A scalable real-time tracking and monitoring architecture for logistics and transport in RoRo terminals

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Procedia Computer Science 00 (2018) 000–000 Procedia Computer Science (2018) 000–000 Procedia Computer Science 15100 (2019) 218–225

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The 10th International Conference on Ambient Systems, Networks and Technologies (ANT) The 10th International Conference Ambient Systems, April 29 -on May 2, 2019, Leuven,Networks Belgium and Technologies (ANT) April 29 - May 2, 2019, Leuven, Belgium

A A scalable scalable real-time real-time tracking tracking and and monitoring monitoring architecture architecture for for logistics and transport in RoRo terminals logistics and transport in RoRo terminals

Mouna Amrou M’handa,∗ , Azedine Boulmakoulb , Hassan Badira , Ahmed Lbathc Mounaa Amrou M’handa,∗, Azedine Boulmakoulb , Hassan Badira , Ahmed Lbathc SDET, National School of Applied Sciences, ENSA, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tangier, 90 000, Morocco National School of Applied ENSA, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, 90 000, Morocco LIM/IOS, Faculty of Science andSciences, Technology of Mohammedia University Hassan IITangier, Casablanca, Morocco b LIM/IOS, Faculty of Science c LIG/and Technology of Mohammedia University Hassan II Casablanca, Morocco MRIM, CNRS, University Grenoble Alpes, France c LIG/ MRIM, CNRS, University Grenoble Alpes, France

a SDET, b

Abstract Abstract Supply chain management and complex logistics compel constant monitoring and handling of even more growing shipment Supply chain management complex logistics compel of even more growing chains. Therefore, it prompts and the necessity to track and traceconstant goods, monitoring for ensuringand thehandling control and management of the shipment different chains. prompts the necessity to track and trace goods, for ensuring the control and management of the different logisticsTherefore, operations.itIn port terminals, tracking and tracing cargo is primitive for smooth and flexible services. Technologies such logistics In etc. port are terminals, tracing cargo primitive smooth and flexible Technologies such as RFID,operations. GPS, RTLS, widely tracking used for and monitoring cargo isflow in the for logistics chain. In light services. of this, this paper proposes as RFID, GPS, RTLS, etc. are widely used for monitoring cargo flow in the logistics chain. In light of this, this paper proposes a novel architecture based on auto-ID technologies like QRcode, Barcode, Magnetic card ID to support real-time tracking of a novel architecture based on auto-ID likeasQRcode, Barcode, Magnetic cardservice. ID to support real-time tracking vehicles in a RoRo terminal and providetechnologies their stay time well as processing time in each The modeled system aims of to vehicles in a RoRo terminal andmanagement provide theirproblems, stay time monitor as well as processing in each service. Theas modeled to solve dynamic logistics process rolling cargo, time identify similar behavior well as system increaseaims traffic solve dynamic logistics process management problems, monitor rolling cargo, identify similar behavior as well as increase traffic flow and reduce check-in time. flow and reduce check-in time. Design/approach: The proposed architecture provides a real-time tracking capability. It tracks a vehicle in each area of the Design/approach: The that proposed architecture provides aaQRcode real-time capability. tracks a vehicle in the eachprocess area oflogic the terminal through a portal identify it using a barcode, or tracking a magnetic ID card. ItThe system performs terminal through a portal that identify it using a barcode, a QRcode or a magnetic ID card. The system performs the process logic checking/reasoning and provides process knowledge support. checking/reasoning and provides process knowledge support. Originality: The proposed architecture is a novel approach which leverages the logistics performance in RoRo terminals and Originality: The proposed architecture is a novel approach which leverages theprocesses logistics for performance RoRologistics terminals and facilitates the tracking of vehicles and provides a real-time knowledge support on those who in handle operafacilitates the tracking of vehicles and provides a real-time knowledge support on processes for those who handle logistics operations. tions. c 2019  2018 The The Authors. Authors. Published Published by by Elsevier Elsevier B.V. B.V. © c 2018  The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is This is an an open open access access article article under under the the CC CC BY-NC-ND BY-NC-ND license license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Peer-review under responsibility of the Conference Program Chairs. responsibility of the Conference Program Chairs. Peer-review under responsibility of the Conference Program Chairs. Keywords: Tracking; Monitoring; Seaport; RoRo terminal; Logistics; Process mining; QRcode; barcode; Stay time; Processing Keywords: Tracking; Monitoring; Seaport; RoRo terminal; Logistics; Process mining; QRcode; barcode; Stay time; Processing

