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A study of the distribution of sulfur compounds in gasoline fraction produced in China. Part 2. The distribution of sulfur compounds in full-range FCC and RFCC naphthas
02
Liquid
fuels
(transport,
refining,
quality,
storage)
reactivity correlations. Chemical structures included in the model are linear, branched and cyclic hydrocarbons, hydro- and alkyl-aromatics, PAHs, and three heteroatomic compounds. Reactions include cracking and alkylation chains and inhibiting and accelerating reactions from the various reactants. This model has been applied to several mixtures with various proportions of reaction inhibitors and accelerators, and to a composition representing a light mature oil. From the results obtained, it was concluded that mature oils will be stable up to 240260°C depending on their composition, and that the thermal cracking of oil to gas is not possible under reasonable basin conditions. The kinetics of petroleum cracking are thus much slower than generally recognized.
Transport,
refining, quality, storage
03/00527 and causes of A review of the occurrences migration-contamination in crude oil Curiale, J. A. Organic Geochemistry, 2002, 33, (12), 1389- 1400. Migration-contamination occurs when a migrating or trapped crude oil functions as a solvent, dissolving molecular components from the syndepositional organic matter of the migration conduit and/or the reservoir rock. This review documents the causes and worldwide occurrences of migration-contamination, and suggests methods of identifying the signatures of this phenomenon within the molecular and isotopic composition of crude oils. Instances of migration-contamination have been identified in oils of Australia, Asia, Africa and North America, and are best identified by the presence of molecular and/or isotopic imbalances in the oil. Such imbalances are most apparent when co-occurring molecular suites are incompatible with one another, particularly in terms of thermal maturity. Occurrences of migrationcontamination in oils of the US Gulf of Mexico - documented by molecular maturity imbalances such as the presence of unsaturated hydrocarbons known to be unstable at petroleum generation temperatures - provide the best examples of this phenomenon. An attempt is made to quantify the extent and impact of this process in the Vermilion 14 field, offshore Louisiana in the US Gulf of Mexico. Here, molecular maturity markers in the migrated fluid and in the syndepositional organic matter of the reservoir rocks are compared, and the proportion of contamination in each reservoired fluid is estimated. Examples such as this may assist in explaining maturity anomalies observed in several oils worldwide, particularly in Tertiary-reservoired oils that have migrated through, and are trapped in, thermally immature sediments. It is suggested that the low molecular maturity ratios often observed in Tertiary-reservoired oils and attributed to unusually high heating rates may be caused, at least in part, by migration-contamination. 03/00528 A study of the distribution of sulfur compounds in gasoline fraction produced in China. Part 2. The distribution of sulfur compounds in full-range FCC and RFCC naphthas Yin, C. et al. Fuel Processing TcchnologJ,, 2002, 79. (2), 1355140. The analysis of sulfur distributions in fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) naphtha and residue fluid catalytic cracking (RFCC) naphtha, produced by different refineries, reveals that the distribution of sulfur compounds in different naphtha are alike. The percentage of mercaptan sulfur and disulfide sulfur are low; the sulfide sulfur is in the middle and most part of sulfur in naphtha fraction is thiophenic sulfur, which is over 60% of the total sulfur. The only difference of sulfur distribution between FCC and RFCC naphtha is that the content of thiophenic sulfur in RFCC naphtha fraction is higher than that in FCC naphtha fraction, which almost accounts for 70% of the total sulfur. 03/00529 Changes of physicochemical properties of hydrocarbons mixtures during storage Tokarska, A. Kurho, 2002, 47, (2), 53-56. (In Polish) In this article the physico-chemical properties and the structural parameters of liquid products obtained from the initial hydrogenation of oil from the coal carbonization by the Lurgi method, as well as oil vacuum residue, were described. Processes of the initial hydrogenation were carried out in 1984 and 1985. The analysis of the experiments results leads to the conclusion, that liquid products after 15 years are characterized by a higher density and toluene insolvent. fraction. Profiles of the distillation as well as structural parameters of average molecules in principal does not change.
