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A Review of the Current Municipal Solid Waste Management Practices in Johannesburg City Townships
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2nd International Conference on Sustainable Materials Processing and Manufacturing 2nd International Conference on Sustainable Materials Processing and Manufacturing 2nd International Conference on Sustainable Materials Processing and Manufacturing (SMPM 2019) (SMPM 2019) (SMPM 2019)
A A Review Review of of the the Current Current Municipal Municipal Solid Solid Waste Waste Management Management A ReviewPractices of the Current Municipal Solid Waste Management in Johannesburg City Townships Practices in Johannesburg City Townships Practices in Johannesburg City Townships a b a a a
Zelda Z. Rasmenia , Daniel M. Madyirab Zelda Z. Rasmeni , Daniel M. Madyira a b Zelda Z. Energy Rasmeni , DanielTechnology M. Madyira University of Johannesburg, Process and Environmental Station, Johannesburg ,South Africa
UniversitybUniversity of Johannesburg, Process Energy and Environmental Station, Johannesburg ,South Africa of Johannesburg, Derpatment of MechanicalTechnology Science, Johannneburg, South Africa b of Johannesburg, Derpatment of MechanicalTechnology Science, Johannneburg, South Africa UniversityUniversity of Johannesburg, Process Energy and Environmental Station, Johannesburg ,South Africa b University of Johannesburg, Derpatment of Mechanical Science, Johannneburg, South Africa
Abstract Abstract Abstract Municipal solid waste (MSW) management is a major environmental problems in growing city townships of South Africa. Municipal solid waste of (MSW) management is a major environmental problems in growing city 90% townships of is South Africa. Improper management this waste causes hazards to inhabitants. Various studies reveal that about of MSW disposed of Improper management of this waste causes hazards to inhabitants. Various studies reveal that about 90% of MSW is disposed of Municipal solid waste (MSW) management is a major environmental problems in growing city townships of South Africa. in open dumps and landfills. Township communities lack access to basic services such as sewage and refuse removal and running in open andare landfills. communities lack accessintoSouth basicAfrican services such as sewage and refuse Improper management of thisTownship waste causes hazards to inhabitants. Various studies reveal that about 90% of removal MSWand is and disposed of water alldumps of which common problems in growing townships cities. Considering the population therunning limited water of which are common in intoSouth cities. Considering therefuse population andand therunning limited in openalldumps andavailable, landfills. Township communities lack access basicAfrican services suchinas sewage and removal undeveloped land theproblems disposal of growing MSW istownships a major environmental problem growing townships creating problems to undeveloped land available, the disposal of MSW is a major environmental problem in growing townships creating problems to water all of which are common problems in growing townships in South African cities. Considering the population and the limited public health and the environment. In the present study, an attempt has been made to provide a comprehensive review of the public health and the environment. In the present study, an attempt has been made to provide a comprehensive review of the undeveloped land available, the disposal of MSW is a major environmental problem in growing townships creating problems to management, environmental impact of waste disposal, properties and treatment. The study pertaining to current waste management management, environmental impactTownships of disposal, properties and The study pertaining to currentthe waste management public health and the environment. In waste the present study, an attempt has beenthe made to provide a comprehensive review of the practices for Johannesburg City’s has been carried out totreatment. evaluate current status and identify major problems. practices for Johannesburg City’s Townships has been carried out to evaluate the current status and identify the major problems. management, environmental impact of waste disposal, properties and treatment. The study pertaining to current waste management The study is concluded with a few fruitful suggestions, which may be beneficial to encourage the competent authorities/project The studyfor istoJohannesburg concluded with a fewTownships fruitful suggestions, whichout maytobe beneficial toonencourage practices City’s has of been evaluate the current and competent identify theauthorities/project major problems. developers work towards further improvement thecarried present system and expand it. status the developers work towards of the present system expandtoonencourage it. The study istoconcluded withfurther a few improvement fruitful suggestions, which may be and beneficial the competent authorities/project developers work towards further © 2019 ThetoAuthors. Published by improvement Elsevier B.V. of the present system and expand on it. © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. committee of SMPM 2019. Peer-review under responsibility ofElsevier the organizing © 2019 The The Authors. Published B.V. Peer-review under responsibility ofElsevier the organizing © 2019 Authors. Published by by B.V. committee of SMPM 2019. Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of SMPM 2019. Peer-review under responsibility of thesolid organizing committee of SMPM 2019. Keywords: Waste management; Municipal waste; Sewer/wastewater Keywords: Waste management; Municipal solid waste; Sewer/wastewater Keywords: Waste management; Municipal solid waste; Sewer/wastewater