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Corresponding author. Tel.: +212 5 23 31 47 08 ; fax: +212 5 23 31 53 53 Corresponding Tel.: +212 5 23 31 47 08 ; fax: +212 5 23 31 53 53 E-mail address:author. [email protected] E-mail address: [email protected]

c 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. 1877-0509  c 2018 1877-0509  Thearticle Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) 1877-0509 © 2019 Thearticle Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access under the Conference CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Peer-review under responsibility of the Program Chairs. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Peer-review under responsibility of the Conference Program Chairs. Peer-review under responsibility of the Conference Program Chairs. 10.1016/j.procs.2019.04.032

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1. Introduction and motivation Logistics is an industry consisting of process-oriented businesses that focus on managing the flow of resources, both material and abstract, from the origin and the destination. On the opposite hand, logistics processes are often complex because of different means of transportation and parties involved. The resources concerned do not seem to be solely human resources (i.e., people), but also a range of non-human resources area unit required to help within the transportation chain or in the exchange of information [7] The monitoring and management of logistics and supply chain networks are nowadays considered an important issue for global companies including port terminals. This aspect has a strong and growing impact on tracking and tracing the logistics network [25]. It is supposed that one of the motivating factors in preserving client satisfaction and between manufacturers, suppliers and potential customers [13, 9]. The use of monitoring and tracking systems is essential to reduce costs and smooth identification of bottlenecks and operational defects [26]. RoRo (Roll On/Roll Off) transport is generally adopted for short sea shipping. It is considered an essential element of maritime logistics. It is fast and practical for intermodal transport. RoRo is extremely important to yield even and smooth and flexible services needed by the modern world of trade. Furthermore, the continuous monitoring and tracking are required for shipments of high value and important cargos [29]. Most of the existent tracking techniques use RFID (Radio Frequency Identification), GPS (Global Positioning System), NFC(Near Field Communication), RTLS(Real-Time Locating System). Furthermore, applications on RoRo terminals are neglected and present a gap in literature. In this regard, the main objective of this work is to improve existing proposals through the design of an architecture based on different auto-ID technologies. The suggested solution is based on affordable and common devices such as barcodes, QRcodes or magnetic ID cards and more impotantly suitable for port terminals. On the other hand, we aim at exploiting the enormous mass of events generated from the executed operational RoRo processes. Besides, we believe that tracking vehicles, based on certain parameters, makes it possible to identify alike behaviour shared between various rolling cargos, increase traffic flow as well as reducing check-in time. Therefore, increasing the overall performance of the terminal. The paper is structured as follows: Section 2 introduces RoRo terminals, characterizes logistics processes, profers process mining and IoT technologies for intelligent ports. Section 3 brings in related work followed by the extensive modeling of the proposed architecture in Section 4. Finally, Section 5 concludes the paper. 2. RoRo port terminals, logistics, IoT and process mining RORO ships refers to vessels that are adapted to carry wheeled cargo, such as cars, trucks, semi-trailer trucks, trailers, platforms, or that are driven on and off the ship on their own wheels or using a platform vehicle. In [11] the authors describe in details the planning of vehicle transshipment in a seaport automobile terminal using a multi-agent system. A RoRo port terminal is considered as a continuous system made up of a succession of independent subsystems in order to simplify and facilitate the understanding as well as the improvement of each system independently and ultimately the terminal as a whole. It is a logistic chain that is adapted around a set of logistic processes. Besides, the processes related to logistics chains are quite different from processes associated with other domains. They are flexible, notably as unexpected events can take place at any time in the transportation process, e.g., due to accidents or bottlenecks. 2.1. Logistics processes characteristics The logistics processes in RoRo terminals are characterized by being : • Human-centric: Logistic processes are highly dynamic, human-centered process [19]. Precisely, the majority of decisions are made by experts with experiences. (i.e. In a RoRo terminal, certain actions may be performed

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• • • •

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depending on the personal experience of experts.) . As a result, it is very common to face unexpected events due to human error. This causes the dynamics in logistics processes which induces the requirement for employing tools to record the human behavior in the process. Diverse: The increasing variety of logistics services produce the large diversities in the logistics processes as well as the process knowledge heterogeneity among different logistics firms. Complex: Logistics business is known for its intrinsic complexity [14]. Flexible: Flexible processes are indispensable in ports as they are considered dynamic environments. Flexibility is seen as one of the primary factors which have a strong, positive, and direct impact on logistics competence and capability due to the uncertainties in the environment. Valuable: logistics portrays a group of resources that produce customer value. Therefore, logistics activities should be directed to satisfy these requirements.

