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A Study of the Phosphorus Requirements of Young Bobwhite Quail
CA, P AND VITAMIN D REQUIREMENTS OF PHEASANTS
E. Butters for technical assistance in making the bone ash determinations, REFERENCES
Scott, M. L., E. R. Holm and R. E. Reynolds, 1954b. Studies on pheasant nutrition. 3. Effect of antibiotics, arsenicals and thyroactive compounds upon growth and feathering in pheasant chicks. Poultry Sci. 33: 1261-1265. Scott, M. L., E. R. Holm and R. E. Reynolds, 1955. Effect of diet on the ability of young pheasant chicks to withstand the stress of cold, drenching rain. Poultry Sci. 34: 949-956. Scott, M. L., and R. E. Reynolds, 1949. Studies on the nutrition of pheasant chicks. Poultry Sci. 28: 392-397. Singsen, E. P., 1948. The phosphorus requirement of the chicken with special reference to the availability of phytin phosphorus. Storrs Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 260: 3-53. Sunde, M. L., and H. R. Bird, 1956. A critical need of phosphorus for the young pheasant. Poultry Sci. 35:424-430.
A Study of the Phosphorus Requirements of Young Bobwhite Quail M . L. SCOTT
Department of Poidtry Husbandry, Cornell University, E A R L R. H O L M
New York State Conservation Department, Albany, New York, AND R. E. R E Y N O L D S
New York State Game Farm, Ithaca, New York (Received for publication April 11, 1958)
C T U D I E S by DeWitt, Nestler and ^ Derby (1949) on the calcium and phosphorus requirements of breeding Bobwhite quail indicated that for satisfactory condition of the breeders, egg production, fertility, hatchability and survival of offspring during the winter, the quail breeder ration should contain approximately 1.0 percent phosphorus and 2.3 percent calcium. In view of the relatively high requirements of breeding quail for these mineral elements, especially phosphorus, it was considered desirable
to determine the phosphorus requirement of young, growing quail. The results of the study are presented in this report. EXPERIMENTAL The experiments were conducted at the Ithaca Game Farm of the New York State Conservation Department. During the starting period, the quail were housed in wire pens on litter. Infra-red lamps were used as the source of heat in each pen, the distance of the lamp from the floor being adjusted to maintain proper brooding
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Hawaii - Manoa on June 8, 2015
Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, 1955. Official Methods of Analysis, 8th Ed. Published by Assoc, of Official Agr. Chemists, Washington, D.C. McGinnis, J., 1944a. Studies on the utilization by the chick of phosphorus supplied entirely from plant sources. Ph.D. Thesis. Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. McGinnis, J., L. C. Norris and G. F. Heuser, 1944b. Poor utilization of phosphorus in cereals and legumes by chicks for bone development. Poultry Sci. 23: 157-159. Scott, M. L., E. R. Holm and R. E. Reynolds, 1954a. Studies on pheasant nutrition. 2. Protein and fiber levels in diets for young pheasants. Poultry Sci. 33: 1237-1244.
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M. L. SCOTT, E. R. HOLM AND R. E. REYNOLDS
TABLE 1.—Basal phosphorus-deficient starter diet for quail Pounds per ton
Yellow corn meal Wheat, ground Oats, pulverized Soybean-oil meal, low fiber, 50% protein Fish solubles, dried, 60% protein (Sard-X) Grain distillers solubles, dried Whey, dried whole Brewers yeast, dried Limestone, ground Salt, mineralized D-activated animal sterol, 3,000 I.C.U. B/gm. Stabilized vitamin A, 10,000 I.U. A/gm. Alfalfa meal, 17% protein (100,000 A/lb.) # Antibiotic feed supplement, 5 gms. aureomycin/lb. Manganese sulfate, feed grade Vitamin E supplement, 20,000 I.U,/lb. Niacin, pure Vitamin K (Menadione) Calcium pantothenate, pure Vitamin B12
589* 100 200 870 10 40 40 40 —* 5 1 2 60 2 0.5 0.33 (40 gms.) ( 0.5 gm.) ( 5.0 gm.) ( 6 mg.)
