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A study on mechanical properties of bamboo fiber reinforced polymer composite
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
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A study on mechanical properties of bamboo fiber reinforced polymer composite P. Lokesh a, T.S.A. Surya Kumari a, R. Gopi b, Ganesh Babu Loganathan c a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adhi College of Engineering and Technology, Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu, India c Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Tishk International University, Erbil-Kurdistan, Iraq b
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 23 August 2019 Received in revised form 8 November 2019 Accepted 11 November 2019 Available online xxxx Keywords: Bamboo fiber Hand lay-up method Tensile test Flexural test Impact test
a b s t r a c t The modern, dynamic world can’t imagine its development without carrying the concept of advancement in composite materials. Various researches are going on in this field to achieve the desired standard. Natural fiber reinforced polymer composite (NFPC) has a huge affinity to interchange the composite made up of synthetic fiber. This is primarily because of the advantages like light-weight, non-toxic, nonabrasive, easy availability, low cost and biodegradable properties. The specific mechanical properties like specific tensile modulus and other specific properties of natural fiber gives a satisfying result for composites as compared to synthetic fiber based composites. The objective of article is to investigate the mechanical behaviour of short treated and untreated bamboo fiber reinforced epoxy based composites. Bamboo fibres with different length and contents are reinforced with epoxy resin to fabricate composite materials. The effect of fiber length and content on the mechanical behaviour of composites is studied. Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Materials Engineering and Characterization 2019.
1. Introduction The purpose of article is to determine the connection between varied size of short bamboo fiber within the composite and their mechanical behaviour. In fiber reinforced polymer composite, the fiber used may be of different size [1]. Depending upon the application and the type of property to be imparted to the composite, size of fibers are accordingly determined. In fiber strengthened chemical compound composite, the reinforcing is either of fibrous or is non-fibrous. If the fiber utilized in the composite comes from the natural resources like animals or plants, then the fiber is claimed to be fibre and the composite is said to be natural fiber reinforced polymer composite. Many a times, it does happen that the mechanical behaviour of a NFPCs do not gives a convincing result and have shown inconsistent values in many cases [2–15] Lack of comfortable knowledge for such fibers and their irregular characteristics area unit the prime reason behind this. On the opposite hand, there are many problems associated with the fiber that wills to bring a full point to the analysis E-mail addresses: [email protected] (R. Gopi), [email protected] (G. Babu Loganathan)
occurring during this field. But despite the fact that researchers have shown their benchmark contribution to the present challenge and became sure-fire at several steps. The mechanical behaviour of the NFPCs are principally influenced by the massive range of parameters like volume fraction of fibers, fibers length, fibers side quantitative relation, fiber–matrix adhesion, fiber orientation, and stress transfer at the interface. Hence to improve the overall mechanical behaviour of the composites, the properties of matrix and fibers have to be improved first. Several investigations are created on numerous natural fibers like jute and bamboo to check the result of those fibers on the mechanical and physical strength of composite materials [16–21]. Better the bonding at the interface between the fibers and therefore the matrices higher is that the mechanical behaviour of the composite. Since the load will be simply transfer to the fibers by the matrix [22]. It has been reported by few investigators that the mechanical properties of the composites gets improved with increment in interfacial strength [23–25]. Bamboo finds its application in composite materials in many forms. These forms vary from short bamboo fiber to long strips together with the total bamboo. Researchers have expanded their interest within the development by victimization the usage of raw materials like bamboo fiber
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.100 2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Materials Engineering and Characterization 2019.
