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A Study Evaluating Leadership Skills among Pharmacy Students at Universiti Sains Malaysia
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Abstracts / Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy 10 (2014) e1–e64
Analytic Plan: Descriptive statistics will be used to describe findings regarding how often medication nonadherence is detected at the pharmacy, and what and how often MASA are performed. Results: Pending study completion. Conclusions: We expect there to be significant variability of MASA across Boston- area pharmacies suggesting need for interventions to improve consistent and adequate implementation of MASA in pharmacies.
A Role for Private Sector Pharmacies in Public Health: Referring Tuberculosis Symptomatic Patients for Diagnosis in Cambodia C.A. Bell1, K. Pichenda2, J. Ilo¨maki3, G.J. Duncan4, B. Saini1, 1Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia, 2National Center for Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 3Sansom Institute, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia, 4 Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia The World Health Organization designates Cambodia as having high tuberculosis burden. In 2005 the National Tuberculosis Program engaged with private sector pharmacies in a public/private mix intervention to refer symptomatic patients to public sector clinics for diagnosis and treatment. The objective of this study was to investigate the characteristics and practices of private sector pharmacies associated with referral of tuberculosis symptomatic patients in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Method: A cross-sectional survey of a stratified random sample of 171 trained pharmacy staff, selected from a list of 380 pharmacies providing referral services in Phnom Penh, was conducted in November 2012. Trained interviewers administered survey questionnaires in the Khmer language at pharmacy premises in the four health districts of Phnom Penh. Binomial logistic regression was used to compute odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for factors associated with referral of one or more tuberculosis symptomatic patients in the previous quarter. Ethics approval was obtained from the Human Research Ethics Committee at the University of Sydney and the National Ethics Committee for Health Research Cambodia. Results: In total, 30% (n¼50) pharmacies referred patients to public services during the previous quarter. Program participation for at least six years (OR 5.23, 95% CI 1.9314.18) and willingness to continue referral services (OR 12.24, 95%CI 1.61-93.10) were significantly associated with referral. Pharmacies which only sometimes referred patients to their closest clinic were less likely to refer compared to those who always referred patients to their closest clinic (OR 0.45, 95%CI 0.21-0.99). Conclusion: Long-standing participation and willingness to continue providing referral services were significantly associated with referral of symptomatic patients to public sector clinics in the previous quarter. Designing
strategies to promote referral among non-referring pharmacies and maintaining the commitment and willingness of referring pharmacies may assist in sustaining and improving referral rates in the future. A snapshot of pharmacy practice and social pharmacy research– where is it now and where is it going? A.B. Almarsdo´ttir1,2, J.M. Traulsen3, S. Kaae3, 1Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, 2Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavı´k, 3Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen Pharmacy practice and social pharmacy are two important research areas. As the disciplines have undergone and are still undergoing a changed environment, it is useful to reflect on the current state of the art as the basis for discussing further development and to place pharmacy practice and social pharmacy research within the context of research in pharmaceutical sciences. Methods: The two research areas were defined and compared to related research fields. Then, current content domains found in the field were categorized using the tables of contents in the two latest issues (as of April 15, 2011) of five well known international peer-reviewed journals within these fields. A full review of the contents of the papers is beyond the scope of this paper and it does not present a systematic review or content analysis. However, it can be viewed as a “snapshot” which is informative and useful for further work. Results: There are differences in terminology within this research field and variations across regions. When reviewing the titles of peer-reviewed articles published internationally, five domains were found to dominate the titles of research papers: 1) the pharmacy profession, 2) interventions by pharmacists or in pharmacies, 3) the medicine itself, 4) the users of medicines and pharmacy services, and 5) pharmaceutical policy analysis. Conclusions: The five domain model needs validation in a systematic content analysis. Furthermore, it is important to follow trends in the types of studies conducted, and to map the collaboration and cross-disciplinary research focus. With analogy in nursing research this research would benefit from studies of the published outputs in an effort to put down markers of quality and quantity internationally. A Study Evaluating Leadership Skills among Pharmacy Students at Universiti Sains Malaysia F. Saleem1, M.A. Hassali1, H. Aljadhey2, A.H. Khan1, F.U.D. Ahmad1, 1School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia, 2College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia To evaluate leadership skills among pharmacy undergraduates enrolled at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM).
