A review on Properties of Sustainable Concrete using granite dust as replacement for river sand

Accepted Manuscript A review on Properties of Sustainable Concrete using Granite dust as replacement for river sand Sarbjeet Singh, Ravindra Nagar, Vinay Agrawal, Anshuman Tiwari, Salman Siddique PII:

S0959-6526(16)30185-8

DOI:

10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.03.114

Reference:

JCLP 6963

To appear in:

Journal of Cleaner Production

Received Date: 19 April 2015 Revised Date:

15 February 2016

Accepted Date: 18 March 2016

Please cite this article as: Singh S, Nagar R, Agrawal V, Tiwari A, Siddique S, A review on Properties of Sustainable Concrete using Granite dust as replacement for river sand, Journal of Cleaner Production (2016), doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.03.114. This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

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A review on Properties of Sustainable Concrete using Granite dust as replacement for river sand

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Sarbjeet Singh*, Ravindra Nagar, Vinay Agrawal , Anshuman Tiwari ,Salman Siddique

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Department of Civil Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India

Abstract

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Granite dust is a waste produced during cutting and grinding process of granite stone. The waste generation

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from granite stone industry is in the form of non-biodegradable fine powder, the utilisation of this waste in

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concrete will help in sustainable and greener development.

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Published literature shows huge potential of granite dust as a replacement of natural fine aggregate. The

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depletion of reserves of sand and stricter mining laws have made the need for substitution of natural sand in

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concrete an absolute necessity. A comprehensive overview of the published literature on the use of granite dust

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in concrete is being presented. Effect of granite dust on the properties of concrete such as workability, setting

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times, compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, shrinkage, durability & microstructure of

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concrete have been presented.

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Keywords: Concrete; Granite dust; Strength; Durability

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*

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of Technology, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. Tel. +919460420420, E-mail address: [email protected]

Corresponding author, Address: Sarbjeet Singh, Department of Civil Engineering, Malaviya National Institute

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1.

Introduction The industrial production of granite in recent times has witnessed a steep growth resulting in higher

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waste generation. The inefficient disposal of waste in many cases poses severe environmental hazards.

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Moreover the transportation of waste to recycling and disposal centres is expensive. Various types of

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waste materials such as fly ash, silica fume, metakaolin, granulated ground blast furnace slag and

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foundry sand have been utilised in concrete production. Effects of these waste on mechanical and

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durability properties of concrete already have been studied.

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Granite dust is a by-product of cutting and grinding processes of stone. During the industrial process

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the granite grains get mixed with water and form a colloidal waste. When the slurry is deposited, its

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water content is severely reduced due to factors like evaporation and the waste becomes a dry mound

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consisting of non-biodegradable granite dust. These processes result in the generation of large amount

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of waste materials. As per the data available from published literature, the amount of waste from the

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production phases of the granite industry is nearly 65 % of the total production. With the decrease in

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landfill area and imposed governmental restrictions, the cost of disposal is increasing and the industries

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are trying to find ways for reusing the waste. The granite dust exhibits appearance and particle size

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distribution nearly similar to that of natural fine aggregate i.e. river sand. Such properties make it a

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viable product as fine aggregate in concrete. Therefore its suitability as sand replacement and its effect

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on the fresh, hardened and durability properties of concrete have been assessed in this review.

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1.1 Uses of granite dust

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Granite dust can be utilised in various construction applications and building materials. At present

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granite dust is used for the following applications: •

As a filler material for roads and embankments

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For manufacturing bricks

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Manufacturing of thermoset resin composites

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Manufacturing of hollow bricks and tiles.

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•

Soil stabilisation

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•

Aggregate for concrete manufacturing

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2.

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Properties of granite dust 2.1 Chemical properties Granite dust is primarily composed of silica, alumina and potassium with small amounts of

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calcium and magnesium. The source of the stone controls the chemical composition of dust. Table

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1 shows the comparative study among chemical composition of granite dust obtained from

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different sources of granite stone.

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2.2 Physical properties

The particles of granite dust are irregular, angular and porous and have rough and crystalline

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surface texture. The particle size is nearly similar to fine sand. Granite dust particles have

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interlocking characteristics. The specific gravity of granite dust varies from 2.36 to 2.72 depending

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upon its source stone. Table 2 shows the specific gravity, water absorption and fineness modulus

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of various granite dusts reported. Figs 1 and 2 show the SEM images of granite dust from two

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different sources.

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2.3 Mineralogy Characteristics

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Results of XRD analysis of granite dust carried out by Karmegam et al .(2014) show that quartz

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and silica are the predominant crystalline form constituents. Figs. 3 represents the XRD of granite

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dust from the research paper of Karmegam et al.(2014).

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3.

Properties of fresh granite dust concrete 3.1 Workability

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Water required for desired workability of concrete mostly depends upon the properties and

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quantity of fine aggregate particles. Granite dust particles are angular and rough textured and

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porous. The particles of size smaller than 75µm are in higher percentage in granite dust. Therefore on using granite dust as replacement for fine aggregate in concrete, the number of rough textured, fine and irregular particles increases. The increased inter particle friction and surface area might be

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a reason for the poor flow characteristics of fresh concrete. Secondly since the granite dust has

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much higher water absorption ratio as compared to natural aggregate, the internal water absorbed

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by the granite dust particle reduces the availability of water for lubrication of cement paste which

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hinders the process of achieving desired workability. Hence for constant water cement ratio, the

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workability of granite dust concrete reduces as compared to the control concrete.In other words , to

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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT achieve the same slump of concrete the water requirement of granite dust concrete is higher.

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following are the published reports of decreased workability of concrete caused by granite dust.

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Singh et al. (2016) assessed the impact of inclusion of Granite Cutting Waste as a partial

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replacement for natural sand in the concrete. The replacements were made in steps of

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10%,20%,30% and 50%. It was observed that as the percentage replacement was increased

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,concrete exhibited progressively lower slump values indicating loss of workability due to rough

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and angular morphological characteristics of GCW(Granite Cutting Waste).

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Raghavendra et al (2015) investigated the effect of granite fines on the workability of the concrete.

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It was observed that for all the percentage replacements upto 25% granite substituted concrete

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exhibited comparable workability to that of the control concrete.

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F.Falade (1999)studied the effect of using different grain sized granite fines on the properties of

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the concrete. Seven different size ranges namely 4.75-0.063mm, 4.75-3.35mm,3.35-2.36mm,2.36-

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1.70mm,1.7-1.18mm,1.18-0.3mm,0.30-0.063mm and 4.75-0.063mm were used. It was found that

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as the particle size of the granite fines being utilized decreased, corresponding workability of the

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concrete mix decreased.

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Vijayalakshmi et al. (2013) studied the effect of granite powder on the slump of concrete. Fine

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aggregates were partially replaced with 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% granite powder respectively.

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Fixed water cement ratio was considered in all mixes. Slump values were calculated for all the

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concrete mixes. The slump losses were calculated at different time range from immediate mixing,

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i.e. 30 minute and 60 minute.

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However, there is some contrary data also in the published research which is against the concept of

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decreased workability on use of granite dust as sand replacement in concrete. The published

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literature which indicate increase in workability are discussed below. Adigun (2013) observed the contrary results when crushed granite dust was used to replace natural sand in varying percentages from 0% to 100%. It was observed that for fixed water cement ratios

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of 0.42 and 0.45 for two different nominal mixes consisting of nine trial mixes, the slump value

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increased with increase in crushed granite powder content.

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Kala (2013) examined the effect of granite powder as sand replacement at levels of 0 %, 25%,

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50%, 75% and 100% by mass at three different water cement ratios, on workability of concrete.

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Mineral admixture was used to replace cement by 27.5%. They observed that the slump values

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higher granite dust particle quantity along with mineral admixture.

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Singh et al. (2016) assessed the impact of replacement of fine aggregate by granite cutting waste

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on a host of mechanical and durability characteristics. The experiments were carried out with the

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0.3,0.35 and0.4w/c ratios and for the percentage replacements of 0%,10% ,25%,40%,55%and 70%

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respectively. It was found that as the percentage replacement increased the workability of the

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concrete matrix decreased slightly. It was stated that the loss of workability could be easily make

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up by the use of superplasticizers.

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Joel (2010) observed that workability of concrete mixtures containing varying percentage from

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10% to 100% of crushed granite dust as sand replacement, improved with respect to control

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concrete mixture. While upto 50% replacement the slump values were equivalent, at higher

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replacement levels the rise in workability was observed.

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Singh et al. (2015) utilized Granite cutting waste to replace natural sand from 0% to 40% in

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concrete and observed decrease in the workability of concrete as the percentage of GCW was

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increased as indicated by the slump values.