1. Introduction 1. Introduction 1. Introduction Municipalities throughout the Gauteng and other South African provinces are facing crises of solid waste disposal and Municipalitieswhich throughout the Gauteng andlack other African provinces of solidpopulation, waste disposal and management is primarily due to the ofSouth landfill capacity [1]. Thisare is facing a resultcrises of growing growing Municipalities throughout the Gauteng andlack otherofSouth African provinces are facing crises of solidpopulation, waste disposal and management which is primarily due to the landfill capacity [1]. This is a result of growing growing city townships and the inability to site new landfills. The city Johannesburg’s population growth has resulted to less management which is primarily to the of landfill [1]. This is a population result of growing growing Thecapacity city Johannesburg’s growthpopulation, has resulted to less city townships and the inability due to site newlack landfills. city townships and the inability to site new landfills. The city Johannesburg’s population growth has resulted to less 2351-9789 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. 2351-9789 2019responsibility The Authors. of Published by Elsevier B.V. of SMPM 2019. Peer-review©under the organizing committee Peer-review©under of the organizing committee 2351-9789 2019 responsibility The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. of SMPM 2019. Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of SMPM 2019. *Corresponding Author *Corresponding Author Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] *Corresponding Author Email: [email protected]
2351-9789 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of SMPM 2019. 10.1016/j.promfg.2019.06.052
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space being available to hide solid waste thus leading to illegal dumping sites. As the Population grows, land becomes scares, landfill sites fill up quicker and the energy demand far outweighs the energy supply [2] .Improper management of solid waste results in the emission of greenhouse gases that affect the earth’s climate [1]. Less than half of the solid waste generated is collected in urban centres throughout the continent of which 95% of it is neither contained nor recycled but thrown away at dumping sites polluting the air and also nearby water sources [3]. Waste to energy facilities will contribute significantly to reaching the goals of waste management, sustainable development and environmental protection by means of mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and resource conservation [4]. A Good correlation among population concentrations in cities , increased demands of energy sources and huge quantities of generated waste, may result to a properly managed solid waste system and harnessed in service of sustainable cities.This paper will review the current existing practices of managing and treating Municipal solid waste (MSW). The objective is to evaluate the current status and identify the major problems of waste generated in the City of Johannesburg’s townships. 2.
Status quo of Johannesburg City Townships
According to the 2007 Community Survey, 21% of households living in shacks in the City of Johannesburg comprise a single individual and 34% comprise four or more persons [5]. Overcrowded townships in growing cities, although connected to municipal bulk water supply, struggle with consistent water supply resulting from ageing infrastructure, which leads to intermittent supply. In these situations, the communities depend on informal sources of water for survival [5]. These sources are typically polluted rivers containing contaminants such as pathogens, heavy metals and natural organic matter. The average number of people living in shacks is 3.1 and 28% of households living in shacks live in over-crowded conditions. A household is considered over-crowded if there are more than two people per room [5]. With a very low level of formal waste management in such areas [6], the communities are threatened by waterborne and air borne diseases. Growth in population translates into mounting demand and competition for water for domestic, industrial, and municipal uses [7]. The greater the economic prosperity and the higher the percentage of township population, the greater is the waste. Generation of waste is therefore unavoidable hence, the investigation of environmentally safe, economically viable and socially acceptable methods and technologies for waste management has become a persistent concern. Figure 1 presents the new regions of the city of Johannesburg.
Figure 1
Figure1: New Regions of the CoJ [8]
The city of Johannesburg has experienced the biggest population growth from 2001 to 2007 within Gauteng 20.6 % [9]. It is therefore faced with the challenge of increased waste generation due to the increase in population. The
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population of the CoJ increased by about 21%, with the most increase occurring within the Black population that is according to census 2001 and the 2007 Community Survey data [10] [9]. According to the Community Survey of 2007, about 90% of all households within the city receive a weekly collection of waste, while 2% receives a collection service less frequently [10]. There are a number of stakeholders that play a crucial role to ensure that the existing waste management systems within the CoJ is explored in order to determine gaps and challenges facing the CoJ. According to the Constitution of South Africa (Act 108 of 1996) and the Municipal Systems Act, 2000, the CoJ is mandated to provide waste collection, disposal and cleansing services to all its residents [8]. 3.
Municipal Solid Waste Management
Waste management entails the collection, transportation, processing, disposal and monitoring of waste materials. This term relates to the management of materials produced by human activity, and the process is generally undertaken so as to prevent or reduce their negative effect on health and the environment [11]. The hierarchy of waste management is an internationally accepted guide for waste management practices with the objective of achieving optimal benefits from products prior to being discarded as well as reducing the detrimental environmental impacts [12].The waste management hierarchy presented in the below figure comprises of five waste management categories and these are prevention- , re-use, recycling, waste treatment, energy recovery and disposal [13]; The main elements of the waste hierarchy are briefly described as follows (a) Waste Prevention: strategies of waste include using less packaging, reusing the products and material. (b) Recycling and Composting, involves collecting, reprocessing and recovering certain waste material to make new material. (b) Disposal (Land filling and combustion): These activities are used to manage waste that cannot be prevented or recycled. Properly designed landfills with available technology can be used to generate energy by recovering methane [12]. .
