A survey of toxicology information

FUNDAMENTAL

AND

APPLIED

TOXICOLOGY

(1990)

14,649-657

TOXICOLOGICAL

INFORMATION

A Survey of Toxicology

SERIES, II

Information

PHILIP WEXLER Toxicology

Information

Program,

Received

National

December

Library

of Medicine,

27, 1988; accepted

Bethesda,

October

Maryland

20894

30, I989

A Survey of Toxicology Information. WEXLER, P. (1990). Fundam. Appl. To.xicol. 14, 649657. The structure of toxicology information is outlined. Key resources, both print and electronic, are described and the role of organizations is discussed on national and world levels. The section on computerized information covers systems such as TOXNET, CIS. and the ANSWER workstation. 0 1990 Society ofToxicology.

the years, due largely to increased public awareness about hazardous chemicals and environmental health issues. Today, toxicology is the beneficiary of a wide array of innovations in computerized information retrieval. These computerized toxicological resources, as well as more standard literature sources, will be examined in the remainder of this article.

Scientific disciplines derive from information. In turn, they generate information. Evolving interdisciplinary fields such as toxicology borrow information from diverse sources and redefine themselves as their scientific bases stabilize. The information they yield is distributed in various forms. The body of toxicology information is further diffused due to the social, political, and economic issues which toxicology, as a science, intersects. Toxicology is concerned with the adverse effects of chemicals, as well as certain biological and physical agents, on living organisms and the environment. From so deceptively simple a definition emanate such far-flung toxicological issues as childhood poisoning, pesticide residues in foods, groundwater contamination by leaking hazardous wastes, worker exposure to cancer causing chemicals, poisonous snake bites, and nuclear plant radiation exposure. Over the past century, information and communication technologies have made great strides parallel with the growth of toxicology and have influenced the form that toxicology information takes. The function of this information has also changed shape over

PRINTED

SOURCES

The Ebers Papyrus of 1500 BC mentioned poisons and their effects. From that time onward, toxicology has not lacked for printed reference sources nor they for readership. Agricola and Paracelsus wrote treatises in the 16th century on the occupation of mining and the health effects of chemicals found in the mines. Orfila’s A General System of Toxicology, published in 18 17, was perhaps the earliest comprehensive textbook of toxicology. The seminal work of scientists such as Ramazzini, Pott, Magendie, Bernard, and Lewin has been documented and serves as an important historical resource. 649

0272-0590/90

$3.00

Copyright 0 1990 by the Society ofToxicology. All rights of reproduction in any form reserved.

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PHILIP WEXLER

Journal titles devoted to toxicology date newsletters are Toxic Materials News, Toxic back to Sammlung van Vergiftungsfaellen, Materials Transport, Multinational Environwhich began publication in Berlin in 1930. mental Outlook, Job Safety and Health ReSince that time, and especially since 1960, the port, Ground Water Monitor, and Clean Wanumber of journals in the field has grown ter Report. steeply. The United States saw the first issue Textbooks and other monographs are furof Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology in ther sources of toxicology literature. The 1959. This journal as well as Fundamental growth of the toxicology monographic literaand Applied Toxicology became official jourture has been staggering. The third edition of nals of the Society of Toxicology. SuppleCasarett and Doull’s Toxicology continues to menting broad scope toxicology journals are be the preeminent textbook in the field, ala variety of very specialized titles. Entire jourthough its company is growing. Hodgson’s nals are now devoted to areas such as molecuDictionary of Toxicology is a unique recent lar, aquatic, regulatory, cutaneous and ocu- offering. Books devoted to special areas lar, and neurotoxicology, as well as risk anal- within toxicology are abundant. One pubysis. Many other scientific journals which lisher, for example, has come out with a nummake no claim to focus on general or special- ber of books in a series on Target Organ Toxiized toxicology literature are nonetheless fer- cology. These include titles on blood, the intile sources for toxicology-related studies. testine, the eye and ear, the heart, the These fall into areas such as pharmacology, immune system, the kidney, and the liver. cancer research, and epidemiology. Indeed, it Compilations of test methods include Hayes’ should come as no surprise that articles on Principles and Methods of Toxicology, Kilcutaneous toxicity appear in dermatology bey’s Handbook of Mutagenicity Test Procejournals or that articles dealing with repro- dures, and Milman’s Handbook of Carcinoductive effects of pesticides appear in obstet- gen Testing. Alternative approaches to testrics/gynecology titles. Toxicology research ing is another expanding area and is the topic also is reported in general scientific periodiof a report by the Office of Technology Ascals such as Nature and Science, while clinical sessment titled Alternatives to Animal Use in toxicology articles can be expected in JAMA Research, Testing, and Education. Large or the British Medical Journal. numbers of monographs continue to be pubScientific journals aside, toxicology inforlished in carcinogenesis, mutagenesis, and mation may appear in trade association peri- teratogenesis. The safety of bioengineered odicals, news magazines, newspapers, and products is a new area of toxicology that is newsletters. Broad spectrum trade journals giving rise to more publications. such as Chemical and Engineering News A variety of special reports, some prepared have always been popular among toxicoloby select panels of experts, are another source gists and other scientists. Newspapers fre- of toxicology data and information. The quently report on toxicology, particularly as IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the it relates to chemical accidents. Media expo- Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans sure of incidents such as leaking drums of present “critical reviews of data on carcinogechemicals at Love Canal or the industrial re- nicity for groups of chemicals to which hulease of methylisocyanate in Bhobal, India, is mans are known to be exposed, to evaluate often the impetus for forging a new body of these data in terms of human risk with the technical literature and/or pushing legisla- help of international working groups of extion through Congress. Newsletters focus on perts in chemical carcinogenesis and related recent findings and events in an abbreviated fields, and to indicate where additional reformat. Often these concentrate on the regu- search efforts are needed.” Environmental latory aspects of toxicology. Some relevant Health Criteria are produced under the joint

