A sustainable microgrid: A sustainability and management-oriented approach

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Applied Energy Symposium and Forum, Renewable Energy Integration with Mini/Microgrids, REM 2018, 29–30 September 2018, Rhodes, Greece

A sustainable A Symposium sustainability andHeating management-oriented The microgrid: 15th International on District and Cooling approach Assessing the feasibility of using the heat demand-outdoor a*, Tomonobu Senjyua, Toshihisa Funabashiaa, Mikaeel Ahmadia, Mir Sayed Shah Danish temperature function for aa long-term district heata demand forecastb a Abdul Matin Ibrahimi , Ryoya Ohta , Harun Or Rashid Howlader , Hameedullah Zaheb , a Rahman Saborya,b,J.Mohammad Masih Sediqica, O. Le Correc I. Andrića,b,cNajib *, A. Pina , P. Ferrão Fournierb., B. Lacarrière a

a University of thePolicy Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan IN+ Center for Innovation, Technology and Research - Instituto Superior Técnico,903-0213, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal b University, Jamal Mina, 3rd District, Kabul, 1006,78520 Afghanistan VeoliabKabul Recherche & Innovation, 291 Avenue Dreyfous Daniel, Limay, France c Département Systèmes Énergétiques et Environnement - IMT Atlantique, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, 44300 Nantes, France

Abstract Abstract The energy utility sector's transition to an automated and managed energy endeavor in term of microgrid has hastened around the globe. Referring to the literature, the microgrid had been a matter of focus since decades ago. An exhaustive and customized project District heating networks(framework) are commonly in the literature as successful one of theimplementation most effective and solutions decreasing the reliablefor operation. Such management methodology for addressed microgrid projects can assure greenhouseindispensably gas emissions from the building sector. These systems to require investments whichand aresustainability returned through theinheat framework requires a multi-disciplinary investigation cover high technical, managerial, aspects a sales. Dueapplication. to the changed climate conditions and deals building policies, in the futureand could decrease, real-world For the first time, this study withrenovation these three domainsheat alsodemand propounds a novel customized prolongingfor themicrogrid investmentprojects return period. framework proper management, that comprising an optimum intersection of these certain measures. In The main of review this paper is to assess the feasibility of to using thethe heatproject demand – outdoor temperature function for heatinto demand addition to ascope glance of the literature, this study tries merge management principles and best practices the forecast. lifecycle The district Alvalade, practice located that in Lisbon (Portugal), used asThe a case study.methodology The districtconsists is consisted 665 microgrid as anofinnovative is emerging in the was profession. proposed of theof three buildings that vary in both construction period and typology. Three weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district main influential factors namely management, technical, and sustainability measures. Besides, this paper identifies the main renovationfaced scenarios were developed (shallow, deep). To as estimate error, obtained heat demand were challenges a microgrid project from initiationintermediate, to sign-off (operation), well asthe propound feasible solutions fit thevalues identified compared with results from a dynamic heat demand model, previously developed and validated by the authors. problems. The results showed that when only weather change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications ©(the 2019 The Published by Ltd.20% for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation error annual demand lower Copyright ©inAuthors. 2018 Elsevier Ltd.was AllElsevier rights than reserved. This is an open access article under the license scenarios, the peer-review error value increased up CC-BY-NC-ND to 59.5%of(depending on(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) the weather and renovation combinationand considered). Selection and under responsibility the scientific committee of the Applied scenarios Energy Symposium Forum, Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Energy Symposium and Forum, The value Energy of slope coefficient increased on averageREM within the range of 3.8% up Applied to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the Renewable Integration with Mini/Microgrids, 2018. Renewable Energy Integration with Mini/Microgrids, REM 2018. decrease in the number of heating hours of 22-139h during the heating season (depending on the combination of weather and renovation scenarios considered). On microgrid the otherlifecycle; hand, function increased for 7.8-12.7% per decadetrend; (depending on the Keywords: Microgrid; project management; microgridintercept management framework; microgrid development sustainability. coupled scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations. © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling. * Corresponding author. Tel.: +81-80-4699-6079; fax: +81 895 8686. * Corresponding author. Tel.: +81-80-4699-6079; fax: +81 895 8686. E-mail address: [email protected] Keywords: Heat demand; Forecast; Climate change

