- Email: [email protected]
A VHF Radio for Software Defined Radio Applications
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect Procedia Technology 24 (2016) 820 – 826
,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ(PHUJLQJ7UHQGVLQ(QJLQHHULQJ6FLHQFHDQG7HFKQRORJ\ ,&(7(67
$9+)5DGLRIRU6RIWZDUH'HILQHG5DGLR$SSOLFDWLRQV -LVKQX1DPELVVDQ7 1LNKLO7999LQRGNXPDU Dept. of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Govt.College of Engineering, Kannur, Kerala, India
$EVWUDFW 0RGHUQ FRPPXQLFDWLRQ FLUFXLWV XVH D YDULHW\ RI PRGXODWLRQ VFKHPHV 7KH WHFKQRORJ\ LV FKDQJLQJ GD\ E\ GD\ DQG QHZ WHFKQRORJLHVDUHHPHUJLQJ7KHXVHRIYDULRXVPRGXODWLRQVFKHPHVPDNHVFRPSDWLELOLW\DSUREOHP$OVRWKHUDGLRV\VWHPVKDYH WREHFRPHLQWHOOLJHQWWRPDNHWKHPDGDSWWRYDULRXVFKDQQHOFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDQGQRLVH7RUHGXFHWKHVHSUREOHPVDQGWRPDNHWKH FRPPXQLFDWLRQ V\VWHPV RSHUDWH XQGHU YDULRXV FRQGLWLRQV 6RIWZDUH 'HILQHG 5DGLRV LV D YLDEOH RSWLRQ 7KH\ DUH KLJKO\ UHFRQILJXUDEOH DQG WKHLU XVH RI VRIWZDUH WR SHUIRUP PRGXODWLRQ DQG GHPRGXODWLRQ PDNHV WKHP VXLWHG WR WKH FRPPXQLFDWLRQ GHPDQGVRIWKHPRGHUQZRUOG+HUHZHSUHVHQWD6RIWZDUH'HILQHG5DGLRWKDWRSHUDWHVLQWKH9+)UDQJH,WLVYHU\FRPSDFWDQG LV FDSDEOH RI DFKLHYLQJ JRRG VLGHEDQG UHMHFWLRQ IUHTXHQF\ VWDELOLW\ DQG PHGLXP EDQGZLGWK RSHUDWLRQV ,W LV VXLWHG WR D ZLGH UDQJHRIPRGXODWLRQVFKHPHVDQGLVYHU\IOH[LEOH 7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license 3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHRUJDQL]LQJFRPPLWWHHRI,&(7(67± (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of ICETEST – 2015 Keywords:6RIWZDUHUDGLRFRJQLWLYHUDGLR9+)
,QWURGXFWLRQ &RQYHQWLRQDOUDGLR V\VWHPV XVH IL[HGKDUGZDUH WRSHUIRUP PRGXODWLRQ DQGGHPRGXODWLRQ ,Q 6RIWZDUH 'HILQHG 5DGLRV 6'5V WKHVHRSHUDWLRQVDUHFDUULHGRXWLQVRIWZDUHDQGWKHQFRQYHUWHGIURPDQGWRDQDORJUDGLRIUHTXHQF\ 5) VLJQDOV XVLQJ DSSURSULDWH $QDORJ WR 'LJLWDO &RQYHUWHUV $'& DQG 'LJLWDO WR $QDORJ &RQYHUWHUV '$& UHVSHFWLYHO\ :LWK WKH DGYDQFHPHQW RI FRPPXQLFDWLRQ WHFKQRORJLHV DQG WKH FRQJHVWLRQ RI VSHFWUXP 6'5V FDQ HIIHFWLYHO\SURYLGHVROXWLRQVWRDODUJHYDULHW\RISUREOHPV
&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HO E-mail address:MLVKQXQDPELVVDQ#JPDLOFRP
2212-0173 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of ICETEST – 2015 doi:10.1016/j.protcy.2016.05.109
T. Jishnu Nambissan et al. / Procedia Technology 24 (2016) 820 – 826
821
