- Email: [email protected]
A Survey on Blockchain Technology and its Proposed Solutions
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Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
! ScienceDirect ScienceDirect ScienceDirect ! 000–000 Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) ! !
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Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 Procedia Computer Science 160 (2019) 740–745
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www.elsevier.com/locate/ www.elsevier.com/locate/ procedia procedia
3rd International International Workshop Workshop on on Recent Recent Advances Advances on on Internet Internet of of Things: Things: Technology Technology and and 3rd Application Approaches (IoT-T&A 2019) Application Approaches (IoT-T&A 2019) November 4-7, 4-7, Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal Portugal November
A Survey Survey on on Blockchain Blockchain Technology Technology and and its its Proposed Proposed Solutions Solutions A Dharmin Dave Daveaa,, Shalin Shalin Parikh Parikhaa,, Reema Reema Patel Patelaa,, Nishant Nishant Doshi Doshiaa** Dharmin aPandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Gandhinagar, India aPandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Gandhinagar, India
Abstract Abstract
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Blockchain technology had become evident since 2008 when Santoshi Nakamoto aimed to serve blockchain as a bond ledger Blockchain technology had become evident since 2008 when Santoshi Nakamoto aimed to serve blockchain as a bond ledger of the cryptocurrency bitcoin. It should never be compared to any existing technologies like the internet. Blockchain is of the cryptocurrency bitcoin. It should never be compared to any existing technologies like the internet. Blockchain is pleased with the fact that it provides high satisfaction and a trust bond to its users. There are significant implementations of pleased with the fact that it provides high satisfaction and a trust bond to its users. There are significant implementations of blockchain technology across various sectors of a country which includes the agricultural venture, education venture, and blockchain technology across various sectors of a country which includes the agricultural venture, education venture, and supply chain management systems. Blockchain technology can be useful in countries like India, where the agricultural sector supply chain management systems. Blockchain technology can be useful in countries like India, where the agricultural sector perturb about one-sixth of the total GDP of the country and also about half of the employees working in that country. So we perturb about one-sixth of the total GDP of the country and also about half of the employees working in that country. So we will discuss several implementations of blockchain, which are spoonful in transforming a nation. will discuss several implementations of blockchain, which are spoonful in transforming a nation. © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
© 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This an openPublished access article underB.V. the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) © 2019 TheisAuthors. by Elsevier This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Peer-review under responsibility of the Conference Chairs. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND licenseProgram (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Peer-review under responsibility of the Conference Program Chairs. Peer-review under responsibility of the Conference Program Chairs. Keywords:Blockchain; Agriculture Sector; Educational Background; Supply Chain Management Keywords:Blockchain; Agriculture Sector; Educational Background; Supply Chain Management
1. Introduction Introduction 1. Blockchain technology technology is is abstracted abstracted as as the the statistical statistical outline outline security security technology technology for for the the modifications modifications in in Blockchain the databases databases and and the the highly highly intellectual intellectual machines. machines. Blockchain Blockchain can can seem seem as as aa philosophy philosophy rather rather than than aa the technology to to solve solve the the issues issues relating relating to to the the trust trust in in any any particular particular bond. bond. It It can can also also be be said said as as an an idea idea to to technology transform the the current current state state of of the the world world rather rather than than aa specific specific country. country. It It can can be be used used for for discerning discerning the the transform nugatory changes changes that that took took place place in in the the system system and and informing informing every every vital vital object object about about the the changes changes that that took took nugatory place in in the the operation operation [1]. [1]. For For example, example, in in aa railway railway management management system system where where there there might might be be aa delay delay due due to to place any, cause and the information might not be able to reach to the customers. In this case, the blockchain any, cause and the information might not be able to reach to the customers. In this case, the blockchain technology comes comes to to the the scene scene where where they they give give customers customers real real -time -time monitoring monitoring and and present present them them the the technology knowledge of the current situation of the trains. knowledge of the current situation of the trains. Blockchain technology technology can can solve solve several several problems problems in in every every sector sector of of the the country, country, which which includes includes border border Blockchain
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* Corresponding Author. Tel.: +917923275458 * Corresponding Author. Tel.: +917923275458 E-mail address: [email protected] E-mail address: [email protected]
1877-0509 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. 1877-0509 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Peer-review under responsibility of the Conference Program Chairs. Peer-review under responsibility of the Conference Program Chairs. 1877-0509 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Peer-review under responsibility of the Conference Program Chairs. 10.1016/j.procs.2019.11.017
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Dharmin Dave et al. / Procedia Computer Science 160 (2019) 740–745 Dharmin Dave et. al./ Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000
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control, government identification, insurance, shipping, real estate, advertising, waste management, energy, tourism, and many others. It consists of various algorithms, stored in the ledger, used in detecting errors, also finds that in which block the error has occurred. Many countries, such as Estonia have implemented blockchain in several sectors and found surprising results favoring their development [1]. Moreover, another significant factor is that whenever the error has occurred, a trace is left behind, which reduces the effort needed in finding that in which block he error has occurred. This factor results in the decentralization of the process [2].
