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A Systematic Review of Physical Activity and Fitness Levels among Canadian Aboriginal Youth
Can J Diabetes 39 (2015) S38eS74
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Canadian Journal of Diabetes journal homepage: www.canadianjournalofdiabetes.com
Posters P1.01 A Systematic Review of Physical Activity and Fitness Levels among Canadian Aboriginal Youth MICHELLE GATES* University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada Purpose: To (a) summarize results of primary, quantitative peerreviewed research studies on physical activity (PA) and fitness among school-aged (5 to 18 y) Aboriginal Canadians between 2004 and 2014 and (b) suggest areas of focus for future research. Methods: Research databases (i.e., ERIC, Medline, Scopus, Web of Science), Google Scholar and reference lists were searched systematically in January 2014, in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Information on study design, sample population and size, methodology, and relevant findings (e.g., amount or type of PA, relationships to other variables) was extracted and summarized. Results: Of the 23 studies, 22 (96%) were cross-sectional and one (4%) was longitudinal. The majority (n¼15, 65%) reported data from 11 distinct communities (all First Nations); 8 (35%) examined national survey data. Objective PA measurement was uncommon (n¼5, 22% of studies) and aerobic endurance was the only measure of fitness described (n¼5, 26%). Activity and fitness levels were generally in need of improvement, especially given that higher PA and aerobic fitness was associated with lower obesity, central adiposity and type 2 diabetes risk. Additionally, PA was positively associated with perceived physical and mental health and wellness. Conclusion: High PA and aerobic fitness levels were found to impart health benefits for Canadian Aboriginal youth, however, large proportions are not sufficiently active or fit compared to Canadian guidelines. Future investigations should focus on using objective measures and examining various facets of physical fitness in large samples. This will help to elucidate specific types and patterns of activity that support good health.
P2.01 Parallel Improvement in Body Weight, Glycemia, and Intestinal Permeability but not Body Fat with Prebiotic- and AntibioticInduced Gut Microbiota Modification MARC BOMHOF*, HEATHER PAUL, LINDSAY ELLER, RAYLENE REIMER University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada There is an ever growing body of research highlighting the role of gut microbiota on the regulation of host physiology and metabolism. Although many of the mechanisms underpinning the interactions between gut microbiota and metabolic health have yet to be elucidated, new strategies that seek to optimize gut microbiota for improved metabolic health are warranted. Using the prebiotic oligofructose (OFS) and broad spectrum antibiotics (ABX), alone or in combination, we explored the impact of gut microbiota modifiers on host health in diet-induced obese rats. ABX reduced total 16S rRNA gene copies in all microbial genera quantified (P<0.01). Relative proportions (% of total bacteria) of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria remained elevated with OFS despite ABX treatment (P<0.05). OFS and ABX independently reduced body weight 1499-2671/$ e see front matter Ó 2015 Canadian Diabetes Association
(P<0.05) and energy consumption (P<0.05). Whereas OFS led to an increase in GLP-1 (P<0.05), ABX elevated peptide YY (PYY, P<0.05). OFS and ABX decreased intestinal permeability (P<0.05), which was coupled with increased glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) secretion with both OFS and ABX treatment. ABX significantly reduced plasma lipopolysaccharide (LPS, P<0.05). While OFS and ABX reduced serial measures of glucose during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) (P<0.05), OFS led to an improvement in insulin sensitivity (P<0.05). Despite the noted parallel improvements with both OFS and ABX, only OFS yielded a reduction in body fat and plasma leptin (P<0.05), an effect that was not abolished with ABX treatment. The ability of OFS to counteract increases in body fat may be related to the relative abundance of the health promoting bacteria lactobacilli and bifidobacteria.
