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A stereotaxic brain atlas for Macaca nemestrina
590
BOOK
Electroencephalography a n d Clinical N e u r o p h y s i o l o g y Elsevier P u b l i s h i n g C o m p a n y , A m s t e r d a m - Printed in T h e N e t h e r l a n d s
REVIEWS
Edited by H. PETSCHEand JOHN R. HUGHES The canine brain in stereotaxie coordinates. - - S. Dua-Sharma, K. N. Sharma and H. L. Jaeobs (MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1971, $25.00).
A stereotaxic brain atlas for M a c a c a n e m e s t r i n a . - - W . D . Winters, R. T. Kado and W. R. Adey (Univ. California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1971, 93 p., $21.00).
This large atlas consists of 9.5 x 11" photomicrographs of 144 frontal sections, 31 sagittal sections, and 28 horizontal sections o f the beagle (7.0-11.0 kg) dog brain. It also has 9 pages o f introductory material and 3¼ pages of index which list alphabetically the labeled anatomical structures as well as plate n u m b e r s where the n a m e s appear. The introductory pages give details on methodology, including both histology and X-ray, and also list the contents of 3 tables on variability of internal structures. A n y user of the atlas should first consult these tables. Although the variabilities are not as great as the reviewer expected, several nuclei which are listed deserve m u c h more attention than others if reliability of lesion placement is expected. Another small note of caution: the Ho, as shown, is listed as the interaural line, not 10 m m above, as given in m a n y atlases. The frontal sections, with a millimeter grid in both vertical and horizontal dimension, are stained for both cells and fibers and are shown at 0.5 m m imervals. Fiber stains only are used for the horizontal and sagittal sections. Unfortunately there are m a n y defects, such as tears, streaks and frayed edges, in the sections. However, the greatest defect is poor contrast in the photographs. M a n y of the nuclei and fiber tracts are shown against a dark background, which makes identification almost impossible and which m a y account for the scanty listing o f labeled structures. M a n y thalamic nuclei disappear into obscurity, and cortical layers never appear. Curiously, the most poorly prepared sections, i.e., horizontal series, have the thalamic nuclei most clearly outlined. However, the labels that are included appear to be placed accurately. Spot-checking the frontal series revealed only 3 errors, and r a n d o m cross references of the index did not uncover any mistakes. When the coordinates of this atlas are compared with those published by Lira, Liu and Moffitt, the dorsal and ventral surfaces show small variations (usual range 0.5-2.0 m m ) ; the posterior and m a n y of the anterior coordinates of the Lim, Liu and Moffitt atlas are 3-4 m m caudal to those given in the present publication. It is not possible in this brief review to make comparisons with the Russian atlas written by Adrianov and Mering. In summary, although the brain sections used in this atlas are neither well prepared nor well photographed, the coordinates used for different brain structures appear to be reliably placed, and if care is given to the selection o f the animals used, the atlas should furnish consistently good results in physiological studies. It cannot be used for detailed neuroanatomy. RAY S. SNIDER
This is a well edited, large (14.5" × 22.0") book. Serial photomacrographs, l ' m m apart, stained alternately with Nissl and Well stains extend from A 25 to P 10 (frontal series) and are shown as 6.5 magnifications. The thionin-stained sagittal series extend at millimeter intervals from L~ to L16. They are unlabeled but have millimeter coordinates and are presented in approximately actual size. The thionin-stained horizontal series are shown at 4 m m intervals from H-10 to H-6. They are presented about actual size and are unlabeled. There is an excellent labeled drawing of the lateral view of the brain and an exceptionally fine color photograph of the mid-sagittal view of the brain inside the skull with A Po and Ho and H-10 markings. The Introduction gives lucid, summarizing comments on M. nemestrina classification and how the sections were prepared, including an instructive X-ray photograph. A n y user of the Atlas should read the well chosen words of advice about how the atlas should be utilized, paying particular attention to the special ear bars employed because of the peculiar a n a t o m y of the external auditory meatus in these animals. Some readers will be pleased to know that a standard cat stereotaxic instrument can be used (except for ear bars). Pages 12 and 13 show the thionin-stained sagittal sections, and p. 17 shows the horizontal sections. There are very few tears or wrinkles; although the caudal parts of the sections tend to be stained darker than the cephalic parts, this does not detract from the over-all quality. If details in the brain-stem are required, these photographs must be used with the labeled frontal photomacrographs which are magnified 6.5 x and are stained with both Well and thionin stains. The frontal photographs have a 1 m m scale surrounding each half section, and labeled abbreviations are placed on internal structures. For convenience, the authors give a list of the abbreviations on each page beneath each illustration as well as a key on p. 8 and 9. They have labeled all the major internal structures including m a n y of the thalamic nuclei. The reviewer would have preferred to have a few more caudal brain-stem structures included; however, it m a y have been difficult to do Nissl stains on some of the nuclei in the medulla. By contrast, the fiber-stained sections tend to be dark but are well differentiated through difficult areas such as the thalamus. In m a n y sections cortical layers can be seen. It is useful to have the cortical gyri labeled on every 5th section, but only more prominent tracts could be labeled on photographs at 6.3 x magnification. R a n d o m checking of these structures failed to indicate any errors. The major subdivisions of the cerebellum are given including Nisslstained cerebellar nuclei.