2.2. Process mining in port terminals In logistics, organizations can profit from acquiring insights about the real and actual process execution for the purpose of enabling supply chain managers to ... in the actual process executions in order to enable experts to enhance and review the designed processes. Diverse advantages could be gained by improving processes, and logistics performance and transparency in improving the logistics performance and strengthening the internal control of the logistics firms. Process mining is an arising discipline that consists of offering sets of means to produce fact-based insights as well as to assist process improvements and enhancements in a variety of application domains. The objective of process mining is to discover, monitor and improve real processes by retrieving valuable knowledge and process related information from event logs available in massive data volumes systems(Refer [1] to for in-depth overview). Therefore, process mining can be considered as a set of techniques suitable for acquiring knowledge from the real-world logistics, particularly in a RoRo port terminal. 2.3. Technologies to construct intelligent ports In the following, we address some of the key IoT technologies required for supporting what could be called intelligent ports. • Sensor: Refers to a type of sensing equipment, module, or subsystem that is capable of detecting events or changes in the environment and transform it into an electrical signal or other form based on certain rules, in order to fit the transmission of information, processing, storage, display, record and control requirements. Sensors are responsible of collecting and gathering IoT information not only based on real-world perception but also services and applications. • RFID: Is one of the pivotal enablers of the Internet of Things [24]. It is a technology that has reformed automatic identification and data capture technologies. It consists of two separate components, namely a tag, usually located on the item, to be tracked and a reader [10]. RFID employs radio frequency waves to transfer data between a reader and an item that is to be identified, tracked, or located [8]. RFID systems are non-contact and do not require line-of-sight to work and can thus be used in visually and environmentally challenging conditions [21]. RFID tags can be Active and Passive. Passive tags do not comprise a battery or power source. Active tags have internal batteries and can thus work for longer distances as they do not depend on the near field or the interrogator to transmit or receive [12]. • WSN: Wireless Sensor Network, refers to a set of spatially separated and distributed sensors(embedded systems, networking and wireless communications, distributed information processing technology) to collaborate to realtime monitoring and acquire information of the environment(temperature, sound, pollution , humidity, wind) the collected data is arranged at a central location transmitted to the user terminal. • Machine to Machine (M2M): Indicates direct communication between devices using any physical or logical communication. It supports sending data from one terminal to another. Machine to machine wireless networks can help to improve the production and efficiency of machines, certainty and security of complex systems, as well as boosting the life-cycle management for key resources and products.

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2.4. Technologies adopted in the proposed solution In the following, we address the key technologies adopted to track vehicles used in the proposed solution. • QRcodes: Is a two-dimensional barcode introduced by the Japanese company Denso-Wave in 1994 1 . It was initially used for tracking inventory in vehicle parts manufacturing and is now used in a variety of industries. QR denotes Quick Response allowing its contents to be decoded at high speed. A QRcode is a matrix code developed and released principally to be easily intercepted by scanner. A QRcode holds a great volume of information. It also has error correction capability. Data can be restored even when parts of the code are damaged [23]. • Barcodes: a machine-readable form of information on a scannable, visual surface in a form of a label with thin, black lines across it, along with a variation of different numbers. They are also often known as UPC (UPC: denotes Universal Product Code) codes. Classical barcodes are extensively popular and universally recognized because of their reading speed, precision, accuracy, and functionality. The barcode recognition process has five steps: edge and shape detection, identification of barcode control bar, orientation, dimensions and bit density using the control bar as well as calculating the value of the barcode [5]. • Magnetic ID cards: or magstripe cards, are PVC(polyvinyl chloride) ID cards containing a band of magnetic material embedded in the resin on the back of the card. Magnetic stripe ID cards store updatable information on a magstripe, which is read by swiping it through a magnetic stripe card reader. Magnetic stripe cards add security and encryption to information or data contained in the card. They are available in both Hi-Co (high coercivity) and Lo-Co (low coercivity) magnetic stripes.