Nutrient composition: Protein, % Fat, % Fiber, % Calcium, % Phosphorus, % Vitamin A, I.U./lb. Vitamin Da, I.C.U./lb.
28.8 2.3 3.1 1.65 0.50 7,500 680
* As phosphorus additions were made, the levels of limestone and corn meal were adjusted to maintain a constant calcium level in the diet.
temperatures. The birds appeared to be comfortable at all times. Feed and water were supplied ad libitum. Each experimental lot contained 25 Bobwhite quail of mixed sex at the start of the experiments. All treatments were run in duplicate, the lots being distributed among twenty-four 4 ' X 4 ' pens. The basal phosphorus-deficient diet used in this experiment was the same as that used for the study of the phosphorus requirement of pheasants (Scott, Holm and Reynolds, 1958). The composition of the diet is presented in Table 1. The pertinent nutrient composition of this diet is also presented in the table. The phosphorus content of the basal diet was found to be 0.5 percent by analysis using the official A.O.A.C. method (1955) for determination of phosphorus in feedstuffs. Growth and calcification of the tibia were used as criteria of measurement in determining the phosphorus requirement. The bone ash determinations were con-
RESULTS
The results, presented in Table 2, show the effects upon growth and calcification of adding graded levels of phosphorus, as dicalcium phosphate, to the basal diet during the first six weeks of growth in young quail. It is apparent from these results that Bobwhite quail show a very low requirement for added, inorganic phosphorus. The addition of 0.1% phosphorus to the basal diet produced growth and calcification of the tibia equivalent to that obtained with any of the higher levels of phosphorus supplementation. Under the conditions of this experiment, therefore, the phosphorus requirement of young Bobwhite quail appears to be no more than 0.6% of total phosphorus. Phosphorus requirement during six to twelve week growth period. In order to obtain information concerning the phosphorus requirements of Bobwhite quail during the growth period between six and TABLE 2.—The phosphorus requirements of starting Bobwhite quail Average weight
added P*
% None 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6
No. of Average survivors tibia ash, 4 weeks 6 weeks 6 wks.f 6wks. gm. 61 68 66 66 67 66
gm. 90 99 93 96 98 99
% 49 45 46 44 45 41
58.3 60.0 60.4 60.9 60.3 60.0
* Basal diet contained 1.6% Ca, 0.5% P and 680 I.C.U. vitamin D 3 per lb. t Duplicate lots of 25 quail per treatment a t the start.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Hawaii - Manoa on June 8, 2015
Ingredients
ducted at 600° C. on the clean, moisturefree, fat-free bone. The cartilage cap was included with the bone in making the ash determinations. Analyses were conducted on both the right and left tibia of at least four quail per treatment.