Please cite this article as: P. Lokesh, T. S. A. Surya Kumari, R. Gopi et al., A study on mechanical properties of bamboo fiber reinforced polymer composite, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.100
2
P. Lokesh et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
that is stronger yet as may be utilized in generating high finish quality property industrial product [26]. The impact strength of a composite once bolstered with a brief bamboo fiber has been studied by many investigators for various fiber length and fiber content and optimum property has been reported [21]. Studies on characterized short sisal and coconut fibers composites as well as sisal fabric composites using compact tension specimens have been made. It was found that increasing fiber content increased fracture toughness of the composites [23]. Reinforcement of matrix with these short natural fibers increases the fracture toughness of the composites significantly [26–33]. Three different kinds of natural fibers bamboo fiber, sugarcane pulp and banana fibers were studied and it had been found that every one of those composites have their fracture toughness magnified. Fiber and sugarcane pulp fibers reinforcement improved the fracture toughness by 15%, 7%, and 17.8% severally. Polyester bolstered with short bamboo fibers starting from 10 to 50, 30 to 30 and 30 to 60 pastry at increments of 10 pastry for bamboo fibers at 4 mm, 7 mm and 10 mm length severally was studied. The increment in fiber content deteriorates the fracture toughness at 4 mm of fiber length. Positive impact of fiber reinforcement was ascertained for seven and 10 mm fibers length. The optimum fiber content is found to be at 40 pastry for 7 mm fiber and 50 pastry for 10 mm fiber. The very best fracture toughness was achieved at 10 mm/ 50 pastry fiber bolstered composite. The impact of short fiber on mechanical behaviour of composite has been studied by few investigators. The impact of chemical treatment on mechanical behaviour of banana fiber bolstered polyester composites has been studied and rumored that the mechanical properties of various alkali treated banana fiber composites showed improved fiber matrix interactions [25]. Short sisal fiber reinforced with Low density Polyethylene (LDPE) has been studied and it was shown that the tensile properties of the sisal-LDPE composites was enhanced [24]. Chemically treated natural fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites offered enhanced mechanical and physical properties under extreme conditions. Tensile properties such as tensile strength and tensile modulus of chemically treated short sisal fiber reinforced composites with different fiber loading has been studied [21]. Jute fibers are found to be very good in enhancing the fiber matrix adhesion and thus mechanical properties in jute fiber reinforced Polypropylene (PP) composites. Impact behaviour of natural fiber reinforced polymer composites has been studied by few investigators [16–21]. Physical and mechanical properties of sisal fiber reinforced epoxy composites were reported by Bisanda and Ansell [24]. Yang et al. [26] have studied mechanical properties and morphology of thermoplastic polymer composites filled with rice husk flour. In the present study involves that fiber reinforced polymer matrix of bamboo fiber developed by using hand lay-up method with reinforcements other varying size of bamboo fibers which may be in form of flake, whole bamboo, sections, strips etc. In order to achieve the desired mechanical properties in composite materials. Presently, epoxy, reinforced with bamboo and hemp with saw dust as a filler material is hot topic of research and is used to fabricate an eco-friendly helmet which can be a substitute for synthetic helmets. This fabrication includes compression moulding technique. Further research in the field of bamboo composites can be extended to the fabrication of ecofriendly tyres by converting the bamboo fibers into its carbon black and then treating it with the thermoplastic resin. The composite is further done by hand lay-up process and compared for the mechanical properties. Mechanical properties like tensile strength, flexural and impact polymer matrix are to be listed and analyzed. And the overview of the project and results are to be noted down.
2. Materials and methods 2.1. Fiber: Bamboo fiber was used as primary reinforcement material. Composite samples were fabricated using hand lay-up method followed by compression. The samples were prepared as per ASTM standards for testing. Tensile test was performed as per ASTM D638 standard with a test speed of 2 mm/min. Flexural test and Impact test were performed by ASTM D790 and ASTM D256, respectively [28]. 2.2. Materials used The materials that are used in the present study and the methods by which these materials are processed. The materials that are used in the present concern of study are 1. Epoxy Resin, 2. Bamboo Fiber and 3. Hardener. 2.3. Fabrication methods Hand Layup is the simplest polymer processing techniques. Fibers can be laid onto a mold by hand and the resin (unsaturated polyester, epoxy resin are the most common) is sprayed or brushed on. Frequently, resin and fibers (chopped) are sprayed together onto the mold surface. In both cases, the deposited layers are densified with rollers. Accelerators and catalysts are frequently used. Curing may be done at room temperature. The desired fish scale powder and epoxy were mixed in a container and stirred well for 5–7 min. After adding the hardener, the mixture was again stirred for 10 min to obtain homogeneous mixture. Before the mixture was placed inside the glass mould (120 mm 120 mm 4 mm), the mould has initially been polished with a release agent to prevent the composites from sticking onto it upon removal. Finally, the mixture was poured into the mould and left at room temperature for 24 h until the mixture was hardened. To investigate the mechanical and physical properties of composites, the samples were fabricated with various PSP loadings (10 to 35 wt%) When the composite was hardened, it was removed from the mould and placed inside an oven for 12 h at 40 °C for curing. The tensile, flexural and impact specimens were cut from the prepared composite sheets according to ASTM standards. Schematic representation of the fabrication of FS/Epoxy composite is shown in Fig. 1. The following steps are used to fabricate the composites. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
Placing the bottom mould plate with silicon rubber, Adding catalyst, accelerator, promoter to resin, Mixing resin to the fiber and Closing with the top mould plate.