P3.01 Objectively Measuring Physical Activity in Early Childhood Using Accelerometers: Are 4 Days Enough? KATHLEEN A. ABREO*1, CORNELIA M. BORKHOFF 1, 2, LAURA N. ANDERSON 1, 3, HRISHOV SARKER 4, JONATHON L. MAGUIRE 1, 2, 3, PATRICIA C. PARKIN 1, 2, 5, CATHERINE S. BIRKEN 1, 2, 5 1 Pediatric Outcomes Research Team (PORT), Division of Pediatric Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada 2 Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada 3 The Applied Health Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada 4 Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada 5 Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Background: Studies of physical activity (PA) in young children have generally included only participants with at least 4 days of accelerometer wear-time. It is unclear whether 4 days characterizes usual PA in children 5 years and under. Investigating this protocol may inform future studies of early childhood obesity. Objective: To determine the minimal number of days, and what days, of accelerometer monitoring are needed to reliably estimate usual PA in young children. Methods: Ninety children (mean age¼32 (range, 4-70) months) were instructed to wear an Actical accelerometer for 7 consecutive days and had at least 4 valid days. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and 95% CI were calculated for mean daily total PA and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) minutes derived from 4 days of monitoring. The Spearman-Brown prophecy formula was used to determine the required days of monitoring needed to achieve reliability estimates of 0.70, 0.80, and 0.90. Results: A single day produced a reliability of ICC¼0.70 (95%CI: 0.58-0.79) and ICC¼0.69 (95%CI: 0.57-0.79) for total PA and MVPA, respectively. Spearman-Brown analyses indicated that 2 days are
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Canadian Journal of Diabetes journal homepage: www.canadianjournalofdiabetes.com
Posters P1.01 A Systematic Review of Physical Activity and Fitness Levels among Canadian Aboriginal Youth MICHELLE GATES* University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada Purpose: To (a) summarize results of primary, quantitative peerreviewed research studies on physical activity (PA) and fitness among school-aged (5 to 18 y) Aboriginal Canadians between 2004 and 2014 and (b) suggest areas of focus for future research. Methods: Research databases (i.e., ERIC, Medline, Scopus, Web of Science), Google Scholar and reference lists were searched systematically in January 2014, in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Information on study design, sample population and size, methodology, and relevant findings (e.g., amount or type of PA, relationships to other variables) was extracted and summarized. Results: Of the 23 studies, 22 (96%) were cross-sectional and one (4%) was longitudinal. The majority (n¼15, 65%) reported data from 11 distinct communities (all First Nations); 8 (35%) examined national survey data. Objective PA measurement was uncommon (n¼5, 22% of studies) and aerobic endurance was the only measure of fitness described (n¼5, 26%). Activity and fitness levels were generally in need of improvement, especially given that higher PA and aerobic fitness was associated with lower obesity, central adiposity and type 2 diabetes risk. Additionally, PA was positively associated with perceived physical and mental health and wellness. Conclusion: High PA and aerobic fitness levels were found to impart health benefits for Canadian Aboriginal youth, however, large proportions are not sufficiently active or fit compared to Canadian guidelines. Future investigations should focus on using objective measures and examining various facets of physical fitness in large samples. This will help to elucidate specific types and patterns of activity that support good health.
P2.01 Parallel Improvement in Body Weight, Glycemia, and Intestinal Permeability but not Body Fat with Prebiotic- and AntibioticInduced Gut Microbiota Modification MARC BOMHOF*, HEATHER PAUL, LINDSAY ELLER, RAYLENE REIMER University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada There is an ever growing body of research highlighting the role of gut microbiota on the regulation of host physiology and metabolism. Although many of the mechanisms underpinning the interactions between gut microbiota and metabolic health have yet to be elucidated, new strategies that seek to optimize gut microbiota for improved metabolic health are warranted. Using the prebiotic oligofructose (OFS) and broad spectrum antibiotics (ABX), alone or in combination, we explored the impact of gut microbiota modifiers on host health in diet-induced obese rats. ABX reduced total 16S rRNA gene copies in all microbial genera quantified (P<0.01). Relative proportions (% of total bacteria) of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria remained elevated with OFS despite ABX treatment (P<0.05). OFS and ABX independently reduced body weight 1499-2671/$ e see front matter Ó 2015 Canadian Diabetes Association
(P<0.05) and energy consumption (P<0.05). Whereas OFS led to an increase in GLP-1 (P<0.05), ABX elevated peptide YY (PYY, P<0.05). OFS and ABX decreased intestinal permeability (P<0.05), which was coupled with increased glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) secretion with both OFS and ABX treatment. ABX significantly reduced plasma lipopolysaccharide (LPS, P<0.05). While OFS and ABX reduced serial measures of glucose during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) (P<0.05), OFS led to an improvement in insulin sensitivity (P<0.05). Despite the noted parallel improvements with both OFS and ABX, only OFS yielded a reduction in body fat and plasma leptin (P<0.05), an effect that was not abolished with ABX treatment. The ability of OFS to counteract increases in body fat may be related to the relative abundance of the health promoting bacteria lactobacilli and bifidobacteria.
P3.01 Objectively Measuring Physical Activity in Early Childhood Using Accelerometers: Are 4 Days Enough? KATHLEEN A. ABREO*1, CORNELIA M. BORKHOFF 1, 2, LAURA N. ANDERSON 1, 3, HRISHOV SARKER 4, JONATHON L. MAGUIRE 1, 2, 3, PATRICIA C. PARKIN 1, 2, 5, CATHERINE S. BIRKEN 1, 2, 5 1 Pediatric Outcomes Research Team (PORT), Division of Pediatric Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada 2 Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada 3 The Applied Health Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada 4 Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada 5 Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Background: Studies of physical activity (PA) in young children have generally included only participants with at least 4 days of accelerometer wear-time. It is unclear whether 4 days characterizes usual PA in children 5 years and under. Investigating this protocol may inform future studies of early childhood obesity. Objective: To determine the minimal number of days, and what days, of accelerometer monitoring are needed to reliably estimate usual PA in young children. Methods: Ninety children (mean age¼32 (range, 4-70) months) were instructed to wear an Actical accelerometer for 7 consecutive days and had at least 4 valid days. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and 95% CI were calculated for mean daily total PA and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) minutes derived from 4 days of monitoring. The Spearman-Brown prophecy formula was used to determine the required days of monitoring needed to achieve reliability estimates of 0.70, 0.80, and 0.90. Results: A single day produced a reliability of ICC¼0.70 (95%CI: 0.58-0.79) and ICC¼0.69 (95%CI: 0.57-0.79) for total PA and MVPA, respectively. Spearman-Brown analyses indicated that 2 days are