PHOSPHORUS REQUIREMENTS OF QUAIL
that present in the diet containing 0.1% of added phosphorus. The growth, feather development and calcification in all quail in this experiment was considered to be excellent for the strain of Bobwhite quail used. Therefore, under the conditions of this experiment, the phosphorus requirement of Bobwhite quail during this period of growth is no more than 0.48% of total phosphorus. DISCUSSION
Under the conditions of these experiments, young Bobwhite quail did not show a high requirement for inorganic phosphorus. Indeed, the growth and calcification obtained with the basal diet containing no appreciable amounts of inorganic phosphorus were not significantly inferior to those obtained with the various levels of added phosphorus from dicalcium phosphate. Since the bone ash values obtained with the addition of 0.1% of added P were someTABLE 3.—Basal phosphorus-deficient grower diet what better than those obtained on the for quail basal diet, and were equal to those obtained with higher levels of phosphorus, it Pounds Ingredients per ton appears that the phosphorus requirement Corn meal 940 for optimum results in Bobwhite quail is Oats, pulverized 200 approximately 0.6% total phosphorus in a Wheat, ground 100 Soybean oil meal, low fiber, 50% protein 472 well balanced practical ration. Fish solubles, dried, 60% protein (Sard-X) 20 Brewers yeast, dried 40 Distillers solubles, corn 40 The basal ration used in these experiWhey, dried whole 40 Alfalfa meal, 17% protein (100,000 A/lb.) 60 ments was well fortified with sources of Limestone 40* Manganese sulfate, feed grade 0.5 unidentified chick growth factors such as Salt, iodized 5 Stabilized A, 5,000 I.U. vitamin A/gm. 2 dried brewers' yeast, fish solubles, disD-activated animal sterol, 3,0001.C.U. vit. D j / gm. tillers dried solubles and dried whey. Un1 Vitamin Bu ( 6 mg.) Vitamin E (6,700 I.U.) published experiments conducted at CorNiacin ( 40 gms.) Menadione ( 0.5gm.) nell University with chicks and poults inCalcium pantothenate ( 5.0gm.) dicate that the phosphorus in these maAntibiotic (aureomycin) ( 10 gms.) Nutrient composition: terials is highly available. Butters and Protein, % 20.4 Scott (1956) also indicated that these maFat, % 3.0 Fiber, % 3.0 Calcium, % 1.45 terials may contain an unidentified factor Phosphorus, % 0.38 or factors which improves the efficiency of Vitamin A, I.U./lb. 7,500 Vitamin Di, LC.U.Ab. 680 utilization of phosphorus. * Limestone level was adjusted to maintain a constant calTherefore, it appears likely that the cium level in all experimental diets.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Hawaii - Manoa on June 8, 2015
twelve weeks of age, an experiment was conducted using the basal diet shown in Table 3. This diet was supplemented with dicalcium phosphate to produce rations containing 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.6% added phosphorus. Each of these levels of added phosphorus was fed to duplicate lots of three male and three female quail per lot. The quail used in this experiment were selected from the lots which had received 0.1% and 0.2% of added P during the starting period, in such a manner that each lot contained quail of equivalent average weight at the start of the experiment. Each lot of quail was housed in a raised, wire-floored, covered pen out of doors. The pens had a floor space of 2 by 4 feet, and contained an enclosed nest-like shelter at one end of the cage. The results of the experiment at 12 weeks of age are presented in Table 4. These results show that the phosphorus requirement of growing quail between the age of 6 and 12 weeks is no greater than
1427
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M. L. ScoTT,rE. R. HOLM AND R. E. REYNOLDS