2. Implementations of Blockchain Technology 2.1. Agricultural Sector: Blockchain affects the agricultural product’s convenience to the farmers, farm types of equipments, finance to the farmers, loans, and many other factors.
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Blockchain technology depends on 4 factors namely:1) Consensus: It conveys the information related to distributed trust, which can be gathered by the fact that how do the farmers trust the government for their fundamental rights [2].
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2) Security: This explains the part of the export and import of the products, and the safety of the datas related to the famers [2]. 3) Provenance: This describes the tracing back of an event. In case of the transaction happening between the farmers. There can be some intermediaries who use fraudulent data to cheat farmers for monetary purposes. Blockchain helps in providing trust to the farmers.
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4) Trust: All, the participants, become the part of a ledger and only one entry at a time, i.e real-time and every component is a heart of the accounting [2].
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There is a mass scope in research to be done on blockchain technology in the agriculture sector. This research can help major agro producers like India and Pakistan. According to the data given by the Indian government, India is forecasted to be the country with the highest GDP by 2020. At the same time the agricultural sector, which contributes about one-sixth of India’s GDP and is responsible for creating half of the workforce [3], so proposing blockchain technology will be fruitful in this sector. We can propose a system using the blockchain , technology which may useful to the farmers:- We can build an agricultural blockchain-based environment that can place a farmer whole seller trade using advanced techniques for their bonds. We can create a token element for providing identity to all the farmers. Ubiquitous token element for the execution of the sophisticated transactions and fundings [4]. Considering a rural area, we can also create a transportation network system which can help these farmers who only want to work for a short period of time [4]. This can reduce their dependence on loans and finance regarding the costs of their tractors [4]. Also, we can create a unique team working on verifying the land records and the consolidation part and which can avail tractor sharing partnership. Unfortunately, if we apply blockchain to the agricultural products, it might be challenging to operate because of the hash data stored in the database of the ledger [2]. As it is an advanced technology, that may create a difficulty for the farmers to operate these at every point of time with full clarity and precision. We can use a trained dataset so that it can be more comfortable for the farmers such that they do have to operate only the more comfortable things and not the hardcore logic behind them [2]. There can be a case that there are several external influences which may affect the farmer’s knowledge so we have to give them such a technology that they must be reliable to and can work efficiently for them. 2.2. Educational Sector: Blockchain can be one of the technology which, can help students in their studies. By studying Estonia’s educational plan, we can see that it is different from mainstream blockchains due to its scalability. Challenges reduced by blockchain are as follows:1) It can be emerged in forming an open-source environment. This can offer a means for storing all the bonafide require by a student during his/her course of study and can create an air of legitimacy for carrying fewer
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documents in their bags and thus creating an alternative means of education.
2) It can also create an environment for modifying and then storing personal databases of the students. The blockchain provides data access to the universities and data changed is much of preciser, and any change must not require as much of a burden [6].
3) The problem presented by the Schools/Universities is that the number of cases regarding the fraud and the illegal certificates given to the students [6]. The primary focus of the blockchain technology comes to a place where every block is a provable block so that if any fraud is going to occur, then this needful information is directly send to the higher authorities so that they can take a strict action fastidiously [6].
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4) One significant advantage of this technology to the educational background is that it gives each student a unique id which helps student matching up with his/her information , and in case any confusion for projects between two students occur then it can easily be worked out. Transparency for viewing the grades can be a great advantage. Holberton is the first institute to adapt to blockchain technology. Every student acquires a digital certificate that is within the trustworthy and a secured environment where 256 bits encrypted and two-factor authentication [7] helps the students in maintaining their privacy. After graduation, everyone’s degree is directly generated after the completion of the course. Now some countries and universities are trying to adopt with blockchain technology for maintaining their privacy issue. Estonia has also adopted blockchain to a great extent and wishes to find developed results [7].
