.421 1.071 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.005 -223.522 -0.001 -0.002 0.000 -109.863 0.000 112.794 -0.858 16.116 4.488 6.732 0.000 100.225 70.086 0.761 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.004 -198.412 -0.001 -0.002 0.000 -84.823 0.000 112.771 -0.811 16.117 4.488 6.732 0.000 90.119 55.140 0.455 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.003 -173.055 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -59.385 0.000 112.748 -0.915 16.117 4.488 6.732 0.000 100.562 59.877 0.222 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.003 -188.001 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -74.403 0.000 112.725 -0.868 16.117 4.488 6.733 0.000 102.606 58.432 0.096 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.002 -188.473 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -75.755 0.000 111.855 -0.859 16.117 4.488 6.733 0.000 98.418 55.581 0.019 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.002 -181.358 -0.001 -0.001 0.000 -69.539 0.000 110.985 -0.830 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 83.049 48.138 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -158.530 0.000 0.000 0.000 -47.735 0.000 110.115 -0.679 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 58.984 38.127 0.000 0.001 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -124.454 0.000 0.000 0.000 -14.371 0.000 109.244 -0.838 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 56.636 40.280 0.000 0.001 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -124.261 0.000 0.000 0.000 -14.850 0.000 108.374 -1.036 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 57.182 37.983 0.000 0.001 0.005 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -122.511 0.000 0.000 0.000 -13.940 0.000 107.504 -1.066 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 71.678 51.664 0.000 0.001 0.641 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -151.324 0.000 0.000 0.000 -44.173 0.000 106.425 -0.726 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 81.141 51.088 0.000 0.001 4.107 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -163.678 0.000 0.000 0.000 -57.735 0.000 105.346 -0.596 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 81.116 59.061 0.000 0.001 8.270 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 -175.789 0.000 0.000 0.000 -71.212 0.000 104.267 -0.309 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 58.472 36.649 0.000 0.001 22.356 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.000 -144.821 0.000 0.000 0.000 -41.502 0.000 103.188 -0.130 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 77.912 43.260 0.000 0.001 25.577 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 -174.092 0.000 0.000 0.000 -71.803 0.000 102.109 -0.179 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 51.872 29.658 0.000 0.001 42.662 0.012 0.000 0.000 0.000 -151.545 0.000 0.000 0.000 -50.398 0.000 101.030 -0.116 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 39.456 41.012 0.000 0.001 33.423 20.148 0.000 0.000 0.000 -161.381 0.000 0.000 0.000 -61.100 0.000 100.040 -0.240 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 35.116 38.590 0.000 0.001 39.376 19.938 0.000 0.000 0.000 -160.361 0.000 0.000 0.000 -61.100 0.000 99.050 -0.210 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 33.545 39.551 0.000 0.001 37.984 21.016 0.000 0.000 0.000 -159.437 0.000 0.000 0.000 -61.100 0.000 98.061 -0.275 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 39.527 44.530 0.000 0.001 32.567 14.478 0.000 0.000 0.000 -158.442 0.000 0.000 0.000 -61.100 0.000 97.071 -0.270 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 33.523 37.829 0.000 0.001 41.439 17.304 0.000 0.000 0.000 -157.435 0.000 0.000 0.000 -61.100 0.000 96.082 -0.253 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 43.037 42.506 0.000 0.001 32.535 11.090 0.000 0.000 0.000 -156.509 0.000 0.000 0.000 -61.099 0.000 95.092 -0.317 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 70.220 56.145 0.000 0.001 2.061 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 -155.768 0.000 0.000 0.000 -61.112 0.000 94.197 -0.459 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 46.466 46.650 0.000 0.001 28.316 5.994 0.000 0.000 0.000 -154.767 0.000 0.000 0.000 -61.090 0.000 93.301 -0.374 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 40.254 40.808 0.000 0.001 36.827 8.613 0.000 0.000 0.000 -153.843 0.000 0.000 0.000 -61.100 0.000 92.406 -0.337 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 49.135 45.574 0.000 0.001 27.116 3.837 0.000 0.000 0.000 -153.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 -61.101 0.000 91.510 -0.390 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 34.400 37.228 0.000 0.001 42.218 10.825 0.000 0.000 0.000 -152.013 0.000 0.000 0.000 -61.100 0.000 90.615 -0.296 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 35.385 40.901 0.000 0.001 37.699 9.846 0.000 0.000 0.000 -151.173 0.000 0.000 0.000 -61.100 0.000 89.720 -0.352 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 39.995 41.502 0.000 0.001 33.100 8.412 0.000 0.000 0.000 -150.350 0.000 0.000 0.000 -61.100 0.000 88.867 -0.382 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 41.179 42.182 0.000 0.001 30.924 7.865 0.000 0.000 0.000 -149.491 0.000 0.000 0.000 -61.100 0.000 88.015 -0.375 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 34.885 34.085 0.000 0.001 43.087 9.103 0.000 0.000 0.000 -148.501 0.000 0.000 0.000 -61.100 0.000 87.162 -0.238 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 36.315 36.071 0.000 0.001 38.981 8.944 0.000 0.000 0.000 -147.652 0.000 0.000 0.000 -61.100 0.000 86.309 -0.242 16.118 4.489 6.733 0.000 37.425 36.538 0.000 0.001 37.969 7.552 0.000 0.000 0.000 -146.825 0.000 0.000 0.000 -61.100 0.000 85.457 -0.267 16.086 4.489 6.733 0.000 40.869 43.298 0.000 0.001 27.765 6.876 0.000 0.000 0.000 -146.117 0.000 0.000 0.000 -61.100 0.000 84.604 -0.412