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x )UHTXHQF\RIRSHUDWLRQ 0+] x 0D[LPXPSRVVLEOHEDQGZLGWK N+] x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lock Diagram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
822
T. Jishnu Nambissan et al. / Procedia Technology 24 (2016) 820 – 826
)LJ%ORFN'LDJUDPRIWKHUDGLR
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
823
T. Jishnu Nambissan et al. / Procedia Technology 24 (2016) 820 – 826
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x 6'5FRQWUROFHQWHU x )LUPZDUHIRUERDUGRSHUDWLRQV x 0RGXODWLRQ'HPRGXODWLRQVRIWZDUH 4.1. SDR control center 6'5FRQWUROFHQWHULVD*8,GHYHORSHGXVLQJ0$7/$%*8,'(WRRO,WVDSSOLFDWLRQLVWRSURYLGHDXVHUIULHQGO\ LQWHUIDFHWRFRQWUROWKHUDGLRIURPWKH3&$VFUHHQVKRWRILWLVJLYHQLQ)LJ
)LJ6'5FRQWUROFHQWUHVFUHHQVKRW
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
)LJ&RQWUROGDWDVHQWIURP6'5FRQWUROFHQWUHWRWKHERDUG
824
T. Jishnu Nambissan et al. / Procedia Technology 24 (2016) 820 – 826
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irmware
)LJ)LUPZDUHRSHUDWLRQVIORZFKDUW
T. Jishnu Nambissan et al. / Procedia Technology 24 (2016) 820 – 826
825
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odulation/Demodulation Software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
826
T. Jishnu Nambissan et al. / Procedia Technology 24 (2016) 820 – 826
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
ScienceDirect Procedia Technology 24 (2016) 820 – 826
,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ(PHUJLQJ7UHQGVLQ(QJLQHHULQJ6FLHQFHDQG7HFKQRORJ\ ,&(7(67
$9+)5DGLRIRU6RIWZDUH'HILQHG5DGLR$SSOLFDWLRQV -LVKQX1DPELVVDQ7 1LNKLO7999LQRGNXPDU Dept. of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Govt.College of Engineering, Kannur, Kerala, India
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© 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license 3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHRUJDQL]LQJFRPPLWWHHRI,&(7(67± (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of ICETEST – 2015 Keywords:6RIWZDUHUDGLRFRJQLWLYHUDGLR9+)
,QWURGXFWLRQ &RQYHQWLRQDOUDGLR V\VWHPV XVH IL[HGKDUGZDUH WRSHUIRUP PRGXODWLRQ DQGGHPRGXODWLRQ ,Q 6RIWZDUH 'HILQHG 5DGLRV 6'5V WKHVHRSHUDWLRQVDUHFDUULHGRXWLQVRIWZDUHDQGWKHQFRQYHUWHGIURPDQGWRDQDORJUDGLRIUHTXHQF\ 5) VLJQDOV XVLQJ DSSURSULDWH $QDORJ WR 'LJLWDO &RQYHUWHUV $'& DQG 'LJLWDO WR $QDORJ &RQYHUWHUV '$& UHVSHFWLYHO\ :LWK WKH DGYDQFHPHQW RI FRPPXQLFDWLRQ WHFKQRORJLHV DQG WKH FRQJHVWLRQ RI VSHFWUXP 6'5V FDQ HIIHFWLYHO\SURYLGHVROXWLRQVWRDODUJHYDULHW\RISUREOHPV