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Singh et al. (2015) observed decrement in the slump values with increasing percentage of GCW

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and they attributed this loss of workability to the increased viscosity of the GCW concrete.

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Harur et al. (2015) observed the workability of concrete when natural sand was replaced by

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granite powder for fixed w/c ratios of 0.55, 0.45 and 0.40. The concrete mixtures containing

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varying percentage from 10% to 50% of granite powder as sand replacement recorded improved

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slump values as compared to control concrete.

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Sukesh et al. (2013) observed that as the percentage replacement of sand with granite quarry dust increases, workability of concrete decreases. The higher water absorption of granite quarry dust is a major factor behind the decreased workability of the concrete.

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Raghvendra et al. (2015) found that workability in terms of slump value decreases with the

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increase in the replacement level of fine aggregate with granite powder. They found that the slump

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value reduced from 85mm to 70mm when the replacement level was increased from o to 25%.

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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Singh et al. (2016) investigated that the effect of GCW on the workability of concrete mixes at w/c

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ratio of 0.40, 0.35 and 0.30. The percentage loss of workability at maximum replacement level for

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different w/c ratio was 50%, 51.5% and 54.4% respectively.

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Thus it can be concluded from the results reported by the majority of the researchers that as the

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percentage replacement for natural sand by granite dust in concrete increases, the corresponding

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workability of the concrete mix decreases.

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3.2 Setting times

The initial setting time of concrete is the time taken by the mix paste to exhibits certain level of

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stiffness. Not much research data is available so far in this respect. Few studies show that the

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addition of granite dust as cement replacement in mortar paste decreases the setting time.

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Elmoaty (2013) observed that lower percentage replacement of cement with granite dust shows

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less significant changes in initial and final setting time.

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Properties of hardened granite dust concrete 4.1 Compressive strength

The ultimate resistance offered by the concrete block before yielding to the applied compressive

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load can be termed as the compressive strength of the concrete.

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Fig.4 depicts the comparative analysis of optimum percentage replacement for natural sand by

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granite dust for maximum compressive strength as proposed by the various prominent researchers.

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The development of strength in concrete is governed by water cement ratio and the bond at the

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interface of hydrated cement paste and aggregates. The strength of the individual constituent

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material in concrete mix also has some influence on the strength of concrete mix. The investigation

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shows that the granite particles are comparable in strength with natural sand particles. The matrix or microstructure of the granite dust concrete is dense and has better dispersion of cement grains which ultimately results in better compressive strength of granite dust concrete mix at lower

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replacement ratios.

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Singh et al. (2016) assessed the impact of inclusion of Granite Cutting Waste as a partial

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replacement for natural sand in the concrete. The replacements were made in steps of

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10%,20%,30% and 50%.The maximum value of compressive strength was observed corresponding

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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT to the percentage replacement of 30%. At 50% replacement the compressive strength observed

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was comparable to the control concrete.

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Olaniyan et al. (2012) assessed the impact of replacement of fine aggregate by granite fines on the

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compressive strength of the sandcrete blocks. The percentage replacements made were

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0%,5%,10%,15%,20%,25% and 100% respectively.They found that the maximum compressive

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strength was exhibited by the concrete with optimum percentage replacement of 15%.

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Kumar et al.(2014) examined the impact of granite fines substitution on the compressive strength

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of the concrete. It was observed that the maximum compressive strength was exhibited by the

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concrete specimens with percentage replacement of 30% of the natural fine aggregate by the

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granite fines.

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Reddy et al. (2015) investigated the impact of replacement of fine aggregate by granite fines on the

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mechanical properties of the resultant concrete mix. The percentage replacements made were

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2.5%,5%,7.5% and10% respectively. It was found that concrete specimens with 7.5% replacement

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percentage exhibited maximum increment in the compressive strength. The concrete specimens

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with 10% replacement were found to have comparable compressive strength to that of the control

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concrete.

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Raghavendra et al (2015) investigated the effect of granite fines on the compressive strength of the

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concrete. It was observed that the maximum compressive strength was shown by concrete at the

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optimum replacement of 15% at all ages of curing.

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Rao et al. (2011) investigated the effect of varying percentage replacement of natural sand with

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crushed granite stone on the mechanical properties of the concrete being casted for studying mode-

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II fracture. It was found that the compressive strength exhibited increment with increasing percentage replacement and the maximum compressive strength was observed corresponding to a percentage replacement of 50%. Beyond 50% replacement there was a slight decrease in the values

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of compressive strength, however it was still higher than the control concrete even at 100%

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replacement of natural sand with crushed granite stone aggregate.

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GL Oyekan and OM Kamiyo(2008) studied the effect of inclusion of Granite fines on the

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compressive strength of the sandcrete blocks.The compressive strength of the concrete specimens

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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT was found out to be maximum for a percentage replacement of 15% of the total volume of fine

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aggregates by granite fines. Beyond 15% replacement the compressive strength of the granite fines

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concrete began declining gradually.

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F.Falade (1999)studied the effect of using different grain sized granite fines on the compressive

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strength of the concrete. Seven different size ranges namely 4.75-0.063mm, 4.75-3.35mm,3.35-

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2.36mm,2.36-1.70mm,1.7-1.18mm,1.18-0.3mm,0.30-0.063mm and 4.75-0.063mm were used in

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the study. The maximum compressive strength was observed for 1:1.5:3 mix for granite fines

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particles size range of 0.3-1.18mm.The compressive strength for this mix was found to be 14%

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higher than the concrete mix containing granite fines with particle size of all the ranges.

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H. Donza et al. (2002) studied the effect of using a variety of fine aggregates on the properties of

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concrete. It was observed that G-530(Granite sand concrete with 530kg/m3 Granite sand)

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exhibited higher strength at all ages than the S-530( Natural sand concrete with 530kg/m3 Natural

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sand).Assuming all other factors as constant this was attributed to the higher intrinsic strength of

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granite sand particles and the strong paste-fine aggregate interface.

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Felixkala and Partheban (2010) studied the properties of concrete with granite powder as partial

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replacement for fine aggregate in the concrete. It was found that the maximum compressive

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strength was obtained for a percentage replacement of 25%.The compressive strength was found

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to be greater than the control concrete at all ages of curing by 2-9%.The replacements beyond

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25% resulted in a significant decrement in the value of compressive strength relative to the

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control concrete.

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Vitoldas Vaitkevičius et al. (2013) assessed the impact of partial to full replacement of quartz

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sand with Granite rubble waste on the properties of the ultra-high performance concrete. It was

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observed that the granite rubble concrete specimens observed a decrement in the values of

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compressive strength than the control concrete. The reduction in the compressive strength was

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minimum for the percentage replacement of 10%.

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Garas, GL. et.al (2014) studied the effect of incorporation of granite and marble as replacement of

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fine aggregate in the manufacturing of green concrete. It was found that upto 30% replacement with RGD (Red Granite Dust) produced concrete with compressive strength comparable to the Pulverized Fly ash concrete. Any further replacement beyond 30% was found to cause a significant reduction in the strength.

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Babafemi Adewumi John and Olawuyi Babatunde James (2011) studied the impact of partial

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replacement of sand with granite fines on the strength attributes of the PKSC concrete (Palm

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Kernel Shell Concrete). It was found that the compressive strength of PKSC increased

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continuously as the percentage replacement increased and the maximum value of compressive

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strength was obtained for the complete replacement of sand by granite fines

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A. Arivumangai

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replacement of natural sand by granite powder and partial replacement of cement by fly ash, silica

and T.Felixkala (2014) assessed the properties of concrete with partial

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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT fume, slag and super plasticizer. It was observed that the maximum increment in the value of

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compressive strength occurred for the percentage replacement of 25%. Further replacement led to

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decrease in the value of compressive strength however even at 50% replacement the value of

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compressive strength was still higher than the control concrete

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Vijaylakshmi et al. (2013) examined the influence of Granite powder as a partial replacement for

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fine aggregate on the compressive strength of concrete, up to the age of 90 days. Fine aggregates

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were partially replaced with 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% of granite powder. As reported the addition

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of granite dust have

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15% replacement..Moreover the compressive strength of the concrete increased upon aging as

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usual .

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Kala (2013) observed that at different water cement ratio, the compressive strength increased with

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increase in the granite dust content at all ages. However the concrete was designed with 27.5%

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mineral admixtures replacing cement. The improvement in compressive strength could be

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attributed to the fact that use of mineral admixtures also helped in the densification of

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microstructure. He concluded that 25% of granite dust as sand replacement exhibited 6.12 to 22.14

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% increase in compressive strength than control mix and it is optimum amount to get favorable

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strength.

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Adigun (2013) demonstrated that development of compressive strength in crushed granite dust

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concrete is higher than control mixtures till 75% replacement and comparable at higher

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substitutions. The early strength gain was also higher in granite dust concrete. The increase in

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compressive strength is attributed to the fact that rough and irregular granite particle fill the void

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and have higher frictional resistance.