Exports Hydrogen (in) Li-ion (in) NaS (in)

174 175 176 FR FS FT @ #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! Output profile 陸上風力 洋上風力 太陽光

1.764 Pumped (in) Curtailment (wind and PV) Imports Hydrogen (out) Li-ion (out) NaS (out) Pumped (out) Solar PV Wind Offshore

Wind Onshore Hydrogen

RI PT

SC

M AN U

AC C

17,428 17,429 17,430 17,431 100 17,432 17,433 17,434 0 17,435 17,436 -100 17,437 17,438 -200 17,439 17,440 17,441 -300 17,442 17,443 -400 17,444 17,445 17,446 17,447 17,448 17,449 17,450 17,451 17,452 17,453 17,454 17,455 17,456 17,457 17,458 17,459 17,460 17,461 17,462 17,463 17,464 17,465 17,466 17,467 17,468 17,469 17,470 17,471 17,472 17,473 17,474 17,475 17,476 17,477 17,478 17,479 17,480 17,481 17,482 17,483 17,484 17,485 17,486 17,487 17,488 17,489 17,490 17,491 17,492 17,493 17,494 17,495 17,496 17,497 17,498 17,499 17,500 17,501 17,502 17,503 17,504 17,505 17,506 17,507 17,508 17,509 17,510 17,511 17,512 17,513 17,514 17,515 17,516 17,517 17,518 17,519 17,520 17,521 17,522 17,523 17,524 17,525 17,526 17,527 17,528 17,529 17,530 17,531 17,532 17,533 17,534 17,535 17,536 17,537 17,538 17,539 17,540 17,541 17,542 17,543 17,544 17,545 17,546 17,547 17,548 17,549 17,550 17,551 17,552 17,553 17,554 17,555 17,556 17,557 17,558 17,559 17,560 17,561 17,562 17,563 17,564 17,565 17,566 17,567 17,568 17,569

D

17,426 17,427 300

4411 4412 4413 4414 4415 4416 4417 4418 4419 441A 441B 441C 441D 441E 441F 4420 4421 4422 4423 4424 4425 4426 4427 4428 4429 442A 442B 442C 442D 442E 442F 4430 4431 4432 4433 4434 4435 4436 4437 4438 4439 443A 443B 443C 443D 443E 443F 4440 4441 4442 4443 4444 4445 4446 4447 4448 4449 444A 444B 444C 444D 444E 444F 4450 4451 4452 4453 4454 4455 4456 4457 4458 4459 445A 445B 445C 445D 445E 445F 4460 4461 4462 4463 4464 4465 4466 4467 4468 4469 446A 446B 446C 446D 446E 446F 4470 4471 4472 4473 4474 4475 4476 4477 4478 4479 447A 447B 447C 447D 447E 447F 4480 4481 4482 4483 4484 4485 4486 4487 4488 4489 448A 448B 448C 448D 448E 448F 4490 4491 4492 4493 4494 4495 4496 4497 4498 4499 449A 449B 449C 449D 449E 449F 44A0 44A1

TE

400 17,425

EP

500

200

9 5 17425 21888 170 FN Nuclear 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

Power Generation, GW

600

Biomass

Geothermal Hydro

Nuclear

Demand

AC C EP TE D SC

M AN U

0.6

0.4

0.2 Pattern 4

0

RI PT

01-Dec

01-Nov

01-Oct

01-Sep

01-Aug

01-Jul

01-Jun

01-May

01-Apr

01-Mar

01-Feb

01-Jan

FigureA1

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

1

0.8

Pattern 1

Pattern 2

Pattern 3

Table1

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Cost of imported

Medium

Low

High

H/H

H/M

H/L

Medium

M/H

M/M

M/L

Low

L/H

L/M

L/L

AC C

EP

TE

D

M AN U

SC

hydrogen

High

RI PT

Costs of renewables and storage systems

Table2

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

200 12.1 12.1 550 541 0 5

300 11.4 11.4 223 222 0 1

400 11.1 11.1 43 43 0 0

500 11.0 11.0 22 22 0 0

Without nuclear 600 0 100 200 11.0 24.9 15.4 13.8 11.0 24.0 15.3 13.7 14 5,918 1,166 802 14 5,902 1,135 774 0 0 0 0 0 129 74 31