3. Testing methods A Wire cutting Electro discharge machine (EDM) was used to cut each laminate into smaller pieces in accordance with ASTM standard D 3039-76, D 256 for tensile, flexural and impact test respectively [28]. Test samples are cut into desired specimens are shown in the Fig. 2. 4. Results and discussions 4.1. Effect of fiber parameters on tensile strength of composites Tensile strength of a material is defined as the resistance offered by the material to get broken under tension. Effect of fiber loading and fiber layer on tensile strength of composite are shown in Fig. 3.
Please cite this article as: P. Lokesh, T. S. A. Surya Kumari, R. Gopi et al., A study on mechanical properties of bamboo fiber reinforced polymer composite, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.100
P. Lokesh et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
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Fig. 1. The hand layup technique.
Fig. 2. Test samples of desired dimensions.
Fig. 3. Effect of fiber parameters on tensile strength of composite.
Tensile strength in this case varies with varying composition and it is found that the strength goes on increasing with increasing percentage of fiber in the composite for each length of fiber [27]. The tensile properties measured in the present work are well compared with various earlier investigators, though the method of extraction of bamboo fiber is different. The tensile modulus indicates the relative stiffness of a material and can thus be obtained from stress strain diagram. Optimum value of tensile strength for the composite is found to be at treated 30% fiber loading for each length of fiber. The stress strain relationship of different layers of bamboo fiber are shown in Figs. 4, 5, 6 & 7. The Table 1 shows tensile strength of the treated and untreated of bamboo layer.
Please cite this article as: P. Lokesh, T. S. A. Surya Kumari, R. Gopi et al., A study on mechanical properties of bamboo fiber reinforced polymer composite, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.100
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P. Lokesh et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Fig. 7. Tensile test: 3 layer bamboo (UT).
Fig. 4. Tensile test: 1-LayerBamboo (T).
Table 1 Treated and Untreated of tensile strength of bamboo layer. Bamboo layer
Treated Tensile strength (MPa)
UnTreated Tensile strength (MPa)
1 2 3
7.81 9.51 18.07
6.74 4.35 16.51
Fig. 8. Effect of fiber parameters on flexural strength of composite. Fig. 5. Tensile test: 1-Layer (UT).
4.2. Effect of fiber parameters on flexural strength of composites
Fig. 6. Tensile test: 3 layer bamboo (T).
Flexural strength is defined as the ability of a composite by virtue of which it opposes the deformation likely to be imparted to it under the application of load. The effect of fiber loading and fiber length on flexural strength of composites are shown in Figs. 8, 9, 10 & 11. The test uses a flat specimen of rectangular cross section where the load is gradually applied with a speed of 1 mm per minute until the specimen fails at the given load. The test is accompanied by three point bend test. Flexural strength for bamboo reinforced polymer composite increases with increasing fiber loading and then decreases. The same results comply for fiber length as well. The linearly increasing trend of flexural strength with increasing treated fiber contents suggests that the bonding between the fibres and the matrix is relatively good. The lower value of flexural strength at higher fiber content may be because of insufficient matrix in the composite which could not be able to transfer the load to the fibers. The effect of weight fraction of fibre on mean flexural strength for other fibre reinforced composites in comparison to bamboo composites are more. This decrease is attributed to the inability of the fiber, irregularly shaped, to support stresses transferred from the polymer matrix and poor interfacial bonding generates partially spaces between fiber and matrix
Please cite this article as: P. Lokesh, T. S. A. Surya Kumari, R. Gopi et al., A study on mechanical properties of bamboo fiber reinforced polymer composite, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.100
P. Lokesh et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
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Fig. 9. Flexural Test: 1 LAYER T.
Fig. 10. Flexural Test: 1 LAYER UT.
Fig. 11. Flexural Test: 3- LAYER UT.