3. Related work Plenty of studies have emphasized the adoption of tracking systems, most of these studies have chosen technologies based on Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), Near-field communication (NFC), global positioning system (GPS), wireless fidelity (WiFi), Real-Time Location System (RTLS). A research [30] have employed GPS and Wireless Data communication technique to enable through interface module checking of vehicle location on maps for an efficient management of containers. The authors in [20] established a system identifying information by attaching RFID based RTLS tags for indoor location positioning with the previous tracking system and monitors in real-time the location of an object using GPS in an outdoor location. There was a study on managing resources according to task function and process by linking Personal digital assistant (PDA) and Project management information system (PMIS) systems with wireless, checking work location of the site through attached RFID information on each material, figuring out materials management flow in the construction factory using RFID, and by analyzing current material management process [28]. Another research [15] has been conducted to manage goods loaded, products information, delivery, distribution process by receiving location information from GPS then linking it to geographical information using Google Maps. They adopted RTLS rather than GPS to attach tags on objects or things to track location in real-time. In [25], a methodology has been outlined to evaluate the performance of three tracking and tracing technologies namely Barcode, QRcode, and RFID tag. Another research enabled checking the location of vehicles through interface module as a location tracking technique utilizing GPS and Wireless Networks for efficient container management in harbor Container Storage yards based on logistics support system [3]. Moreover, this study [16] developed a target-oriented smart integrated multiple tracking system for tracking objects, supervise on the field and remotely through daily task scheduling and check sheets at the Distribution / Logistics / Construction in real time using GPS, RFID, LAN (Local Area Network), Wireless-network, and WiFi technology to establish a Real-Time Tracking System based on RLBS and suggests smart integrated multiple tracking system. The authors in [22] examined a solution for localization and tracking of small automated guided vehicles (AGV). Global localization is realized by detection of RFID transponders, which were integrated on the ground. The measurements of the RFID reader were fused with data from wheel encoders using Quantized Kalman filtering. [2] proposed a logistics service model for 1

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real-time tracking based on RFID and sensors in order to improve and monitor the maritime industry and ensure Efficient service, reliable inventory, and production operations. [17] investigated, based on machine-2-machine, electronic security devices for freight container, proposed by the U.S Department of Home Security. The three devices were RFID and Container Security Device (CSD) that sense the abnormal opening of the container door and inform it to the reader close-by and maintain its history, eSeal for sensing freight loss, theft and intrusion into the container when mounted inside the container. An ubiquitous System to monitor transport and logistics automated products, merchandise tracking and reduced the negative effects authentication using a combination of RFID, GPS, WiFi Direct and LTE/3G promoted a ubiquitous management scheme for the monitoring through the cloud of freight and logistics systems, including demand management, customization and automatic replenishment of out-of-stock goods. The scheme insures the protection of information security in real for the proper functioning of the organization [6]. Unluckily, there is scarcity in studies addressing tracking cargo in RoRo terminals as well the impact gained on business processes. We purpose to fulfill this isolated research gap with this paper in which we design a scalable architecture for tracking cargo in RoRo terminals based on auto-ID technologies, mainly barcodes, QRcodes and magnetic ID cards RoRo terminals.

4. The proposed solution 4.1. The designed architecture In view of the current requirements and existing works, a tracking architecture for a RoRo terminal is designed. It focuses on identifying precisely the time at which a vehicle was in a particular area or service in the terminal. Therefore, increasing the tracking accuracy in order to monitor, manage vehicles, reduce traffic flow and check in time as well. The system proposed in this work is based on portals to identify vehicles and automatically returns the needed information. The tracking starts with the vehicle approaching the main gate for arrival operations. The vehicle can be identified by one of the auto-ID technologies, either a barcode, a QRCode, or a magnetic ID card that the driver inserts in the scanning portal. For the choice of barcodes, with all the options available, it is important to understand the environment and the application very well before making decisions. It is crucial to take into account several factors namely the type of environment, the distance from which the scanning is performed, whether the scanned information is needed in real time. The same consideration should be taken into account for both QRcodes and magnetic ID cards. In every area of the terminal, a portal is inserted in order to note both arrival and departure times of each vehicle (figure 1). The processing time of each operation is denoted ∆ti. ∆T refers to the stay time of the vehicle in a the terminal and it is given by : ∆q : The queue time at each area of the terminal.



