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A Restraint Table for the Chicken1
1074
P. V. RAO AND D. R. CLANDININ McKittrick, D. S., 1947. The selection of chicks for growth experiments and the evaluation of growth. Growth, 11: 89-99. Monson, W. J., L. S. Dietrich and C. A. Elvehjem, 1950. Studies on the effect of different carbohydrates on chick growth. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 75: 256-259. Sell, J. L., 1966. Metabolizable energy for rapeseed meal for the laying hen. Poultry Sci. 4 5 : 854856. Sibbald, I. R., and S. J. Slinger, 1963a. A biological assay for metabolizable energy in poultry feed ingredients together with findings which demonstrate some of the problems associated with the evaluation of fats. Poultry Sci. 42 : 313-325. Sibbald, I. R., and S. J. Slinger, 1963b. Factors affecting the metabolizable energy content of poultry feeds. 12. Protein quality. Poultry Sci. 42: 707-710. Sibbald, I. R., J. D. Summers and S. J. Slinger, 1960. Factors affecting the metabolizable energy content of poultry feeds. Poultry Sci. 39: 544556. Steel, R. G. D., and J. H. Torrie, 1960. Principles and Procedures of Statistics. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. Vohra, P., 1967. Requirement of poultry for carbohydrates. World's Poultry Sci. J. 23: 20-31. Wetter, L. R., 1955. The determination of mustard oils in rapeseed meal. Can J. Biochem. Physiol. 33: 980-984.
A Restraint Table for the Chicken1 J. C. CARLISLE AND R. R. BURTON Department of Animal Physiology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (Received for publication February 9, 1970)
INTRODUCTION
T
HE chicken has been used as an experimental animal since the time of Hippocrates (Hutt, 1933) and even today it is one of the most popular animals used in the laboratory (Lane-Petter, 1953). It is an important biological assay animal (Bergman, 1965) and recently, Jones 1
Supported by NASA (Grant NGR 05-004-008).
(1969) lists the chicken or allied avian species as the model animal for several diseases in man. Its value as an experimental subject has been reviewed by Biester (1953) who stated, "Undoubtedly more is known about the chicken than any other animal species." Our laboratory has used the chicken as its principal experimental animal in conducting pathophysiological environmental inves-
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Milton S. Eisenhower Library/ Johns Hopkins University on June 9, 2015
ergy of glucose for the growing chick. J. Nutrition, 65: 561-574. Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, 1960. Official Methods of Analysis, 9th Edition, Washington, D.C. Astwood, E. B., M. A. Greer and M. G. Ettlinger, 1949. L-S-vinyl-2-thioxazolidone, an antithyroid compound from yellow turnip and from Brassica seeds. J. Biol. Chem. 181: 121-130. Clandinin, D. R., and A. R. Robblee, 1966. Rapeseed meal for poultry—a review. World Poultry Sci. J. 22: 217-232. Cullen, M. P., O. G. Rasmussen and O. H. M. Wilder, 1962. Metabolizable energy value and utilization of different types and grades of fat by the chick. Poultry Sci. 4 1 : 360-367. Hill, F. W., and D. L. Anderson, 1958. Comparison of metabolizable energy and productive energy determinations with growing chicks. J. Nutrition, 64: 587-603. Hill, F. W., D. L. Anderson, R. Renner and L. B. Carew, Jr., 1960. Studies on the metabolizable energy of grains and grain products for chickens. Poultry Sci. 39: 573-579. Lodhi, G. N., D. R. Clandinin and R. Renner, 1969a. Factors affecting the metabolizable energy of rapeseed meal. 1. Goitrin. Poultry Sci. 48: 1836. Lodhi, G. N., R. Renner and D. R. Clandinin, 1969b. Studies on the metabolizable energy of rapeseed meal for growing chicks and laying hens. Poultry Sci. 48: 964-970.
RESTRAINT TABLE FOR CHICKENS
TABLE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
The table top is constructed of an 18" X 21" piece of \" plexiglass. Plexiglass is used because it is strong, sanitary, and easy to cut and mold. The table is supported by 2 pieces of \" X 2" steel each of which is bent to form an inverted "U", 9" high legs at the anterior end and 7" legs at the posterior end which are bolted to the plexiglass.2 This size steel leg supports the table at a convenient height while being used on a standard 30" high table. The weight of the steel legs also 2 It is physiologically advantageous to have the head higher than the body when the animal is restrained on its back. Also, if general anesthetics are to be used, it has been found that anesthetic mortality in the chicken may be reduced by keeping the head elevated (Bergman, 1965).
