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A Short version of the Self-Regulation Inventory (SRI-S)
Personality and Individual Differences 39 (2005) 1055–1059 www.elsevier.com/locate/paid
A Short version of the Self-Regulation Inventory (SRI-S) Manuel I. Iba´n˜ez, Marı´a A. Ruipe´rez, Jorge Moya, Marı´a J. Marque´s, Genero´s Ortet * Department of Basic and Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castello, Spain Received 17 June 2004; accepted 24 February 2005 Available online 29 June 2005
Abstract A Short 25-item version of the Self-Regulation Inventory (SRI-S) was devised from the long form of the questionnaire (Marque´s, Iba´n˜ez, Ruipe´rez, Moya, & Ortet, this issue). The results showed that the SRI-S presents sound internal consistency reliability and high correlations with the scales of the long version of the inventory. The SRI-S was also related to the dimensions of personality extraversion, emotional stability and impulse control. Ó 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Short Self-Regulation Inventory; SRI-S; EPQ-R; Coping; Personality; Health
1. Introduction Grossarth-Maticek and Eysenck (1995) proposed a self-regulation construct that refers to autonomy, emotional independence and the ability to actively regulate oneÕs own life in order to achieve oneÕs needs and aims, and to engage in appropriate health-seeking behaviour. This health-prone or coping dimension is related to the vulnerability to develop diseases in healthy people and the progress of physical diseases in patients (see Grossarth-Maticek, Eysenck, & Boyle, 2000). These authors constructed a 105-item Self-Regulation Inventory (SRI) using items based *
Corresponding author. Tel.: +34 964 72 9687; fax: +34 964 72 9267. E-mail address: [email protected] (G. Ortet).
0191-8869/$ - see front matter Ó 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.02.029
1056
M.I. Iba´n˜ez et al. / Personality and Individual Differences 39 (2005) 1055–1059
on those that had previously proved useful in predicting good or poor health in healthy individuals, and in patients with cancer, heart disease or other illnesses. As described in our companion article (Marque´s et al., this issue), the 72-item Spanish version of the SRI showed that five correlated factors appeared as the most robust internal structure for this instrument. These factors were labelled positive actions (solving problems and facilitating happiness), controllability (internal control attributions), expression of feelings and needs (identification and expression of needs, wishes and feelings), assertiveness (autonomy and self-confidence), and well-being seeking (satisfaction with oneself and others). The SRI also presented satisfactory reliability indices and, as expected, self-regulation was related to a personality profile characterised by emotional stability (low neuroticism), extraversion and impulse control (low psychoticism). The design of shortened versions of questionnaires is fairly widespread in psychological research for application purposes. A reliable and valid short version of an inventory allows the assessment of different relevant variables in what is usually a limited period of testing (see Francis & Jackson, 2004). This is particularly true when the study is carried out with physically ill patients in health-related studies (e.g. Curran, Andrykowski, & Studts, 1995). Therefore, the main aim of this research is to present the development of a short version of the SRI.
2. Method The participants and the measures are described in our companion article (Marque´s et al., this issue). In order to develop the shortened version of the SRI, five items for each one of its five factors were chosen. Two criteria were taken into account: the item should have a high loading on its specific factor, and the loadings on the general SRI factor should be above 0.25. Thus, all the components of the SRI were represented in the short version of the scale.
3. Results A principal axis factoring analysis and direct oblimin rotation were carried out with the 25 selected items from the SRI. This common factor analysis explained 50.60% of the total variance. Table 1 presents the loadings of the SRI-S items on the general self-regulation and on the specific factors. The item number corresponds to its location on the long scale (see Table 1 in Marque´s et al., this issue). Table 2 shows the alpha reliabilities and the correlation between the SRI-S with the SRI (long form) and the EPQ-R scales. Means, standard deviations and the t-test mean comparisons between men and women in the SRI-S are presented in Table 3.