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Kanmalai et al. (2008) investigated the effect of granite dust with varying levels from 25% to

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no significant influence of the compressive strength of the concrete up to

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100% as sand replacement on properties of concrete and observed that concrete mix with 25% granite dust exhibited highest strength increment of 2% to 7% for all days of curing. The mixes with higher replacement levels showed lesser compressive strength than the control concrete. It

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was found that the compressive strength of granite dust concrete continued to increase with the age

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for all granite dust contents.

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Joel (2010) studied the effect of granite dust as partial and full replacement of sand and observed

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that compressive strength increased with increase in amount of crushed granite dust replacement

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up to 20%. Further addition of granite beyond 20% led to decrease in compressive strength at all

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than the 30% to 90% substitutions.

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Singh et al. (2016) assessed the impact of replacement of fine aggregate by granite cutting waste

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on a host of mechanical and durability characteristics. The experiments were carried out with the

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0.3,0.35 and0.4w/c ratios and for the percentage replacements of 0%,10% ,25%,40%,55%and 70%

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respectively. The optimum percentage replacements for the w/c ratios 0.3 & 0.35,0.40were found

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out to be 25% and 40% respectively.

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Arulraj et al. (2013) studied the effect of granite dust as fine aggregate replacement varying from

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0% to 25% in concrete on compressive strength of M20, M30 and M40 grade concrete at 28 days.

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It was observed that the compressive strength increased with the increase in granite dust content in

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concrete mix till 20% replacement. The highest values of compressive strength was obtained when

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the sand replacement was 15% by granite dust.

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Elmoaty (2013) studied the effect of granite dust as partial replacement and addition of cement in

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concrete and observed that when cement was replaced by granite dust the compressive strength

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decreased with increase in amount of granite dust. The utilization of granite dust up to 5%

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improved the concrete`s compressive strength by 8.2% at the age of 56 days. Concrete mixes with

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7.5%, 10% and 15% granite dust as cement replacement recorded 5.5%, 11.5%, and 8.2%

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reduction in compressive strength at the age of 56 days. The reduced cement content might be the

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reason behind the reduction in compressive strength. The concrete`s compressive strength showed

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increment up to 10% addition of granite dust. The increase in compressive strength at 56 days

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curing period was 1.0%, 11.9%, 12.2% and 4.6% having 5.0%, 7.5%, 10.0% and 15.0% granite

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dust as cement addition as compared to control mix concrete. Divakar et al. (2012) studied the effect of granite dust as fine aggregate replacement varying from 0% to 50%. The increment in the compressive strength was 22% with 35% replacement of fine

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aggregates with granite dust, with 50% replacement the compressive strength increment was only

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4%.

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Marmol et al. (2010) demonstrated that use of granite slurry as cement replacement from 0% to

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20% has detrimental effect on compressive strength of mortar at both 7 and 28 days of curing

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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT period. When the granite slurry is used to replace natural sand at 0% to 100% replacement, the

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compressive strength shows a gradual improvement at all substitution levels.

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Li et al. (2013) investigated the use granite dust with fly ash magnesium oxychloride cement, and

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they observed that incorporation of small amount of granite dust such as 10% can increase the

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strength of fly ash magnesium oxychloride concrete.

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Ramos et al. (2013) studied the effect of granite dust and superfine granite dust with levels of 5%

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and 10% as cement replacement on properties of concrete. They observed that 10% cement can be

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replaced with granite dust without significant losses.

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Allam et al. (2014) examined the effect of addition of 10%, 17.5% and 25% granite dust as fine

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aggregate replacement on compressive

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strength increased by 11% at the age of 28 days when sand was

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dust, however at the age of 90 days the compressive strength decreased.

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J.Jayavardhan .Bhandari and Seetharam Munnur (2015) examined the compressive strength

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of concrete with partial replacement of fine aggregate by granite fines .Replacement was made in

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steps of 5% beginning from 0% and a maximum of 20% replacement was made.The maximum

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value of compressive strength was found out to be corresponding to the percentage replacement of

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15%.

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Singh et al. (2015) investigated the effect of fine GCW on compressive strength at the curing ages

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of 7 and 28 days. They observed that 25% of GCW was optimum percentage of replacement as it

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exhibited highest compressive strength at all curing ages.

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Singh et al. (2015) replaced the natural fine aggregate by GCW up to 70%. The compressive

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strength of 100mmX100mmX100mm concrete sample was observed at the curing ages of 7 and 28

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strength of concrete. They observed that compressive

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days. The increment in compressive strength was observed up to the replacement level of 40%. Harur et al. (2015) investigated the effect of granite powder on compressive strength of concrete at curing ages of 7 and 28 days. They observed that the percentage

of granite powder strongly

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affected the compressive strength of concrete. They found 50% of granite powder as the optimum

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percentage replacement for natural sand.

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Senthil et al. (2015) observed that compressive strength of granite slurry concrete was higher than

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that of control concrete till 30% replacement. At higher percentage a gradual decrease was

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control concrete.

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Sukesh et al. (2013) concluded the ideal percentage of replacement of natural sand with granite

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quarry dust as 55% for optimum compressive strength.

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Shaik and Reddy (2013) investigated the effect of replacement of natural fine aggregate by granite

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aggregate on the compressive strength of geo polymer concrete. They observed that 28 days

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compressive strength increased with increase in granite aggregate content and maximum increment

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was observed for 15% sand replacement and its values was 20.8%.

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Raghvendra et al. (2015) observed that concrete mixes prepared with granite powder replacing

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natural sand showed higher compressive strength as compared to reference concrete.

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Singh et al. (2016) investigated the possible use of GCW in high strength concrete. They observed

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that beyond 25% for 0.30 w/c and 40% for

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impact on strength. One of the factors for decrease in compressive strength was attributed to the

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increased surface area of GCW aggregates which in turn resulted in lower cement content per unit

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surface area of aggregate.

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Thus from the above literature review it can be established that in the majority of the cases, the

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replacement of natural sand by granite dust upto optimum percentage replacement increases the

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compressive strength of the concrete. The optimum percentage replacement varies for different

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types of granite dust procured from different source stones.

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4.2 Flexural strength

0.40 and 0.35 w/c GCW demonstrated negative

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Flexural strength of concrete is the resistance offered by the concrete block before failing under

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the application of bending(flexure) stresses induced by appropriate loading mechanisms.

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Fig.5 depicts the comparative analysis of optimum percentage replacement for natural sand by granite dust for maximum compressive strength as proposed by the various prominent researchers. Singh et al. (2016) assessed the impact of replacement of fine aggregate by granite cutting waste

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on a host of mechanical and durability characteristics. The experiments were carried out with the

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0.3,0.35 and0.4w/c ratios and for the percentage replacements of 0%,10% ,25%,40%,55%and 70%

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respectively. The maximum value of the flexural strength was observed corresponding to the

362

percentage replacement of 40%. The value of flexural strength was found out to be comparable to

363

the control concrete at 70% replacement.

12

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Singh et al. (2016) assessed the impact of inclusion of Granite Cutting Waste as a partial

365

replacement for natural sand in the concrete. The replacements were made in steps of

366

10%,20%,30% and 50%It was observed that the flexural strength increased as the percentage

367

replacement was increased..The maximum value of compressive strength was observed

368

corresponding to the percentage replacement of 50%.

369

Granite dust concrete exhibits similar trend in development of flexural strength and compressive

370

strength. The published data shows that on use of lower level replacement of natural sand with

371

granite dust in concrete, the flexural strength of concrete increases. At higher levels of replacement

372

there is a decrease in flexural strength. The flexural strength of concrete mainly relies on the

373

quality of cement paste in concrete.

374

Reddy et al. (2015) investigated the impact of replacement of fine aggregate by granite fines on the

375

mechanical properties of the resultant concrete mix. The percentage replacements made were

376

2.5%,5%,7.5% and10% respectively. It was found that concrete specimens with 7.5% replacement

377

percentage exhibited maximum increment in the flexural strength. The concrete specimens with

378

10% replacement were found to have comparable flexural strength to that of the control concrete.

380

J.Jayavardhan .Bhandari and Seetharam Munnur (2015) examined the flexural strength of concrete

381

with partial replacement of fine aggregate by granite fines .Replacement was made in steps of 5%

382

beginning from 0% and a maximum of 20% replacement was made.The maximum value of

383

flexural strength was found out to be corresponding to the percentage replacement of 15%.