TOXICOLOGY

sponsorship of the United Nations Environment Programme and the World Health Organization and are also prepared by intemational groups of experts. Other special documents are the NTP Technical Reports, NIOSH Criteria Documents, and TL Vs. The National Toxicology Program Annual Plan, the Review of Current DHHS, DOE, and EPA Research Related to Toxicology, plus the Annual Report on Carcinogens are important annual reports. Many handbooks contain compilations of toxicology data. Some of these are Brethericks’s Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, Sax’s Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, Sittig’s Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, Vershueren’s Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals, and the National Cancer Institute’s Survey of Compounds Which Have Been Testedfor Carcinogenic Activity. Related to these are the wide selection of Material Safety Data Sheets compiled by state and local governments, as well as industry, in compliance with environmental statutes such as the Hazard Communication Standard. Abstracts and indexes, most of which now have electronic counterparts, are important tools for locating bibliographic information. Only Toxicology Abstracts focuses on toxicology per se. However, many other titles are highly relevant. Excerpta Medica contains relevant sections on Toxicology, Adverse Reactions, Occupational Health and Industrial Medicine, Human Genetics, and Forensic Science. Index Medicus, Biological Abstracts, Chemical Abstracts, and Science Citation Index are other important indexes that can be helpful in locating toxicology references. Some more specialized titles are Bibliography of Agriculture, Food Science and Technology Abstracts, and Pollution Abstracts. ELECTRONIC

SOURCES

Many computer databases are available for the toxicology researcher to draw upon. Bib-

INFORMATION

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liographic files refer users to journal articles, books, technical reports, and other documents. The Toxicology Information Program of the National Library of Medicine (NLM) produces the TOXLINE family of files consisting of some 3 million citations. The subfiles within this TOXLINE family are Aneuploidy File, Environmental Mutagen Information Center File, Environmental Teratology Information Center File, Epidemiology Information System, Hazardous Materials Technical Center, International Labour Office, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Technical Information Center File, Pesticides Abstracts, Poisonous Plants Bibliography, Toxicity Bibliography, Toxicology Document and Data Depository. Toxicology Research Projects, Toxic Substances Control Act Test Submissions, Chemical-Biological Activities, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, and Toxicological Aspects of Environmental Health. TOXLINE, as well as virtually all of the other online files discussed here, is accessible through the TELENET or TYMNET telecommunication systems. Other NLM bibliographic files useful for toxicology references include MEDLINE, a biomedical file of wide scope, and CANCERLIT, containing references on carcinogens and other cancer topics. Outside NLM, the online versions of Biological Abstracts, Chemical Abstracts, and Excerpta Medica contain references to toxicology literature, as do the more specialized databases ENVIROLINE, AGRICOLA, PESTDOC, and FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS. Some commercial vendors of online files are DIALOG, BRS, and INFOLINE/ORBIT. Another class of computer file is the factual data bank which contains actual quantitative or narrative data, such as acute toxicity data or information on medical treatment for chemical exposures. Two such data banks are the Chemical Evaluation and Retrieval System (CESARS), sponsored by the EPA Great Lakes Program and the Michigan State