Figure 2: Waste Management Hierarchy [12]
4.
Municipal Solid Waste Generation, collection and Disposal
According to Gauteng Department of Agriculture and Rural Development GDACE, waste generation in the CoJ amounts to 1 492 000 tonnes of general waste per annum [14]. These figures are based on disposal data, hence may not be a true reflection of the generation rates. The accuracy of these figures can further be challenged on the basis of data capture and record keeping at landfill sites in the absence of properly operated weighbridges or any other weighing devices [15]. Waste generation estimates are made based on the disposal amounts recorded at landfill sites. This method has limitations in that it does not give a reflection of the amounts of waste generated and further does not account for waste generated in areas that do not have a formal waste collection service. It further excludes waste diverted from landfill either through reuse and recycling efforts or illegal dumping. The collection of wastes which is separated at the source is done using three principle methods which are: Firstly, curb side collection using conventional and specially designed collection vehicles; secondly, incidental curbs side collection by charitable organizations and thirdly, delivery by residents to drop-off and buy back centres [16] . Disposal of waste at landfill sites can be done directly from the source or from temporary community collection points such as skips, bunkers, trailers and open lots [17].
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5.
Municipal Solid Waste Properties
Figure 4 presents the composition of disposed waste. The chart shows that Round Collected Refuse (RCR), which refers to the weekly waste collection from households, contributes the highest percentage of the waste stream at 54.7%. The remaining 45.3% comprises other sources such as street cleaning (6.3%), garden refuse (9.7%), builder’s rubble in its different categories (12.2%) and waste cleared from illegal dumping areas contributing 16.5%. This makes illegal dumping the second biggest waste stream demonstrating that illegal dumping is still a serious concern within the CoJ which might be resulting from over population and informal settlements [8].
Figure 3: Composition of waste disposed [8]
6.
Municipal Solid Waste Treatment
The following MSWM innovation are in use globally; Pikitup owns and operates the following waste treatment facilities described below and presented in figure 1: • 11 waste management depots strategically located throughout the city. • Pikitup has 48 garden waste transfer sites available to the public to dispose of light garden waste. The utility provides containers for the organic matter at each of these sites [18]. The waste is then transferred to a disposal site or taken to a composting site facility at Panorama in the West Rand. • 4 landfill sites with 2 landfill sites closed and currently being rehabilitated and monitored, while additional private sites are also being used to dispose of waste at a fee) [18]. • 1 incinerator-Municipal solid waste is incinerated or disposed of in landfills and gas is extracted from the waste, which is then converted to electrical energy [17] . The greenhouse gasses emitted during the energy- generation process from the waste is recycled in the process which aids in reducing GHG’s into the atmosphere. There are currently a few post-consumer separation at source initiatives happening within the City of Johannesburg but most of these initiatives are from the private sector. The CoJ piloted a source separation project in Watervaal. This pilot has adopted a three bag systems where waste is separated into the following: • Paper • Other “dry” recyclables (plastic, tins and glass) • Residual waste All recyclables are collected by a private company, while Pikitup collects the residual for disposal to landfill. Participation levels have varied between high income and low income groups within the pilot area. 78% of the participants were from the higher income group while the remainder (22%) was from the lower income group [18] .
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Figure 4: Available Pikitup Infrastructure, fleet and equipment [18]
7.
COJ’s Municipal Solid Waste Strategic Plan Towards Innovation
The CoJ is looking at considering waste minimisation options as a legal requirement since the Waste Act is more inclined towards waste minimisation as well as the reality of diminishing airspace for the existing sites and the reality of limited suitable and available space for new sites. The said activity has triggered a paradigm shift on the strategic thinking and planning of the CoJ. The approach adopts the Waste Management Hierarchy principles which advocate for waste reduction, re-use and recycling as the preferred waste management options and disposal as the last resort to deal with the residue as presented in Figure 5 [19].
Figure 5: City of Johannesburg's waste management strategy paradigm shift [19]
In addition to programs offered by private companies such as city clean up, separation at source and etc., Pikitup offers a daily cleaning programme to informal settlements. This is done through the use of community and output based contractors. Currently only 47% (86 out of 182) of these settlements receive this service. This 47% of settlements covers about 81% of units (165, 763 units out of a total of 203, 078 units) city wide [20]. Initiatives of Municipalities to pilot the waste to energy projects has begun. For instance, eThekwini municipality is extracting gas and generating electricity from the Marian Hill and La Mercy landfill sites. The recent project undertaken by the City of Johannesburg is the energy generation from incineration waste. Eskom has estimated that the energy extracted from landfills could have a capacity that ranges from 20-50 megawatt with a plant life of 30 years [12].