The method involves use of natural materials as a contact adsorbent (e.g. solid wastes from brown coal beneficiation). The adsorbent is inexpensive and has an enhanced mechanical strength. The porous adsorbent in a granulated or powdered form is suitable for processing of petroleum refining residues having high contents of metals and coke by high-temperature contacting. 03/00531 Control of hydrocarbon seepage intensity on level of biodegradation in sea bottom sediments Wenge, L. M. and Isaksen, G. H. Organic Geochemistr.y, 2002, 33, (12), 1277--l 292. Offshore surface geochemical surveys, which target the surface expression of potential migration pathways for sampling such as fault scarps or diapiric features, have become a commonly applied approach in the petroleum industry. Results of such surveys help to reduce risk on key exploration play elements and are used to evaluate prospects and to predict hydrocarbon phase and expected properties. Based on geochemical surveys conducted by ExxonMobil in many basins worldwide, there is an interrelation of the seep intensity (concentration) and level of biodegradation. Results from offshore west Africa, where many active macroseeps show moderate-to-severe biodegradation, and a frontier basin offshore United Kingdom (Rockall Trough), where active microseeps show no evidence of biodegradation, are compared. The specific biochemical controls on the difference in biodegradationproneness are not known, although it appears that a certain threshold of oil concentration is needed to sustain an active bacterial community, or to exceed clay-adsorption capacities that may protect microseeps from biodegradation. It is notable that the 25-norhopane series, often considered an indication of severe biodegradation in reservoir oils, has not been recognized in even ultra-severely biodegraded seeps. This suggests that different biodegradation pathways may be followed in marine surface seeps versus those in subsurface hydrocarbon accumulations, a likely scenario in light of the fact that physiologically diverse bacterial communities are prevalent under different physiochemical conditions. 03/00532 furnaces Baklashov, ( Trrrnsllrtion 46
140
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
May 2003
K. V.
ct trl.
of’ Khimi,
in designing C’hemistr~~
(I i Tekhnologi~w
and
and manufacturing Technology Topliv
oj
i Ma.yel),
Fuels 2002,
tube and 38,
Oils
(I )_
47.
Tube furnaces arc all important part of most petroleum refining, petrochemical, and oilfield plants. Heating, evaporation, or partial decomposition of crude oil or its cuts, and coal and shale processing products are conducted in them. Their fundamental unit is the coil, which heats the feedstock on a defined schedule. The reliability of operation, lifetime, and time between repairs are a function of how well the coil is calculated and designed and how well the burners are positioned relative to its pipes. Kinetics of COs-induced asphaltene precipitation 03/00533 from various Saskatchewan crude oils during COP miscible flooding Idem, R. H. and Ibrahim, Il. H. Jolrrrzrrl of Petroleum Scienw ami Etzgineering,
2002,
35,
(3
4),
233-246.
A molar CO2 programmed titration technique was used to evaluate the kinetics of CO*-induced asphaltene precipitation from three Saskatchewan crude oils (namely Steelman, 12-25-6-14~2 and DB-12-6-14~2) under isothermal (in the range of 300-338 K) and isobaric (at 17.2 MPa) reservoir conditions in a solids detection system (SDS) consisting essentially of a mercury-free, variable volume, fully visual, JEFRI PVT cell. The results show that the rate of asphaltene precipitation depends on. both, the asphaltene and COz contents of the oil. This work represents the first attempt at obtaining kinetic data for asphaltene precipitation from crude oil without any pretreatment of the oil as well as formulating a kinetic model that fits the data. Different values for the reaction order (nr) of asphaltene. and the reaction order (n) for CO2 were obtained for the same oil at different temperatures. This shows that the mechanism for CO>-induced asphaltene precipitation was temperature dependent. Also, the values of n for all the oils at all the temperatures were much larger than the corresponding values for 1~1. This show\ that asphaltene precipitation is extremely more sensitive to CO1 content than asphaltene content, even though the contribution from asphaltene content in the oil cannot be ignored. The large overall reaction order (m + )I > 4) also provides the experimental evidence to confirm that asphaltene precipitation is not an elementary process. 03/00534 Mechanics of oil sands slurry flow in a flexible pipeline system Frimpong, S. et NI. Irlternutronal Journul 01 Surface Mining, RecIumtrtiotl
03/00530 Contact adsorbent for thermal contact processing of petroleum refining residues Galimov, Zh. F. et al. Russ. Ru 2,176,546 (Cl. B01.120~16). IO Dee 2001. Appl. 2,000,108.224, 3 Apr 2000. (In Russian)
Experience
untl
Ertvrronment,
2002,
16, (2).
105S I2
I.