∆ti + ∆q

The architecture consists of multiple back-end microservices supported by ecosystems for all the required serverside operations. A global view of different microservices of the architecture is shown on (figure 2). The architecture is designed for tracking vehicles, the system must provide a a real-time response, otherwise, it would lose the meaning of tracking and monitoring. It consists of as a set of microservices formed of containers. The back-end system is made up of four major microservices. It is a multi-container architecture based on microservices principles, the deployment unit of the microservices is Docker[18]. Every microservice in the architecture uses a different technology depending on the business requirements. In the following, we provide a description of the microservices forming the system:

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Fig. 1. Schema of processes in a RoRo terminal

Fig. 2. The overall system architecture

• Microservice1MessageBroker: It communicates with the portals and collects real-time scanned data (including information about driver, vehicle, provider... ). This microservice consists of publishing and subscribing the real time streams of the events scanned and store them as they occur. Here, we choose Kafka 2 for fault-tolerance and high scalability. • Microservice2DataCollection: It communicates with the Microservice1MessageBroker and stores the data in the database. Here, we opt for MongoDB [4]. A NoSQL document database, suitable for our case due to the flexibility, extensive search and retrieval functionalities as well as the sharding technique for large documents. 2

https://kafka.apache.org/

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• Microservice3Mining: Communicates with the Microservice2 and retrieve the event data collected in order to perform mining. The process mining provides transparency on the operational processes. It allows for identifying hidden insights on the process, bottlenecks and automatically identifies the highest priority issues and their root causes. For this we adopt for PROM6 [27]. It is a process mining toolset that provides a platform of process mining algorithms in form of plugins. The mining techniques can help identify bottlenecks and congestion as well as similarity between assets, people and vehicles. • Microservice4Alert: It is tied with the previous microservice to provide alert when identifying strange behaviour and bottlenecks or a decrease in traffic flow etc. All events follow the given process: • First, the scanned vehicles using portal1 produce events that are published in Portal1 topic of the first Kafka server having as a file format JSON whether the scan has been performed using a BarCode, QRCode or a magnetic ID card. For instance, an event is represented as the following tuple: {”Identfier”: ”X1 ”, ”TimeIn”: ”2018-12-12 11:25:30 AM”, ” TimeOut”: 2018-12-12 11:30:30 AM, ”DriverID”: 3335}. • Next, these events are consumed by Microservice2DataCollection for storage. • Simultaneously with Microservice3Mining for learning and extracting hidden insight as well as conformance checking to verify if the designed operational processes as conformed to what is really happening. In addition to detecting possible bottlenecks. • A linkage with the Microservice4Mining for providing alerts. The attributes TimeIn and TimeOut allow to know the processing time in each service. And when coupled with the queue time, the stay time in the terminal can be deduced. Hence, we are capable of categorizing vehicles by their typical stay time and recognizing in advance any strange behavior and interfere in real time. 4.2. The Advantages of the proposed solution The variety of tracking methods adopted in this architecture present various advantages. For instance, we consider the case of using barcodes or QRCode. Firstly, both are smaller, inexpensive and user-friendly. Regardless of their purpose, or where they will be affixed, they are low-cost. They can be customized economically, in a variety of finishes and materials. Secondly, they work with the same accuracy on various materials in which they are placed. Unlike, RFID systems support only the direct communication between readers and tags within their RF transmission range. Then in ports, especially in a RoRo terminal, there is a lot of equipment that is made of metal, resulting in the interference of the RF transmission, causing the occurrence of the dead-zone. QRcodes and Barcodes provide an indispensable tool for tracking a variety of data. The ultimate result of those systems is the reduction in overhead. The same for ID scan cards, they are low cost do not require the presence of a person to perform the scanning operation. The overall advantages of this architecture are capturing data in a few seconds, reducing check-in time, and increasing traffic flow.

5. Conclusion The main objective of this work is to contribute to the literature on RoRo terminals. This is in order to find solutions for the automation of the supervision, monitoring and the tracking of rolling cargo. In this work, a novel architecture has been designed based on auto-ID technologies (Barcode, QRCode, and magnetic ID cards). The proposed solution is low cost and presents many advantages as we have mentioned earlier. It has been promoted to track vehicles in real time as well as offer a decision support for logisticians, which is when most of the problems generally occur, through the mining of the data collection of the executed processes. As this is a work in progress, still it needs to be tested in order to evaluate its efficiency using a real case study with data from the port of Tanger-Med, hoping to be able to provide it in an upcoming version of this work.

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