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8.
Conclusions
This paper has reviewed the current existing practices of managing and treating Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in Johannesburg. It has attempted to provide a comprehensive review of the management, environmental impact of waste disposal, properties and treatment. It was noted that the migration from other provinces to the city had a huge impact on the population growth in turn increasing the waste generated. A household is considered over-crowded if there are more than two people per room with a very low level of formal waste management. The review showed that Round Collected Refuse which refers to the weekly waste collection from households, contributed the highest percentage of the waste stream at 54.7% which it therefore presents an opportunity for sustainable innovation. Waste to energy is indeed a necessity as it will enhance the quality of life, ensuring a decrease in illegal dumping sites and a decrease in the use of landfill sites which are the main cause of climate change in such pertaining to current waste management practices for Johannesburg Cities Township.The study was carried out to evaluate the current status and identify the major problems. It has further provided the cities strategic plan and current project on waste to energy convertion as a possible solution for waste treatemnet and for carbon print incertives. 9.
Acknowledgements
The authors appreciate the support received from the Department of Mechanical Engineering Science and Process Energy and Environmental Technology station of the University of Johannesburg. This work is based on the research supported in part by the LIRA 2030 Africa Programme, which is implemented by the International Council for Science (ICSU) in partnership with the Network of African Science Academies (NASAC) and the International Science Council (ISC), with support from the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida)”. The author further acknowledges the Department of Science and Technology (DST)/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre for funding and permission to present the work. References [1] L. Bonolo, “THE ROLE OF INNOVATIONS IN MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT TO ATTAINING SUSTAINABLE CITIES: CASE OF CITY OF JOHANNESBURG,” in SAPI Conference, 216. [2] J. Ligneris, “Aiming at zero waste the solution for Gauteng,” 2013. [Online]. Available: http://www.gdard.gpg.gov.za. [Accessed 11 10 2018]. [3] T. Simelane, “Future directions of municipal solid waste management in Africa,” [Online]. Available: http://www.ai.org.za. [Accessed 11 10 2018]. [4] Brunner, “Solid waste management and climate change,” [Online]. Available: http://www.epa.gov. [Accessed 11 10 2018]. [5] H. development, “Gauteng: Informal settlement,” The Housing Development Agency, jojannesburg, 2012. [6] Wisa, “Workshop on the Green Drop Certification 10 year Plan,” Nelsprit, 2014. [7] K. Mogelgaard, “Why Population Matters to Water Ressouces,” Population Action International, Washington, 2011. [8] CoJ, “City of Johannesburg Integrated Waste Management Plan,” Johannesburg, 2011. [9] S. S.A, “community survey,” Statistics South Africa, 2007. [10] S. S.A, “Census data, Statistics South Africa,,” [Online]. Available: http://www.statssa.gov.za/census01.. [Accessed 06 Oct 2018]. [11] A. Otchere, “Assessing the Challenges Affecting Solid Waste Management System in the Kumasi Metropolis,” Journal of Arts and Humanities, no. 2, p. 3, 2014. [12] G. GUMBI, Current waste management and minimisation patterns and practices: An exploratory study on the Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality in South, Pretoria: University of South Africa, 2015. [13] D. O. E. A. (DEA), “National Information Baseline Report Draft 2,” Department of Environmental Affairs, Pretoria, 2012. [14] GDACE, “Status Quo Report and Waste Minimisation Options,” Gauteng Department of Agriculture, Conservation and Environment, 2008. [15] CoJ, “State of the Environment Report,” City of Johannesburg, Johanesburg, 2008. [16] G. Tchnobannoglous, Handbook of solid waste management.2nd ed,, USA: McGraw Hill, 1993. [17] T. Gumbo, “Scaling up sustainable renewable energy generation from municipal solid waste in the African continent: lessons from EThekwini, South Africa,” The journal of sustainable development, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 46-62, 2014. [18] Pikitup, “Infrastructural and Strategic Asset Management Plan,” Pikitup PTY LTD, Johannesburg, 2010.
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[19] L. Schoeman, “Feasibility study for alternative waste treatment technology,” Aurecon South Africa (Pty) Ltd, Pretoria, 2015. [20] Pikitup, “Pikitup business Plan 2010/11,” Pikitup PTY LTD,, Johannesburg, 2010. [21] “Word finder,” [Online]. Available: https://findwords.info/term/diepsloot. [Accessed 10 july 2018]. [22] WRC, “Guidelines for the Utilisation and disposal of wastewater sludge, Volume 1 of 5: Selection of Management Options Report TT 261/06,” WRC, Pretoria, 2006. [23] WRC, “Guidelines for the Utilisation and disposal of wastewater sludge,” WRC, Pretoria, 2009. [24] D. O. E. A. (DEA), “National Waste Management Strategy,” Department of Environmental Affairs, Pretoria, 2007.