University of Rochester, Rochester, N.Y. 14642 (U.S.A.) Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 1972, 32:590
BOOK REVIEWS
591
A very helpful addition is included on p. 92 and 93 in the form of an index of labeled structures with the level of appearance (anterior-posterior) and the abbreviation. This index should be especially useful in the laboratory. In summary, this brain atlas is exceptionally well illustrated and includes laboratory-checked coordinates for stereotaxic use in brain-stem, cerebellar and cerebral structures. It will be a very helpful addition to any library where the brain of Macaca nemestrina is studied. RAY S. SNIDER
Center for Brain Research, Universi(v of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, N.Y. 14642 (U.S.A.) Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 1972, 32:590-591 Effets de la d6saff6rentation sensorielle p6riph6rique sur le cycle veille-sommeil ehez le chat. - - F. VitaI-Durand (lmprimerie H. M., Lyon, 1971, 69 p., 7 Fig., Price unknown). The author studied the effect of subtotal sensory deafferentation upon the sleep wakefulness cycle of the cat. Twelve chronically implanted cats were used for the study. The deafferentation included the olfactory bulbs, the eyes (which were destroyed)~ the trigeminal, facial and acoustic nerves on both sides and the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves on one side. The posterior part of the spinal cord was sectioned between C 4 and C5; the posterior roots of C 1 to C4 were sectioned. The sleep-waking cycle was recorded for 6 18 months in samples of 48 h. Following deafferentation, which was produced in several steps, behavioral activity was very much reduced. Voluntary movements were rare. The percentage of time spent in the different states of sleep and wakefulness was as follows: wakefulness 18.5%, drowsiness or superficial sleep 40.7%, slow wave sleep 29.6~ and paradoxical sleep 11.2~. It was possible to keep the animals awake by amphetamine, cold, or prolonged stimulation. It was found that no single afferent structure had a prominent role in maintaining wakefulness; only the degree of deafferentation was of decisive importance. The author concludes that the mechanisms responsible for rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-REM sleep are hardly affected by deafferentation. This short monograph summarizes the result of painstaking research work. It is of real value for all those interested in sleep research. B. ROTH
Department of Neurology, Charles University, Medical Faculty, Prague (Czechoslovakia) Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 1972, 32:591 Progress in neuro-ophthalmology. Proc. Second lnternat. Congress of Neuro-Genetics and Neuro-ophthalmology, Montreal, September 1967, Vol. 2. - - J. R. Brunette and A. Barbeau (Eds.) (Exc. Med. Foundation, Amsterdam, 1970, 448 p., with figures, U.S. $27.50). This very detailed volume 2 is dedicated to the memory of the late Prof. A. Franceschetti, the Swiss ophthalmologist
Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 1972, 32:590-591
who was among the founders of neuro-ophthalmology. The book contains 55 papers by the most prominent scientists in this field. The papers are arranged under separate headings such as myopathic dystrophy, hereditary optic atrophy, progress in neuro-ophthalmology in general, and finally hereditary diseases of the eye. Each of these articles is a source of information on the latest scientific findings in its special domain. In this context, only articles particularly connected with neurology will be mentioned. These are, among others, the articles by Barbeau, by Lewis and by Rebeiz and collaborators on oculo-pharyngeal symptoms in muscular dystrophies, and also the articles by Osserman, by Lundberg and others on ocular myasthenia and several endocrine ocular myopathies. Of particular interest to neurophysiologists are the chapters on electrically induced ocular movements in patients with chronically indwelling electrodes (Nashold and collaborators). All the chapters are lucidly written, and are supplied with numerous illustrations and tables. The book may be recommended to anybody who is interested in this particular field. K. WEINGARTEN