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Department of Natural Resources, and HAZARDLINE, produced by Occupational Health Services. The former is sponsored by CIS (Chemical Information System), a major vendor of toxicology data banks. Some of CIS’ other files are ENVIROFATE, dealing with the environmental fate or behavior of chemicals released in the environment, CHRIS (Chemical Hazard Response Information System), providing information needed to respond to emergencies occurring during hazardous chemicals transport, and AQUIRE (Aquatic Information Retrieval), containing information on acute, chronic, bioaccumulative, and sublethal effects data from tests performed on freshwater and saltwater organisms. Since July 1985 the TOXNET (Toxicology Data Network) system, supported by the Toxicology Information Program of the NLM has provided a growing array of factual data banks in the areas of toxicology and hazardous chemicals. TOXNET is an integrated minicomputer-operated system containing modules for building, editing, peer review, and searching of records. The search module is publicly available to all registered NLM MEDLARS system users and utilizes a powerful and efficient interface. Boolean logic and a full range of printing options are available. TOXNET operates HSDB (Hazardous Substances Data Bank), RTECS (Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances), CCRIS (Chemical Carcinogenesis Research Information System), ETICBACK (Environmental Teratology Information Center Backfile), EMICBACK (Environmental Mutagenesis Information Center Backfile), DBIR (Directory of Biotechnology Information Resources), and TRI (Toxic Chemical Release Inventory), all of which except for DBIR are strongly tied to toxicology. HSDB concentrates on the areas of toxicity, safety and handling, environmental fate and exposure potential, standards and regulations, and monitoring and analysis methods. Its data are drawn from some 300 sourcesmonographs, government documents, tech-

WEXLER

nical reports, and primary journal literature. A Scientific Review Panel of specialists in toxicology and environmental sciences peer review the data subsequent to a preliminary quality control review. HSDB has been searched by a variety of users and has proven especially valuable for chemical emergency response purposes. HSDB contains records for over 4200 chemicals. The RTECS file, produced by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, contains acute and chronic effects data on some 100,000 chemicals. Data are provided on studies related to mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, skin and eye irritation, general toxicity, and reproductive toxicity. Information on exposure standards and regulations is also available. The CCRIS file, sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, contains scientifically evaluated data derived from carcinogenicity, tumor promotion, and mutagenicity tests on some 1200 chemicals. ETICBACK and EMICBACK are TOXNET’s first ventures into the world of bibliographic databases. ETICBACK contains references to literature on teratology and developmental and reproductive toxicology. EMICBACK contains references on chemical, biological, and physical agents that have been tested for mutagenic activity. TRI contains information on the annual estimated releases of toxic chemicals to the environment. Mandated by Title III of the SUPERFUND Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) of 1986, the Inventory contains provisions for the reporting, by industry, on the releases of over 300 toxic chemicals into the air, water, and land and by underground injection. The data are compiled by the Environmental Protection Agency and mounted on NLM’s TOXNET system. Data submitted to EPA include names and addresses of facilities which manufacture, process, or otherwise use the listed chemicals, as well as amounts released to the environment or transferred to waste sites. Title III, also known as the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act,

TOXICOLOGY

calls for the EPA to collect these data nationwide on an annual basis. Unique to TRI is the ability to perform various numerical computations, as well as sorting and ranging operations. A series of self-guiding online menus is also available for the user with limited computer skills who wants to circumvent learning the TOXNET command language. Although menus are already available for TRI, they are being designed for other TOXNET files as well. These will be of special importance to emergency response personnel using the HSDB file. Various modes of online “help” are available, as are online definitions for the data elements of the files. TOXNET contains a NEWS feature to announce news about the system and a TOXNOTES feature to list meetings, courses, and other activities of interest to those working in toxicology. TOXNET’s growth is continuing. A future Chemical Directory File (CDF) will function as an online dictionary and locator tool. Its strength will be in chemical nomenclature and in pointing users to other TOXNET files, and regulatory lists, which may contain further information on the chemicals. EPA’s GENETOX file contains summary information on genetic assay studies conducted on chemicals while its IRIS (Integrated Risk Information System) contains health risk information for over 300 chemicals. Both of these files will be implemented on TOXNET. CD-ROM technology is transforming the way we think about accessing computerized information. The files previously discussed are accessible through personal computer telecommunication with a mainframe or minicomputer. CD-ROMs, on the other hand, permit access to volumes of data without having to leave the confines of the PC. CCIS (Computerized Clinical Information System), produced by MICROMEDEX, offers a variety of products useful in toxicology. POISINDEX is a detailed toxicology database designed to identify and provide ingredient and treatment information on over 550,000 substances, as well as treatment protocols for unknown toxins. TOMES (Indus-