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F.Falade (1999)studied the effect of using different grain sized granite fines on the flexural

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strength of the concrete. Seven different size ranges namely 4.75-0.063mm, 4.75-3.35mm, 3.352.36mm,2.36-1.70mm,1.7-1.18mm,1.18-0.3mm,0.30-0.063mm and 4.75-0.063mm were used in the study. The maximum flexural strength was observed for 1:1.5:3 mix for granite fines particles

389

size range of 0.3-1.18mm.The flexural strength for this mix was found to be 15% higher than the

390

concrete mix containing granite fines with particle size of all the ranges.

391 392

Vijaylakshmi et al. (2013) examined the influence of Granite powder as a partial replacement of

393

fine aggregate on the flexural strength of concrete, up to the age of 90 days. Fine aggregates were

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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT partially replaced with 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% of granite powder. As reported the addition of

395

granite dust showed slightly lower flexure strength of the concrete up to 15% of substitution rate

396

however beyond 15% replacement a significant loss in flexure strength was observed.

397

Divakar et al. (2012) studied the effect of granite dust as fine aggregate replacement varying from

398

0% to 50%. The flexural strength increase was 5.41% with 5% replacement of fine aggregates with

399

granite dust. With 15%, 25%, 35% and 50% replacement a significant decrement in the flexure

400

strength was observed.

401

Ramos et al. (2013) observed the impact of granite replacement for cement in proportions of 5%

402

and 10% in mortar. It was observed that the split tensile strength values observed a continuous

403

decrease with increase in the percentage replacement.

404

Kala (2013) observed that at different W/C, the flexural strength increased with increase in the

405

granite dust content at all ages. The concrete was designed with 27.5% mineral admixtures

406

replacing cement. The improvement in flexural strength could be attributed to the fact that use of

407

mineral admixtures also helped in the densification of microstructure. He concluded that 25% of

408

granite dust as sand replacement exhibited 12.5% to 19.88 % increase than control mix and it was

409

optimum amount to get favorable strength. Even at 100% replacement of natural sand with granite

410

dust the increase in flexural strength observed was 0.65% to 4.78% for various curing ages.

411

Singh et al. (2015) observed that flexure strength of GCW concrete specimen was higher than

412

control concrete specimen at the curing ages of 7 and 28 days. They observed that at 28 days,

413

concrete mix containing 25% GCW recorded an increase of 31% in flexural strength over that of

414

control concrete.

415

Singh et al. (2015) observed that GCW concrete exhibited near similar behavior in flexure strength

416

as that of compressive strength. Concrete specimen containing 40% GCW showed better flexural

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strength over control specimens at both 7 & 28 days. With the increase in GCW beyond 40%, the flexure strength reduced. Senthil et al. (2015) observed that 28 days flexural strength of 30% granite slurry concrete was

420

highest. With the increase in natural fine aggregate replacement level beyond 30% the flexural

421

strength was found to be reduced.

422

Shaik and Reddy (2013) observed that concrete specimen containing 20% granite aggregate

423

showed improved flexural strength over control specimen at the curing age of 28 days.

14

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Singh et al. (2016) recorded enhanced flexure strength up to 40% substitution of natural fine

425

aggregate by GCW at all w/c ratios. This was attributed to the rough texture of the GCW particles.

426

The flexural strength at 70% GCW content was still comparable to control specimens at both

427

curing ages of 7 and 28 days.

428

Thus it can be inferred from the research work of the majority of the researchers that the

429

replacement of fine aggregate by the granite dust upto an optimum percentage replacement results

430

in a concrete with either comparable or better flexural strength than the control concrete.

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431 4.3 Split tensile strength

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Split tensile strength is the ultimate resistance offered by the cylindrical concrete specimens before

434

disintegrating under the application of a transverse load acting perpendicular to the longitudinal

435

axis of the cylinder.

436

Fig.6 depicts the comparative analysis of optimum percentage replacement for natural sand by

437

granite dust for maximum split tensile strength as proposed by the various prominent researchers.

438

Granite dust influences the development of split tensile strength to a larger extent than flexural

439

strength of concrete.

440

Vijaylakshmi et al. (2013) examined the influence of granite powder as a partial replacement of

441

fine aggregate on the split tensile strength of concrete, up to the age of 90 days. Fine aggregates

442

were partially replaced with 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% of granite powder. As reported the addition

443

of granite dust shows little lower split tensile strength of the concrete up to 15% of substitution

444

rate however a significant decrease in split tensile strength was observed beyond the replacement

445

level of 15%.

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Arulraj et al. (2013) studied the effect of granite dust as fine aggregate replacement varying from 0% to 25% in concrete on split tensile strength of M20, M30 and M40 grade concrete at 28 days. They observed that the split tensile strength increased with the increase in granite dust content in

449

concrete mix till 20% replacement. The highest value of split tensile strength /was obtained at 15%

450

replacement of sand by granite dust.

451

Joel (2010) studied the effect of granite dust as partial and full replacement for sand and observed

452

that split tensile strength increased with increase in amount of crushed granite dust replacement up

15

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT to 20%. The additions of higher amount of granite dust than 20% led to decrease in compressive

454

strength at all ages such as 7, 14 and 28 days.

455

J.Jayavardhan .Bhandari and Seetharam Munnur (2015) examined the split tensile strength of

456

concrete with partial replacement of fine aggregate by granite fines .Replacement was made in

457

steps of 5% beginning from 0% and a maximum of 20% replacement was made.The maximum

458

value of split tensile strength was found out to be corresponding to the percentage replacement of

459

15%.

460

Reddy et al. (2015) investigated the impact of replacement of fine aggregate by granite fines on the

461

mechanical properties of the resultant concrete mix. The percentage replacements made were

462

2.5%,5%,7.5% and10% respectively. It was found that concrete specimens with 7.5% replacement

463

percentage exhibited maximum increment in the split tensile strength. The concrete specimens

464

with 10% replacement were found to have comparable split tensile strength to that of the control

465

concrete.

466

Elmoaty (2013) studied the effect of granite dust as partial replacement and in addition of cement

467

in concrete and observed that when cement is replaced by granite dust the split tensile strength

468

decreased with increase in amount of granite dust. The use of 15% granite dust slightly decreased

469

the concrete split tensile strength by 8% at 56 days. The reduction in compressive strength

470

decreased with the increase of curing period. Reduced cement content caused reduction in split

471

tensile strength. The concrete split tensile strength showed increase when 10% of granite dust was

472

used as cement addition. The increase in 56 days split tensile strength was 4.6% with 10.0%

473

granite dust as cement addition as compared to control mixes.

474

Kala (2013) observed that at different water cement ratios, the split tensile strength decreased with

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increase in the granite dust content at all ages. The concrete was designed with 27.5% mineral admixtures replacing cement. He concluded that 25% of granite dust as sand replacement exhibited 14.88 to 21.95 % increase over control mix and it was optimum amount to get favorable strength.

478

The split tensile strength decreased with increase in sand replacement level beyond 25%.

479

Divakar et al. (2012) studied the effect of granite dust as fine aggregate replacement varying from

480

0% to 50%. The split tensile strength remained same for 0%, 25% and 35% replacement of fine

481

aggregates with granite dust. At 5%, replacement the increment in split tensile strength was 2.4%.

16

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT However at 15% replacement level the reduction in tensile strength was 8% when compared to

483

control mix concrete.

484

Kanamalai (2008) observed that granite substituted concrete exhibited increment in split tensile

485

strength over control concrete at a replacement level of 25%.However beyond 25% further

486

addition of granite powder led to the decreased split tensile strength giving values even lesser

487

than that of the control concrete.

488

Felixkala and Partheban (2010) studied the properties of concrete with granite powder as partial

489

replacement for fine aggregate in the concrete. It was observed that a percentage replacement of

490

25% resulted in a slight increment in the value of the split tensile strength over that of the control

491

concrete. However the strength began to reduce with further replacement beyond 25%.

492

A. Arivumangai

493

replacement of natural sand by granite powder and partial replacement of cement by fly ash, silica

494

fume, slag and super plasticizer. It was observed that the maximum increment in the split tensile

495

strength was observed for the percentage replacement of 25%.Any increment beyond 25%

496

induced decrement in the split tensile strength.

497

Babafemi Adewumi John and Olawuyi Babatunde James (2011) studied the impact of partial

498

replacement of sand with granite fines on the strength attributes of the PKSC concrete (Palm

499

Kernel Shell Concrete).The trend observed for the split tensile strength was similar to that for the

500

compressive strength. The optimum value of split tensile strength was found to be at the

501

percentage replacement level of 25%.

502

Senthil et al. (2015) observed that up to 30% natural fine aggregate replacement exhibited an

503

increment in the split tensile strength.A noticeable decrement in the split tensile strength was

504

reported beyond 30% replacement with granite slurry content.

505

Shaik and Reddy (2013) observed that split tensile strength of geopolymer concrete samples

506

containing 30% granite aggregate as sand replacement was higher than control concrete.

507

Thus the literature review establishes the fact that in most cases the partial replacement upto

508

optimum percentage replacement of the natural sand by the granite fines led to an increase in split

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and T.Felixkala (2014) assessed the properties of concrete with partial

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tensile strength of the concrete. The reduction in split tensile strength in a few cases might be due to the presence of external impurity in the granite dust been used.

4.4 Modulus of elasticity

512

Modulus of elasticity is a physical parameter that reflects the mechanical behaviour of any

513

material in response to the induced stresses due to loading.

514

H.Donza et al.(2002) observed in their study that for all ages of testing the value of modulus of

515

elasticity for S-530( Natural sand concrete with 530kg/m3 Natural sand)specimen was higher than

516

the corresponding G-530 (Granite sand concrete with 530kg/m3 Granite sand)specimens.

17

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 517

Felixkala and Partheban (2010) studied the properties of concrete with granite powder as partial

518

replacement for fine aggregate in the concrete. It

519

exhibited similar trend as observed that for the split tensile strength. The value of modulus of

520

elasticity at 25% replacement was slightly higher than the control concrete. However any

521

replacement beyond 25% let to a reduction in the value as compare to the control concrete.

522

Kanamalai (2008) observed that the modulus of elasticity of the granite substituted concrete

523

specimens was more or less similar to that for the control concrete. Moreover at 25% replacement

524

at 90 days of curing modulus of elasticity value observed 2% increment over that of control

525

concrete. This was attributed to the increment in strength with curing age.

526

Vijaylakshmi et al. (2013) observed that the modulus of elasticity decreases when the substitution

527

rate is increased. The elastic modulus value of modulus of elasticity of the mixtures having 5%,

528

10% and 15% granite dust were comparable to control concrete.

529

Kala (2013) designed concrete with 27.5% mineral admixtures replacing cement. He found that

530

25% of granite dust as sand replacement exhibited 10.16 to 18.54 % increase in modulus of

531

elasticity than control mix and it was therefore the optimum amount to get favorable strength.

532

Only a few studies have been conducted on assessing the effect of natural sand replacement by

533

granite dust. Among these studies mixed kind of results have been reported in the sense that some

534

researchers reported increase while others reported decrement in the values of modulus of

535

elasticity when sand was partially replaced by granite dust.

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4.5 Drying shrinkage

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was observed that the modulus of elasticity

The loss of moisture from the concrete matrix on drying induces shrinkage and this can be termed

538

as drying shrinkage.

539

Limited literature is available on drying shrinkage properties of granite dust concrete. The drying

540

shrinkage strain of granite dust concrete increases as the percentage of granite dust increases.

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Kanamalai (2008) studied the drying shrinkage characteristics of the granite substituted concrete. It was found that with the increment in the percentage replacement there occurred a sustained rise in the values of drying shrinkage. The observed increment in the drying shrinkage value for GP25 (With 25% Granite Powder Replacement) was marginal. Felixkala and Partheban (2010) studied the properties of concrete with granite powder as partial

546

replacement for fine aggregate in the concrete. It was observed that the replacement with granite

547

powder leads to increase in the values of drying shrinkage. Also it was found that values of

548

drying shrinkage were increasing with increase in the curing age.

549

Kala and Senthuraman (2013) observed that for W/C ratio of 0.35 and different curing

550

temperatures of 32°C and 38°C, the drying shrinkage values of granite dust concrete were higher

18

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT than that of control mixture. The shrinkage in concrete with 25% replacement of natural sand by

552

granite dust was 60% more than that of control concrete specimen.

553

Williams et al. (2008) studied drying shrinkage from 1 day to 90 days of granite dust concrete with

554

0% to 100% natural sand replacement. The drying shrinkage in all granite dust concrete was

555

similar to control mixture.

556

The prominent published research studies unanimously establish the fact that the partial

557

replacement of natural sand with the granite dust leads to increased drying shrinkage.

558

. 4.6 Density

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Density or unit weight of a material is a physical property which directly or indirectly conveys the

561

state of compactness and denseness within the material concrete matrix to some extent.

562

Very less data related to the measurement of the density of the granite substituted concrete is

563

available in the published literature. The data reported shows that when granite waste is utilized as

564

fine aggregate in concrete there is

565

(2015) demonstrated that the use of GCW having specific gravity of 2.62 as the replacement of

566

fine aggregate in concrete resulted in minor decrease in the density of concrete. For 40%

567

replacement the corresponding decrement in the unit weight was found out to be 5.3%.

568

F.Falade (1999) studied the effect of using different grain sized granite fines on the properties of

569

the concrete. Seven different size ranges namely 4.75-0.063mm, 4.75-3.35mm,3.35-2.36mm,2.36-

570

1.70mm,1.7-1.18mm,1.18-0.3mm,0.30-0.063mm and 4.75-0.063mm were used in the study.It was

571

found that as the particle size of the granite fines being utilized decreased, corresponding densityof

572

the concrete mix decreased.

574 575

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a slight decrease in the unit weight of concrete. Singh et al.

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However Harur et al. (2015) observed that the density of concrete containing upto 50% granite powder as fine aggregate replacement for w/c ratio of 0.55, 0.45 and 0.40 exhibited slight increment over that of the control concrete.

576

The literature study reveals that the replacement of natural sand by granite dust generally leads to

577

the decrease in the unit weight of the resulting concrete.

578 579 580

19

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 581

4.7 Abrasion Abrasion typically is the existence of friction between two substrates of somewhat different

583

intrinsic properties and characteristics.

584

Singh et al. (2015) found that utilizing GCW as fine aggregate resulted in superior abrasion

585

resistance property. For concrete containing 20% GCW the observed decrease in the depth of wear

586

as compared to that of the control concrete was 10%.

587

Singh et al. (2015) found that the abrasion resistance of concrete containing up to 40% GCW was

588

better than control concrete. Maximum depth of wear occurred at 70% (1.95mm) replacement of

589

natural sand.

590

Singh et al. (2016) studied the influence of GCW as fine aggregate on the abrasion resistance of

591

concrete samples. Minimum depth of wear for w/c ratio 0.40, 0.35 and 0.30 were observed at 25%

592

, 40% and 40% GCW content respectively.

593

Singh et al. (2016) assessed the impact of inclusion of Granite Cutting Waste as a partial

594

replacement for natural sand in the concrete. The replacements were made in steps of

595

10%,20%,30% and 50%It was observed that abrasion resistance increased as the percentage

596

replacement was increased upto 30% replacement.There it was advised that such a concrete be put

597

to use in applications where high abrasion resistance is required like pavement blocks etc.

598

The literature review reveals that the studies on the abrasion have been carried out recently only.

599

The abrasion resistance of the concrete with optimum percentage of granite dust as partial

600

replacement for natural sand is generally higher than the control concrete.

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4.8 UPV

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UPV (Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity) Test is a popular NDT (Non-Destructive Technique) used globally to assess the quality of the concrete matrix in terms of cohesiveness, denseness and flawlessness etc. Greater is the pulse velocity between the transmitter and transducer installed

606

across the concrete specimen, denser and compact is the concrete matrix.

607

Singh et al. (2015) observed that GCW concrete displayed a comparable value of pulse velocity

608

with control mix specimen.

609 610 20

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 611 612

5.

Durability properties of granite dust concrete 5.1 Permeability As the name suggests permeability of a material is a parameter reflecting the extent of allowance

614

to the flow of any fluid across the interconnected pores /voids present in the matrix of the material.

615

The permeability of the aggregates and the pore size distribution in the cement paste plays an

616

important role in the concrete permeability. The reported research indicates that as compared to

617

natural sand concrete, granite dust concrete has higher permeability. With the increase in granite

618

dust content in concrete its permeability increases.

619

Singh et al. (2016) assessed the impact of replacement of fine aggregate by granite cutting waste

620

on the permeation characteristics of the concrete. The experiments were carried out with the

621

0.3,0.35 and0.4w/c ratios and for the percentage replacements of 0%,10% ,25%,40%,55%and 70%

622

respectively. The optimum percentage replacement was found out to be 55% GCW content.

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623

GL Oyekan and OM Kamiyo(2008) studied the effect of inclusion of Granite fines on the

625

permeability of the sandcrete. The permeability of the sandcrete specimens was found out to be

626

minimum for a percentage replacement of 15% of the total volume of fine aggregates by granite

627

fines.

628

Vijaylakshmi et al. (2013) reported that as per ASTM C1202-97 specifications, the chloride

629

permeability of granite dust concrete is higher than that of control concrete mix at the ages of 180

630

and 365 days. The chloride permeability of the concrete was found to be directly proportional to

631

the substitution rate. The water permeability test exhibited compliance with the RCPT test result

632

and showed that increasing percentage of granite dust caused higher permeability. The rise in

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permeability was attributed to the increased specific surface area and density. Williams et al. (2008) found that the water permeability of granite dust concrete was better than control concrete

at 25% and 50% replacement of natural sand by granite dust. It was also

636

observed that water penetration value was decreasing when the curing age was increased.