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Companies working to solve the problems are:1) IBM and Sony- They are currently working on data storage required by the Universities or Schools [6].
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2) Learning Machine - Softwares for recording the databases which can help for the further processing bonafide of the students [6]. 3) Blackcets - Standard for blockchain credentials [6].
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4) Records Keeper - Securing students academic certificates and creating safe records [6].
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2.3. Supply Chain Management: It can be defined as the flow of goods and services from one country to the other. The trust factor is the biggest problem in this industry. We can link this industry to blockchain industry and thus helping in developing the trust factor between the importer and the exporter [8]. The supply chain industry is huge and it's only going to grow in the Asia, Africa over time in a steady order.
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Path or a product supply chain fool a way that is intermediaries from factories created for you and also knows distributor’s procurement officers and goes to the many channels or the strings, and there are about 4-6 parts that are included in the chain supply chain visibility- it can drive the most value as there are many problems in the supply chain which can be placated by blockchain [8]. Severals problems are to be solved by the companies. There are multiple companies in this industry, so the problem is that they all have competing interests and then you to trust all of them ,and problem may occur that date for this product was meant for a particular day and other company says no you should see the database and the fact was that the database was modified. These might create a challenging environment for small start-up groups because some companies try to deal or bestow with big companies as this comes under the part of reputation and trustworthiness so its a problem for small business groups [8]. Another problem is of the old world technologies, some technologies might work on only ms docs. So the solution to all these problems is the
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Dharmin Dave Dave et. al./ et Procedia Computer ScienceScience 00 (2019) Dharmin al. / Procedia Computer 160 000–000 (2019) 740–745
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blockchain industry. However, the problem regarding this technology is that there are a very less number of companies or factories working under the blockchain technology. There can be a case where the employees might be pleased by the fact that they are working under the blockchain, but it depends on the customer satisfaction, and stats about how many customers want that company to work with this technology. We can make flow chart regarding the processing of supply chain management by blockchain technology [9]. First step provides information about the two parties and policies of their transaction. Second step details about verification of the operation creates a block. Third step appends a block, and the last step completes the process, and the ledger will get updated. There are a number of platforms where the blockchain can work such as- digital ownership certificates, asset and assembly tracking, proof of origin, trusted maintenance tracking, integrated financial transactions, and the collaborative product master data . Significant benefits of this system: 1)
Increased in distributed value [9].
2) At one time, more number of demands can fulfil [9]. 3) Improvement in input-output responses and customer’s cost can be driven easily [9]. 2.4. Blockchain in health care industry: There are a number of business models for the health care industry. Some of the organizations what they are doing today is they work on the proof of state (POS) perspective to the diverse group of the stakeholders. This makes the blockchain technology, destructive to some extent. Blockchain is the buzzard technology of the decade [10]. It is a massive opportunity for the blockchain technology for digital transformation into pharmaceutical chains and also many type of digital contracts solved by the technology for health and care technology. Three ways by which blockchain can help in transforming the healthcare industry:-
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1) Records stored in the electro chip: - One possible use case is that blockchain can build an electro chip such that this chip can be helpful to its implementation in every department of the health care. So electro records can be useful in generating databases of every patient at any moment. Medical records can be burdened because it can change after every visit of a patient to the hospital [10]. 2) With the supply chains :- The pharmaceutical industry has the highest standards for product safety, stability, and security. For example, supply chain management with blockchain can be monitored transparently, this can refuse human mistakes, delays, and also be used to control costs and labors [11]. Even a waste in missions at every point and tracking them at every point and follows some logistical solutions. New solution can be implemented to the nodes which can be a viable solution while physical products are in transit and permanently recorded on the blockchain [11]. 3) Genomic market:-Companies such as Encrypgen and the nebula genomics work on blockchain to share the genomic data safely and securely where the data market is of billions of dollars.This company uses blockchain to the significant use because of the security that blockchain provides to us and data transferred to the user without any middlemen. They have great marketing so to protect that marketing they are in need to protect that market.
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There can be a number of use cases drawn for the health care industry:1) Where the patient rules [11]: Every patient has their medical records, but they cannot be given a chance to modify the data, but they have a chance to put a point that their data should only be accessible to only some of the hospitals. 2) This technology should have a tabular format [11]: This means that all the information is stored in the form of tables or charts or any types of stats.