NEWS AND NOTES (Continued from page 1403) Association for the Advancement of Science, and research as applied to dairy, poultry and animal husbandry; and (2) research in transmissible disthe British Columbia Academy of Science. eases of livestock and poultry. RALSTON PURINA FELLOWSHIPS The objective of the fellowships is to assist in the Applications and the required information for training of additional personnel for leadership in the not more than ten fellowships, sponsored by the the science of livestock and poultry production. Ralston Purina Company, St. Louis, Missouri for Any individual qualified for graduate study in any the year July 1, 1959 to June 30, I960, must be in Land-Grant Agricultural College or approved the hands of the Ralston Purina Research Award Veterinary College (including Canadian Colleges) Committee, c/o Mr. J. D. Sykes, Ralston Purina who possesses desirable personal qualifications and Company, St. Louis 2, Missouri, postmarked not submits a completed application may be eligible. later than February 28, 1959. Not more than three Application blanks have been sent to agriculfellowships will be awarded in each of poultry hus- tural colleges throughout the United States and bandry, dairy husbandry, and animal husbandry; Canada. They also may be obtained from the and not more than one in the field of veterinary Ralston Purina Research Award Committee, c/o science. Each fellowship is $1,800 annually. Awards Mr. J. D. Sykes, Ralston Purina Company, St. are made in the fields of (1) nutrition and physiology Louis 2, Missouri. (Continued on page 1459)
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Hawaii - Manoa on June 8, 2015
TABLE 4.—Growth and calcification in Bobwhile quail SUMMARY receiving different phosphorus levels during the Studies of the phosphorus requirements 6 to 12 weeks growth period of Bobwhite quail indicate that, under >vel of Average weights! Average the conditions of these experiments, the ',, p * tibia ash, total phosphorus requirement during the atair 8 weeks 12 weeks 12 wks. starting period is approximately 0.6%. The % gm. gm. % requirement during the growth period be0.1 128 166 62.6 0.2 128 164 63.8 tween 6 and 12 weeks of age, appears to 0.6 127 177 62.1 be no higher than 0.48 percent of total phosphorus. * Basal diet contained 1.5% Ca, 0.38% P. t Six male and six female quail per treatment. No REFERENCES mortality during experiment. Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, 1955. Official Methods of Analysis, 8th Ed. Published phosphorus requirements of the Bob white by Assoc, of Official Agr. Chemists, Washington, quail may be similar to those set forth for D.C. chicks by the National Academy of Butters, H. E., and M. L. Scott, 1956. Further Sciences-National Research Council studies on leg weakness in turkeys. Poultry Sci. (1954), which states that the total phos35: 1135. phorus requirement is 0.6%, but that the DeWitt, J. B., R. B. Nestler and J. V. Derby, Jr., 1949. Calcium and phosphorus requirements of requirement for non-phytin phosphorus is breeding Bobwhite quail. J. Nutrition, 39: approximately 0.45%. When rations are 567-577. used that contain considerable quantities National Academy of Sciences-National Research of wheat by-products and low-protein Council Publication 301. 1954. Nutrient requiresoybean oil meal, the phytin phosphorus ments of young pheasants. Poultry Sci. 37:14191425. is increased to an extent that it is necessary to supply more than 0.6% of total Scott, M. L., E. R. Holm and R. E. Reynolds, 1958. The calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D requirephosphorus in order to provide a minimum ments of young pheasants. Poultry Sci. 37: 1419of 0.45% of available phosphorus. 1425.
E. Butters for technical assistance in making the bone ash determinations, REFERENCES
Scott, M. L., E. R. Holm and R. E. Reynolds, 1954b. Studies on pheasant nutrition. 3. Effect of antibiotics, arsenicals and thyroactive compounds upon growth and feathering in pheasant chicks. Poultry Sci. 33: 1261-1265. Scott, M. L., E. R. Holm and R. E. Reynolds, 1955. Effect of diet on the ability of young pheasant chicks to withstand the stress of cold, drenching rain. Poultry Sci. 34: 949-956. Scott, M. L., and R. E. Reynolds, 1949. Studies on the nutrition of pheasant chicks. Poultry Sci. 28: 392-397. Singsen, E. P., 1948. The phosphorus requirement of the chicken with special reference to the availability of phytin phosphorus. Storrs Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 260: 3-53. Sunde, M. L., and H. R. Bird, 1956. A critical need of phosphorus for the young pheasant. Poultry Sci. 35:424-430.