300 12.7 12.7 591 579 0 8

400 12.0 12.0 294 291 0 2

500 11.6 11.6 69 69 0 0

M AN U D TE EP AC C

600 11.4 11.0 25 21 0 0

RI PT

With nuclear 0 100 20.0 13.3 19.3 13.2 4,505 851 4,179 813 0 0 107 32

SC

Hydrogen-fired power generation, TWh w/o sale Unit system cost, w/ sale 2014 JPY/kWh w/o sale Capacity of batteries w/ sale (NaS+Li-ion), GWh w/o sale Capacity of w/ sale hydrogen tanks, GW

Table3

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

year

divisions

2050 2050 2050 2050 2100

9 1 10 2 1

Electricty

Storage

demand TWh 1,044 949 627 1,150 1,400 1,035

capacity TWh 6.1 12.0 0.4 >20 41.0

Unit cost 2014JPY/kWh 24.9 133.8 8.4 8.3 11.3

RI PT

Number of

AC C

EP

TE

D

M AN U

SC

This study Ogimoto et al. [67] WWFJ [68] EWG [69] Esteban et al. [63] Actual - 2015

Target

TableA1

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

RI PT

420 40 0.062 1.00 0.04 2 860 0.02 0.02 0.90 0.80 0.00 0.30 kWh

AC C

EP

TE

D

M AN U

Unit construction cost (2014 JPY thousand/kW) Lifetime (year) Annual O&M cost rate Efficiency Own consumption rate Fuel cost (2014 JPY/specific unit) Heat content (kcal/specific unit) Maximum Increase rate of output Maximum Decrease rate of output Seasonal peak availability Anuual average availability Share of daily start and stop (dss) Minimum output level (mol) Specific unit

Hydrogen thermal High Medium Low 120 40 0.024 0.57 0.02 126 84 42 13,141 0.44 0.31 0.95 0.80 0.50 0.30 kg

SC

Nuclear

TableA2

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Hydro 640 40 0.011 0.05 0.05

Geothermal Biomass 790 398 40 40 0.044 0.081 0.05 0.3 0.05 0.5

AC C

EP

TE

D

M AN U

SC

RI PT

Unit construction cost (2014 JPY thousand/kW) Lifetime (year) Annual O&M cost rate Maximum increase rate of output Maximum decrease rate of output

TableA3

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

High Unit construction cost

188

(2014 JPY thousand/kW)

um 169

Onshore wind Low

High

143

284

30 30 30 0.008 0.008 0.009

Medium 212

20 20 0.017 0.017

Offshore wind

Low

High

181

446

20 0.017

Medium 360

M AN U D TE EP AC C

Low 308

20 20 20 0.040 0.040 0.040

SC

Lifetime (year) Annual O&M cost rate

Medi-

RI PT

Solar PV

TableA4

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Current

Unit 2014 JPY/Nm3

－

30

20

10

2017 USD/kWh

464

213

100

50

2014 JPY thousand/kWh

47

22

10.2

5.1

1,855

788

100

50

189

80

10.2

5.1

2,090

760

443

221

294

107

62

31

3,000

600

500

250

431

86

72

36

2017 USD/kWh Li-ion battery

2014 JPY thousand/kWh 2014 EUR/kW

Electrolysis

2014 JPY thousand/kWh 2012 EUR/kg 2014 JPY thousand/kg

AC C

EP

TE

D

M AN U

Hydrogen tank

RI PT

NAS battery

2050 assumptions High Medium Low

SC

Imported hydrogen

costs

TableA5

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Li-ion

(2014 JPY thousand/kW) Annual O&M cost rate

200

-

-

-

for kW capacity Unit kWh construction cost

0.01

-

-

-

Shown in Table A4

1

(2014 JPY thousand/kWh) Annual O&M cost rate for kWh capacity Lifetime Unit non durable material cost (2014 JPY thousand/kWh)

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

60

15

15

20

0

16

80

0

0.7 0.0001 6 -

4500 0.85 0.001 ∞ 0.14

3500 0.85 0.001 ∞ 2.00

D TE EP AC C

0.90 0.0001 ∞ -

M AN U

Lifecycle (times) Cycle efficiency Self discharge loss (1/hour) Maximum kWh ratio to kW C-rate

tank

SC

Unit kW construction cost

Hydrogen

NaS

Hydro

RI PT

Pumped

TableA6

Unit: GW Offshore wind FIT Potendial 177 399 34 215 39 85 0 43 23 40 0 30 0 120 2 46 2 359 277 1,339

SC

Onshore wind FIT Potendial 146 152 67 69 5 5 4 4 9 10 11 12 9 9 5 5 16 17 271 281

AC C

EP

TE

D

M AN U

Hokkaido Tohoku Tokyo Houriku Chubu Kansai Chugoku Shikoku Kyushu Total

Solar PV FIT Potendial 15 20 25 46 54 84 9 16 35 47 26 39 24 33 13 17 37 53 239 356

RI PT

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT