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A Salmonella Enteritidis Infection Associated with Leg Deformity in Turkeys
Research Notes A SALMONELLA ENTERITTDIS INFECTION ASSOCIATED WITH LEG DEFORMITY IN TURKEYS scribed this non-infectious condition as a form of epiphysitis and periosteitis. The affliction in the case under discussion appeared to be of an inflammatory nature, exhibiting the signs of swelling, heat, and evident interference with locomotion. A striking feature of the deformity was its globular shape. Post mortem examination revealed the presence of a purulent exudate in the Achilles tendon, and enlargement of the proximal end of the metatarsus. X-ray examination revealed little of additional significance, but the layer of epiphyseal cartilage was wider
Fio. 1. X-ray and photograph of infected leg. An abnormality is seen near the distal end of the tibia in the X-ray picture.
vent their being marketed in the usual manner. They were in open-front houses. Mortality was negligible. This condition did not resemble the hock disorders often encountered in turkeys during the latter part of the growing period (Nielsen and Madsen, 1940), which in our experience has been more prevalent among males of certain strains. Dr. R. H. Freyberg of the Rackham Arthritis Research Unit, University of Michigan,* de* Personal communication. Dr. Freyberg based this description on histological studies and X-ray examination of affected birds, proven by cultural examination to be free from infection.
FIG. 2. "Epiphysitis" (left). Lateral pressure is applied to the foot to demonstrate luxation at the tibio-metatarsal joint. A normal joint is shown at right. [340]
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of North Dakota on May 25, 2015
A turkey grower in this section encountered an unusual type of hock disorder in his flock of approximately 900 turkeys. They were approximately 24 weeks of age when the first cases of this disorder were discovered. About one hundred of this flock were so severely affected as to pre-
RESEARCH NOTES
may cause a similar condition in turkeys. S. enteritidis infection has been reported in young turkeys by Nakamura, Nose, and Negishi (1939) where it caused serious mortality. In this instance, the organism, although it was responsible for a systemic infection, did not cause serious mortality. It would not have been detected by the flock owner had it not been associated with an inflammation of the hock joint, causing lameness
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W. A.
HIGGINS
J. B. CHRISTIANSEN
C. H . SCHROEDER General Mills Larro Research Farm Larrowe Division of General Mills, Inc. Detroit, Michigan Received for publication April 13,1944. REFERENCES
Brunett, E. L., 1930. Paratyphoid infection of pigeons. Cornell Veterinarian 20:169-176. Durant, A. J., and H. C. McDougle, 1932. Pullorum disease infection of the leg joints in baby chicks. Veterinary Medicine 27:357. Henning, M. W., and R. Clark, 1938. Purulent arthritis in a foal due to Salmonella typhi^murium var. Copenhagen (Storrs). Jour. So. African Vet. Med. Assoc. 9(4):179-181. Jungherr, E., 1933. Staphylococcal arthritis in turkeys. Jour. Anjer. Vet. Med. Assoc. 82:243-249. Nakamura, H., Y. Nose and B. Negishi, 1939. An outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis infection in baby turkey poults. Proc. 7th World's Poultry Congress, pages 240-241. Nielsen, H. M., and D. E. Madsen, 1940. The difference in serum calcium and serum inorganic phosphorus content of normal turkeys and turkeys affected with bone deformity. Poultry Sci. 19: 198-200.
MUTUAL SUPPLEMENTARY E F F E C T OF T H E PROTEINS OF SOYBEAN AND SESAME MEALS Soybean meal, when used as the sole protein source of the diet, has been shown to be an adequate source of amino acids for the chick, except for a slight deficiency of methionine (Almquist, et al., 1942).
The protein sources which contain an excess Of methionine (e.g., dried milk, fish meal) are not available in adequate amounts under war conditions to meet the demand for soybean meal supple-
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of North Dakota on May 25, 2015
than usual; some roughening of the proximal end of the diaphysis being evident. As yet we do not attach much significance to this roentgenograph^: evidence, since a somewhat similar X-ray picture has been observed occasionally in apparently normal turkeys. The remainder of the post mortem examination did not provide additional pertinent data. The photograph of a typically affected hock joint and the X-ray picture illustrate the nature of this condition. Two additional X-ray photographs, one from a normal turkey and one showing a typical case of "epiphysitis" are included for the purpose of comparison. An organism was isolated from the blood stream and from the exudate in the tendon sheath. This organism exhibited cultural characteristics of the paratyphoid group. Duplicate cultures were submitted to Dr. J. A. Kasper of the City of Detroit Department of Health, and to Dr. P. R. Edwards of the University of Kentucky. Both established its identity as Salmonella enteritidis. In view of the absence of other discernable causes, the inflammation of the hocks in this flock was attributed to the infection with S. enteritidis. S. pullorum was reported by Durant and McDougle (1932) to cause inflammation of the hocks of chicks. Salmonella infections have also been associated with inflammations of or near joints of pigeons (Brunett, 1930), and of colts (Henning arid Clark, 1938). Staphylococcus infection (Jungherr, 1933)
341
Fio. 1. X-ray and photograph of infected leg. An abnormality is seen near the distal end of the tibia in the X-ray picture.
vent their being marketed in the usual manner. They were in open-front houses. Mortality was negligible. This condition did not resemble the hock disorders often encountered in turkeys during the latter part of the growing period (Nielsen and Madsen, 1940), which in our experience has been more prevalent among males of certain strains. Dr. R. H. Freyberg of the Rackham Arthritis Research Unit, University of Michigan,* de* Personal communication. Dr. Freyberg based this description on histological studies and X-ray examination of affected birds, proven by cultural examination to be free from infection.
FIG. 2. "Epiphysitis" (left). Lateral pressure is applied to the foot to demonstrate luxation at the tibio-metatarsal joint. A normal joint is shown at right. [340]
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of North Dakota on May 25, 2015
A turkey grower in this section encountered an unusual type of hock disorder in his flock of approximately 900 turkeys. They were approximately 24 weeks of age when the first cases of this disorder were discovered. About one hundred of this flock were so severely affected as to pre-
RESEARCH NOTES
may cause a similar condition in turkeys. S. enteritidis infection has been reported in young turkeys by Nakamura, Nose, and Negishi (1939) where it caused serious mortality. In this instance, the organism, although it was responsible for a systemic infection, did not cause serious mortality. It would not have been detected by the flock owner had it not been associated with an inflammation of the hock joint, causing lameness
-
W. A.
HIGGINS
J. B. CHRISTIANSEN
C. H . SCHROEDER General Mills Larro Research Farm Larrowe Division of General Mills, Inc. Detroit, Michigan Received for publication April 13,1944. REFERENCES
Brunett, E. L., 1930. Paratyphoid infection of pigeons. Cornell Veterinarian 20:169-176. Durant, A. J., and H. C. McDougle, 1932. Pullorum disease infection of the leg joints in baby chicks. Veterinary Medicine 27:357. Henning, M. W., and R. Clark, 1938. Purulent arthritis in a foal due to Salmonella typhi^murium var. Copenhagen (Storrs). Jour. So. African Vet. Med. Assoc. 9(4):179-181. Jungherr, E., 1933. Staphylococcal arthritis in turkeys. Jour. Anjer. Vet. Med. Assoc. 82:243-249. Nakamura, H., Y. Nose and B. Negishi, 1939. An outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis infection in baby turkey poults. Proc. 7th World's Poultry Congress, pages 240-241. Nielsen, H. M., and D. E. Madsen, 1940. The difference in serum calcium and serum inorganic phosphorus content of normal turkeys and turkeys affected with bone deformity. Poultry Sci. 19: 198-200.
MUTUAL SUPPLEMENTARY E F F E C T OF T H E PROTEINS OF SOYBEAN AND SESAME MEALS Soybean meal, when used as the sole protein source of the diet, has been shown to be an adequate source of amino acids for the chick, except for a slight deficiency of methionine (Almquist, et al., 1942).
The protein sources which contain an excess Of methionine (e.g., dried milk, fish meal) are not available in adequate amounts under war conditions to meet the demand for soybean meal supple-
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of North Dakota on May 25, 2015
than usual; some roughening of the proximal end of the diaphysis being evident. As yet we do not attach much significance to this roentgenograph^: evidence, since a somewhat similar X-ray picture has been observed occasionally in apparently normal turkeys. The remainder of the post mortem examination did not provide additional pertinent data. The photograph of a typically affected hock joint and the X-ray picture illustrate the nature of this condition. Two additional X-ray photographs, one from a normal turkey and one showing a typical case of "epiphysitis" are included for the purpose of comparison. An organism was isolated from the blood stream and from the exudate in the tendon sheath. This organism exhibited cultural characteristics of the paratyphoid group. Duplicate cultures were submitted to Dr. J. A. Kasper of the City of Detroit Department of Health, and to Dr. P. R. Edwards of the University of Kentucky. Both established its identity as Salmonella enteritidis. In view of the absence of other discernable causes, the inflammation of the hocks in this flock was attributed to the infection with S. enteritidis. S. pullorum was reported by Durant and McDougle (1932) to cause inflammation of the hocks of chicks. Salmonella infections have also been associated with inflammations of or near joints of pigeons (Brunett, 1930), and of colts (Henning arid Clark, 1938). Staphylococcus infection (Jungherr, 1933)
341