1876-6102 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Applied Energy Symposium and Forum, Renewable Energy Integration with Mini/Microgrids, REM 2018. 1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. 1876-6102 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling. This is an open access article under the CC-BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Applied Energy Symposium and Forum, Renewable Energy Integration with Mini/Microgrids, REM 2018. 10.1016/j.egypro.2018.12.045

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1. Introduction The energy utility sector's transition to an automated and managed energy endeavor in term of microgrid has hastened around the globe. Referring to the literature, the microgrid had been a matter of focus since decades ago. According to the Elsevier statistics, in 1995, more than 30 titles on microgrid are published; while in 2018, the two digits' number (30) reaches to 1100 titles on the subject matter [1]. This figure shows a steep increase in the number of publications on microgrid since 1995 that denotes the prominence of the subject. It infers that a microgrid with independently dual operation modes (of grid-connected and island-mode) can be anticipated as a key player for the next generation of the power system [2-4]. Also, another reason behind this ascending tendency to microgrid is its autonomous nature, that contributes a grid to mitigate disturbances and strengthen the grid resilience. This study at first deals with a glimpse outlook into the microgrid development trend from 1995 to date that mainly focused on microgrid management and administration from program and project management point of views. That provides a systematic approach to answer the question that how to successfully direct and manage a microgrid project considering technical, technological, and managerial aspects within constrained novel management and sustainability concepts. Detailing step by step adapted five process of project management covers the entire lifecycle of a microgrid project from initiation to operation. As a result, this study sums up with a coherent framework that consisting technical and managerial aspects within sustainability criteria. The proposed framework can be a subtle roadmap for technical and technological experts, which, they might not have strong knowledge of management, as well as not being involved with the management affairs. This interdisciplinary approach can bluntly improve onsite resources' efficiency, contribute problem-solving phenomenon among stakeholders, mitigate risks, and make more controllable the triple constraints (scope, schedule, and cost). 1.1. Why microgrid?

Market Drivers

A microgrid is a small-scale power system with a multifarious distribution configuration (interconnected, radial, and hybrid). It consists of a combination of generation, load, storage facilities, monitoring, control, and automation systems; to serve the utility's customers in a reliable manner. This development trend enumerates the initial step toward smart-grid, which is much complicated in the form of technology and smartnesses. Among the merits of a microgrid, some of them can be listed as resiliency to response and control disrupt events with a minimal interruption time, enhancement of the system downtime, single point of failure, emergency response, customization and easy expansion capability, easiness in acceptance of renewable energy penetration, fast integration with buildings with customized and virtual automation features. The main components of a microgrid can differ due to business need and operation behavior. Generally, these are photovoltaic (PV), wind, fuel cells, bioenergy generation source, Combined Heat and Power (CHP), storage system, diesel generator, and etc. Looking forward to this trend, it exhorts the authors to recall the Brookhaven National Laboratories' prediction about the evolution of microgrid in Fig. 1 [5, 6]. By relying on one of the world microgrid biggest industry like Siemens that claimed "Microgrids are a reliable alternative wherever a stable power supply is needed, or a microgrid is the future of energy management." [7].

2010

Natural microgrid Evolve to localized control Distributed distribution grid Dynamic microgrid

2012

2014

2016

2018

2020

2022

Fig. 1. Roadmap to evolving to the dynamic microgrid.

2024

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2. Literature at a glance The published articles in the context of microgrid (review, research, and editorial in Applied Energy) from 2007 to 2018 explored microgrid from different approaches perspectives that cross the border of hundreds of publicaitons with an increasing trend, as it is shown in Fig. 2 [8-24].

28 18 8 -2 2007

2009

2011

2013

2015

2017

12

Number of Objectives

Growth in Researches (%)

15 9 6 3 0

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Objective

Year Fig. 2. The research trend in the context of microgrid from 2007 to 2018.

Fig. 3. An objective-based oriented literature review of microgrid from 2007-2018.