4. Discussion The 25-item SRI-S was constructed as an alternative to the long questionnaire when it had to be administered along with many other tests, when not much time was available or, in general, when
M.I. Iba´n˜ez et al. / Personality and Individual Differences 39 (2005) 1055–1059
1057
Table 1 Factor loading of the 25-item SRI-S scale on the general self-regulation factor and the five specific factors Item
Self-regulation (general factor)
Factor 1: positive actions
41 67 68 70 75
0.62 0.61 0.41 0.59 0.67
0.42 0.66 0.53 0.73 0.71
9 55 63 72 105
0.42 0.40 0.36 0.39 0.40
10 18 26 87 90
0.44 0.33 0.39 0.33 0.42
7 61 76 77 78
0.26 0.31 0.33 0.34 0.46
39 48 50 57 85
0.44 0.50 0.49 0.46 0.44
Factor 2: controllability
Factor 3: expression of feelings and needs
Factor 4: assertiveness
Factor 5: well-being seeking
0.32 0.51 0.66 0.63 0.36 0.32 0.54 0.48 0.78 0.69 0.39 0.38 0.67 0.51 0.78 0.48 0.58 0.57 0.65 0.45
Note: Only loadings above 0.30 on the five specific factors are presented (the item number corresponds to its location on the long scale).
the participants were patients. The SRI-S presented sound internal consistency reliability and high correlations with the long scale total score and each one of its components. Furthermore, this version showed the same profile of relationships with personality; that is to say, it was related to extraversion, emotional stability and impulse control. We also found that women presented higher expression of feelings and needs mean scores than men, but they obtained lower positive actions and assertiveness scores than men in the SRI-S. Finally, it should be mentioned that other approaches (e.g. Item Response Theory) for reducing the number of items of the SRI may be useful in future studies. One of the strongest values of the SRI is its reported predictive power in relation to health-illness (Grossarth-Maticek & Eysenck, 1991, 1995; Grossarth-Maticek et al., 2000). We have found that the SRI and the SRI-S present sound psychometric properties in a sample of healthy participants. However, future longitudinal prospective and intervention studies are required both in
1058
M.I. Iba´n˜ez et al. / Personality and Individual Differences 39 (2005) 1055–1059
Table 2 Alpha reliabilities (in brackets) and intercorrelations of the Short form of the Self-Regulation Inventory (SRI-S) scales, and correlations between the SRI-S and the SRI (long form) and EPQ-R scales 1 SRI-S 1. Positive actions-S 2. Controllability-S 3. Expression of feelings and needs-S 4. Assertiveness-S 5. Well-being seeking-S 6. SRI-S total
2
3
4
5
6
(0.79) 0.46* 0.31* 0.31* 0.44* 0.73*
(0.68) 0.30* 0.32* 0.30* 0.71*
(0.72) 0.27* 0.28* 0.67*
(0.69) 0.18* 0.63*
(0.70) 0.61
(0.84)
SRI 7. Positive actions 8. Controllability 9. Expression of feelings and needs 10. Assertiveness 11. Well-being seeking 12. SRI total
0.90* 0.44* 0.24* 0.27* 0.39* 0.70*
0.46* 0.89* 0.27* 0.33* 0.23* 0.63*
0.40* 0.26* 0.92* 0.26* 0.31* 0.60*
0.41* 0.33* 0.29* 0.92* 0.28* 0.58*
0.55* 0.26* 0.27* 0.14 0.79 0.67*
0.79* 0.66* 0.62* 0.58* 0.57* 0.94*
EPQ-R 13. Psychoticism 14. Extraversion 15. Neuroticism 16. L scale
0.01 0.33* 0.48* 0.16*
0.19* 0.23* 0.54* 0.06
0.02 0.44* 0.13 0.09
0.11 0.36* 0.23* 0.13
0.25* 0.20* 0.22* 0.17*
0.11 0.48* 0.47* 0.01
*
p < 0.001.