Neurological Clinic of the University of Vienna, Vienna (Austria) Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 1972, 32:591 The function of gaze. An INSERM colloquium held in Paris in May 1969. - - A. Dubois-Pouisen, G. C. Lairy and A. R6mond (Eds.) (INSERM, Paris, 1969, 494 p., 8 Tables, 120 Fig., NF 85.00). To begin with the conclusion: "The function of gaze is not merely to improve or orient the function of the visual communication channel but to seek and select and generate information", said the chairman of the third scientific day, W. G. Walter. If one is convinced of the value of this concept - - a n d we are--one must commend forwarding the tendency to put this important orientation performance in its right scientific place. Considering gaze as a phenomenon of such abundance and complexity, it is necessary to clarify its background and elaborate all its aspects. This is what this assembly of scientists, covering every field concerning gaze, proceeded to do. First of all, gaze is an interrelation between the beholder and the object observed. The first part of the colloquium evaluates findings which prove this interaction on a physiological basis. The control of gaze, i.e., fixation, is a predictive process in nature and is provided not only by the visuomotor system but also by the activity of the whole brain and is also influenced by the personality. On the level of cognition one can recognize an interaction, namely between visual perceptive activity and gaze. The importance of this relation is revealed when studying pathological states of sensory deprivation, o r - - o n the contrary observing how a disharmonic cognition leads to disturbances in visual exploration. The third part of the colloquium deals with gaze as an interpersonal relation (how getting used to gazing as well as being gazed at provides the framework of this relation) or as
Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 1972, 32:591-592
BOOK
Electroencephalography a n d Clinical N e u r o p h y s i o l o g y Elsevier P u b l i s h i n g C o m p a n y , A m s t e r d a m - Printed in T h e N e t h e r l a n d s
REVIEWS
Edited by H. PETSCHEand JOHN R. HUGHES The canine brain in stereotaxie coordinates. - - S. Dua-Sharma, K. N. Sharma and H. L. Jaeobs (MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1971, $25.00).
A stereotaxic brain atlas for M a c a c a n e m e s t r i n a . - - W . D . Winters, R. T. Kado and W. R. Adey (Univ. California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1971, 93 p., $21.00).
This large atlas consists of 9.5 x 11" photomicrographs of 144 frontal sections, 31 sagittal sections, and 28 horizontal sections o f the beagle (7.0-11.0 kg) dog brain. It also has 9 pages o f introductory material and 3¼ pages of index which list alphabetically the labeled anatomical structures as well as plate n u m b e r s where the n a m e s appear. The introductory pages give details on methodology, including both histology and X-ray, and also list the contents of 3 tables on variability of internal structures. A n y user of the atlas should first consult these tables. Although the variabilities are not as great as the reviewer expected, several nuclei which are listed deserve m u c h more attention than others if reliability of lesion placement is expected. Another small note of caution: the Ho, as shown, is listed as the interaural line, not 10 m m above, as given in m a n y atlases. The frontal sections, with a millimeter grid in both vertical and horizontal dimension, are stained for both cells and fibers and are shown at 0.5 m m imervals. Fiber stains only are used for the horizontal and sagittal sections. Unfortunately there are m a n y defects, such as tears, streaks and frayed edges, in the sections. However, the greatest defect is poor contrast in the photographs. M a n y of the nuclei and fiber tracts are shown against a dark background, which makes identification almost impossible