&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HO E-mail address:MLVKQXQDPELVVDQ#JPDLOFRP
2212-0173 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of ICETEST – 2015 doi:10.1016/j.protcy.2016.05.109
T. Jishnu Nambissan et al. / Procedia Technology 24 (2016) 820 – 826
821
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x )UHTXHQF\RIRSHUDWLRQ 0+] x 0D[LPXPSRVVLEOHEDQGZLGWK N+] x %LGLUHFWLRQDOLQKDOIGXSOH[PRGH 7KHIUHTXHQF\RIRSHUDWLRQZDVFKRVHQWREH0+]DVWKHOLFHQVHGDPDWHXUUDGLRIUHTXHQFLHVIURPWR 0+]FDQEHXVHGWRWHVWWKHUDGLR+RZHYHUWKHUDGLRLVFDSDEOHRIRSHUDWLQJLQDQ\IUHTXHQF\IURP0+]WR 0+]ZLWKDSSURSULDWHFKDQJHVLQKDUGZDUHDQGILUPZDUH7KHUDQJHZDVSXUSRVHIXOO\OLPLWHGXVLQJVRIWZDUHWR DYRLGLQWHUIHUHQFHZLWKRWKHUVHUYLFHV 7KHPD[LPXPEDQGZLGWKLVVHWE\WKHVDPSOLQJUDWHRIWKHVRXQGFDUGXVHG$QRUPDO.+]VRXQGFDUGFDQ JLYHDEDQGZLGWKRI.+]ZLWKTXDGUDWXUHVDPSOLQJ7KHEDQGZLGWKPD\EHLQFUHDVHGE\XVLQJDVRXQGFDUGWKDW KDV D KLJKHU VDPSOLQJ IUHTXHQF\ 7KH UDGLR RSHUDWHV LQ KDOIGXSOH[ PRGH WKDW LV LW FDQ RQO\ HLWKHU WUDQVPLW RU UHFHLYH DW D WLPH 1R SRZHU DPSOLILFDWLRQ VHFWLRQ ZDV XVHG DV WKH PDLQ DLP ZDV WR WHVW WKH PRGXODWLRQGHPRGXODWLRQ 7KXV WKH RSHUDWLRQ RI WKH UDGLR PD\ EH VXPPDUL]HG DV IROORZV 7KH UHTXLUHG IUHTXHQF\ RI RSHUDWLRQ DQG WKH GLUHFWLRQDUHFKRVHQDWWKH3&7KHUDGLRWKHQJHWVUHDG\WRRSHUDWHZLWKWKHVHSDUDPHWHUV7KHVLJQDOVDUHWKHQIHG WR DQG IURP WKH 3& WR WKH UDGLR YLD WKH VRXQGFDUG 7KH UHTXLUHG PRGXODWLRQ DQG GHPRGXODWLRQ FDQ EH WKHQ SHUIRUPHGLQVRIWZDUHOLNH0$7/$%6LPXOLQN6'5VKDUS*18UDGLRHWF +DUGZDUH'HVFULSWLRQ 3.1. Block Diagram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
822
T. Jishnu Nambissan et al. / Procedia Technology 24 (2016) 820 – 826
)LJ%ORFN'LDJUDPRIWKHUDGLR
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
823
T. Jishnu Nambissan et al. / Procedia Technology 24 (2016) 820 – 826
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x 6'5FRQWUROFHQWHU x )LUPZDUHIRUERDUGRSHUDWLRQV x 0RGXODWLRQ'HPRGXODWLRQVRIWZDUH 4.1. SDR control center 6'5FRQWUROFHQWHULVD*8,GHYHORSHGXVLQJ0$7/$%*8,'(WRRO,WVDSSOLFDWLRQLVWRSURYLGHDXVHUIULHQGO\ LQWHUIDFHWRFRQWUROWKHUDGLRIURPWKH3&$VFUHHQVKRWRILWLVJLYHQLQ)LJ
)LJ6'5FRQWUROFHQWUHVFUHHQVKRW
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
)LJ&RQWUROGDWDVHQWIURP6'5FRQWUROFHQWUHWRWKHERDUG
824
T. Jishnu Nambissan et al. / Procedia Technology 24 (2016) 820 – 826