Table 1. The Fig. 3's objectives presentation. Objective Number

Objective domain

Objective Number

Objective domain

1

Based on Scheme and Configuration

6

Based on economic analysis

2

Based on Resource Penetration

7

Based on project management practices

3

Based on load management

8

Based on policy and standards

4

Based on reliability and stability

9

Based on AC microgrid

5

Based on sustainability analysis

10

Based on DC microgrid

The microgrid is a term frequently used in the literature in the recent years, but to date, there is no any specific and comprehensive methodology (framework) to address a microgrid from a project management perspective. A considerable amount of literature that laid particularly to technical approaches has been published on the microgrid. Here some recent on the literature are pointed out. Pacheco FE and Foreman JC [25] proposed a holistic and systematic approach, based on key concepts of systems thinking, systems of systems and management science. Which, it is covered a microgrid from business, information, application, and technical aspects. This study mainly concentrated on lifecycle methodological approaches (definition, design, implementation, integration and testing, operation and maintenance) rather than project management practices. Tobias P et al. [26] discussed renewable energy resources deployment and microgrid layers. This study investigated the microgrid layers such as the computer, communication, information, application, and business. This study diverts to structural analysis of a microgrid with trifling attention to management and implementation. Also, this study provides a valuable classification of a microgrid with a comparative analysis of similar network structures. Regardless multi-dimensional aspects, from market and business standpoints some factors (consulting and planning, equipment, automation and control, analytics, service and maintenance, and financing) are essential elements for stakeholders' satisfaction to be in a tacit consensus [27].

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3. A microgrid lifecycle from sustainability perspectives The project management knowledge, practices, principles, processes, tools, and techniques are not a new concept. It has been applied for hundreds of years, which results in extremely-worthwhile projects such as Pyramids of Giza, the Great Wall of China, Taj Mahal, Polio vaccine, and many more [28]. Therefore, proper management of any type of service, project, and specific results is fast becoming a key profession by the mid-20th century. In which, the term of sustainability enriches this concept. Numerous studies have attempted to explain the term of sustainability, in general consensus [29-31] the concept of sustainably can be referred that how to use the energy resources in a way to be sufficient for now, and do not compromise the ability of future generations to meet their needs. The most important criteria for sustainable energy production are accessibility, affordability, disparity, safety, use efficiency, supply and production efficiency, costeffectiveness, and environmental impacts on air, water, and soil quality [32]. The concept of sustainable energy development has introduced based on these pillars [33, 34]: Technical sustainability, economic sustainability, institutional sustainability, environmental sustainability, social sustainability.

Fig. 4. A sustainable microgrid project inter-disciplinary interaction.

4. A microgrid lifecycle from project management perspectives At the planning phase of a microgrid, first and foremost distinguish among the infrastructure, operation, functional, and behavior which are performing in a coordinated manner should be identified. Table 2. Details of the different applied approaches in term of microgrid projects management Layer

Approach

1

Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK)

Phase No. 1 2 3 4 5 6

Phases (Process) Pre-project (Concept Formulation) Initiating Phase Planning Phase Executing Phase Monitoring and Controlling Phase Closing Phase

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2

Engineering Analysisoriented Approach

1

2

3

4

5

3

Engineering Designoriented Approach

4

Sustainability-oriented Approach

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5

Technical Analysis A. Basic Analysis: 1. Operation behavior boundaries 2. Configuration type (interconnected or islanded) 3. Load flow analysis 4. short-circuit analysis 5. Protection measures analysis 6. Control and automation measures analysis B. Advanced Analysis: 1. Stability analysis (static, dynamic, and transient) 2. Electrical equipment specifications 3. Single line diagram 4. Control scheme 5. Functional scheme and mechanism 6. Energy management plan 7. Testing and commissioning procedure Commercial (Business Need) Analysis A. Industrial (Utility-scale) 1. Interconnectivity analysis 2. Inter-operability analysis 3. Harmonic analysis 4. Load management 5. Outage management B. Advanced Analysis 1. Contingency analysis 2. Protection and control analysis 3. Cybersecurity analysis 4. Two-way communication analysis Project Management A. Project-based 1. Business need analysis 2. System expansion analysis 3. System automation and control analysis 4. System reinforce analysis B. Operation-based 1. Optimum power flow analysis 2. Financial analysis 3. Load flow with load profile analysis 4. Peak load and load shedding analysis 5. Feeders in informant analysis Operation Mechanism Analysis 1. Transitioning from design, and execution to operation 2. Overall the system components and features' compatibility and consistency check 3. Operation mechanism (interconnected, islanded, automated, dispatched, scheduled) 4. Operator training 5. Performance follow-up and fault detection 6. Operator-assisted operation Maintenance Methodology Analysis 1. Maintenance (preventive, corrective, risk-based, condition-based) [36] 2. Redundancy analysis Predesign and Feasibility Phase Conceptual Design Phase Component Schematic Design Phase Detailed Design Phase Construction Phase Close/Post-project Evaluation End-of-life Phase Technical Sustainability Economical Sustainability Institutional Sustainability Social Sustainability Environmental Sustainability