A Study of the Phosphorus Requirements of Young Bobwhite Quail M . L. SCOTT
Department of Poidtry Husbandry, Cornell University, E A R L R. H O L M
New York State Conservation Department, Albany, New York, AND R. E. R E Y N O L D S
New York State Game Farm, Ithaca, New York (Received for publication April 11, 1958)
C T U D I E S by DeWitt, Nestler and ^ Derby (1949) on the calcium and phosphorus requirements of breeding Bobwhite quail indicated that for satisfactory condition of the breeders, egg production, fertility, hatchability and survival of offspring during the winter, the quail breeder ration should contain approximately 1.0 percent phosphorus and 2.3 percent calcium. In view of the relatively high requirements of breeding quail for these mineral elements, especially phosphorus, it was considered desirable
to determine the phosphorus requirement of young, growing quail. The results of the study are presented in this report. EXPERIMENTAL The experiments were conducted at the Ithaca Game Farm of the New York State Conservation Department. During the starting period, the quail were housed in wire pens on litter. Infra-red lamps were used as the source of heat in each pen, the distance of the lamp from the floor being adjusted to maintain proper brooding
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Hawaii - Manoa on June 8, 2015
Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, 1955. Official Methods of Analysis, 8th Ed. Published by Assoc, of Official Agr. Chemists, Washington, D.C. McGinnis, J., 1944a. Studies on the utilization by the chick of phosphorus supplied entirely from plant sources. Ph.D. Thesis. Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. McGinnis, J., L. C. Norris and G. F. Heuser, 1944b. Poor utilization of phosphorus in cereals and legumes by chicks for bone development. Poultry Sci. 23: 157-159. Scott, M. L., E. R. Holm and R. E. Reynolds, 1954a. Studies on pheasant nutrition. 2. Protein and fiber levels in diets for young pheasants. Poultry Sci. 33: 1237-1244.
1425
1426
M. L. SCOTT, E. R. HOLM AND R. E. REYNOLDS
TABLE 1.—Basal phosphorus-deficient starter diet for quail Pounds per ton
Yellow corn meal Wheat, ground Oats, pulverized Soybean-oil meal, low fiber, 50% protein Fish solubles, dried, 60% protein (Sard-X) Grain distillers solubles, dried Whey, dried whole Brewers yeast, dried Limestone, ground Salt, mineralized D-activated animal sterol, 3,000 I.C.U. B/gm. Stabilized vitamin A, 10,000 I.U. A/gm. Alfalfa meal, 17% protein (100,000 A/lb.) # Antibiotic feed supplement, 5 gms. aureomycin/lb. Manganese sulfate, feed grade Vitamin E supplement, 20,000 I.U,/lb. Niacin, pure Vitamin K (Menadione) Calcium pantothenate, pure Vitamin B12
589* 100 200 870 10 40 40 40 —* 5 1 2 60 2 0.5 0.33 (40 gms.) ( 0.5 gm.) ( 5.0 gm.) ( 6 mg.)
Nutrient composition: Protein, % Fat, % Fiber, % Calcium, % Phosphorus, % Vitamin A, I.U./lb. Vitamin Da, I.C.U./lb.
28.8 2.3 3.1 1.65 0.50 7,500 680
* As phosphorus additions were made, the levels of limestone and corn meal were adjusted to maintain a constant calcium level in the diet.
temperatures. The birds appeared to be comfortable at all times. Feed and water were supplied ad libitum. Each experimental lot contained 25 Bobwhite quail of mixed sex at the start of the experiments. All treatments were run in duplicate, the lots being distributed among twenty-four 4 ' X 4 ' pens. The basal phosphorus-deficient diet used in this experiment was the same as that used for the study of the phosphorus requirement of pheasants (Scott, Holm and Reynolds, 1958). The composition of the diet is presented in Table 1. The pertinent nutrient composition of this diet is also presented in the table. The phosphorus content of the basal diet was found to be 0.5 percent by analysis using the official A.O.A.C. method (1955) for determination of phosphorus in feedstuffs. Growth and calcification of the tibia were used as criteria of measurement in determining the phosphorus requirement. The bone ash determinations were con-
RESULTS
The results, presented in Table 2, show the effects upon growth and calcification of adding graded levels of phosphorus, as dicalcium phosphate, to the basal diet during the first six weeks of growth in young quail. It is apparent from these results that Bobwhite quail show a very low requirement for added, inorganic phosphorus. The addition of 0.1% phosphorus to the basal diet produced growth and calcification of the tibia equivalent to that obtained with any of the higher levels of phosphorus supplementation. Under the conditions of this experiment, therefore, the phosphorus requirement of young Bobwhite quail appears to be no more than 0.6% of total phosphorus. Phosphorus requirement during six to twelve week growth period. In order to obtain information concerning the phosphorus requirements of Bobwhite quail during the growth period between six and TABLE 2.—The phosphorus requirements of starting Bobwhite quail Average weight
added P*
% None 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6
No. of Average survivors tibia ash, 4 weeks 6 weeks 6 wks.f 6wks. gm. 61 68 66 66 67 66
gm. 90 99 93 96 98 99
% 49 45 46 44 45 41
58.3 60.0 60.4 60.9 60.3 60.0
* Basal diet contained 1.6% Ca, 0.5% P and 680 I.C.U. vitamin D 3 per lb. t Duplicate lots of 25 quail per treatment a t the start.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Hawaii - Manoa on June 8, 2015
Ingredients
ducted at 600° C. on the clean, moisturefree, fat-free bone. The cartilage cap was included with the bone in making the ash determinations. Analyses were conducted on both the right and left tibia of at least four quail per treatment.