637

Kanamalai (2008)observed that water penetration increased for granite substituted concrete over

638

control concrete at all values of percentage replacement .It was also observed that as the curing

639

age increased a noticeable reduction in the values of water penetration was observed.

640

21

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Singh et al. (2015) demonstrated that increase in the percentage of natural sand replacement by

642

GCW resulted in remarkable decrease in the permeability of concrete. The optimum percentage for

643

replacement of natural sand by GCW was concluded at 30%.

644

Singh et al. (2015) found that DIN permeability of GCW concrete is lower than that of control

645

concrete. The concrete mix with 55% granite cutting waste showed the lowest depth of water

646

penetration.

647

Singh et al. (2016) reported that DIN permeability for GCW concrete is better than the control

648

concrete up to 70% replacement. The water permeability observed at 0% and 55% replacement of

649

fine aggregate was maximum and minimum for all w/c ratios.

650

It can be inferred from the literature review that as the percentage replacement for natural sand by

651

granite dust increases, the corresponding permeability of the concrete generally increases.

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5.2 Resistance to sulphate attack

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It is the resistance and resilience of the concrete on exposure to sulphate containing chemical

654

agents.

655

Vijaylakshmi et al. (2013) studied the influence of granite dust in concrete on its long term

656

durability. In the investigation carried out, they established that concrete containing granite dust

657

showed significant losses in compressive strength as compared to control mixes and the increase in

658

substitution rate caused increase in sulphate attack. It was predicted that the durability was

659

influenced by a reactive material present in granite dust hence some treatment for granite dust was

660

advised.

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5.3 Carbonation depth

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It helps in determining the extent of penetration of carbonate within the concrete matrix and is thus an indirect measure of quality of concrete matrix. Vijaylakshmi et al. observed the carbonation depth of granite dust concrete at the age of 180 and

666

365 days. Upon investigation, it was found that increase in granite dust content increases

667

carbonation depth, however the increase in depth is not proportional. The carbonation depth values

668

for substitution rate of 15%, 20% and 25% were 7.7 mm, 8.9 mm and 10.2 mm which is closer to

669

the cover of reinforcing steel bars which can cause corrosion. The substitution rate greater than

670

15% is not advisable for structural concrete.

22

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Singh et al. (2016) studied the impact of accelerated carbonation on GCW concrete. It was

672

observed that for the concrete mix containing 40% GCW, the carbonation depth was comparable

673

to control specimen at all durations.

674

Singh et al. (2016) assessed the impact of replacement of fine aggregate by granite cutting waste

675

on the permeation characteristics of the concrete. The experiments were carried out with the

676

0.3,0.35 and0.4w/c ratios and for the percentage replacements of 0%,10% ,25%,40%,55%and 70%

677

respectively. The optimum percentage replacements for the w/c ratios 0.3 & (0.35,0.40)were found

678

out to be 25% and 40% respectively as at these percentage replacements the observed carbonation

679

depths were comparable to the control concrete.

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5.4 Electrical resistivity

The electrical resistivity is a measure of resistance offered by the concrete matrix to the flow of

683

ions through it.

684

The electrical resistivity of concrete is related to the pore structure of matrix. For higher electrical

685

resistivity, the corrosion resistance is more. Vijaylakshmi et al. (2013) demonstrated that with

686

increase in substitution rate, the specific surface area increases. As a result, the electrical resistivity

687

of concrete mixtures is reduced.

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5.5 Water Absorption and Sorptivity

Both the parameters are indicators of the extent of porosity of the concrete matrix.

690

Fig.7 depicts the comparative analysis of optimum percentage replacement for natural sand by

691

granite dust for minimum water-absorption as proposed by the various prominent researchers.

693 694 695

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GL Oyekan and OM Kamiyo (2008) studied the effect of inclusion of Granite fines on the water absorption & sorptivity of the sandcrete. The water absorption and sorptivity of the sandcrete specimens were found out to be minimum for a percentage replacement of 15% of the total volume

696

of fine aggregates by granite fines.

697

Singh et al. (2016) assessed the impact of replacement of fine aggregate by granite cutting waste

698

on the water absorption characteristics of the concrete. The experiments were carried out with

699

0.3,0.35 and0.4w/c ratios and for the percentage replacements of 0%,10% ,25%,40%,55%and 70%

23

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT respectively. The optimum percentage replacement was found out to be about 55% as far as the

701

water absorption was concerned.

702

J.Jayavardhan .Bhandari and Seetharam Munnur (2015) examined the water absorption and

703

porosity of concrete with partial replacement of fine aggregate by granite fines .Replacement was

704

made in steps of 5% beginning from 0% and a maximum of 20% replacement was made.The

705

minimum value of water absorption was found out to be corresponding to the percentage

706

replacement of 15%.

707

Harur et al.(2015) demonstrated that at same w/c ratio the water absorption and sorptivity of the

708

concrete mixes decrease with increasing percentage of granite powder upto 50% replacement of

709

natural fine aggregate.

710

Singh et al. (2016) observed that water absorption of concrete samples containing GCW reduced

711

up to substitution level of 55%. The fine particles of GCW enhanced densification of concrete

712

matrix and hence led to lower water absorption.

713

This can be inferred from the literature that as the percentage replacement for natural sand by

714

granite increases, the water absorption and sorptivity generally decreases.

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5.6 Corrosion

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It is the chemical degradation of the concrete matrix on exposure to various chemical agents.

718

Singh et al. (2016) observed the corrosion value for w/c ratio 0.30, 0.35 and 0.40 by macrocell,

719

Half-cell Potential and corrosion rate. They concluded that GCW substitution upto 25 to 40% of

720

natural sand exhibits similar or better resistance to corrosion as compared to control concrete.

721

Fig.8 shows the corrosion rate for various percentage replacements and for different w/c ratios as

723 724

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observed by Singh et al.(2016).

5.7 Chloride-ion Diffusion

725

Ramos et al. (2013) observed the effect of replacement of cement in mortar by PG (powdered

726

granite from quarries) and PGS (superfine Granite powder from quarries) in proportions of 5% and

727

10%. It was found that lower values of chloride resistance were observed for the coarser PG

728

mortar matrix. However the fine PGS mortar matrix exhibited an increase in the value of chloride

24

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 729

resistance. The increase in the chloride resistance over that of control concrete was observed to be

730

67% and 70% respectively for PGS5%, PGS10% respectively.

731

6.

732

6.1 SEM

Microstructure and Thermal Properties

Scanning Electron Microscopy is a popular experimental technique to analyse the intricate features

734

such as shape,size, texture, compactness etc of the concrete matrix at different ages of the

735

hydration.

736

Singh et al. (2016) assessed the impact of replacement of fine aggregate by granite cutting waste

737

on the hydration characteristics of the concrete. The experiments were carried out with the 0.3,

738

0.35 and0.4w/c ratios and for the percentage replacements of 0%,10% ,25%,40%,55%and 70%

739

respectively. The optimum percentage replacements for the w/c ratios 0.3,0.35&0.40were found

740

out to be 25%,40% and 40% respectively. It was found that at these percentage replacements, the

741

interfacial boding between the cement and aggregates exhibited lesser flaws. Moreover the

742

hydration of the concrete was observed to be apparently unaffected at these percentage

743

replacements.

744

Singh et al. (2016) assessed the impact of inclusion of Granite Cutting Waste as a partial

745

replacement for natural sand in the concrete. The replacements were made in steps of

746

10%,20%,30% and 50%It was observed that the densest and most compact concrete matrix was

747

exhibited by the specimens containing 30% replacement. However at 50% replacement the extent

748

of micro-cracking in the concrete matrix was observed to be the maximum and therefore the

749

optimum percentage replacement was recommended well below 50% and roughly about 30%.

751 752 753

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Fig.9 and Fig.10 represents the SEM images of G10 and G30 mix respectively.

6.2 TGA

TGA(Thermogravimetric-Analysis) is apparently a recent technique which indicates the presence

754

and extent of different chemical species present in the hydrated concrete matrix through response

755

analysis on exposure to elevated temperature.

756

Singh et al. (2016) assessed the impact of replacement of fine aggregate by granite cutting waste

757

on the hydration characteristics of the concrete through thermo gravimetric analysis. The

758

experiments were carried out with the 0.3,0.35 and0.4w/c ratios and for the percentage

25

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 759

replacements of 0%,10% ,25%,40%,55%and 70% respectively. The optimum percentage

760

replacements for the w/c ratios 0.3 ,0.35 and 0.40 were found out to be 25% ,40% and 40%

761

respectively as it was observed that the hydration of the concrete matrix apparently remained

762

undisturbed and similar peaks as that of control concrete were observed at these percentage

763

replacements. 7.