Please cite this article as: P. Lokesh, T. S. A. Surya Kumari, R. Gopi et al., A study on mechanical properties of bamboo fiber reinforced polymer composite, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.100
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P. Lokesh et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Table 2 Treated and untreated Ultimate/Break Load of bamboo layer. Bamboo layer
Treated Ultimate/Break Load (KN)
Untreated Ultimate/Break Load (KN)
1 2 3
0.930 0.150 0.180
0.265 0.205 0.045
bonding fibres. Lower values of impact strength and flexural strength at higher composition of bamboo fibres may be because of this reason. 4. The present study reveals that impact strength, tensile strength and flexural strength increases with increasing the treated content of fiber in composite materials.
Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. References Fig. 12. Effect of fiber parameters on impact strength of composites.
Table 3 Treated and Untreated impact test of bamboo layer. Bamboo layer
Treated (J)
Untreated (J)
1 2 3
1.5 2.5 3
1 1.5 1.8
material and as a result generates weak structure. The Table 2 shows ultimate/break Load of treated and untreated of bamboo layer. 4.3. Effect of fiber parameters on impact strength of composites Impact strength refers to a shock absorbing capacity of composite material. This is entirely related to a toughness of the composite material. The effect of fiber loading and fiber length on impact strength of composites is shown in Fig. 12. The decrease in impact strength or smaller variation in strength may be due to induce micro spaces between the fiber and matrix polymer, and as a result causes numerous micro- cracks when impact occurs, which induce crack propagation easily and decrease the impact strength of the composites. Generally the impact strength of composite materials increases with the increasing fiber content however the lower values of impact strength at higher composition of fiber may be because of improper adhesion between the matrix and the fibers. Higher content of fibres in composite requires higher matrix material but it is not likely to be so. Hence it is more likely that matrix is not able to transfer load to its fibers. The Table 3 refers impact strength of treated and untreated of bamboo layer. 5. Conclusion Bamboo fiber reinforced epoxy based polymer composite was fabricated and its mechanical behaviour was studied. The conclusions drawn from this experimental investigation are as follows: 1. Epoxy based composite materials reinforced with bamboo fibres have been successfully fabricated. 2. It has been explored that the mechanical properties of the composites such as tensile strength, flexural strength and impact strength highly influenced by the NaOH treated fibres used. 3. Excess of fibres in composite materials deteriorate the mechanical properties of the composite because of lack of proper bonding between the matrix and fiber around their interface. This causes the disruption in transfer of load to the
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Please cite this article as: P. Lokesh, T. S. A. Surya Kumari, R. Gopi et al., A study on mechanical properties of bamboo fiber reinforced polymer composite, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.100
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Materials Today: Proceedings journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr
A study on mechanical properties of bamboo fiber reinforced polymer composite P. Lokesh a, T.S.A. Surya Kumari a, R. Gopi b, Ganesh Babu Loganathan c a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adhi College of Engineering and Technology, Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu, India c Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Tishk International University, Erbil-Kurdistan, Iraq b
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 23 August 2019 Received in revised form 8 November 2019 Accepted 11 November 2019 Available online xxxx Keywords: Bamboo fiber Hand lay-up method Tensile test Flexural test Impact test
a b s t r a c t The modern, dynamic world can’t imagine its development without carrying the concept of advancement in composite materials. Various researches are going on in this field to achieve the desired standard. Natural fiber reinforced polymer composite (NFPC) has a huge affinity to interchange the composite made up of synthetic fiber. This is primarily because of the advantages like light-weight, non-toxic, nonabrasive, easy availability, low cost and biodegradable properties. The specific mechanical properties like specific tensile modulus and other specific properties of natural fiber gives a satisfying result for composites as compared to synthetic fiber based composites. The objective of article is to investigate the mechanical behaviour of short treated and untreated bamboo fiber reinforced epoxy based composites. Bamboo fibres with different length and contents are reinforced with epoxy resin to fabricate composite materials. The effect of fiber length and content on the mechanical behaviour of composites is studied. Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Materials Engineering and Characterization 2019.