Abstracts / Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy 10 (2014) e1–e64 Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from September to November 2013. The Leadership Attitude and Belief Scale (LABS III) was used to assess leadership styles and belief of the study respondents. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data explanation. SPSS v 17.0 was used for data collection and p! 0.05 was taken as significant. Results: Three hundred and forty five (71.1%) of the 478 students enrolled participated in the study. Majority of the students were females (n¼279, 80.9%) and reported matriculation as their mode of entry into the undergraduate program (n¼294, 85.2%). The mean scores on hierarchical and systematic thinking were 24.756.56 and 31.746.88 respectively. Majority of the respondents (n¼256, 74.2%) were categorized in High Hierarchical-Low Systemic group. Tendency of pharmacy undergraduates to employ hierarchical thinking was positively correlated with their tendency to utilize systemic thinking (p!0.001, r¼0.557). Systemic thinking was significantly associated with gender (p¼0.015) where males had a high mean systematic score (32.338.25) as compared to females (n¼31.606.53). In addition, Indian students reported significantly associated higher systematic thinking, followed by the Chinese and Malay ethnic group respectively (p¼0.001, 34.616.9, 34.256.32 and 32.186.63). However, there was no reported association among the study variables and hierarchal thinking group. Conclusions: Based upon the results of this study, it is apparent that specific and meaningful learning opportunities in leadership should be incorporated into pharmacy curricula. Furthermore, issues that specifically promote open, systemic leadership thinking among students with the goal of strengthening their leadership skills for the workplace should be paid special attention in the redesigning process of the pharmacy program. A Survey on the Faculty Workplace Climate of a Comprehensive University with an Academic Medical Center B.E. Clark, School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE This study focuses on aspects of an academic medical center that contribute to faculty perceptions of organizational culture, work environment, organizational commitment and institutional governance. Methods: A survey was developed that draws from a variety of published studies and theory regarding work, professions, occupations, organizations, organizational culture, burnout, emotional labor, faculty involvement in institutional governance (participation in decision making), and organizational commitment. A total of 750 surveys were distributed to all full-time faculty members (including administrators) in paper format in autumn of 2013. Statistical analysis conducted with IBM SPSS Version 21 included reliability analysis of survey item scales, as well as bivariate and multivariate procedures.
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Results: Of the 750 surveys distributed, 331 completed surveys were returned for a 44.9% response rate. Bivariate analysis (Pearson’s r) showed Organizational Commitment having strong positive correlations with Rating of University Administration’s relationship with faculty, Governance Culture at Department, School and University Levels, and the Rating of the University Administration (r range of 0.571 to 0.736). Organizational Commitment had strong negative correlations with Service Burnout (r ¼ -0.429) and Gap in DecisionMaking Participation between the amount wanted and the perceived actual participation (r ¼ -0.459). All correlations were significant at the 0.001 level. Linear stepwise regression with Organizational Commitment as the dependent variable produced a five-variable solution (Rating of University Administration, Governance Cultures of the University, Schools, and Departments, and Service Burnout) with an adjusted R-Square of 0.623 (p ! 0.001). Service Burnout was the only variable in the solution with a negative correlation to Organizational Commitment. Conclusions: The importance of organizational culture to the health of a university with an academic medical center was demonstrated. Four organizational culture variables at all three levels of analysis (university, school and department) were the strongest positive predictors of Organizational Commitment. Acculturation of International Students Studying Pharmacy S. Heydon, Y.M. Chua, B. Jin, S.A. Khambete, M.A. Mastapar, R. Md Jazam, H.C. Ngiam, P. Sharma, L.F. Yip, School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand To investigate the experiences of international students studying for a Bachelor of Pharmacy at the University of Otago, New Zealand. To understand the challenges faced by these students regarding academic, communication, sociocultural and financial matters. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted with 16 international students from East and South East Asia in 2013. Five semi-structured interviews were held with each participant over a five-month period and were analysed thematically. The University of Otago gave ethical approval. Results: Most participants faced difficulties academically which they attributed largely to a language barrier and different teaching styles. Over time participants embraced these differences to become more independent and proactive in their learning. All participants started learning English from an early age but rated their English as average. Although they noticed improvement, most of them still found it difficult to communicate in English and half thought that this was undermining their study. Some made efforts to extend their social circle, but most preferred to interact with those from a similar cultural background. Although many participants have
Abstracts / Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy 10 (2014) e1–e64
Analytic Plan: Descriptive statistics will be used to describe findings regarding how often medication nonadherence is detected at the pharmacy, and what and how often MASA are performed. Results: Pending study completion. Conclusions: We expect there to be significant variability of MASA across Boston- area pharmacies suggesting need for interventions to improve consistent and adequate implementation of MASA in pharmacies.