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3)
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It can create a number of opportunities to the employers:-This can be useful where there is a need of
employers [11].
This technology might create a disrupting environment where it doesn’t meet the needs of the user. For example, take a case of a patient where he/ she is in an urgent need to getting the details to present it for any other use. But this technology restricts the patient from getting all of the information from the hospital, this will create burden for the patient and his/her needs might not be fullfilled .
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3. Demerits of blockchain technology : 1) This technology is nascent:- Is it now ready for use or it is today ’s or day after today ’s technology . A number of consequences are needed to be sorted out [5]. 2) Scaling up Problems:- Not faster as compared to others so it cannot be scaled up to the greatest extent. For example, visa and the master cards can process about 40 thousand transactions per second, but the bitcoin blockchain could do about 8 to 10 transactions per second [5]. 3) Interoperability:-Every one wants to be the part of the blockchain;this might be a burden for the developers [5]. 4) Replacement of current database:-Blockchain got familiar to more number of people through the crypto currency by the electro chip, so there is less number of realities available for the blockchain technology [5].
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4. Future Work: The later of blockchain seems to be a dazzling one, the rationale being that it brings to the list that no other technology offers. As the data is cowed among all the associations working. This technology is capable of replacing every technology operating in the current world. However, there are several bugs related to these technologies that must be resolved in a shorter time. So researchers should try to develop more and more number of use cases for this technology. Many other applications should be found out, such as its use to everyday objects. More seminars regarding this technologies should be conducted all over the globe, so that it reaches to as many number of people possible, which in turn increases research towards this technology.
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5. Conclusion: Blockchain is a widely scalable technology cannot be implemented all over the globe. As it becomes familiar to more and more number of people, its implementation can be easier to understand and can reach as many as people it can. There are many sectors where blockchain can be implemented but these sectors have demerits of their own . Firstly we should try as many attempts to remove these demerits and then proceed to work with the blockchain technology, and after that blockchain can be a boom to any industry. The blockchain network can achieve every work.
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References [1] R Beck, JS Czepluch, N Lollike, S Malone, Blockchain – “The Gateway to Trust-Free Cryptographic Transactions.”In Research Papers from ECIS2016, (Istanbul, 2016). [2] Tian, F.: “An agri-food supply chain traceability system for China based on RFID & Blockchain technology.”In: 2016 13th International Conference on Service Systems and Service Management (ICSSSM), pp. 1–6. IEEE (2016). [3] Leng, K., Bi, Y., Jing, L., Fu, H.-C., Van Nieuwenhuyse, I.: “Research on agricultural supply chain system with double chain architecture based on Blockchain technology.” Future Gener. Comput. Syst. (2018). [4] Yoshida, K., Tanaka, K., Hariya, R., Azechi, I., Idia, T., Maeda, S., Kuroda, H.” Contribution of ICT monitoring system in agricultural water management and environmental conversation.”In: Serviceology for Designing the Future, pp. 359–369 (2016). [5] A. Kosba, A. Miller, E. Shi, Z. Wen, and C. Papamanthou, “Hawk: The blockchain model of cryptography and privacy- preserving smart contracts”, Proceedings of IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP), San Jose, CA, USA, 2016, pp. 839– 858. [6] Tapscott, D., & Tapscott, A. (2017).“The blockchain revolution and higher education.”Educause Review, 52(2), 11-24. [7] P Devine”Blockchain learning: can crypto-currency methods be appropriated to enhance online learning? “Presented at the ALT Online Winter Conference 2015, Online, (United Kingdom, 2015). [8] Z Zheng, S Xie, H Dai, X Chen, H Wang, in 2017 IEEE International Congress on Big Data (BigData Congress)”An Overview of Blockchain Technology: Architecture, Consensus, and Future Trends “(2017), pp. 557–564. [9] Vinod Kumar, M., Iyengar, N.C.S.N.: “A framework for Blockchain technology in rice supply chain management. “Adv. Sci. Technol. Lett. 146, 125–130 (2017). [10] P. B. Nichol (2016, March),”Blockchain applications for healthcare”. [11] World Health Organization, “Growing threat from counterfeit medicines,“ Bulletin of the World Health Organization, vol. 88, no.4, pp. 241-320, April 2010.