gives the structure sufficient weight so that it is relatively stable without being fastened to the table. The bird is restrained by clamps formed from 1" wide strips of plexiglass. These strips are heated with a Bunsen Burner until pliable at which time they are bent to the desired shape, then hardened by immersion in cold water. Four clamps are used: 1 for both legs, 2 for the wings, and 1 for the neck and head. The center portions of the clamps which hold down the limbs are padded with foam rubber and wrapped with rubber electrical tape to avoid pressure trauma to the bird. The clamps are shaped according to the appendages they are to hold and so as to fit flat on the table. The clamp for the neck and head is molded deeper than necessary for the neck since this allows for a thick block of foam rubber to be inserted between the clamp and the neck of the bird. This alleviates pressure on the neck which prevents compression of the trachea. One-fourth inch holes are drilled at each end of each clamp and corresponding holes are drilled in the top of the table. The clamps for the wings are placed approximately 6" apart—this places them close to the body for an adult chicken (1.5-2.5 kg. size)—so as to fit the wing at its narrowest part. One-fourth inch X 1" stove bolts are inserted upward through the holes in the table top and glued in place. The clamps then fit on to these bolts which are fastened with nuts. Winged nuts are probably more convenient and may be used; however, they are not shown in the figures. The top is notched for the comb and holes drilled for the spurs which allows for the bird to lie flat. The finished table may be seen in Figure 1. TABLE USES
This table allows for complete accessibility to the ventral portions of the chicken
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Milton S. Eisenhower Library/ Johns Hopkins University on June 9, 2015
tigations for several additional reasons: bipedal (resembles man in this respect, similar posture); inexpensive; adequate size to perform relatively complicated surgeries and make individual physiological measurements; oviparous form of reproduction; relatively free of disease; social animals; and well-known and relatively simple husbandry. The restraint of the chicken during surgery is very important since many surgical procedures may be conducted using only local anesthesia. The chicken's poor tolerance of general anesthetics is well known, since apparently pentobarbital depresses the respiratory center (Bergman, 1965; Sturkie, 1965). The chicken with its "unusual posture" requires restraint techniques and equipment which are unavailable from laboratory supply companies. Consequently, our laboratory has developed a restraining table which was designed especially for the chicken, generally to be used for surgical procedures. This table provides complete immobilization of the bird without causing trauma.
1075
1076
J. C. CARLISLE AND R. R. BURTON
FIG. 2. An unaneslhetized adult male Single Comb White Leghorn chicken is shown completely restrained upon the table.
which gives access to the heart, lungs, air sacs, kidneys, digestive system, reproductive tract, as well as the ventral structures —carotid arteries, jugular veins, and various nerves—of the neck (Figure 2). The table has been used effectively for approximately 300 surgeries in the last 8 months without precipitating any physiological difficulties.
upon 7" and 9" steel legs. Complete restraint with the bird on its back, may be obtained without trauma to the unanesthetized animal.
SUMMARY A restraint surgery table designed to be used for adult domestic chickens is described. The table top is 18" X 21" and is constructed of \" plexiglass. It is mounted
REFERENCES Bergman, H. C , 1965. Prevention of anesthetic deaths in chickens. J. Pharm. Sci. 54: 165. Biester, H. E., 1953. The use of poultry in the medical laboratory. An. Care Panel, 4: 98-105. Hult, F. B., 193.3. Research with a hen. Science, 78: 449-452. Jones, T. C , 1969. Mammalian and avian models of disease in man. Fed. Proc. 28: 162-169. Lane-Petter, W., 1953. Animal experimentation in Great Britain. An. Care Panel, 4 : 115-129. Sturkie, P. D., 1965. Avian Physiology, 2nd ed., p. 173. Comstock Publ. Co., Ithaca, N.Y.
NEWS AND NOTES (Continued from page 986) author or co-author of 14 scientific articles. The title and abstract of the winning manuscript with J. L. Welbourn, R. B. Harrington and W. J. Stadelmanare: Evaluation of Tensile Measurements of Muscle for Predicting Tenderness in Turkeys The relationships between results obtained by using an Allo-Kramer shear press and an Instron universal testing instrument were investigated using ninety-six turkeys. Tests were conducted on raw and cooked samples from breast and thigh muscles
of toms and hens. The tensile properties of the muscle samples were determined by the modulus of toughness, modulus of elasticity and maximum stress as calculated from the stress-strain curves recorded by the Instron universal testing instrument. The Instron universal testing instrument showed a potential for determining the tenderness of meats, predicting the tenderness of cooked meats from tests on raw muscle, and for studying the basic rheological properties of muscle. The three measurements made from the stress-strain curves were determined to be functions of the connective tissue content and the
(Continued on page 1093)
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Milton S. Eisenhower Library/ Johns Hopkins University on June 9, 2015
FIG. 1. Shown is the restraint table constructed of clear plexiglass with steel legs. The restraint clamps are secured in place by \" X 1" stove bolts.