Table 3 SRI-S means and standard deviations for men and women; and p values associated with gender (N = 559) Positive actions Controllability Expression of feelings and needs Assertiveness Well-being seeking SRI-S total
Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women
M
SD
23.69 22.28 21.08 20.50 19.72 21.05 22.22 20.48 23.72 23.98 110.36 108.27
3.73 4.51 4.86 4.87 5.06 5.14 4.29 4.82 4.20 3.53 15.12 15.48
p < 0.001 ns p < 0.01 p < 0.001 ns ns
healthy participants and physically ill patients in order to establish the construct validity and utility of the long and short forms of the SRI.
M.I. Iba´n˜ez et al. / Personality and Individual Differences 39 (2005) 1055–1059
1059
Acknowledgments This article was written during the sabbatical year (2004–2005) of Generos Ortet at the Department of Psychology, Glasgow Caledonian University.
References Curran, S. L., Andrykowski, M. A., & Studts, J. L. (1995). Short form of the profile of mood states (POMS-SF): Psychometric information. Psychological Assessment, 7, 80–83. Francis, L. J., & Jackson, C. J. (2004). Which version of the Eysenck personality profiler is best? 6-, 12- or 20-items per scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 1659–1666. Grossarth-Maticek, R., & Eysenck, H. J. (1991). Creative novation behaviour as a prophylactic treatment for cancer and coronary heart disease: I. Description of treatment. Behaviour Research and Treatment, 29, 1–16. Grossarth-Maticek, R., & Eysenck, H. J. (1995). Self-regulation and mortality from cancer, coronary heart disease, and other causes: A prospective study. Personality and Individual Differences, 19, 781–795. Grossarth-Maticek, R., Eysenck, H. J., & Boyle, G. J. (2000). Interaction of psychosocial and physical risk factors in the causation of mammary cancer and its prevention through psychological methods of treatment. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56, 35–50. Marque´s, M. J., Iba´n˜ez, M. I., Ruipe´rez, M. A., Moya, J., & Ortet, G. (this issue). The Self-Regulation Inventory (SRI): Psychometric properties of a health-related coping measure. Personality and Individual Differences.
A Short version of the Self-Regulation Inventory (SRI-S) Manuel I. Iba´n˜ez, Marı´a A. Ruipe´rez, Jorge Moya, Marı´a J. Marque´s, Genero´s Ortet * Department of Basic and Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castello, Spain Received 17 June 2004; accepted 24 February 2005 Available online 29 June 2005
Abstract A Short 25-item version of the Self-Regulation Inventory (SRI-S) was devised from the long form of the questionnaire (Marque´s, Iba´n˜ez, Ruipe´rez, Moya, & Ortet, this issue). The results showed that the SRI-S presents sound internal consistency reliability and high correlations with the scales of the long version of the inventory. The SRI-S was also related to the dimensions of personality extraversion, emotional stability and impulse control. Ó 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Short Self-Regulation Inventory; SRI-S; EPQ-R; Coping; Personality; Health
1. Introduction Grossarth-Maticek and Eysenck (1995) proposed a self-regulation construct that refers to autonomy, emotional independence and the ability to actively regulate oneÕs own life in order to achieve oneÕs needs and aims, and to engage in appropriate health-seeking behaviour. This health-prone or coping dimension is related to the vulnerability to develop diseases in healthy people and the progress of physical diseases in patients (see Grossarth-Maticek, Eysenck, & Boyle, 2000). These authors constructed a 105-item Self-Regulation Inventory (SRI) using items based *
Corresponding author. Tel.: +34 964 72 9687; fax: +34 964 72 9267. E-mail address: [email protected] (G. Ortet).