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Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
! ScienceDirect ScienceDirect ScienceDirect ! 000–000 Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) ! !
!!
Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 Procedia Computer Science 160 (2019) 740–745
!!
www.elsevier.com/locate/ www.elsevier.com/locate/ procedia procedia
3rd International International Workshop Workshop on on Recent Recent Advances Advances on on Internet Internet of of Things: Things: Technology Technology and and 3rd Application Approaches (IoT-T&A 2019) Application Approaches (IoT-T&A 2019) November 4-7, 4-7, Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal Portugal November
A Survey Survey on on Blockchain Blockchain Technology Technology and and its its Proposed Proposed Solutions Solutions A Dharmin Dave Daveaa,, Shalin Shalin Parikh Parikhaa,, Reema Reema Patel Patelaa,, Nishant Nishant Doshi Doshiaa** Dharmin aPandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Gandhinagar, India aPandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Gandhinagar, India
Abstract Abstract
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Blockchain technology had become evident since 2008 when Santoshi Nakamoto aimed to serve blockchain as a bond ledger Blockchain technology had become evident since 2008 when Santoshi Nakamoto aimed to serve blockchain as a bond ledger of the cryptocurrency bitcoin. It should never be compared to any existing technologies like the internet. Blockchain is of the cryptocurrency bitcoin. It should never be compared to any existing technologies like the internet. Blockchain is pleased with the fact that it provides high satisfaction and a trust bond to its users. There are significant implementations of pleased with the fact that it provides high satisfaction and a trust bond to its users. There are significant implementations of blockchain technology across various sectors of a country which includes the agricultural venture, education venture, and blockchain technology across various sectors of a country which includes the agricultural venture, education venture, and supply chain management systems. Blockchain technology can be useful in countries like India, where the agricultural sector supply chain management systems. Blockchain technology can be useful in countries like India, where the agricultural sector perturb about one-sixth of the total GDP of the country and also about half of the employees working in that country. So we perturb about one-sixth of the total GDP of the country and also about half of the employees working in that country. So we will discuss several implementations of blockchain, which are spoonful in transforming a nation. will discuss several implementations of blockchain, which are spoonful in transforming a nation. © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
© 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This an openPublished access article underB.V. the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) © 2019 TheisAuthors. by Elsevier This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Peer-review under responsibility of the Conference Chairs. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND licenseProgram (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Peer-review under responsibility of the Conference Program Chairs. Peer-review under responsibility of the Conference Program Chairs. Keywords:Blockchain; Agriculture Sector; Educational Background; Supply Chain Management Keywords:Blockchain; Agriculture Sector; Educational Background; Supply Chain Management
1. Introduction Introduction 1. Blockchain technology technology is is abstracted abstracted as as the the statistical statistical outline outline security security technology technology for for the the modifications modifications in in Blockchain the databases databases and and the the highly highly intellectual intellectual machines. machines. Blockchain Blockchain can can seem seem as as aa philosophy philosophy rather rather than than aa the technology to to solve solve the the issues issues relating relating to to the the trust trust in in any any particular particular bond. bond. It It can can also also be be said said as as an an idea idea to to technology transform the the current current state state of of the the world world rather rather than than aa specific specific country. country. It It can can be be used used for for discerning discerning the the transform nugatory changes changes that that took took place place in in the the system system and and informing informing every every vital vital object object about about the the changes changes that that took took nugatory place in in the the operation operation [1]. [1]. For For example, example, in in aa railway railway management management system system where where there there might might be be aa delay delay due due to to place any, cause and the information might not be able to reach to the customers. In this case, the blockchain any, cause and the information might not be able to reach to the customers. In this case, the blockchain technology comes comes to to the the scene scene where where they they give give customers customers real real -time -time monitoring monitoring and and present present them them the the technology knowledge of the current situation of the trains. knowledge of the current situation of the trains. Blockchain technology technology can can solve solve several several problems problems in in every every sector sector of of the the country, country, which which includes includes border border Blockchain
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* Corresponding Author. Tel.: +917923275458 * Corresponding Author. Tel.: +917923275458 E-mail address: [email protected] E-mail address: [email protected]
1877-0509 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. 1877-0509 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Peer-review under responsibility of the Conference Program Chairs. Peer-review under responsibility of the Conference Program Chairs. 1877-0509 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Peer-review under responsibility of the Conference Program Chairs. 10.1016/j.procs.2019.11.017
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Dharmin Dave et al. / Procedia Computer Science 160 (2019) 740–745 Dharmin Dave et. al./ Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000
!2
control, government identification, insurance, shipping, real estate, advertising, waste management, energy, tourism, and many others. It consists of various algorithms, stored in the ledger, used in detecting errors, also finds that in which block the error has occurred. Many countries, such as Estonia have implemented blockchain in several sectors and found surprising results favoring their development [1]. Moreover, another significant factor is that whenever the error has occurred, a trace is left behind, which reduces the effort needed in finding that in which block he error has occurred. This factor results in the decentralization of the process [2].