1. Introduction The purpose of article is to determine the connection between varied size of short bamboo fiber within the composite and their mechanical behaviour. In fiber reinforced polymer composite, the fiber used may be of different size [1]. Depending upon the application and the type of property to be imparted to the composite, size of fibers are accordingly determined. In fiber strengthened chemical compound composite, the reinforcing is either of fibrous or is non-fibrous. If the fiber utilized in the composite comes from the natural resources like animals or plants, then the fiber is claimed to be fibre and the composite is said to be natural fiber reinforced polymer composite. Many a times, it does happen that the mechanical behaviour of a NFPCs do not gives a convincing result and have shown inconsistent values in many cases [2–15] Lack of comfortable knowledge for such fibers and their irregular characteristics area unit the prime reason behind this. On the opposite hand, there are many problems associated with the fiber that wills to bring a full point to the analysis E-mail addresses: [email protected] (R. Gopi), [email protected] (G. Babu Loganathan)
occurring during this field. But despite the fact that researchers have shown their benchmark contribution to the present challenge and became sure-fire at several steps. The mechanical behaviour of the NFPCs are principally influenced by the massive range of parameters like volume fraction of fibers, fibers length, fibers side quantitative relation, fiber–matrix adhesion, fiber orientation, and stress transfer at the interface. Hence to improve the overall mechanical behaviour of the composites, the properties of matrix and fibers have to be improved first. Several investigations are created on numerous natural fibers like jute and bamboo to check the result of those fibers on the mechanical and physical strength of composite materials [16–21]. Better the bonding at the interface between the fibers and therefore the matrices higher is that the mechanical behaviour of the composite. Since the load will be simply transfer to the fibers by the matrix [22]. It has been reported by few investigators that the mechanical properties of the composites gets improved with increment in interfacial strength [23–25]. Bamboo finds its application in composite materials in many forms. These forms vary from short bamboo fiber to long strips together with the total bamboo. Researchers have expanded their interest within the development by victimization the usage of raw materials like bamboo fiber
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.100 2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Materials Engineering and Characterization 2019.
Please cite this article as: P. Lokesh, T. S. A. Surya Kumari, R. Gopi et al., A study on mechanical properties of bamboo fiber reinforced polymer composite, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.100
2
P. Lokesh et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
that is stronger yet as may be utilized in generating high finish quality property industrial product [26]. The impact strength of a composite once bolstered with a brief bamboo fiber has been studied by many investigators for various fiber length and fiber content and optimum property has been reported [21]. Studies on characterized short sisal and coconut fibers composites as well as sisal fabric composites using compact tension specimens have been made. It was found that increasing fiber content increased fracture toughness of the composites [23]. Reinforcement of matrix with these short natural fibers increases the fracture toughness of the composites significantly [26–33]. Three different kinds of natural fibers bamboo fiber, sugarcane pulp and banana fibers were studied and it had been found that every one of those composites have their fracture toughness magnified. Fiber and sugarcane pulp fibers reinforcement improved the fracture toughness by 15%, 7%, and 17.8% severally. Polyester bolstered with short bamboo fibers starting from 10 to 50, 30 to 30 and 30 to 60 pastry at increments of 10 pastry for bamboo fibers at 4 mm, 7 mm and 10 mm length severally was studied. The increment in fiber content deteriorates the fracture toughness at 4 mm of fiber length. Positive impact of fiber reinforcement was ascertained for seven and 10 mm fibers length. The optimum fiber content is found to be at 40 pastry for 7 mm fiber and 50 pastry for 10 mm fiber. The very best fracture toughness was achieved at 10 mm/ 50 pastry fiber bolstered composite. The impact of short fiber on mechanical behaviour of composite has been studied by few investigators. The impact of chemical treatment on mechanical behaviour of banana fiber bolstered polyester composites has been studied and rumored that the mechanical properties of various alkali treated banana fiber composites showed improved fiber matrix interactions [25]. Short sisal fiber reinforced with Low density Polyethylene (LDPE) has been studied and it was shown that the tensile properties of the sisal-LDPE composites was enhanced [24]. Chemically treated natural fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites offered enhanced mechanical and physical properties under extreme conditions. Tensile properties such as tensile strength and tensile modulus of chemically treated short sisal fiber reinforced composites with different fiber loading has been studied [21]. Jute fibers are found to be very good in enhancing the fiber matrix adhesion and thus mechanical properties in jute fiber reinforced Polypropylene (PP) composites. Impact behaviour of natural fiber reinforced polymer composites has been studied by few investigators [16–21]. Physical and mechanical properties of sisal fiber reinforced epoxy composites were reported by Bisanda and Ansell [24]. Yang et al. [26] have studied mechanical properties and morphology of thermoplastic polymer composites filled with rice husk flour. In the present study involves that fiber reinforced polymer matrix of bamboo fiber developed by using hand lay-up method with reinforcements other varying size of bamboo fibers which may be in form of flake, whole bamboo, sections, strips etc. In order to achieve the desired mechanical properties in composite materials. Presently, epoxy, reinforced with bamboo and hemp with saw dust as a filler material is hot topic of research and is used to fabricate an eco-friendly helmet which can be a substitute for synthetic helmets. This fabrication includes compression moulding technique. Further research in the field of bamboo composites can be extended to the fabrication of ecofriendly tyres by converting the bamboo fibers into its carbon black and then treating it with the thermoplastic resin. The composite is further done by hand lay-up process and compared for the mechanical properties. Mechanical properties like tensile strength, flexural and impact polymer matrix are to be listed and analyzed. And the overview of the project and results are to be noted down.