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2nd International Conference on Sustainable Materials Processing and Manufacturing 2nd International Conference on Sustainable Materials Processing and Manufacturing 2nd International Conference on Sustainable Materials Processing and Manufacturing (SMPM 2019) (SMPM 2019) (SMPM 2019)
A A Review Review of of the the Current Current Municipal Municipal Solid Solid Waste Waste Management Management A ReviewPractices of the Current Municipal Solid Waste Management in Johannesburg City Townships Practices in Johannesburg City Townships Practices in Johannesburg City Townships a b a a a
Zelda Z. Rasmenia , Daniel M. Madyirab Zelda Z. Rasmeni , Daniel M. Madyira a b Zelda Z. Energy Rasmeni , DanielTechnology M. Madyira University of Johannesburg, Process and Environmental Station, Johannesburg ,South Africa
UniversitybUniversity of Johannesburg, Process Energy and Environmental Station, Johannesburg ,South Africa of Johannesburg, Derpatment of MechanicalTechnology Science, Johannneburg, South Africa b of Johannesburg, Derpatment of MechanicalTechnology Science, Johannneburg, South Africa UniversityUniversity of Johannesburg, Process Energy and Environmental Station, Johannesburg ,South Africa b University of Johannesburg, Derpatment of Mechanical Science, Johannneburg, South Africa
Abstract Abstract Abstract Municipal solid waste (MSW) management is a major environmental problems in growing city townships of South Africa. Municipal solid waste of (MSW) management is a major environmental problems in growing city 90% townships of is South Africa. Improper management this waste causes hazards to inhabitants. Various studies reveal that about of MSW disposed of Improper management of this waste causes hazards to inhabitants. Various studies reveal that about 90% of MSW is disposed of Municipal solid waste (MSW) management is a major environmental problems in growing city townships of South Africa. in open dumps and landfills. Township communities lack access to basic services such as sewage and refuse removal and running in open andare landfills. communities lack accessintoSouth basicAfrican services such as sewage and refuse Improper management of thisTownship waste causes hazards to inhabitants. Various studies reveal that about 90% of removal MSWand is and disposed of water alldumps of which common problems in growing townships cities. Considering the population therunning limited water of which are common in intoSouth cities. Considering therefuse population andand therunning limited in openalldumps andavailable, landfills. Township communities lack access basicAfrican services suchinas sewage and removal undeveloped land theproblems disposal of growing MSW istownships a major environmental problem growing townships creating problems to undeveloped land available, the disposal of MSW is a major environmental problem in growing townships creating problems to water all of which are common problems in growing townships in South African cities. Considering the population and the limited public health and the environment. In the present study, an attempt has been made to provide a comprehensive review of the public health and the environment. In the present study, an attempt has been made to provide a comprehensive review of the undeveloped land available, the disposal of MSW is a major environmental problem in growing townships creating problems to management, environmental impact of waste disposal, properties and treatment. The study pertaining to current waste management management, environmental impactTownships of disposal, properties and The study pertaining to currentthe waste management public health and the environment. In waste the present study, an attempt has beenthe made to provide a comprehensive review of the practices for Johannesburg City’s has been carried out totreatment. evaluate current status and identify major problems. practices for Johannesburg City’s Townships has been carried out to evaluate the current status and identify the major problems. management, environmental impact of waste disposal, properties and treatment. The study pertaining to current waste management The study is concluded with a few fruitful suggestions, which may be beneficial to encourage the competent authorities/project The studyfor istoJohannesburg concluded with a fewTownships fruitful suggestions, whichout maytobe beneficial toonencourage practices City’s has of been evaluate the current and competent identify theauthorities/project major problems. developers work towards further improvement thecarried present system and expand it. status the developers work towards of the present system expandtoonencourage it. The study istoconcluded withfurther a few improvement fruitful suggestions, which may be and beneficial the competent authorities/project developers work towards further © 2019 ThetoAuthors. Published by improvement Elsevier B.V. of the present system and expand on it. © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. committee of SMPM 2019. Peer-review under responsibility ofElsevier the organizing © 2019 The The Authors. Published B.V. Peer-review under responsibility ofElsevier the organizing © 2019 Authors. Published by by B.V. committee of SMPM 2019. Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of SMPM 2019. Peer-review under responsibility of thesolid organizing committee of SMPM 2019. Keywords: Waste management; Municipal waste; Sewer/wastewater Keywords: Waste management; Municipal solid waste; Sewer/wastewater Keywords: Waste management; Municipal solid waste; Sewer/wastewater