INFORMATION

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trial, Environmental, Chemical Substance Identification and Management System) is another CCIS CD-ROM product consisting of reviews on industrial chemical toxicity, including emergency response information, chemical synonyms, clinical effects of exposure, laboratory evaluation, treatment of exposed individuals, range of toxicity, and toxicologic mechanisms. Other CCIS components contain additional information on toxicology, drug information, and emergency/critical care. Another technological innovation is the stand-alone workstation which contains both resident data and gateway links to other systems. One application of this technology is ANSWER (ATSDR/NLM’s Workstation for Emergency Response). ANSWER is a standalone microcomputer-based workstation designed for use by health professionals and other personnel in State and Federal agencies responding to hazardous chemical situations. It is a joint project of NLM and ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry). ANSWER’s main resident module is a CD-ROM database containing information on medical and hazard management of exposure to over 1000 high-priority hazardous substances. It also contains a database with information related to previous chemical emergencies; a specialized module that provides gateway access to the National Weather Service’s online information; and an air dispersion modeling package for determining plume path, dispersion, and inversion. In addition, a modified version of Micro-CSIN (Chemical Substance Information Network) permits rapid access to chemical. toxicological, and hazardous waste information files located in various governmental and private sector online systems. Other capabilities include report generation, facsimile transmission, and word-processing. ANSWER operates on an IBM PC-AT class (or larger), fully compatible microcomputer with internal hard disk drive, equipped with at least 640K RAM, internal modem, and CDROM reader.

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Toxicology has yet to see full-scale application of artificial intelligence, expert systems, and robotics, although these are sure to come. Prototypes are already being designed to assist emergency response personnel in dealing with chemical accidents, as is evidenced in the ANSWER workstation. Laboratory computer use in gathering and otherwise managing toxicology information is a well-established activity, but not the focus of this article. ORGANIZATIONAL

SOURCES

Much toxicology information falls outside the framework of published literature and electronic files and resides, instead, within an organizational context. Many of these organizations are governmental. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) is the principal federal agency for identifying and controlling environmental pollutants of air and water, solid waste, pesticides, and toxic substances. The FDA (Food and Drug Administration) is concerned with ensuring the safety and effectiveness of food, biological products, drugs, medical devices, and cosmetics. OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) develops occupational safety and health standards and regulations. CPSC (Consumer Product Safety Commission) protects the public against unreasonable risks of injury from consumer products. The ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry) collects, maintains, analyzes, and disseminates information relating to human exposure to toxic or hazardous substances. Agencies concerned with toxicological research activities include NIEHS (National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences), NCTR (National Center for Toxicological Research), and NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health). Certain coordinative bodies, such as NTP (National Toxicology Program), integrate activities and help avoid duplication of effort among various government organizations involved in toxicology.

Outside government are many other groups which can be helpful in offering toxicology information. Trade associations such as the Chemical Manufacturer’s Association represent certain industries. Among professional associations in toxicology are the Society of Toxicology, the American Academy of Clinical Toxicology, and the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. Certifying boards include the American Board of Toxicology, the American Board of Veterinary Toxicology, the American Board of Medical Toxicology, and the American Board of Forensic Toxicology. Among important public policy and interest groups are the Conservation Foundation and the Environmental Defense Fund. The Citizen’s Clearinghouse for Hazardous Wastes is one example of grassroots citizens’ activism in the interest of reducing exposure to hazardous chemicals. Another class of organizational resource is the poison control/information center. Certification for such centers is available through the American Association of Poison Control Centers, which also collects data annually on human exposure cases reported by participating centers. The university is an organizational entity that disseminates toxicology information. There are now over 100 colleges offering graduate programs in the discipline. Independent testing laboratories are yet another source for information. Although this article is heavily weighted in favor of U.S. resources, it must be stressed that toxicology information is being generated and used throughout the world. Virtually every developed country devotes some of its resources to toxicology and environmental health, and many developing countries are beginning to realize the urgency of these issues. A number of activities are taking place on a multinational level. IPCS (International Programme on Chemical Safety) conducts and disseminates evaluations of the effects of chemicals on human health and the environment. It also does work on the handling of chemical accidents, coordination of labora-