2. Implementations of Blockchain Technology 2.1. Agricultural Sector: Blockchain affects the agricultural product’s convenience to the farmers, farm types of equipments, finance to the farmers, loans, and many other factors.
!
Blockchain technology depends on 4 factors namely:1) Consensus: It conveys the information related to distributed trust, which can be gathered by the fact that how do the farmers trust the government for their fundamental rights [2].
!
2) Security: This explains the part of the export and import of the products, and the safety of the datas related to the famers [2]. 3) Provenance: This describes the tracing back of an event. In case of the transaction happening between the farmers. There can be some intermediaries who use fraudulent data to cheat farmers for monetary purposes. Blockchain helps in providing trust to the farmers.
! !
4) Trust: All, the participants, become the part of a ledger and only one entry at a time, i.e real-time and every component is a heart of the accounting [2].
! !
There is a mass scope in research to be done on blockchain technology in the agriculture sector. This research can help major agro producers like India and Pakistan. According to the data given by the Indian government, India is forecasted to be the country with the highest GDP by 2020. At the same time the agricultural sector, which contributes about one-sixth of India’s GDP and is responsible for creating half of the workforce [3], so proposing blockchain technology will be fruitful in this sector. We can propose a system using the blockchain , technology which may useful to the farmers:- We can build an agricultural blockchain-based environment that can place a farmer whole seller trade using advanced techniques for their bonds. We can create a token element for providing identity to all the farmers. Ubiquitous token element for the execution of the sophisticated transactions and fundings [4]. Considering a rural area, we can also create a transportation network system which can help these farmers who only want to work for a short period of time [4]. This can reduce their dependence on loans and finance regarding the costs of their tractors [4]. Also, we can create a unique team working on verifying the land records and the consolidation part and which can avail tractor sharing partnership. Unfortunately, if we apply blockchain to the agricultural products, it might be challenging to operate because of the hash data stored in the database of the ledger [2]. As it is an advanced technology, that may create a difficulty for the farmers to operate these at every point of time with full clarity and precision. We can use a trained dataset so that it can be more comfortable for the farmers such that they do have to operate only the more comfortable things and not the hardcore logic behind them [2]. There can be a case that there are several external influences which may affect the farmer’s knowledge so we have to give them such a technology that they must be reliable to and can work efficiently for them. 2.2. Educational Sector: Blockchain can be one of the technology which, can help students in their studies. By studying Estonia’s educational plan, we can see that it is different from mainstream blockchains due to its scalability. Challenges reduced by blockchain are as follows:1) It can be emerged in forming an open-source environment. This can offer a means for storing all the bonafide require by a student during his/her course of study and can create an air of legitimacy for carrying fewer
741
! !!
Dharmin Dave et al. / Procedia Computer Science 160 (2019) 740–745 Dharmin Dave et. al./ Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000
742
!3
documents in their bags and thus creating an alternative means of education.
2) It can also create an environment for modifying and then storing personal databases of the students. The blockchain provides data access to the universities and data changed is much of preciser, and any change must not require as much of a burden [6].
3) The problem presented by the Schools/Universities is that the number of cases regarding the fraud and the illegal certificates given to the students [6]. The primary focus of the blockchain technology comes to a place where every block is a provable block so that if any fraud is going to occur, then this needful information is directly send to the higher authorities so that they can take a strict action fastidiously [6].
!
!