Slurry transportation is an economic haulage system in oil sands and coal-mining operations characterized by long haulage distances and rugged terrain. Hydraulic transportation is a proven and viable in such conditions. Currently. technology for slurry transportation
Liquid
fuels
(transport,
refining,
quality,
storage)
reactivity correlations. Chemical structures included in the model are linear, branched and cyclic hydrocarbons, hydro- and alkyl-aromatics, PAHs, and three heteroatomic compounds. Reactions include cracking and alkylation chains and inhibiting and accelerating reactions from the various reactants. This model has been applied to several mixtures with various proportions of reaction inhibitors and accelerators, and to a composition representing a light mature oil. From the results obtained, it was concluded that mature oils will be stable up to 240260°C depending on their composition, and that the thermal cracking of oil to gas is not possible under reasonable basin conditions. The kinetics of petroleum cracking are thus much slower than generally recognized.
Transport,
refining, quality, storage
03/00527 and causes of A review of the occurrences migration-contamination in crude oil Curiale, J. A. Organic Geochemistry, 2002, 33, (12), 1389- 1400. Migration-contamination occurs when a migrating or trapped crude oil functions as a solvent, dissolving molecular components from the syndepositional organic matter of the migration conduit and/or the reservoir rock. This review documents the causes and worldwide occurrences of migration-contamination, and suggests methods of identifying the signatures of this phenomenon within the molecular and isotopic composition of crude oils. Instances of migration-contamination have been identified in oils of Australia, Asia, Africa and North America, and are best identified by the presence of molecular and/or isotopic imbalances in the oil. Such imbalances are most apparent when co-occurring molecular suites are incompatible with one another, particularly in terms of thermal maturity. Occurrences of migrationcontamination in oils of the US Gulf of Mexico - documented by molecular maturity imbalances such as the presence of unsaturated hydrocarbons known to be unstable at petroleum generation temperatures - provide the best examples of this phenomenon. An attempt is made to quantify the extent and impact of this process in the Vermilion 14 field, offshore Louisiana in the US Gulf of Mexico. Here, molecular maturity markers in the migrated fluid and in the syndepositional organic matter of the reservoir rocks are compared, and the proportion of contamination in each reservoired fluid is estimated. Examples such as this may assist in explaining maturity anomalies observed in several oils worldwide, particularly in Tertiary-reservoired oils that have migrated through, and are trapped in, thermally immature sediments. It is suggested that the low molecular maturity ratios often observed in Tertiary-reservoired oils and attributed to unusually high heating rates may be caused, at least in part, by migration-contamination. 03/00528 A study of the distribution of sulfur compounds in gasoline fraction produced in China. Part 2. The distribution of sulfur compounds in full-range FCC and RFCC naphthas Yin, C. et al. Fuel Processing TcchnologJ,, 2002, 79. (2), 1355140. The analysis of sulfur distributions in fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) naphtha and residue fluid catalytic cracking (RFCC) naphtha, produced by different refineries, reveals that the distribution of sulfur compounds in different naphtha are alike. The percentage of mercaptan sulfur and disulfide sulfur are low; the sulfide sulfur is in the middle and most part of sulfur in naphtha fraction is thiophenic sulfur, which is over 60% of the total sulfur. The only difference of sulfur distribution between FCC and RFCC naphtha is that the content of thiophenic sulfur in RFCC naphtha fraction is higher than that in FCC naphtha fraction, which almost accounts for 70% of the total sulfur. 03/00529 Changes of physicochemical properties of hydrocarbons mixtures during storage Tokarska, A. Kurho, 2002, 47, (2), 53-56. (In Polish) In this article the physico-chemical properties and the structural parameters of liquid products obtained from the initial hydrogenation of oil from the coal carbonization by the Lurgi method, as well as oil vacuum residue, were described. Processes of the initial hydrogenation were carried out in 1984 and 1985. The analysis of the experiments results leads to the conclusion, that liquid products after 15 years are characterized by a higher density and toluene insolvent. fraction. Profiles of the distillation as well as structural parameters of average molecules in principal does not change.