2. Materials and methods 2.1. Fiber: Bamboo fiber was used as primary reinforcement material. Composite samples were fabricated using hand lay-up method followed by compression. The samples were prepared as per ASTM standards for testing. Tensile test was performed as per ASTM D638 standard with a test speed of 2 mm/min. Flexural test and Impact test were performed by ASTM D790 and ASTM D256, respectively [28]. 2.2. Materials used The materials that are used in the present study and the methods by which these materials are processed. The materials that are used in the present concern of study are 1. Epoxy Resin, 2. Bamboo Fiber and 3. Hardener. 2.3. Fabrication methods Hand Layup is the simplest polymer processing techniques. Fibers can be laid onto a mold by hand and the resin (unsaturated polyester, epoxy resin are the most common) is sprayed or brushed on. Frequently, resin and fibers (chopped) are sprayed together onto the mold surface. In both cases, the deposited layers are densified with rollers. Accelerators and catalysts are frequently used. Curing may be done at room temperature. The desired fish scale powder and epoxy were mixed in a container and stirred well for 5–7 min. After adding the hardener, the mixture was again stirred for 10 min to obtain homogeneous mixture. Before the mixture was placed inside the glass mould (120 mm 120 mm 4 mm), the mould has initially been polished with a release agent to prevent the composites from sticking onto it upon removal. Finally, the mixture was poured into the mould and left at room temperature for 24 h until the mixture was hardened. To investigate the mechanical and physical properties of composites, the samples were fabricated with various PSP loadings (10 to 35 wt%) When the composite was hardened, it was removed from the mould and placed inside an oven for 12 h at 40 °C for curing. The tensile, flexural and impact specimens were cut from the prepared composite sheets according to ASTM standards. Schematic representation of the fabrication of FS/Epoxy composite is shown in Fig. 1. The following steps are used to fabricate the composites. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
Placing the bottom mould plate with silicon rubber, Adding catalyst, accelerator, promoter to resin, Mixing resin to the fiber and Closing with the top mould plate.
3. Testing methods A Wire cutting Electro discharge machine (EDM) was used to cut each laminate into smaller pieces in accordance with ASTM standard D 3039-76, D 256 for tensile, flexural and impact test respectively [28]. Test samples are cut into desired specimens are shown in the Fig. 2. 4. Results and discussions 4.1. Effect of fiber parameters on tensile strength of composites Tensile strength of a material is defined as the resistance offered by the material to get broken under tension. Effect of fiber loading and fiber layer on tensile strength of composite are shown in Fig. 3.
Please cite this article as: P. Lokesh, T. S. A. Surya Kumari, R. Gopi et al., A study on mechanical properties of bamboo fiber reinforced polymer composite, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.100
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Fig. 1. The hand layup technique.
Fig. 2. Test samples of desired dimensions.
Fig. 3. Effect of fiber parameters on tensile strength of composite.
Tensile strength in this case varies with varying composition and it is found that the strength goes on increasing with increasing percentage of fiber in the composite for each length of fiber [27]. The tensile properties measured in the present work are well compared with various earlier investigators, though the method of extraction of bamboo fiber is different. The tensile modulus indicates the relative stiffness of a material and can thus be obtained from stress strain diagram. Optimum value of tensile strength for the composite is found to be at treated 30% fiber loading for each length of fiber. The stress strain relationship of different layers of bamboo fiber are shown in Figs. 4, 5, 6 & 7. The Table 1 shows tensile strength of the treated and untreated of bamboo layer.
Please cite this article as: P. Lokesh, T. S. A. Surya Kumari, R. Gopi et al., A study on mechanical properties of bamboo fiber reinforced polymer composite, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.100
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Fig. 7. Tensile test: 3 layer bamboo (UT).
Fig. 4. Tensile test: 1-LayerBamboo (T).