TOXICOLOGY

tory testing and epidemiological studies, and mechanisms of the biological action of chemicals. IRPTC (International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals) obtains information on chemical control legislation and activities throughout the world. It is also computerizing information on health effects and environmental exposures of chemicals. OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) and CEC (Commission of the European Communities) are other bodies working toward the safe use of chemicals on an international level.

CONCLUSION The discipline of toxicology has available a broad body of information resourcesprinted, electronic, and organizational. From the traditional textbook to advanced computer technology, the professional can draw upon a wide variety of data. Being a subject where science and society often merge, toxicology information is widespread and often controversial. This brief survey has presented a sampling of toxicology’s key resources. APPENDIX: RESOURCES

TOXICOLOGICAL CITED IN TEXT

Printed Annual Report on Carcinogens. Research Triangle Park, NC. National Toxicology Program. Bibliography OfAgriculture. Phoenix, AZ. Oryx Press. Biological Abstracts. Philadelphia. BIOSIS. BRETHERICK, L. Handbook ofReactive Chemical Hazards, 3rd ed. Stoneham, MA. Butterworths. British Medical Journal. London. British Medical Association. Chemical Abstracts. Columbus, OH. American Chemical Society. Chemical and Engineering News. Washington, DC. American Chemical Society. Clean Water Report. Silver Spring, MD. BPI. Environmental Health Criteria. Geneva. World Health Organization. Excerpta Medica. Amsterdam. Elsevier.

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Food Science and Technology Abstracts. Famham Royal, Bucks., England. International Food Information Service. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology. Orlando, FL. Academic Press. Ground Water Monitor. Silver Spring, MD. BPI. HAYES, A. W., Ed. Principles and Methods of Toxicology. New York. Raven. 1982. HODGSON, E., MAILMAN, R. B., CHAMBERS, J. E. Dictionary of Toxicology. London. Macmillan. 1988. IARCMonographs on the Evaluation ofthe Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Lyon, France. Intemational Agency for Research on Cancer. Index Medicus. Bethesda, MD. National Library of Medicine. JAMA. Chicago. American Medical Association. Job Safety and Health Report. Silver Spring, MD. BPI. KILBEY, Eds.

B. J., LEGATOR,

M.,

NICHOLS,

W.,

RAMEL,

C.,

Handbook of Mutagenicity Test Procedures, 2nd ed. Amsterdam. Elsevier. 1984. KLAASEN, C. D., AMDUR, M. O., DOULL, J., Eds. Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, 3rd ed. New York. Macmillan. 1986. MILMAN, H. A., WEISBURGER, E. K., Eds. Handbook qfcarcinogen Testing. Park Ridge, NJ. Noyes Data. 1985. Multinational Environmental Outlook. Silver Spring, MD. BPI. Nature. London. Macmillan. NIOSH Criteria Documents. Cincinnati, OH. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. NTP Review of Current DHHS, DOE, and EPA Research Related to Toxicology and NTP Annual Plan. Research Triangle Park, NC. National Toxicology Program. NTP Technical Reports. Research Triangle Park, NC. National Toxicology Program. Office of Technology Assessment. Alternatives to Animal Use in Research, Testing, and Education. Washington, DC. Office of Technology Assessment. 1986. Pollution Abstracts. Bethesda, MD. Cambridge Scientific Abstracts. SAX, N. I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 6th ed. New York. Van Nostrand Reinhold. 1984. Science. Washington, DC. American Association for the Advancement of Science. Science Citation Index. Philadelphia. Institute for Scientific Information. Srr-r~c. M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 2nd ed. Park Ridge, NJ. Noyes Data. 1985. Sutvqv of Compounds Which Have Been Testedfor Carcinogenicdctivity. Bethesda, MD. National Cancer Institute. 1947. TL Vs. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents in the Work Environment and Biological Exposure Indices with Intended Changes.

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Cincinnati, OH. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. To.uic Materials News. Silver Spring, MD. BP]. Toxic Materials Transport. Silver Spring, MD. BPI. Tosicology Abstracts. Bethesda, MD. Cambridge Scientific Abstracts. Toux?cology and Applied Pharmacology. Orlando, FL. Academic Press. VERSHUEREN. K. Handbook @Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York. Van Nostrand Reinhold. 1983.