and which m a y account for the scanty listing o f labeled structures. M a n y thalamic nuclei disappear into obscurity, and cortical layers never appear. Curiously, the most poorly prepared sections, i.e., horizontal series, have the thalamic nuclei most clearly outlined. However, the labels that are included appear to be placed accurately. Spot-checking the frontal series revealed only 3 errors, and r a n d o m cross references of the index did not uncover any mistakes. When the coordinates of this atlas are compared with those published by Lira, Liu and Moffitt, the dorsal and ventral surfaces show small variations (usual range 0.5-2.0 m m ) ; the posterior and m a n y of the anterior coordinates of the Lim, Liu and Moffitt atlas are 3-4 m m caudal to those given in the present publication. It is not possible in this brief review to make comparisons with the Russian atlas written by Adrianov and Mering. In summary, although the brain sections used in this atlas are neither well prepared nor well photographed, the coordinates used for different brain structures appear to be reliably placed, and if care is given to the selection o f the animals used, the atlas should furnish consistently good results in physiological studies. It cannot be used for detailed neuroanatomy. RAY S. SNIDER
This is a well edited, large (14.5" × 22.0") book. Serial photomacrographs, l ' m m apart, stained alternately with Nissl and Well stains extend from A 25 to P 10 (frontal series) and are shown as 6.5 magnifications. The thionin-stained sagittal series extend at millimeter intervals from L~ to L16. They are unlabeled but have millimeter coordinates and are presented in approximately actual size. The thionin-stained horizontal series are shown at 4 m m intervals from H-10 to H-6. They are presented about actual size and are unlabeled. There is an excellent labeled drawing of the lateral view of the brain and an exceptionally fine color photograph of the mid-sagittal view of the brain inside the skull with A Po and Ho and H-10 markings. The Introduction gives lucid, summarizing comments on M. nemestrina classification and how the sections were prepared, including an instructive X-ray photograph. A n y user of the Atlas should read the well chosen words of advice about how the atlas should be utilized, paying particular attention to the special ear bars employed because of the peculiar a n a t o m y of the external auditory meatus in these animals. Some readers will be pleased to know that a standard cat stereotaxic instrument can be used (except for ear bars). Pages 12 and 13 show the thionin-stained sagittal sections, and p. 17 shows the horizontal sections. There are very few tears or wrinkles; although the caudal parts of the sections tend to be stained darker than the cephalic parts, this does not detract from the over-all quality. If details in the brain-stem are required, these photographs must be used with the labeled frontal photomacrographs which are magnified 6.5 x and are stained with both Well and thionin stains. The frontal photographs have a 1 m m scale surrounding each half section, and labeled abbreviations are placed on internal structures. For convenience, the authors give a list of the abbreviations on each page beneath each illustration as well as a key on p. 8 and 9. They have labeled all the major internal structures including m a n y of the thalamic nuclei. The reviewer would have preferred to have a few more caudal brain-stem structures included; however, it m a y have been difficult to do Nissl stains on some of the nuclei in the medulla. By contrast, the fiber-stained sections tend to be dark but are well differentiated through difficult areas such as the thalamus. In m a n y sections cortical layers can be seen. It is useful to have the cortical gyri labeled on every 5th section, but only more prominent tracts could be labeled on photographs at 6.3 x magnification. R a n d o m checking of these structures failed to indicate any errors. The major subdivisions of the cerebellum are given including Nisslstained cerebellar nuclei.