0191-8869/$ - see front matter Ó 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.02.029
1056
M.I. Iba´n˜ez et al. / Personality and Individual Differences 39 (2005) 1055–1059
on those that had previously proved useful in predicting good or poor health in healthy individuals, and in patients with cancer, heart disease or other illnesses. As described in our companion article (Marque´s et al., this issue), the 72-item Spanish version of the SRI showed that five correlated factors appeared as the most robust internal structure for this instrument. These factors were labelled positive actions (solving problems and facilitating happiness), controllability (internal control attributions), expression of feelings and needs (identification and expression of needs, wishes and feelings), assertiveness (autonomy and self-confidence), and well-being seeking (satisfaction with oneself and others). The SRI also presented satisfactory reliability indices and, as expected, self-regulation was related to a personality profile characterised by emotional stability (low neuroticism), extraversion and impulse control (low psychoticism). The design of shortened versions of questionnaires is fairly widespread in psychological research for application purposes. A reliable and valid short version of an inventory allows the assessment of different relevant variables in what is usually a limited period of testing (see Francis & Jackson, 2004). This is particularly true when the study is carried out with physically ill patients in health-related studies (e.g. Curran, Andrykowski, & Studts, 1995). Therefore, the main aim of this research is to present the development of a short version of the SRI.
2. Method The participants and the measures are described in our companion article (Marque´s et al., this issue). In order to develop the shortened version of the SRI, five items for each one of its five factors were chosen. Two criteria were taken into account: the item should have a high loading on its specific factor, and the loadings on the general SRI factor should be above 0.25. Thus, all the components of the SRI were represented in the short version of the scale.
3. Results A principal axis factoring analysis and direct oblimin rotation were carried out with the 25 selected items from the SRI. This common factor analysis explained 50.60% of the total variance. Table 1 presents the loadings of the SRI-S items on the general self-regulation and on the specific factors. The item number corresponds to its location on the long scale (see Table 1 in Marque´s et al., this issue). Table 2 shows the alpha reliabilities and the correlation between the SRI-S with the SRI (long form) and the EPQ-R scales. Means, standard deviations and the t-test mean comparisons between men and women in the SRI-S are presented in Table 3.
4. Discussion The 25-item SRI-S was constructed as an alternative to the long questionnaire when it had to be administered along with many other tests, when not much time was available or, in general, when
M.I. Iba´n˜ez et al. / Personality and Individual Differences 39 (2005) 1055–1059
1057
Table 1 Factor loading of the 25-item SRI-S scale on the general self-regulation factor and the five specific factors Item
Self-regulation (general factor)
Factor 1: positive actions
41 67 68 70 75
0.62 0.61 0.41 0.59 0.67
0.42 0.66 0.53 0.73 0.71
9 55 63 72 105
0.42 0.40 0.36 0.39 0.40
10 18 26 87 90
0.44 0.33 0.39 0.33 0.42
7 61 76 77 78
0.26 0.31 0.33 0.34 0.46
39 48 50 57 85
0.44 0.50 0.49 0.46 0.44
Factor 2: controllability
Factor 3: expression of feelings and needs
Factor 4: assertiveness
Factor 5: well-being seeking
0.32 0.51 0.66 0.63 0.36 0.32 0.54 0.48 0.78 0.69 0.39 0.38 0.67 0.51 0.78 0.48 0.58 0.57 0.65 0.45
Note: Only loadings above 0.30 on the five specific factors are presented (the item number corresponds to its location on the long scale).