PHOSPHORUS REQUIREMENTS OF QUAIL
that present in the diet containing 0.1% of added phosphorus. The growth, feather development and calcification in all quail in this experiment was considered to be excellent for the strain of Bobwhite quail used. Therefore, under the conditions of this experiment, the phosphorus requirement of Bobwhite quail during this period of growth is no more than 0.48% of total phosphorus. DISCUSSION
Under the conditions of these experiments, young Bobwhite quail did not show a high requirement for inorganic phosphorus. Indeed, the growth and calcification obtained with the basal diet containing no appreciable amounts of inorganic phosphorus were not significantly inferior to those obtained with the various levels of added phosphorus from dicalcium phosphate. Since the bone ash values obtained with the addition of 0.1% of added P were someTABLE 3.—Basal phosphorus-deficient grower diet what better than those obtained on the for quail basal diet, and were equal to those obtained with higher levels of phosphorus, it Pounds Ingredients per ton appears that the phosphorus requirement Corn meal 940 for optimum results in Bobwhite quail is Oats, pulverized 200 approximately 0.6% total phosphorus in a Wheat, ground 100 Soybean oil meal, low fiber, 50% protein 472 well balanced practical ration. Fish solubles, dried, 60% protein (Sard-X) 20 Brewers yeast, dried 40 Distillers solubles, corn 40 The basal ration used in these experiWhey, dried whole 40 Alfalfa meal, 17% protein (100,000 A/lb.) 60 ments was well fortified with sources of Limestone 40* Manganese sulfate, feed grade 0.5 unidentified chick growth factors such as Salt, iodized 5 Stabilized A, 5,000 I.U. vitamin A/gm. 2 dried brewers' yeast, fish solubles, disD-activated animal sterol, 3,0001.C.U. vit. D j / gm. tillers dried solubles and dried whey. Un1 Vitamin Bu ( 6 mg.) Vitamin E (6,700 I.U.) published experiments conducted at CorNiacin ( 40 gms.) Menadione ( 0.5gm.) nell University with chicks and poults inCalcium pantothenate ( 5.0gm.) dicate that the phosphorus in these maAntibiotic (aureomycin) ( 10 gms.) Nutrient composition: terials is highly available. Butters and Protein, % 20.4 Scott (1956) also indicated that these maFat, % 3.0 Fiber, % 3.0 Calcium, % 1.45 terials may contain an unidentified factor Phosphorus, % 0.38 or factors which improves the efficiency of Vitamin A, I.U./lb. 7,500 Vitamin Di, LC.U.Ab. 680 utilization of phosphorus. * Limestone level was adjusted to maintain a constant calTherefore, it appears likely that the cium level in all experimental diets.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Hawaii - Manoa on June 8, 2015
twelve weeks of age, an experiment was conducted using the basal diet shown in Table 3. This diet was supplemented with dicalcium phosphate to produce rations containing 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.6% added phosphorus. Each of these levels of added phosphorus was fed to duplicate lots of three male and three female quail per lot. The quail used in this experiment were selected from the lots which had received 0.1% and 0.2% of added P during the starting period, in such a manner that each lot contained quail of equivalent average weight at the start of the experiment. Each lot of quail was housed in a raised, wire-floored, covered pen out of doors. The pens had a floor space of 2 by 4 feet, and contained an enclosed nest-like shelter at one end of the cage. The results of the experiment at 12 weeks of age are presented in Table 4. These results show that the phosphorus requirement of growing quail between the age of 6 and 12 weeks is no greater than
1427
1428
M. L. ScoTT,rE. R. HOLM AND R. E. REYNOLDS