P. V. RAO AND D. R. CLANDININ McKittrick, D. S., 1947. The selection of chicks for growth experiments and the evaluation of growth. Growth, 11: 89-99. Monson, W. J., L. S. Dietrich and C. A. Elvehjem, 1950. Studies on the effect of different carbohydrates on chick growth. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 75: 256-259. Sell, J. L., 1966. Metabolizable energy for rapeseed meal for the laying hen. Poultry Sci. 4 5 : 854856. Sibbald, I. R., and S. J. Slinger, 1963a. A biological assay for metabolizable energy in poultry feed ingredients together with findings which demonstrate some of the problems associated with the evaluation of fats. Poultry Sci. 42 : 313-325. Sibbald, I. R., and S. J. Slinger, 1963b. Factors affecting the metabolizable energy content of poultry feeds. 12. Protein quality. Poultry Sci. 42: 707-710. Sibbald, I. R., J. D. Summers and S. J. Slinger, 1960. Factors affecting the metabolizable energy content of poultry feeds. Poultry Sci. 39: 544556. Steel, R. G. D., and J. H. Torrie, 1960. Principles and Procedures of Statistics. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. Vohra, P., 1967. Requirement of poultry for carbohydrates. World's Poultry Sci. J. 23: 20-31. Wetter, L. R., 1955. The determination of mustard oils in rapeseed meal. Can J. Biochem. Physiol. 33: 980-984.
A Restraint Table for the Chicken1 J. C. CARLISLE AND R. R. BURTON Department of Animal Physiology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (Received for publication February 9, 1970)
INTRODUCTION
T
HE chicken has been used as an experimental animal since the time of Hippocrates (Hutt, 1933) and even today it is one of the most popular animals used in the laboratory (Lane-Petter, 1953). It is an important biological assay animal (Bergman, 1965) and recently, Jones 1
Supported by NASA (Grant NGR 05-004-008).
(1969) lists the chicken or allied avian species as the model animal for several diseases in man. Its value as an experimental subject has been reviewed by Biester (1953) who stated, "Undoubtedly more is known about the chicken than any other animal species." Our laboratory has used the chicken as its principal experimental animal in conducting pathophysiological environmental inves-
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Milton S. Eisenhower Library/ Johns Hopkins University on June 9, 2015
ergy of glucose for the growing chick. J. Nutrition, 65: 561-574. Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, 1960. Official Methods of Analysis, 9th Edition, Washington, D.C. Astwood, E. B., M. A. Greer and M. G. Ettlinger, 1949. L-S-vinyl-2-thioxazolidone, an antithyroid compound from yellow turnip and from Brassica seeds. J. Biol. Chem. 181: 121-130. Clandinin, D. R., and A. R. Robblee, 1966. Rapeseed meal for poultry—a review. World Poultry Sci. J. 22: 217-232. Cullen, M. P., O. G. Rasmussen and O. H. M. Wilder, 1962. Metabolizable energy value and utilization of different types and grades of fat by the chick. Poultry Sci. 4 1 : 360-367. Hill, F. W., and D. L. Anderson, 1958. Comparison of metabolizable energy and productive energy determinations with growing chicks. J. Nutrition, 64: 587-603. Hill, F. W., D. L. Anderson, R. Renner and L. B. Carew, Jr., 1960. Studies on the metabolizable energy of grains and grain products for chickens. Poultry Sci. 39: 573-579. Lodhi, G. N., D. R. Clandinin and R. Renner, 1969a. Factors affecting the metabolizable energy of rapeseed meal. 1. Goitrin. Poultry Sci. 48: 1836. Lodhi, G. N., R. Renner and D. R. Clandinin, 1969b. Studies on the metabolizable energy of rapeseed meal for growing chicks and laying hens. Poultry Sci. 48: 964-970.
RESTRAINT TABLE FOR CHICKENS
TABLE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
The table top is constructed of an 18" X 21" piece of \" plexiglass. Plexiglass is used because it is strong, sanitary, and easy to cut and mold. The table is supported by 2 pieces of \" X 2" steel each of which is bent to form an inverted "U", 9" high legs at the anterior end and 7" legs at the posterior end which are bolted to the plexiglass.2 This size steel leg supports the table at a convenient height while being used on a standard 30" high table. The weight of the steel legs also 2 It is physiologically advantageous to have the head higher than the body when the animal is restrained on its back. Also, if general anesthetics are to be used, it has been found that anesthetic mortality in the chicken may be reduced by keeping the head elevated (Bergman, 1965).