the participants were patients. The SRI-S presented sound internal consistency reliability and high correlations with the long scale total score and each one of its components. Furthermore, this version showed the same profile of relationships with personality; that is to say, it was related to extraversion, emotional stability and impulse control. We also found that women presented higher expression of feelings and needs mean scores than men, but they obtained lower positive actions and assertiveness scores than men in the SRI-S. Finally, it should be mentioned that other approaches (e.g. Item Response Theory) for reducing the number of items of the SRI may be useful in future studies. One of the strongest values of the SRI is its reported predictive power in relation to health-illness (Grossarth-Maticek & Eysenck, 1991, 1995; Grossarth-Maticek et al., 2000). We have found that the SRI and the SRI-S present sound psychometric properties in a sample of healthy participants. However, future longitudinal prospective and intervention studies are required both in
1058
M.I. Iba´n˜ez et al. / Personality and Individual Differences 39 (2005) 1055–1059
Table 2 Alpha reliabilities (in brackets) and intercorrelations of the Short form of the Self-Regulation Inventory (SRI-S) scales, and correlations between the SRI-S and the SRI (long form) and EPQ-R scales 1 SRI-S 1. Positive actions-S 2. Controllability-S 3. Expression of feelings and needs-S 4. Assertiveness-S 5. Well-being seeking-S 6. SRI-S total
2
3
4
5
6
(0.79) 0.46* 0.31* 0.31* 0.44* 0.73*
(0.68) 0.30* 0.32* 0.30* 0.71*
(0.72) 0.27* 0.28* 0.67*
(0.69) 0.18* 0.63*
(0.70) 0.61
(0.84)
SRI 7. Positive actions 8. Controllability 9. Expression of feelings and needs 10. Assertiveness 11. Well-being seeking 12. SRI total
0.90* 0.44* 0.24* 0.27* 0.39* 0.70*
0.46* 0.89* 0.27* 0.33* 0.23* 0.63*
0.40* 0.26* 0.92* 0.26* 0.31* 0.60*
0.41* 0.33* 0.29* 0.92* 0.28* 0.58*
0.55* 0.26* 0.27* 0.14 0.79 0.67*
0.79* 0.66* 0.62* 0.58* 0.57* 0.94*
EPQ-R 13. Psychoticism 14. Extraversion 15. Neuroticism 16. L scale
0.01 0.33* 0.48* 0.16*
0.19* 0.23* 0.54* 0.06
0.02 0.44* 0.13 0.09
0.11 0.36* 0.23* 0.13
0.25* 0.20* 0.22* 0.17*
0.11 0.48* 0.47* 0.01
*
p < 0.001.
Table 3 SRI-S means and standard deviations for men and women; and p values associated with gender (N = 559) Positive actions Controllability Expression of feelings and needs Assertiveness Well-being seeking SRI-S total
Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women
M
SD
23.69 22.28 21.08 20.50 19.72 21.05 22.22 20.48 23.72 23.98 110.36 108.27
3.73 4.51 4.86 4.87 5.06 5.14 4.29 4.82 4.20 3.53 15.12 15.48
p < 0.001 ns p < 0.01 p < 0.001 ns ns
healthy participants and physically ill patients in order to establish the construct validity and utility of the long and short forms of the SRI.
M.I. Iba´n˜ez et al. / Personality and Individual Differences 39 (2005) 1055–1059
1059
Acknowledgments This article was written during the sabbatical year (2004–2005) of Generos Ortet at the Department of Psychology, Glasgow Caledonian University.
References Curran, S. L., Andrykowski, M. A., & Studts, J. L. (1995). Short form of the profile of mood states (POMS-SF): Psychometric information. Psychological Assessment, 7, 80–83. Francis, L. J., & Jackson, C. J. (2004). Which version of the Eysenck personality profiler is best? 6-, 12- or 20-items per scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 1659–1666. Grossarth-Maticek, R., & Eysenck, H. J. (1991). Creative novation behaviour as a prophylactic treatment for cancer and coronary heart disease: I. Description of treatment. Behaviour Research and Treatment, 29, 1–16. Grossarth-Maticek, R., & Eysenck, H. J. (1995). Self-regulation and mortality from cancer, coronary heart disease, and other causes: A prospective study. Personality and Individual Differences, 19, 781–795. Grossarth-Maticek, R., Eysenck, H. J., & Boyle, G. J. (2000). Interaction of psychosocial and physical risk factors in the causation of mammary cancer and its prevention through psychological methods of treatment. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56, 35–50. Marque´s, M. J., Iba´n˜ez, M. I., Ruipe´rez, M. A., Moya, J., & Ortet, G. (this issue). The Self-Regulation Inventory (SRI): Psychometric properties of a health-related coping measure. Personality and Individual Differences.