1. Introduction 1. Introduction 1. Introduction Municipalities throughout the Gauteng and other South African provinces are facing crises of solid waste disposal and Municipalitieswhich throughout the Gauteng andlack other African provinces of solidpopulation, waste disposal and management is primarily due to the ofSouth landfill capacity [1]. Thisare is facing a resultcrises of growing growing Municipalities throughout the Gauteng andlack otherofSouth African provinces are facing crises of solidpopulation, waste disposal and management which is primarily due to the landfill capacity [1]. This is a result of growing growing city townships and the inability to site new landfills. The city Johannesburg’s population growth has resulted to less management which is primarily to the of landfill [1]. This is a population result of growing growing Thecapacity city Johannesburg’s growthpopulation, has resulted to less city townships and the inability due to site newlack landfills. city townships and the inability to site new landfills. The city Johannesburg’s population growth has resulted to less 2351-9789 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. 2351-9789 2019responsibility The Authors. of Published by Elsevier B.V. of SMPM 2019. Peer-review©under the organizing committee Peer-review©under of the organizing committee 2351-9789 2019 responsibility The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. of SMPM 2019. Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of SMPM 2019. *Corresponding Author *Corresponding Author Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] *Corresponding Author Email: [email protected]
2351-9789 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of SMPM 2019. 10.1016/j.promfg.2019.06.052
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space being available to hide solid waste thus leading to illegal dumping sites. As the Population grows, land becomes scares, landfill sites fill up quicker and the energy demand far outweighs the energy supply [2] .Improper management of solid waste results in the emission of greenhouse gases that affect the earth’s climate [1]. Less than half of the solid waste generated is collected in urban centres throughout the continent of which 95% of it is neither contained nor recycled but thrown away at dumping sites polluting the air and also nearby water sources [3]. Waste to energy facilities will contribute significantly to reaching the goals of waste management, sustainable development and environmental protection by means of mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and resource conservation [4]. A Good correlation among population concentrations in cities , increased demands of energy sources and huge quantities of generated waste, may result to a properly managed solid waste system and harnessed in service of sustainable cities.This paper will review the current existing practices of managing and treating Municipal solid waste (MSW). The objective is to evaluate the current status and identify the major problems of waste generated in the City of Johannesburg’s townships. 2.
Status quo of Johannesburg City Townships
According to the 2007 Community Survey, 21% of households living in shacks in the City of Johannesburg comprise a single individual and 34% comprise four or more persons [5]. Overcrowded townships in growing cities, although connected to municipal bulk water supply, struggle with consistent water supply resulting from ageing infrastructure, which leads to intermittent supply. In these situations, the communities depend on informal sources of water for survival [5]. These sources are typically polluted rivers containing contaminants such as pathogens, heavy metals and natural organic matter. The average number of people living in shacks is 3.1 and 28% of households living in shacks live in over-crowded conditions. A household is considered over-crowded if there are more than two people per room [5]. With a very low level of formal waste management in such areas [6], the communities are threatened by waterborne and air borne diseases. Growth in population translates into mounting demand and competition for water for domestic, industrial, and municipal uses [7]. The greater the economic prosperity and the higher the percentage of township population, the greater is the waste. Generation of waste is therefore unavoidable hence, the investigation of environmentally safe, economically viable and socially acceptable methods and technologies for waste management has become a persistent concern. Figure 1 presents the new regions of the city of Johannesburg.
Figure 1
Figure1: New Regions of the CoJ [8]
The city of Johannesburg has experienced the biggest population growth from 2001 to 2007 within Gauteng 20.6 % [9]. It is therefore faced with the challenge of increased waste generation due to the increase in population. The
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population of the CoJ increased by about 21%, with the most increase occurring within the Black population that is according to census 2001 and the 2007 Community Survey data [10] [9]. According to the Community Survey of 2007, about 90% of all households within the city receive a weekly collection of waste, while 2% receives a collection service less frequently [10]. There are a number of stakeholders that play a crucial role to ensure that the existing waste management systems within the CoJ is explored in order to determine gaps and challenges facing the CoJ. According to the Constitution of South Africa (Act 108 of 1996) and the Municipal Systems Act, 2000, the CoJ is mandated to provide waste collection, disposal and cleansing services to all its residents [8]. 3.
Municipal Solid Waste Management
Waste management entails the collection, transportation, processing, disposal and monitoring of waste materials. This term relates to the management of materials produced by human activity, and the process is generally undertaken so as to prevent or reduce their negative effect on health and the environment [11]. The hierarchy of waste management is an internationally accepted guide for waste management practices with the objective of achieving optimal benefits from products prior to being discarded as well as reducing the detrimental environmental impacts [12].The waste management hierarchy presented in the below figure comprises of five waste management categories and these are prevention- , re-use, recycling, waste treatment, energy recovery and disposal [13]; The main elements of the waste hierarchy are briefly described as follows (a) Waste Prevention: strategies of waste include using less packaging, reusing the products and material. (b) Recycling and Composting, involves collecting, reprocessing and recovering certain waste material to make new material. (b) Disposal (Land filling and combustion): These activities are used to manage waste that cannot be prevented or recycled. Properly designed landfills with available technology can be used to generate energy by recovering methane [12]. .