4) One significant advantage of this technology to the educational background is that it gives each student a unique id which helps student matching up with his/her information , and in case any confusion for projects between two students occur then it can easily be worked out. Transparency for viewing the grades can be a great advantage. Holberton is the first institute to adapt to blockchain technology. Every student acquires a digital certificate that is within the trustworthy and a secured environment where 256 bits encrypted and two-factor authentication [7] helps the students in maintaining their privacy. After graduation, everyone’s degree is directly generated after the completion of the course. Now some countries and universities are trying to adopt with blockchain technology for maintaining their privacy issue. Estonia has also adopted blockchain to a great extent and wishes to find developed results [7].
!
Companies working to solve the problems are:1) IBM and Sony- They are currently working on data storage required by the Universities or Schools [6].
!
2) Learning Machine - Softwares for recording the databases which can help for the further processing bonafide of the students [6]. 3) Blackcets - Standard for blockchain credentials [6].
!
4) Records Keeper - Securing students academic certificates and creating safe records [6].
!
2.3. Supply Chain Management: It can be defined as the flow of goods and services from one country to the other. The trust factor is the biggest problem in this industry. We can link this industry to blockchain industry and thus helping in developing the trust factor between the importer and the exporter [8]. The supply chain industry is huge and it's only going to grow in the Asia, Africa over time in a steady order.
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Path or a product supply chain fool a way that is intermediaries from factories created for you and also knows distributor’s procurement officers and goes to the many channels or the strings, and there are about 4-6 parts that are included in the chain supply chain visibility- it can drive the most value as there are many problems in the supply chain which can be placated by blockchain [8]. Severals problems are to be solved by the companies. There are multiple companies in this industry, so the problem is that they all have competing interests and then you to trust all of them ,and problem may occur that date for this product was meant for a particular day and other company says no you should see the database and the fact was that the database was modified. These might create a challenging environment for small start-up groups because some companies try to deal or bestow with big companies as this comes under the part of reputation and trustworthiness so its a problem for small business groups [8]. Another problem is of the old world technologies, some technologies might work on only ms docs. So the solution to all these problems is the
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blockchain industry. However, the problem regarding this technology is that there are a very less number of companies or factories working under the blockchain technology. There can be a case where the employees might be pleased by the fact that they are working under the blockchain, but it depends on the customer satisfaction, and stats about how many customers want that company to work with this technology. We can make flow chart regarding the processing of supply chain management by blockchain technology [9]. First step provides information about the two parties and policies of their transaction. Second step details about verification of the operation creates a block. Third step appends a block, and the last step completes the process, and the ledger will get updated. There are a number of platforms where the blockchain can work such as- digital ownership certificates, asset and assembly tracking, proof of origin, trusted maintenance tracking, integrated financial transactions, and the collaborative product master data . Significant benefits of this system: 1)
Increased in distributed value [9].
2) At one time, more number of demands can fulfil [9]. 3) Improvement in input-output responses and customer’s cost can be driven easily [9]. 2.4. Blockchain in health care industry: There are a number of business models for the health care industry. Some of the organizations what they are doing today is they work on the proof of state (POS) perspective to the diverse group of the stakeholders. This makes the blockchain technology, destructive to some extent. Blockchain is the buzzard technology of the decade [10]. It is a massive opportunity for the blockchain technology for digital transformation into pharmaceutical chains and also many type of digital contracts solved by the technology for health and care technology. Three ways by which blockchain can help in transforming the healthcare industry:-
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1) Records stored in the electro chip: - One possible use case is that blockchain can build an electro chip such that this chip can be helpful to its implementation in every department of the health care. So electro records can be useful in generating databases of every patient at any moment. Medical records can be burdened because it can change after every visit of a patient to the hospital [10]. 2) With the supply chains :- The pharmaceutical industry has the highest standards for product safety, stability, and security. For example, supply chain management with blockchain can be monitored transparently, this can refuse human mistakes, delays, and also be used to control costs and labors [11]. Even a waste in missions at every point and tracking them at every point and follows some logistical solutions. New solution can be implemented to the nodes which can be a viable solution while physical products are in transit and permanently recorded on the blockchain [11]. 3) Genomic market:-Companies such as Encrypgen and the nebula genomics work on blockchain to share the genomic data safely and securely where the data market is of billions of dollars.This company uses blockchain to the significant use because of the security that blockchain provides to us and data transferred to the user without any middlemen. They have great marketing so to protect that marketing they are in need to protect that market.
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There can be a number of use cases drawn for the health care industry:1) Where the patient rules [11]: Every patient has their medical records, but they cannot be given a chance to modify the data, but they have a chance to put a point that their data should only be accessible to only some of the hospitals. 2) This technology should have a tabular format [11]: This means that all the information is stored in the form of tables or charts or any types of stats.