A Role for Private Sector Pharmacies in Public Health: Referring Tuberculosis Symptomatic Patients for Diagnosis in Cambodia C.A. Bell1, K. Pichenda2, J. Ilo¨maki3, G.J. Duncan4, B. Saini1, 1Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia, 2National Center for Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 3Sansom Institute, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia, 4 Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia The World Health Organization designates Cambodia as having high tuberculosis burden. In 2005 the National Tuberculosis Program engaged with private sector pharmacies in a public/private mix intervention to refer symptomatic patients to public sector clinics for diagnosis and treatment. The objective of this study was to investigate the characteristics and practices of private sector pharmacies associated with referral of tuberculosis symptomatic patients in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Method: A cross-sectional survey of a stratified random sample of 171 trained pharmacy staff, selected from a list of 380 pharmacies providing referral services in Phnom Penh, was conducted in November 2012. Trained interviewers administered survey questionnaires in the Khmer language at pharmacy premises in the four health districts of Phnom Penh. Binomial logistic regression was used to compute odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for factors associated with referral of one or more tuberculosis symptomatic patients in the previous quarter. Ethics approval was obtained from the Human Research Ethics Committee at the University of Sydney and the National Ethics Committee for Health Research Cambodia. Results: In total, 30% (n¼50) pharmacies referred patients to public services during the previous quarter. Program participation for at least six years (OR 5.23, 95% CI 1.9314.18) and willingness to continue referral services (OR 12.24, 95%CI 1.61-93.10) were significantly associated with referral. Pharmacies which only sometimes referred patients to their closest clinic were less likely to refer compared to those who always referred patients to their closest clinic (OR 0.45, 95%CI 0.21-0.99). Conclusion: Long-standing participation and willingness to continue providing referral services were significantly associated with referral of symptomatic patients to public sector clinics in the previous quarter. Designing
strategies to promote referral among non-referring pharmacies and maintaining the commitment and willingness of referring pharmacies may assist in sustaining and improving referral rates in the future. A snapshot of pharmacy practice and social pharmacy research– where is it now and where is it going? A.B. Almarsdo´ttir1,2, J.M. Traulsen3, S. Kaae3, 1Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, 2Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavı´k, 3Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen Pharmacy practice and social pharmacy are two important research areas. As the disciplines have undergone and are still undergoing a changed environment, it is useful to reflect on the current state of the art as the basis for discussing further development and to place pharmacy practice and social pharmacy research within the context of research in pharmaceutical sciences. Methods: The two research areas were defined and compared to related research fields. Then, current content domains found in the field were categorized using the tables of contents in the two latest issues (as of April 15, 2011) of five well known international peer-reviewed journals within these fields. A full review of the contents of the papers is beyond the scope of this paper and it does not present a systematic review or content analysis. However, it can be viewed as a “snapshot” which is informative and useful for further work. Results: There are differences in terminology within this research field and variations across regions. When reviewing the titles of peer-reviewed articles published internationally, five domains were found to dominate the titles of research papers: 1) the pharmacy profession, 2) interventions by pharmacists or in pharmacies, 3) the medicine itself, 4) the users of medicines and pharmacy services, and 5) pharmaceutical policy analysis. Conclusions: The five domain model needs validation in a systematic content analysis. Furthermore, it is important to follow trends in the types of studies conducted, and to map the collaboration and cross-disciplinary research focus. With analogy in nursing research this research would benefit from studies of the published outputs in an effort to put down markers of quality and quantity internationally. A Study Evaluating Leadership Skills among Pharmacy Students at Universiti Sains Malaysia F. Saleem1, M.A. Hassali1, H. Aljadhey2, A.H. Khan1, F.U.D. Ahmad1, 1School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia, 2College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia To evaluate leadership skills among pharmacy undergraduates enrolled at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM).