XRD (X-Ray Diffractogram)

RI PT

764

It is a technique which is used to acquire the information about the mineralogical characteristics

766

of the concrete based on the comparison of relative intensities of the peaks corresponding to

767

different chemical species observed at specific values of diffraction angles. Singh et al. (2016)

768

assessed the impact of inclusion of Granite Cutting Waste as a partial replacement for natural

769

sand in the concrete. The replacements were made in steps of 10%,20%,30% and 50%. They

770

concluded that the maximum percentage of C-S-H gel as observed in the concrete specimens with

771

30% replacement was a clear indicator of the densified concrete matrix and inturn enhanced

772

compressive strength. Fig.11 shows the XRD of G30 concrete mix as reported by Singh

773

et al.(2016).

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775 776

8.

Observations

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774

The proportioning of the constituent materials in concrete greatly influences the fresh and

778

hardened properties of concrete. The published reports show that presence of granite dust as sand

779

replacement in concrete influences the workability, setting times of fresh concrete,

780

porosity, durability and microstructure of hardened mass.

781 782 783

9.

strength,

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777

Conclusions:

The conclusions that can be drawn from the review of published work are:-

784

The feasibility of utilizing Granite dust in concrete as a partial replacement for sand is well

785

established as far as mechanical strength parameters like compressive strength-,split tensile

786

strength, flexure strength are concerned.

787

Granite dust concrete exhibits enhanced dense and compact concrete matrix at optimum

788

percentage replacement levels.

26

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 789

• Besides, granite dust as fine aggregate has the potential to produce durable concrete. It has been

790

well established by the improved response to various tests like carbonation, sulphate attack

791

abrasion ,permeability and water absorption etc.

792

• The typical problem of declining natural resources can be tackeled by the use of granite

793

fine aggregate in concrete.

794

• Its use will also help in protecting the environment surrounding the quarry plants from other

795

hazardous of fine granite dust like respiratory problems, deposition over vegetation etc.

796

The published research literature shows that the strength development pattern of granite dust

797

concrete is similar to that of conventional concrete but there is decrease in strength at higher levels

798

of replacement at all the curing ages.Fig.12 shows summarized conclusions of the literature review

799

being presented in the form of flowchart.

SC

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10. Future –Scope

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800 801

dust as

Although the published literature establishes the feasibility of utilising the Granite cutting waste as a

803

partial replacement for natural sand in the concrete, following are the recommendations and

804

possibilities for future research:

805

1) Assessing feasibility of a combination of Granite Cutting Waste and other industrial wastes as a

808 809 810 811 812

2) Examining the properties including microstructural attributes of construction units like hollow

EP

807

partial replacement or substitute for natural sand in concrete.

concrete blocks, paver blocks etc. made from Granite Cutting waste substituted concrete. References

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802

Abukersh SA, Fairfield CA. Recycled aggregate concrete produced with red granite dust as a partial cement replacement. Construction and Building Materials.2011;25(10):P4088–4094 Adigun EMA. Cost Effectiveness of Replacing Sand with Crushed Granite Fine (CGF) In the Mixed

813

Design of Concrete. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) .2013;10(1): P

814

01-06

815

Al Hamaiedeh HD, Khushefati WH. Granite Sludge Reuse in Mortar and Concrete. Journal of Applied

816

Sciences.2013;13: 444-450

27

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Allam ME, Bakhoum ES, and Garas GL . Re-Use Of Granite Sludge In Producing Green Concrete.

818

ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences. 2014;9(12): 2731-2737

819

Arivumangai A, Felixkala T. Strength and Durability Properties of Granite Powder Concrete. Journal

820

of Civil Engineering Research 2014; 4(2A): 1-6

821

Arivumangai A, Felixkala T. Strength and Durability Properties of Granite Powder Concrete. Journal

822

of Civil Engineering Research 2014; 4(2A): 1-6

823

Arulraj GP , Adin A, Kannan TS. Granite Powder Concrete. IRACST – Engineering Science and

824

Technology: An International Journal (ESTIJ) 2013; 3 : 193-198

825

Balaji Rao, K. ; Bhaskar Desai, V. ; Jagan Mohan, D. Probabilistic analysis of Mode II fracture of

826

concrete with crushed granite stone fine aggregate replacing sand . Construction and Building

827

Materials, February 2012, Vol.27(1), pp.319-330

828

Bhandari, J. J., & Munnur, S. STRENGTH AND DURABILITY ASPECTS OF PARTIAL

829

REPLACEMENT OF SAND BY GRANITE FINES.

830

Chittoor, C. (2013). AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON STRENGTH OF GRANITE-

831

FINES CONCRETE.

832

Divakar Y, Manjunath S, Aswath MU. Experimental Investigation On Behaviour Of Concrete With

833

The Use Of Granite Fines. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Studies 2012;1

834

; 84-87

835

Donza H, Cabrera O, Irassar EF. High-strength concrete with different fine aggregate. Cement and

836

Concrete Research. 2002; 32: 1755 – 1761

837

Donza H, Cabrera O, Irassar EF. High-strength concrete with different fine aggregate. Cement and

838

Concrete Research. 2002; 32: 1755 – 1761

840 841

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Elmoaty

AEMA.

Mechanical

properties

and

corrosion

resistance

of

concrete

modified

with granite dust. Construction and Building Materials. 2013; 47: 743–752 Falade, F. (1999). Effects of Seperation of Grain Sizes of Fine Aggregate on Properties of Concrete

842

Containing Granite Fines.

843

Felixkala T , Partheeban P . Granite powder concrete . Indian Journal of Science and Technology .

844

2010;3 :311-317

28

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Felixkala T and Sethuraman VS. Shrinkage Properties of HPC using Granite Powder as Fine

846

Aggregate. International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT). 2013 ; 2(3) : 637-

847

643

848

Garas G. L., Allam M. E., Bakhoum E. S., 2014. Studies undertaken to incorporate marble and granite

849

wastes in green concrete production. ARPN J. Eng. Appl. Sci. 9 (9), 1559-1564.

850

Hashim Am, Agarwal Vc. Experimental Study On Strength And Durability Of Concrete With Marble

851

And Granite Powder. International Journal of Civil, Structural, Environmental and Infrastructure

852

Engineering Research and Development (IJCSEIERD) 2014 ; 4(2): 147-156

853

Hojamberdiev M, Eminov A, Yunhua Xu. Utilization of muscovite granite waste in the manufacture of

854

ceramic tiles. Ceramics International. 2011;37(3), P 871–876

855

Hunger M, Brouwers HJH. Natural Stone Waste Powders Applied to SCC Mix Design. Restoration of

856

Buildings and Monuments. 2008;14(2): 131-140

857

Joel M. Use of Crushed Granite Fine as Replacement to River Sand in Concrete Production. Leonardo

858

Electronic Journal of Practices and Technologies. Leonardo Electronic Journal of Practices and

859

Technologies. 2010 ; 17 : p. 85-96

860

K.Chiranjeevi reddy , Y.Yaswanth Kumar , P.Poornima, Experimental Study on Concrete with Waste

861

Granite Powder as an Admixture. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications

862

www.ijera.com ISSN : 2248-9622,Vol. 5, Issue 6, ( Part -2) June 2015, pp.87-93

863

Karmegam A, Kalidass A, Ulaganathan D. Utilization of granite sawing waste in self compacting

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concrete. GRAĐEVINAR .2014; 66 :(11) : 997-1006

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Mármol L, Ballester P, Cerro S, Monrós G, Morales J, Sánchez L . Use of granite sludge wastes for the production of coloured cement-based mortars . Cement and Concrete Composites , 201.;617-622 Olaniyan, O. S., Afolabi, O. M., & Okeyinka, O. M. (2012). Granite fines as a partial replacement for

868

sand in sandcrete block production. International journal of Engineering and Technology, 2(8).

869

Oyekan, G. L., & Kamiyo, O. M. (2008). Effect of nigerian rice husk ash on some engineering

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properties of sandcrete blocks and concrete. Research Journal of applied sciences, 3(5), 345-351.

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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Patel AN, Pitroda J . Stone Waste in India for Concrete with Value. Creation Opportunities

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International Journal of Latest Trends in Engineering and Technology (IJLTET) 2013; 2 : 113-120

873

Raghavendra R , Sharada. S. A, G. Ravindra. M.V COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF HIGH

874

PERFORMANCE CONCRETE USING GRANITE POWDER AS FINE AGGREGATE; International

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Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308

876

Ramos T, Matos AM, Schmidt B, Rio J, Sousa-Coutinho J. Granitic quarry sludge waste in mortar:

877

Effect on strength and durability. Construction and Building Materials 2013; 47 : 1001–1009

878

Rao, K. B., Desai, V. B., & Mohan, D. J. (2012). Experimental investigations on mode II fracture of

879

concrete with crushed granite stone fine aggregate replacing sand. Materials Research, 15(1), 41-50.