Figure 2: Waste Management Hierarchy [12]
4.
Municipal Solid Waste Generation, collection and Disposal
According to Gauteng Department of Agriculture and Rural Development GDACE, waste generation in the CoJ amounts to 1 492 000 tonnes of general waste per annum [14]. These figures are based on disposal data, hence may not be a true reflection of the generation rates. The accuracy of these figures can further be challenged on the basis of data capture and record keeping at landfill sites in the absence of properly operated weighbridges or any other weighing devices [15]. Waste generation estimates are made based on the disposal amounts recorded at landfill sites. This method has limitations in that it does not give a reflection of the amounts of waste generated and further does not account for waste generated in areas that do not have a formal waste collection service. It further excludes waste diverted from landfill either through reuse and recycling efforts or illegal dumping. The collection of wastes which is separated at the source is done using three principle methods which are: Firstly, curb side collection using conventional and specially designed collection vehicles; secondly, incidental curbs side collection by charitable organizations and thirdly, delivery by residents to drop-off and buy back centres [16] . Disposal of waste at landfill sites can be done directly from the source or from temporary community collection points such as skips, bunkers, trailers and open lots [17].
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5.
Municipal Solid Waste Properties
Figure 4 presents the composition of disposed waste. The chart shows that Round Collected Refuse (RCR), which refers to the weekly waste collection from households, contributes the highest percentage of the waste stream at 54.7%. The remaining 45.3% comprises other sources such as street cleaning (6.3%), garden refuse (9.7%), builder’s rubble in its different categories (12.2%) and waste cleared from illegal dumping areas contributing 16.5%. This makes illegal dumping the second biggest waste stream demonstrating that illegal dumping is still a serious concern within the CoJ which might be resulting from over population and informal settlements [8].
Figure 3: Composition of waste disposed [8]
6.
Municipal Solid Waste Treatment
The following MSWM innovation are in use globally; Pikitup owns and operates the following waste treatment facilities described below and presented in figure 1: • 11 waste management depots strategically located throughout the city. • Pikitup has 48 garden waste transfer sites available to the public to dispose of light garden waste. The utility provides containers for the organic matter at each of these sites [18]. The waste is then transferred to a disposal site or taken to a composting site facility at Panorama in the West Rand. • 4 landfill sites with 2 landfill sites closed and currently being rehabilitated and monitored, while additional private sites are also being used to dispose of waste at a fee) [18]. • 1 incinerator-Municipal solid waste is incinerated or disposed of in landfills and gas is extracted from the waste, which is then converted to electrical energy [17] . The greenhouse gasses emitted during the energy- generation process from the waste is recycled in the process which aids in reducing GHG’s into the atmosphere. There are currently a few post-consumer separation at source initiatives happening within the City of Johannesburg but most of these initiatives are from the private sector. The CoJ piloted a source separation project in Watervaal. This pilot has adopted a three bag systems where waste is separated into the following: • Paper • Other “dry” recyclables (plastic, tins and glass) • Residual waste All recyclables are collected by a private company, while Pikitup collects the residual for disposal to landfill. Participation levels have varied between high income and low income groups within the pilot area. 78% of the participants were from the higher income group while the remainder (22%) was from the lower income group [18] .
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Figure 4: Available Pikitup Infrastructure, fleet and equipment [18]
7.
COJ’s Municipal Solid Waste Strategic Plan Towards Innovation
The CoJ is looking at considering waste minimisation options as a legal requirement since the Waste Act is more inclined towards waste minimisation as well as the reality of diminishing airspace for the existing sites and the reality of limited suitable and available space for new sites. The said activity has triggered a paradigm shift on the strategic thinking and planning of the CoJ. The approach adopts the Waste Management Hierarchy principles which advocate for waste reduction, re-use and recycling as the preferred waste management options and disposal as the last resort to deal with the residue as presented in Figure 5 [19].
Figure 5: City of Johannesburg's waste management strategy paradigm shift [19]
In addition to programs offered by private companies such as city clean up, separation at source and etc., Pikitup offers a daily cleaning programme to informal settlements. This is done through the use of community and output based contractors. Currently only 47% (86 out of 182) of these settlements receive this service. This 47% of settlements covers about 81% of units (165, 763 units out of a total of 203, 078 units) city wide [20]. Initiatives of Municipalities to pilot the waste to energy projects has begun. For instance, eThekwini municipality is extracting gas and generating electricity from the Marian Hill and La Mercy landfill sites. The recent project undertaken by the City of Johannesburg is the energy generation from incineration waste. Eskom has estimated that the energy extracted from landfills could have a capacity that ranges from 20-50 megawatt with a plant life of 30 years [12].