5

6

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5. The proposed framework for microgrid projects management The proposed framework is invented based on the following main principles in a smooth consistency manner:  Appropriate and world-wide accepted management knowledge, practices, principles, processes, tools, and techniques Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) employment in real-world application in the context of microgrid project management.  Produce an adaption of feasible process from standardized project management process. With propounding the customized step by step solutions considering management, technical, technological, and sustainability aspects together.  Compliance of genuine business needs of a microgrid within the constrained condition.  More importantly, applying the sustainability pillars for a long-run lifecycle of operation. The proposed framework conceptual structure is illustrated in Fig. 5. Which shows an interconnection and dependency among influencing factors on a microgrid management. A coherent prediction of these factors' impacts, at the meanwhile reciprocity outcomes of these factors are also quite remarkable. With a proper balancing these reciprocities can reach to an intersection point that can be called optimum solution.

Fig. 5. The proposed exhaustive-integrated framework for microgrid projects management

Above framework indicates that without considering an inter-disciplinary mechanism, some of the main steps will be missed which are known as essential. For example, the traditional microgrid project management does not focus on the commercial, operation and maintenance phases. While, the proposed framework, compressively covers all the endeavors including end-of-life of the microgrid. In addition to an obvious need for microgrid (especially for rural and remote communities), turning to business and management and enabling the business value creation to qualify tangible and intangible endeavor. Besides technical cautions, adding this value to a microgrid will result tangible (monetary assets, stockholders' equity, tools, and market share), and intangible (goodwill, public benefit, and strategic alignment) endeavor for the utility company [36].

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6. Future work Since this topic has a broad theme, therefore, a detailed investigation is proposed to be conducted in the future works. A critical review of the recent development with an innovative outlook for the evolution of microgrid in the future. Especially, exploring microgrid in term of the scheme, configuration, application, characteristics, technology, and development possibilities. A microgrid proper planning and implementation mostly remain a challenge due to the variety of requirements, operation, features, and economic and business drivers [37]. That on a broader level these challenges can be posed through a common approach hiring the key practices of management and optimum options of technologies. Prioritizing and ordering the tasks for the given framework by using the prefix and suffix notation method is important to avoid ambiguity. Also, the triple constrains impact analysis, resources allocation alignment, and project lifecycle analysis are a momentous investigation to be conducted within a broader range. 7. Hypothesis The retrieved data and information for the Fig. 2 and 3 are adapted from the Applied Energy (one of the leading academic journals in the field of energy engineering with an impact factor 7.9) from 2007 to 2018. The approached domains are explored based on the sampling method of 10% of the publications at each year. 8. Conclusion In part 1, a brief literature review is conducted, which concentrates on the microgrid increasing trends in the recent years. Then, it deals with a first-ever effort to offer a viable solution for microgrid sustainability. In part 2, special measures are evaluated in detail to draw a managed framework for microgrid proper implementation in compliance of sustainability criteria throughout a microgrid life-cycle. This study, unlike the literature, designed an appropriate framework that aligning the sustainability, management, technical, technological aspects of an overall business and project management objectives. Also, this paper sets out to develop a management framework for microgrid projects proper implementation. With an ultimate aim to add value to a microgrid (such as system and operation reliability, stability, resiliency, efficiency, and at last overall sustainability), control and manage the constraints (reduce cost, compress schedule, optimize resources, mitigate risks, and maintain quality) from various dimentions. That ultimately contributes to achieve the goals of a successful implementation of a microgrid project. The findings from this study make several contributions to the current literature, as well as can be counted an asset of information for engineers, scholars, operators, and researchers in the context of project management within sustainability pillars. Acknowledgement This study is a part of the research efforts, which is financially and technically supported by the Center for Strategic Research Project, University of the Ryukyus (Senbaru 1, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan) under the research budget of JFY 2018 (98394640). References [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]

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