Electronic AGRICOLA [DIALOG. BRS] AQUIRE [CIS] ANSWER [NLM] BIOSIS [DIALOG, BRS, ORBIT] CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS [DIALOG, BRS. ORBIT] CANCERLIT [NLM] CCRIS [NLM, CIS] CESARS [CIS] CHRIS [CIS] EMICBACK/ETICBACK [NLM] ENVIROLINE [DIALOG, ORBIT] ENVIROFATE [CIS] FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS [DIALOG, ORBIT] HAZARDLINE [OHS] HSDB [NLM] MEDLINE [NLM] PESTDOC [ORBIT] POISINDEX [MICROMEDEX] RTECS [NLM] TOMES [MICROMEDEX] TOXLINE [NLM] TRI [NLM] Vendor

WEXLER OHS (Occupational Health 400 Plaza Drive, Box 1505 Secaucus, NJ 07094 ORBIT Pergamon Orbit/Infoline, 8000 Westpark Drive McLean. VA 22 10 1

Services)

Inc.

Organizational AACT (American Academy of Clinical F. W. Oehme. President Comparative Toxicology Laboratories Kansas State University Manhattan, KS 66506

Toxicology)

ATSDR (Agency for Toxic istry) 1600 Clinton Road N.E. Atlanta, GA 30333

and Disease Reg-

Substances

AAPCC (American Association of Poison Control ters) Dr. Theodore Tong, Secretary Arizona Poison and Drug Information Center Health Sciences Center, Room 3204K 150 1 North Campbell Hall Tucson. AZ 85725 CCHW (Citizen’s Clearinghouse P.O. Box 926 Arlington, VA 222 16

for Hazardous

CMA (Chemical Manufacturer’s 2501 M Street N.W. Washington, DC 20037

Association)

CEC (Commission Rue Rasson 34 B- 1040 Brussels,

of the European

BRS 1200 Route 7 Latham. NY 12 I 10

Communities)

Belgium

CPSC (Consumer Product 540 1 Westbard Avenue Washington, DC

Safety Commission)

CIS Fein Marquart Associates 72 15 York Road Baltimore, MD 2 12 12

Environmental Defense 444 Park Avenue South New York. NY 10016

DIALOG 3460 Hillview Avenue Palo Alto, CA 94304

EPA (Environmental Protection 401 M Street W.W. Washington. DC 20460

NLM (National Library 8600 Rockville Pike Bethesda, MD 20894

Wastes)

Conservation Foundation 1250 24th Street N.W. Washington, DC 20037

addresses:

MICROMEDEX 2750 South Shoshone Englewood. Colorado

Cen-

Street 80 1 IO of Medicine)

FDA (Food and Drug 5600 Fishers Lane Rockville. MD 20857

Fund

Agency)

Administration)

IPCS (International Programme WHO/IPCS 12 11 Geneva 27, Switzerland

on Chemical

Safety)

TOXICOLOGY IRPTC (International Register Chemical) UNEP/Palais des Nations 12 11 Geneva 10, Switzerland NCTR (National Center Jefferson, AK ‘72079 NIEHS (National ence) P.O. Box 12233 Research Triangle

of

Potentially

for Toxicological

Institute

Toxic

Health

Sci-

Safety

and

Park, NC 27709

NIOSH (National Institute Health) 1600 Clifton Road N.E. Atlanta. GA 30333

for Occupational

for Economic

16, France

SETAC (Society of Environmental Chemistry) P.O. Box 4352 Rockville. MD 20850 SOT (Society of Toxicology) I 133 15th Street N.W., Suite 620 Washington, DC 20005

Health

Administra-

Toxicology

and

Note. The following

book is a detailed annotated bibliography and directory to sources of information in toxicology and considerably expands upon the various resources mentioned in this article.

NTP (National Toxicology Program) P.O. Box 12233 Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 OECD (Organization Development)

Chemicals Programme 2 Rue Andre Pascal 75775 ParisCEDEX

OSHA (Occupational Safety and tion) 200 Constitution Avenue N.W. Washington, DC 202 10

Research)

of Environmental

657

INFORMATION

Cooperation

and

Wexler. York.

P. Information Elsevier. 1988.

Resources in Toxicology. New