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It can create a number of opportunities to the employers:-This can be useful where there is a need of
employers [11].
This technology might create a disrupting environment where it doesn’t meet the needs of the user. For example, take a case of a patient where he/ she is in an urgent need to getting the details to present it for any other use. But this technology restricts the patient from getting all of the information from the hospital, this will create burden for the patient and his/her needs might not be fullfilled .
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3. Demerits of blockchain technology : 1) This technology is nascent:- Is it now ready for use or it is today ’s or day after today ’s technology . A number of consequences are needed to be sorted out [5]. 2) Scaling up Problems:- Not faster as compared to others so it cannot be scaled up to the greatest extent. For example, visa and the master cards can process about 40 thousand transactions per second, but the bitcoin blockchain could do about 8 to 10 transactions per second [5]. 3) Interoperability:-Every one wants to be the part of the blockchain;this might be a burden for the developers [5]. 4) Replacement of current database:-Blockchain got familiar to more number of people through the crypto currency by the electro chip, so there is less number of realities available for the blockchain technology [5].
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4. Future Work: The later of blockchain seems to be a dazzling one, the rationale being that it brings to the list that no other technology offers. As the data is cowed among all the associations working. This technology is capable of replacing every technology operating in the current world. However, there are several bugs related to these technologies that must be resolved in a shorter time. So researchers should try to develop more and more number of use cases for this technology. Many other applications should be found out, such as its use to everyday objects. More seminars regarding this technologies should be conducted all over the globe, so that it reaches to as many number of people possible, which in turn increases research towards this technology.
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5. Conclusion: Blockchain is a widely scalable technology cannot be implemented all over the globe. As it becomes familiar to more and more number of people, its implementation can be easier to understand and can reach as many as people it can. There are many sectors where blockchain can be implemented but these sectors have demerits of their own . Firstly we should try as many attempts to remove these demerits and then proceed to work with the blockchain technology, and after that blockchain can be a boom to any industry. The blockchain network can achieve every work.
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References [1] R Beck, JS Czepluch, N Lollike, S Malone, Blockchain – “The Gateway to Trust-Free Cryptographic Transactions.”In Research Papers from ECIS2016, (Istanbul, 2016). [2] Tian, F.: “An agri-food supply chain traceability system for China based on RFID & Blockchain technology.”In: 2016 13th International Conference on Service Systems and Service Management (ICSSSM), pp. 1–6. IEEE (2016). [3] Leng, K., Bi, Y., Jing, L., Fu, H.-C., Van Nieuwenhuyse, I.: “Research on agricultural supply chain system with double chain architecture based on Blockchain technology.” Future Gener. Comput. Syst. (2018). [4] Yoshida, K., Tanaka, K., Hariya, R., Azechi, I., Idia, T., Maeda, S., Kuroda, H.” Contribution of ICT monitoring system in agricultural water management and environmental conversation.”In: Serviceology for Designing the Future, pp. 359–369 (2016). [5] A. Kosba, A. Miller, E. Shi, Z. Wen, and C. Papamanthou, “Hawk: The blockchain model of cryptography and privacy- preserving smart contracts”, Proceedings of IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP), San Jose, CA, USA, 2016, pp. 839– 858. [6] Tapscott, D., & Tapscott, A. (2017).“The blockchain revolution and higher education.”Educause Review, 52(2), 11-24. [7] P Devine”Blockchain learning: can crypto-currency methods be appropriated to enhance online learning? “Presented at the ALT Online Winter Conference 2015, Online, (United Kingdom, 2015). [8] Z Zheng, S Xie, H Dai, X Chen, H Wang, in 2017 IEEE International Congress on Big Data (BigData Congress)”An Overview of Blockchain Technology: Architecture, Consensus, and Future Trends “(2017), pp. 557–564. [9] Vinod Kumar, M., Iyengar, N.C.S.N.: “A framework for Blockchain technology in rice supply chain management. “Adv. Sci. Technol. Lett. 146, 125–130 (2017). [10] P. B. Nichol (2016, March),”Blockchain applications for healthcare”. [11] World Health Organization, “Growing threat from counterfeit medicines,“ Bulletin of the World Health Organization, vol. 88, no.4, pp. 241-320, April 2010.
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