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8.
Conclusions
This paper has reviewed the current existing practices of managing and treating Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in Johannesburg. It has attempted to provide a comprehensive review of the management, environmental impact of waste disposal, properties and treatment. It was noted that the migration from other provinces to the city had a huge impact on the population growth in turn increasing the waste generated. A household is considered over-crowded if there are more than two people per room with a very low level of formal waste management. The review showed that Round Collected Refuse which refers to the weekly waste collection from households, contributed the highest percentage of the waste stream at 54.7% which it therefore presents an opportunity for sustainable innovation. Waste to energy is indeed a necessity as it will enhance the quality of life, ensuring a decrease in illegal dumping sites and a decrease in the use of landfill sites which are the main cause of climate change in such pertaining to current waste management practices for Johannesburg Cities Township.The study was carried out to evaluate the current status and identify the major problems. It has further provided the cities strategic plan and current project on waste to energy convertion as a possible solution for waste treatemnet and for carbon print incertives. 9.
Acknowledgements
The authors appreciate the support received from the Department of Mechanical Engineering Science and Process Energy and Environmental Technology station of the University of Johannesburg. This work is based on the research supported in part by the LIRA 2030 Africa Programme, which is implemented by the International Council for Science (ICSU) in partnership with the Network of African Science Academies (NASAC) and the International Science Council (ISC), with support from the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida)”. The author further acknowledges the Department of Science and Technology (DST)/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre for funding and permission to present the work. References [1] L. Bonolo, “THE ROLE OF INNOVATIONS IN MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT TO ATTAINING SUSTAINABLE CITIES: CASE OF CITY OF JOHANNESBURG,” in SAPI Conference, 216. [2] J. Ligneris, “Aiming at zero waste the solution for Gauteng,” 2013. [Online]. Available: http://www.gdard.gpg.gov.za. [Accessed 11 10 2018]. [3] T. Simelane, “Future directions of municipal solid waste management in Africa,” [Online]. Available: http://www.ai.org.za. [Accessed 11 10 2018]. [4] Brunner, “Solid waste management and climate change,” [Online]. Available: http://www.epa.gov. [Accessed 11 10 2018]. [5] H. development, “Gauteng: Informal settlement,” The Housing Development Agency, jojannesburg, 2012. [6] Wisa, “Workshop on the Green Drop Certification 10 year Plan,” Nelsprit, 2014. [7] K. Mogelgaard, “Why Population Matters to Water Ressouces,” Population Action International, Washington, 2011. [8] CoJ, “City of Johannesburg Integrated Waste Management Plan,” Johannesburg, 2011. [9] S. S.A, “community survey,” Statistics South Africa, 2007. [10] S. S.A, “Census data, Statistics South Africa,,” [Online]. Available: http://www.statssa.gov.za/census01.. [Accessed 06 Oct 2018]. [11] A. Otchere, “Assessing the Challenges Affecting Solid Waste Management System in the Kumasi Metropolis,” Journal of Arts and Humanities, no. 2, p. 3, 2014. [12] G. GUMBI, Current waste management and minimisation patterns and practices: An exploratory study on the Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality in South, Pretoria: University of South Africa, 2015. [13] D. O. E. A. (DEA), “National Information Baseline Report Draft 2,” Department of Environmental Affairs, Pretoria, 2012. [14] GDACE, “Status Quo Report and Waste Minimisation Options,” Gauteng Department of Agriculture, Conservation and Environment, 2008. [15] CoJ, “State of the Environment Report,” City of Johannesburg, Johanesburg, 2008. [16] G. Tchnobannoglous, Handbook of solid waste management.2nd ed,, USA: McGraw Hill, 1993. [17] T. Gumbo, “Scaling up sustainable renewable energy generation from municipal solid waste in the African continent: lessons from EThekwini, South Africa,” The journal of sustainable development, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 46-62, 2014. [18] Pikitup, “Infrastructural and Strategic Asset Management Plan,” Pikitup PTY LTD, Johannesburg, 2010.
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[19] L. Schoeman, “Feasibility study for alternative waste treatment technology,” Aurecon South Africa (Pty) Ltd, Pretoria, 2015. [20] Pikitup, “Pikitup business Plan 2010/11,” Pikitup PTY LTD,, Johannesburg, 2010. [21] “Word finder,” [Online]. Available: https://findwords.info/term/diepsloot. [Accessed 10 july 2018]. [22] WRC, “Guidelines for the Utilisation and disposal of wastewater sludge, Volume 1 of 5: Selection of Management Options Report TT 261/06,” WRC, Pretoria, 2006. [23] WRC, “Guidelines for the Utilisation and disposal of wastewater sludge,” WRC, Pretoria, 2009. [24] D. O. E. A. (DEA), “National Waste Management Strategy,” Department of Environmental Affairs, Pretoria, 2007.
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