880

Rubaninbacheran E, Ganesan N. Durability Studies on Fibre Concrete Using Partial Replacement of

881

Cement by Granite Powder. International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering.

882

2014;4(6) : 443-452

883

Sailalasa, P. V. A., & Reddy, M. S. A Study on Granite Saw Dust & Fly Ash Blended Geopolymer

884

Concrete Behavior with Various NaOH Molarities.

885

Singh, S. Tiwari, A., Nagar, R., Agrawal, V., (2015). Feasibility as a potential substitute for natural

886

sand: A comparative study between granite cutting waste and marble slurry. Proceedins of 5th

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IconSWM-2015: P ;543-552

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Singh, S., Khan, S., Khandelwal, R., Chugh, A., & Nagar, R. (2016). Performance of Sustainable

889

Concrete Containing Granite Cutting Waste.Journal of Cleaner Production.

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Singh, S., Nagar, R., Agrawal, V., Rana, A., & Tiwari, A. (2016). Sustainable Utilization of Granite Cutting Waste in High Strength Concrete. Journal of Cleaner Production.2016:116:223-235 Singh, S., Nagar, R., Agrawal, V., Rana, A., & Tiwari, A. (2016). Utilization of Granite Cutting Waste

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in Concrete as Partial replacement of Sand. UKERI-2015;P 2496-2504

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Soman.

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Replacement of Cement by Granite Quarry Dust. International Journal of Engineering Research &

896

Technology (IJERT). 2014; 3(9) : 344-348

K,

Sasi

D,

Abubaker

KA.

Strength

30

Properties

of

Concrete

with

Partial

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Torgal F, Castro-Gomes JP. Influence of physical and geometrical properties of granite and limestone

898

aggregates on the durability of a C20/25 strength class concrete . Construction and Building Materials

899

2006 ;20: 1079–1088

900

Vaitkevicius V, Serelis E, Lygutaite R. Production Waste of Granite Rubble Utilisation in Ultra High

901

Performance Concrete. Journal Of Sustainable Architecture And Civil Engineering. 2013;2(3) : 54-60

902

Vieira CMF, , Soares TM, Sánchez R, Monteiro SN. Incorporation of granite waste in red ceramics.

903

Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2004; 373(1-2):P 115–121

904

Vijayalakshmi M, Sekar ASS, Prabhu GG. Strength and durability properties of concrete made with

905

granite industry waste . Construction and Building Materials.2013; 46 : 1–7

906

Williams KC , Partheeban P , Kala FT. Mechanical Properties Of High Performance Concrete

907

Incorporating Granite Powder As Fine Aggregate. International Journal on Design and Manufacturing

908

Technologies. 2008;2(1) : 67-73

909

Ying Li, Hongfa Yu, Zheng L,Wen J, Chengyou Wu, Tan Y. Compressive strength of fly ash

910

magnesium oxychloride cement containing granite wastes. Construction and Building Materials.2013 ;

911

38 : 1–7

912

Note - Elsevier hereby grants permission to reproduce the material refrence of license number

913

3810110337860 and 3810110598893 for figures.

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Table 1 Chemical properties of granite dust Vieira et al. (2004)

Hojamberdiev et al. (2011)

Abukersh and Fairfield (2011)

Vijaylakshmi et al. (2013)

SiO2

67.14

65.10

61.40

72.14

Al2O3

14.92

14.00

16.30

17.13

Fe2O3

4.40

4.34

3.66

-

CaO

1.91

6.04

3.69

-

MgO

0.73

1.12

1.70

-

Na2O

2.93

3.51

3.62

-

K2 O

5.18

2.75

3.75

-

TiO2

0.73

-

-

SO3

-

-

LOI

0.50

3.14

Li et al. (2013)

63.22

10.42

2.10

15.66

2.06

0.40

4.47

1.89

4.90

3.26

-

2.50

1.82

3.29

-

2.68

3.42

-

5.02

-

-

-

-

0.05

-

-

1.80

-

5.01

-

-

1.10

2.04

M AN U

SC

85.5

2.69

Water absorption (%)

-

Fineness modulus

3.15

TE D

Specific gravity

Arulraj and Kannan (2013)

Vijayl akshm i et al. (2013)

EP

Donza et al. (2002)

Elmoat y* (2013)

Willia ms et al. (2008)

Adigun (2013)

Kala (2013)

2.72

2.58

3.69

2.43

2.61

2.386

2.50

2.6-2.8

-

-

-

0.5-1.5

-

-

-

-

AC C

Ramos et al. (2013)

57.58

Table 2 Physical properties of granite dust. Physical properties

Elmoaty (2013)

RI PT

Chemical composition (%)

15

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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

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Fig.1. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of granite dust (Karmegam et al. 2014)

Fig.2. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of granite dust (Hunger and Brouwers, 2008)

19

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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Fig.3. X-ray diffraction of granite dust (Karmegam et al. 2014)

60

TE D

50

40

EP

30

20

AC C

Optimum % Replacement for compressive Strength

.

10

0

singh et al.2016

Kumar et Raghavendra Vijaylakshmi Sukesh et al. Diwakara et Kanmalai et Joel (2010) al.(2014) et al.(2015) et al. (2013) (2013) al. (2012) al. (2013) Author-Title

Fig.4. Optimum Percentage replacement proposed by various researchers for maximum compressive strength

20

35 30 25

15 10 5 0 Redy et al. (2015)

J. Jayavardhan bhandari and Seetharam Munnur (2015)

Kala (2013)

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20

Singh et al.(2015)

Senthil et al. (2015)

M AN U

Optimum % replcement for maximum Flexural Strength

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Author Title

25 20 15 10 5

EP

30

TE D

35

AC C

Optimum % replacement for split tensile strength

Fig.5. Optimum Percentage replacement proposed by various researchers for maximum Flexural strength

0

Joel (2010) Arulraj et al. (2013)

Kanamalai Felixkala and Senthil et al. Shaik and Kala (2013) (2008) partheban (2015) reddy (2013) (2010) Author-Title

Fig.6. Optimum Percentage replacement proposed by various researchers for maximum split tensile strength

21

60

RI PT

50 40 30 20

SC

10 0 G.L. oyekan and O.M. kamiyo (2008)

Singh et al. (2016)

J. Jayavardhan Harur et al. (2015) bhandari and Seetharam Munnur (2015)

M AN U

Optimum % replacement for minimum water absorption

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Author-Title

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Fig.7. Optimum Percentage replacement proposed by various researchers for minimum water absorption

0.08

EP

0.06 0.05

0.40 w/c Ratio

0.04 0.03

0.35 w/c Ratio

0.02

0.30 w/c Ratio

AC C

Corrosion Rate (mm/year)

0.07

0.01 0

0

10

25

40

55

70

GCW (%)

Fig.8. Corosion Rate of steel bars (Singh et al. 2016)

22

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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

(b)

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(a)

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Fig. 9(a),(b). Micrograph of G10 mix at 1 KX and 10 KX (singh et al. 2016)

(a)

(b)

Fig. 10. (a),(b). Micrograph of G30 mix at 5 KX and 25 KX (singh et al. 2016)

23

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Fig. 11. XRD diffraction patterns of G30 concrete mixes

24

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Rheological Property Workability – Generally decreases

RI PT

Mechanical Properties

(generally Increases up to optimum % replacement)

(Generally Increases up to optimum %Attributes replacement)

(Generally Increases up to optimum % replacement)

M AN U

Flexure Strength

SC

Split tensile Strength

Compressive Strength

Durability Attributes

Water Absorption

(generally Increases up to optimum % replacement)

(Generally Slightly decreases up to optimum percentage replacement)

Carbonation Depth

Corrosion Resistance

(Generally slightly decreases up to optimum % replacement)

(Generally Increases up to optimum % replacement)

EP

TE D

Abrasion Resistance

AC C

Microstructural Attributes

SEM (Scanning electron microscopy)

XRD (X-Ray Diffractogram)

Concrete matrix slightly densifies up to optimum percentage replacement

Slightly enhances CSH gel peaks up to optimum replacement percentage

Fig.12. Flow chart representing the summarized literature review

25

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Highlights Properties of Sustainable Concrete using Granite dust as partial replacement for fine aggregate.

•

Physical and chemical properties of granite dust are reported.

•

Effect of granite dust on the rheological, mechanical and durability properties of concrete.

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•