University of Rochester, Rochester, N.Y. 14642 (U.S.A.) Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 1972, 32:590
BOOK REVIEWS
591
A very helpful addition is included on p. 92 and 93 in the form of an index of labeled structures with the level of appearance (anterior-posterior) and the abbreviation. This index should be especially useful in the laboratory. In summary, this brain atlas is exceptionally well illustrated and includes laboratory-checked coordinates for stereotaxic use in brain-stem, cerebellar and cerebral structures. It will be a very helpful addition to any library where the brain of Macaca nemestrina is studied. RAY S. SNIDER
Center for Brain Research, Universi(v of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, N.Y. 14642 (U.S.A.) Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 1972, 32:590-591 Effets de la d6saff6rentation sensorielle p6riph6rique sur le cycle veille-sommeil ehez le chat. - - F. VitaI-Durand (lmprimerie H. M., Lyon, 1971, 69 p., 7 Fig., Price unknown). The author studied the effect of subtotal sensory deafferentation upon the sleep wakefulness cycle of the cat. Twelve chronically implanted cats were used for the study. The deafferentation included the olfactory bulbs, the eyes (which were destroyed)~ the trigeminal, facial and acoustic nerves on both sides and the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves on one side. The posterior part of the spinal cord was sectioned between C 4 and C5; the posterior roots of C 1 to C4 were sectioned. The sleep-waking cycle was recorded for 6 18 months in samples of 48 h. Following deafferentation, which was produced in several steps, behavioral activity was very much reduced. Voluntary movements were rare. The percentage of time spent in the different states of sleep and wakefulness was as follows: wakefulness 18.5%, drowsiness or superficial sleep 40.7%, slow wave sleep 29.6~ and paradoxical sleep 11.2~. It was possible to keep the animals awake by amphetamine, cold, or prolonged stimulation. It was found that no single afferent structure had a prominent role in maintaining wakefulness; only the degree of deafferentation was of decisive importance. The author concludes that the mechanisms responsible for rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-REM sleep are hardly affected by deafferentation. This short monograph summarizes the result of painstaking research work. It is of real value for all those interested in sleep research. B. ROTH
Department of Neurology, Charles University, Medical Faculty, Prague (Czechoslovakia) Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 1972, 32:591 Progress in neuro-ophthalmology. Proc. Second lnternat. Congress of Neuro-Genetics and Neuro-ophthalmology, Montreal, September 1967, Vol. 2. - - J. R. Brunette and A. Barbeau (Eds.) (Exc. Med. Foundation, Amsterdam, 1970, 448 p., with figures, U.S. $27.50). This very detailed volume 2 is dedicated to the memory of the late Prof. A. Franceschetti, the Swiss ophthalmologist
Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 1972, 32:590-591
who was among the founders of neuro-ophthalmology. The book contains 55 papers by the most prominent scientists in this field. The papers are arranged under separate headings such as myopathic dystrophy, hereditary optic atrophy, progress in neuro-ophthalmology in general, and finally hereditary diseases of the eye. Each of these articles is a source of information on the latest scientific findings in its special domain. In this context, only articles particularly connected with neurology will be mentioned. These are, among others, the articles by Barbeau, by Lewis and by Rebeiz and collaborators on oculo-pharyngeal symptoms in muscular dystrophies, and also the articles by Osserman, by Lundberg and others on ocular myasthenia and several endocrine ocular myopathies. Of particular interest to neurophysiologists are the chapters on electrically induced ocular movements in patients with chronically indwelling electrodes (Nashold and collaborators). All the chapters are lucidly written, and are supplied with numerous illustrations and tables. The book may be recommended to anybody who is interested in this particular field. K. WEINGARTEN
Neurological Clinic of the University of Vienna, Vienna (Austria) Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 1972, 32:591 The function of gaze. An INSERM colloquium held in Paris in May 1969. - - A. Dubois-Pouisen, G. C. Lairy and A. R6mond (Eds.) (INSERM, Paris, 1969, 494 p., 8 Tables, 120 Fig., NF 85.00). To begin with the conclusion: "The function of gaze is not merely to improve or orient the function of the visual communication channel but to seek and select and generate information", said the chairman of the third scientific day, W. G. Walter. If one is convinced of the value of this concept - - a n d we are--one must commend forwarding the tendency to put this important orientation performance in its right scientific place. Considering gaze as a phenomenon of such abundance and complexity, it is necessary to clarify its background and elaborate all its aspects. This is what this assembly of scientists, covering every field concerning gaze, proceeded to do. First of all, gaze is an interrelation between the beholder and the object observed. The first part of the colloquium evaluates findings which prove this interaction on a physiological basis. The control of gaze, i.e., fixation, is a predictive process in nature and is provided not only by the visuomotor system but also by the activity of the whole brain and is also influenced by the personality. On the level of cognition one can recognize an interaction, namely between visual perceptive activity and gaze. The importance of this relation is revealed when studying pathological states of sensory deprivation, o r - - o n the contrary observing how a disharmonic cognition leads to disturbances in visual exploration. The third part of the colloquium deals with gaze as an interpersonal relation (how getting used to gazing as well as being gazed at provides the framework of this relation) or as
Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 1972, 32:591-592