The method involves use of natural materials as a contact adsorbent (e.g. solid wastes from brown coal beneficiation). The adsorbent is inexpensive and has an enhanced mechanical strength. The porous adsorbent in a granulated or powdered form is suitable for processing of petroleum refining residues having high contents of metals and coke by high-temperature contacting. 03/00531 Control of hydrocarbon seepage intensity on level of biodegradation in sea bottom sediments Wenge, L. M. and Isaksen, G. H. Organic Geochemistr.y, 2002, 33, (12), 1277--l 292. Offshore surface geochemical surveys, which target the surface expression of potential migration pathways for sampling such as fault scarps or diapiric features, have become a commonly applied approach in the petroleum industry. Results of such surveys help to reduce risk on key exploration play elements and are used to evaluate prospects and to predict hydrocarbon phase and expected properties. Based on geochemical surveys conducted by ExxonMobil in many basins worldwide, there is an interrelation of the seep intensity (concentration) and level of biodegradation. Results from offshore west Africa, where many active macroseeps show moderate-to-severe biodegradation, and a frontier basin offshore United Kingdom (Rockall Trough), where active microseeps show no evidence of biodegradation, are compared. The specific biochemical controls on the difference in biodegradationproneness are not known, although it appears that a certain threshold of oil concentration is needed to sustain an active bacterial community, or to exceed clay-adsorption capacities that may protect microseeps from biodegradation. It is notable that the 25-norhopane series, often considered an indication of severe biodegradation in reservoir oils, has not been recognized in even ultra-severely biodegraded seeps. This suggests that different biodegradation pathways may be followed in marine surface seeps versus those in subsurface hydrocarbon accumulations, a likely scenario in light of the fact that physiologically diverse bacterial communities are prevalent under different physiochemical conditions. 03/00532 furnaces Baklashov, ( Trrrnsllrtion 46
140
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
May 2003
K. V.
ct trl.
of’ Khimi,
in designing C’hemistr~~
(I i Tekhnologi~w
and
and manufacturing Technology Topliv
oj
i Ma.yel),
Fuels 2002,
tube and 38,
Oils
(I )_
47.
Tube furnaces arc all important part of most petroleum refining, petrochemical, and oilfield plants. Heating, evaporation, or partial decomposition of crude oil or its cuts, and coal and shale processing products are conducted in them. Their fundamental unit is the coil, which heats the feedstock on a defined schedule. The reliability of operation, lifetime, and time between repairs are a function of how well the coil is calculated and designed and how well the burners are positioned relative to its pipes. Kinetics of COs-induced asphaltene precipitation 03/00533 from various Saskatchewan crude oils during COP miscible flooding Idem, R. H. and Ibrahim, Il. H. Jolrrrzrrl of Petroleum Scienw ami Etzgineering,
2002,
35,
(3
4),
233-246.
A molar CO2 programmed titration technique was used to evaluate the kinetics of CO*-induced asphaltene precipitation from three Saskatchewan crude oils (namely Steelman, 12-25-6-14~2 and DB-12-6-14~2) under isothermal (in the range of 300-338 K) and isobaric (at 17.2 MPa) reservoir conditions in a solids detection system (SDS) consisting essentially of a mercury-free, variable volume, fully visual, JEFRI PVT cell. The results show that the rate of asphaltene precipitation depends on. both, the asphaltene and COz contents of the oil. This work represents the first attempt at obtaining kinetic data for asphaltene precipitation from crude oil without any pretreatment of the oil as well as formulating a kinetic model that fits the data. Different values for the reaction order (nr) of asphaltene. and the reaction order (n) for CO2 were obtained for the same oil at different temperatures. This shows that the mechanism for CO>-induced asphaltene precipitation was temperature dependent. Also, the values of n for all the oils at all the temperatures were much larger than the corresponding values for 1~1. This show\ that asphaltene precipitation is extremely more sensitive to CO1 content than asphaltene content, even though the contribution from asphaltene content in the oil cannot be ignored. The large overall reaction order (m + )I > 4) also provides the experimental evidence to confirm that asphaltene precipitation is not an elementary process. 03/00534 Mechanics of oil sands slurry flow in a flexible pipeline system Frimpong, S. et NI. Irlternutronal Journul 01 Surface Mining, RecIumtrtiotl
03/00530 Contact adsorbent for thermal contact processing of petroleum refining residues Galimov, Zh. F. et al. Russ. Ru 2,176,546 (Cl. B01.120~16). IO Dee 2001. Appl. 2,000,108.224, 3 Apr 2000. (In Russian)
Experience
untl
Ertvrronment,
2002,
16, (2).
105S I2
I.
Slurry transportation is an economic haulage system in oil sands and coal-mining operations characterized by long haulage distances and rugged terrain. Hydraulic transportation is a proven and viable in such conditions. Currently. technology for slurry transportation