Abstracts / Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy 10 (2014) e1–e64 Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from September to November 2013. The Leadership Attitude and Belief Scale (LABS III) was used to assess leadership styles and belief of the study respondents. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data explanation. SPSS v 17.0 was used for data collection and p! 0.05 was taken as significant. Results: Three hundred and forty five (71.1%) of the 478 students enrolled participated in the study. Majority of the students were females (n¼279, 80.9%) and reported matriculation as their mode of entry into the undergraduate program (n¼294, 85.2%). The mean scores on hierarchical and systematic thinking were 24.756.56 and 31.746.88 respectively. Majority of the respondents (n¼256, 74.2%) were categorized in High Hierarchical-Low Systemic group. Tendency of pharmacy undergraduates to employ hierarchical thinking was positively correlated with their tendency to utilize systemic thinking (p!0.001, r¼0.557). Systemic thinking was significantly associated with gender (p¼0.015) where males had a high mean systematic score (32.338.25) as compared to females (n¼31.606.53). In addition, Indian students reported significantly associated higher systematic thinking, followed by the Chinese and Malay ethnic group respectively (p¼0.001, 34.616.9, 34.256.32 and 32.186.63). However, there was no reported association among the study variables and hierarchal thinking group. Conclusions: Based upon the results of this study, it is apparent that specific and meaningful learning opportunities in leadership should be incorporated into pharmacy curricula. Furthermore, issues that specifically promote open, systemic leadership thinking among students with the goal of strengthening their leadership skills for the workplace should be paid special attention in the redesigning process of the pharmacy program. A Survey on the Faculty Workplace Climate of a Comprehensive University with an Academic Medical Center B.E. Clark, School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE This study focuses on aspects of an academic medical center that contribute to faculty perceptions of organizational culture, work environment, organizational commitment and institutional governance. Methods: A survey was developed that draws from a variety of published studies and theory regarding work, professions, occupations, organizations, organizational culture, burnout, emotional labor, faculty involvement in institutional governance (participation in decision making), and organizational commitment. A total of 750 surveys were distributed to all full-time faculty members (including administrators) in paper format in autumn of 2013. Statistical analysis conducted with IBM SPSS Version 21 included reliability analysis of survey item scales, as well as bivariate and multivariate procedures.
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Results: Of the 750 surveys distributed, 331 completed surveys were returned for a 44.9% response rate. Bivariate analysis (Pearson’s r) showed Organizational Commitment having strong positive correlations with Rating of University Administration’s relationship with faculty, Governance Culture at Department, School and University Levels, and the Rating of the University Administration (r range of 0.571 to 0.736). Organizational Commitment had strong negative correlations with Service Burnout (r ¼ -0.429) and Gap in DecisionMaking Participation between the amount wanted and the perceived actual participation (r ¼ -0.459). All correlations were significant at the 0.001 level. Linear stepwise regression with Organizational Commitment as the dependent variable produced a five-variable solution (Rating of University Administration, Governance Cultures of the University, Schools, and Departments, and Service Burnout) with an adjusted R-Square of 0.623 (p ! 0.001). Service Burnout was the only variable in the solution with a negative correlation to Organizational Commitment. Conclusions: The importance of organizational culture to the health of a university with an academic medical center was demonstrated. Four organizational culture variables at all three levels of analysis (university, school and department) were the strongest positive predictors of Organizational Commitment. Acculturation of International Students Studying Pharmacy S. Heydon, Y.M. Chua, B. Jin, S.A. Khambete, M.A. Mastapar, R. Md Jazam, H.C. Ngiam, P. Sharma, L.F. Yip, School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand To investigate the experiences of international students studying for a Bachelor of Pharmacy at the University of Otago, New Zealand. To understand the challenges faced by these students regarding academic, communication, sociocultural and financial matters. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted with 16 international students from East and South East Asia in 2013. Five semi-structured interviews were held with each participant over a five-month period and were analysed thematically. The University of Otago gave ethical approval. Results: Most participants faced difficulties academically which they attributed largely to a language barrier and different teaching styles. Over time participants embraced these differences to become more independent and proactive in their learning. All participants started learning English from an early age but rated their English as average. Although they noticed improvement, most of them still found it difficult to communicate in English and half thought that this was undermining their study. Some made efforts to extend their social circle, but most preferred to interact with those from a similar cultural background. Although many participants have