gives the structure sufficient weight so that it is relatively stable without being fastened to the table. The bird is restrained by clamps formed from 1" wide strips of plexiglass. These strips are heated with a Bunsen Burner until pliable at which time they are bent to the desired shape, then hardened by immersion in cold water. Four clamps are used: 1 for both legs, 2 for the wings, and 1 for the neck and head. The center portions of the clamps which hold down the limbs are padded with foam rubber and wrapped with rubber electrical tape to avoid pressure trauma to the bird. The clamps are shaped according to the appendages they are to hold and so as to fit flat on the table. The clamp for the neck and head is molded deeper than necessary for the neck since this allows for a thick block of foam rubber to be inserted between the clamp and the neck of the bird. This alleviates pressure on the neck which prevents compression of the trachea. One-fourth inch holes are drilled at each end of each clamp and corresponding holes are drilled in the top of the table. The clamps for the wings are placed approximately 6" apart—this places them close to the body for an adult chicken (1.5-2.5 kg. size)—so as to fit the wing at its narrowest part. One-fourth inch X 1" stove bolts are inserted upward through the holes in the table top and glued in place. The clamps then fit on to these bolts which are fastened with nuts. Winged nuts are probably more convenient and may be used; however, they are not shown in the figures. The top is notched for the comb and holes drilled for the spurs which allows for the bird to lie flat. The finished table may be seen in Figure 1. TABLE USES
This table allows for complete accessibility to the ventral portions of the chicken
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Milton S. Eisenhower Library/ Johns Hopkins University on June 9, 2015
tigations for several additional reasons: bipedal (resembles man in this respect, similar posture); inexpensive; adequate size to perform relatively complicated surgeries and make individual physiological measurements; oviparous form of reproduction; relatively free of disease; social animals; and well-known and relatively simple husbandry. The restraint of the chicken during surgery is very important since many surgical procedures may be conducted using only local anesthesia. The chicken's poor tolerance of general anesthetics is well known, since apparently pentobarbital depresses the respiratory center (Bergman, 1965; Sturkie, 1965). The chicken with its "unusual posture" requires restraint techniques and equipment which are unavailable from laboratory supply companies. Consequently, our laboratory has developed a restraining table which was designed especially for the chicken, generally to be used for surgical procedures. This table provides complete immobilization of the bird without causing trauma.
1075
1076
J. C. CARLISLE AND R. R. BURTON
FIG. 2. An unaneslhetized adult male Single Comb White Leghorn chicken is shown completely restrained upon the table.
which gives access to the heart, lungs, air sacs, kidneys, digestive system, reproductive tract, as well as the ventral structures —carotid arteries, jugular veins, and various nerves—of the neck (Figure 2). The table has been used effectively for approximately 300 surgeries in the last 8 months without precipitating any physiological difficulties.
upon 7" and 9" steel legs. Complete restraint with the bird on its back, may be obtained without trauma to the unanesthetized animal.
SUMMARY A restraint surgery table designed to be used for adult domestic chickens is described. The table top is 18" X 21" and is constructed of \" plexiglass. It is mounted
REFERENCES Bergman, H. C , 1965. Prevention of anesthetic deaths in chickens. J. Pharm. Sci. 54: 165. Biester, H. E., 1953. The use of poultry in the medical laboratory. An. Care Panel, 4: 98-105. Hult, F. B., 193.3. Research with a hen. Science, 78: 449-452. Jones, T. C , 1969. Mammalian and avian models of disease in man. Fed. Proc. 28: 162-169. Lane-Petter, W., 1953. Animal experimentation in Great Britain. An. Care Panel, 4 : 115-129. Sturkie, P. D., 1965. Avian Physiology, 2nd ed., p. 173. Comstock Publ. Co., Ithaca, N.Y.
NEWS AND NOTES (Continued from page 986) author or co-author of 14 scientific articles. The title and abstract of the winning manuscript with J. L. Welbourn, R. B. Harrington and W. J. Stadelmanare: Evaluation of Tensile Measurements of Muscle for Predicting Tenderness in Turkeys The relationships between results obtained by using an Allo-Kramer shear press and an Instron universal testing instrument were investigated using ninety-six turkeys. Tests were conducted on raw and cooked samples from breast and thigh muscles
of toms and hens. The tensile properties of the muscle samples were determined by the modulus of toughness, modulus of elasticity and maximum stress as calculated from the stress-strain curves recorded by the Instron universal testing instrument. The Instron universal testing instrument showed a potential for determining the tenderness of meats, predicting the tenderness of cooked meats from tests on raw muscle, and for studying the basic rheological properties of muscle. The three measurements made from the stress-strain curves were determined to be functions of the connective tissue content and the
(Continued on page 1093)
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Milton S. Eisenhower Library/ Johns Hopkins University on June 9, 2015
FIG. 1. Shown is the restraint table constructed of clear plexiglass with steel legs. The restraint clamps are secured in place by \" X 1" stove bolts.