NEWS AND NOTES (Continued from page 1403) Association for the Advancement of Science, and research as applied to dairy, poultry and animal husbandry; and (2) research in transmissible disthe British Columbia Academy of Science. eases of livestock and poultry. RALSTON PURINA FELLOWSHIPS The objective of the fellowships is to assist in the Applications and the required information for training of additional personnel for leadership in the not more than ten fellowships, sponsored by the the science of livestock and poultry production. Ralston Purina Company, St. Louis, Missouri for Any individual qualified for graduate study in any the year July 1, 1959 to June 30, I960, must be in Land-Grant Agricultural College or approved the hands of the Ralston Purina Research Award Veterinary College (including Canadian Colleges) Committee, c/o Mr. J. D. Sykes, Ralston Purina who possesses desirable personal qualifications and Company, St. Louis 2, Missouri, postmarked not submits a completed application may be eligible. later than February 28, 1959. Not more than three Application blanks have been sent to agriculfellowships will be awarded in each of poultry hus- tural colleges throughout the United States and bandry, dairy husbandry, and animal husbandry; Canada. They also may be obtained from the and not more than one in the field of veterinary Ralston Purina Research Award Committee, c/o science. Each fellowship is $1,800 annually. Awards Mr. J. D. Sykes, Ralston Purina Company, St. are made in the fields of (1) nutrition and physiology Louis 2, Missouri. (Continued on page 1459)
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Hawaii - Manoa on June 8, 2015
TABLE 4.—Growth and calcification in Bobwhile quail SUMMARY receiving different phosphorus levels during the Studies of the phosphorus requirements 6 to 12 weeks growth period of Bobwhite quail indicate that, under >vel of Average weights! Average the conditions of these experiments, the ',, p * tibia ash, total phosphorus requirement during the atair 8 weeks 12 weeks 12 wks. starting period is approximately 0.6%. The % gm. gm. % requirement during the growth period be0.1 128 166 62.6 0.2 128 164 63.8 tween 6 and 12 weeks of age, appears to 0.6 127 177 62.1 be no higher than 0.48 percent of total phosphorus. * Basal diet contained 1.5% Ca, 0.38% P. t Six male and six female quail per treatment. No REFERENCES mortality during experiment. Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, 1955. Official Methods of Analysis, 8th Ed. Published phosphorus requirements of the Bob white by Assoc, of Official Agr. Chemists, Washington, quail may be similar to those set forth for D.C. chicks by the National Academy of Butters, H. E., and M. L. Scott, 1956. Further Sciences-National Research Council studies on leg weakness in turkeys. Poultry Sci. (1954), which states that the total phos35: 1135. phorus requirement is 0.6%, but that the DeWitt, J. B., R. B. Nestler and J. V. Derby, Jr., 1949. Calcium and phosphorus requirements of requirement for non-phytin phosphorus is breeding Bobwhite quail. J. Nutrition, 39: approximately 0.45%. When rations are 567-577. used that contain considerable quantities National Academy of Sciences-National Research of wheat by-products and low-protein Council Publication 301. 1954. Nutrient requiresoybean oil meal, the phytin phosphorus ments of young pheasants. Poultry Sci. 37:14191425. is increased to an extent that it is necessary to supply more than 0.6% of total Scott, M. L., E. R. Holm and R. E. Reynolds, 1958. The calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D requirephosphorus in order to provide a minimum ments of young pheasants. Poultry Sci. 37: 1419of 0.45% of available phosphorus. 1425.