Table 1 Treated and Untreated of tensile strength of bamboo layer. Bamboo layer
Treated Tensile strength (MPa)
UnTreated Tensile strength (MPa)
1 2 3
7.81 9.51 18.07
6.74 4.35 16.51
Fig. 8. Effect of fiber parameters on flexural strength of composite. Fig. 5. Tensile test: 1-Layer (UT).
4.2. Effect of fiber parameters on flexural strength of composites
Fig. 6. Tensile test: 3 layer bamboo (T).
Flexural strength is defined as the ability of a composite by virtue of which it opposes the deformation likely to be imparted to it under the application of load. The effect of fiber loading and fiber length on flexural strength of composites are shown in Figs. 8, 9, 10 & 11. The test uses a flat specimen of rectangular cross section where the load is gradually applied with a speed of 1 mm per minute until the specimen fails at the given load. The test is accompanied by three point bend test. Flexural strength for bamboo reinforced polymer composite increases with increasing fiber loading and then decreases. The same results comply for fiber length as well. The linearly increasing trend of flexural strength with increasing treated fiber contents suggests that the bonding between the fibres and the matrix is relatively good. The lower value of flexural strength at higher fiber content may be because of insufficient matrix in the composite which could not be able to transfer the load to the fibers. The effect of weight fraction of fibre on mean flexural strength for other fibre reinforced composites in comparison to bamboo composites are more. This decrease is attributed to the inability of the fiber, irregularly shaped, to support stresses transferred from the polymer matrix and poor interfacial bonding generates partially spaces between fiber and matrix
Please cite this article as: P. Lokesh, T. S. A. Surya Kumari, R. Gopi et al., A study on mechanical properties of bamboo fiber reinforced polymer composite, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.100
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Fig. 9. Flexural Test: 1 LAYER T.
Fig. 10. Flexural Test: 1 LAYER UT.
Fig. 11. Flexural Test: 3- LAYER UT.
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Table 2 Treated and untreated Ultimate/Break Load of bamboo layer. Bamboo layer
Treated Ultimate/Break Load (KN)
Untreated Ultimate/Break Load (KN)
1 2 3
0.930 0.150 0.180
0.265 0.205 0.045
bonding fibres. Lower values of impact strength and flexural strength at higher composition of bamboo fibres may be because of this reason. 4. The present study reveals that impact strength, tensile strength and flexural strength increases with increasing the treated content of fiber in composite materials.
Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. References Fig. 12. Effect of fiber parameters on impact strength of composites.
Table 3 Treated and Untreated impact test of bamboo layer. Bamboo layer
Treated (J)
Untreated (J)
1 2 3
1.5 2.5 3
1 1.5 1.8
material and as a result generates weak structure. The Table 2 shows ultimate/break Load of treated and untreated of bamboo layer. 4.3. Effect of fiber parameters on impact strength of composites Impact strength refers to a shock absorbing capacity of composite material. This is entirely related to a toughness of the composite material. The effect of fiber loading and fiber length on impact strength of composites is shown in Fig. 12. The decrease in impact strength or smaller variation in strength may be due to induce micro spaces between the fiber and matrix polymer, and as a result causes numerous micro- cracks when impact occurs, which induce crack propagation easily and decrease the impact strength of the composites. Generally the impact strength of composite materials increases with the increasing fiber content however the lower values of impact strength at higher composition of fiber may be because of improper adhesion between the matrix and the fibers. Higher content of fibres in composite requires higher matrix material but it is not likely to be so. Hence it is more likely that matrix is not able to transfer load to its fibers. The Table 3 refers impact strength of treated and untreated of bamboo layer. 5. Conclusion Bamboo fiber reinforced epoxy based polymer composite was fabricated and its mechanical behaviour was studied. The conclusions drawn from this experimental investigation are as follows: 1. Epoxy based composite materials reinforced with bamboo fibres have been successfully fabricated. 2. It has been explored that the mechanical properties of the composites such as tensile strength, flexural strength and impact strength highly influenced by the NaOH treated fibres used. 3. Excess of fibres in composite materials deteriorate the mechanical properties of the composite because of lack of proper bonding between the matrix and fiber around their interface. This causes the disruption in transfer of load to the
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Please cite this article as: P. Lokesh, T. S. A. Surya Kumari, R. Gopi et al., A study on mechanical properties of bamboo fiber reinforced polymer composite, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.100