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irmware
)LJ)LUPZDUHRSHUDWLRQVIORZFKDUW
T. Jishnu Nambissan et al. / Procedia Technology 24 (2016) 820 – 826
825
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odulation/Demodulation Software 7RSHUIRUPPRGXODWLRQGHPRGXODWLRQGLIIHUHQWVRIWZDUHPD\EHXVHG7RSHUIRUPPRGXODWLRQ0$7/$%ZDV PDGHXVHRI$0$7/$%VFULSWZDVXVHGWRJHQHUDWHDWRQHWREHWUDQVPLWWHG+RZHYHUWRSHUIRUPVLPSOH'RXEOH 6LGH %DQG6XSSUHVVHG &DUULHU '6%6& PRGXODWLRQ DXGLR FDQ EH GLUHFWO\ IHG WR WKH ERDUG DQG WKH UDGLR ZLOO SHUIRUPWKHPRGXODWLRQ7RSHUIRUPGHPRGXODWLRQIUHHO\DYDLODEOHWRROVOLNH+'6'5RU6'56KDUSFDQEHXVHG )RUIXUWKHULQYHVWLJDWLRQV*185DGLRLVSUHIHUUHG)RUVLPSOHDQG3&IULHQGO\XVH6'56KDUSLVXVHG,WSURYLGHV GHPRGXODWLRQRIYDULRXVW\SHVOLNH'RXEOH6LGH%DQG)XOO&DUULHU '6%)& 'RXEOH6LGH%DQG6XSSUHVVHG&DUULHU '6%6& 6LQJOH6LGH%DQG 66% &RQWLQXRXV:DYH &: 1DUURZ%DQG)UHTXHQF\0RGXODWLRQ 1%)0 HWFDV ZHOODVEDQGZLGWKFRQWURO)RURXUFXUUHQWLPSOHPHQWDWLRQZHXVHG6'56KDUSWRGHPRGXODWHWKHVLJQDOV,WJDYHXV VDWLVIDFWRU\SHUIRUPDQFH 5HVXOWV 7KH LQLWLDO WHVWV VKRZHG VDWLVIDFWRU\UHVXOWV 7KH DFFXUDF\ RI WXQLQJ ZDV IRXQG WREHRI WKHRUGHU RIRQH .+] 5HFHSWLRQWHVWVZHUHFDUULHGRXWXVLQJDVKRUWOHQJWKRIZLUHDVDQDQWHQQDFRQQHFWHGWRWKHUDGLR7KHPRGXODWLRQ HPSOR\HG ZDV 1DUURZ %DQG )UHTXHQF\ 0RGXODWLRQ 1%)0 DQG IUHTXHQF\ RI RSHUDWLRQ ZDV FKRVHQ WR EH 0+] 7KH WHVW VLJQDO ZDV JHQHUDWHG XVLQJ D KDQGKHOG DPDWHXU UDGLR WUDQVFHLYHU :KHQ ZH VSRNH LQWR D KDQG\WDONLHWUDQVPLWWHURSHUDWHGDWDGLVWDQFHLWFRXOGEHUHFHLYHGLQWKHUDGLR7KHUHFHLYHIXQFWLRQZRUNHGZHOO XQGHUVKRUWUDQJHV)RUORQJHUUDQJHVWKHUHVXOWVZHUHDFFHSWDEOH+RZHYHUQRLVHOHYHOVZHUHKLJKPDLQO\GXHWR QRLVHIURP6036DQGRWKHUVZLWFKLQJUHJXODWRUVQHDUE\,WZDVDOVRREVHUYHGWKDWQRLVHOHYHOVFRXOGEHGHFUHDVHG ZLWKSURSHUJURXQGLQJRIWKHUDGLR 8QGHU WKH WUDQVPLW PRGH WKH RSHUDWLRQ ZDV FDUULHG RXW E\ VHQGLQJ D VLPSOH DXGLR VLJQDO LQWR WKH UDGLR YLD VRXQGFDUG IRU '6%6& RSHUDWLRQ DQG YLHZHG WKH VSHFWUXP LQ D VSHFWUXP DQDO\]HU 7KH VSHFWUXP GLVSOD\HG WKH FDUULHU OHYHOV ZHOO EHORZ WKH UHTXLUHG VLGHEDQGV 7KLV VKRZHG VDWLVIDFWRU\ PRGXODWLRQ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV +RZHYHU WKHUH ZDV VRPH VSXULRXV VLJQDO JHQHUDWLRQ IURP WKH UDGLR DQG WKLV LPSOLHG WKDW WKH 5) ILOWHULQJ VHFWLRQ KDV WR EH LPSURYHG7KHVSXULRXVVLJQDOVPD\EHVXSSUHVVHGZLWKWKHXVHRIPXOWLSROHILOWHUVDORQJZLWKVZLWFKLQJFLUFXLWU\ IRUWKHUHTXLUHGEDQGRIRSHUDWLRQ &RQFOXVLRQ 7KH 6'5ZDVGHYHORSHG DQG WHVWHG XQGHUGLIIHUHQW FRQGLWLRQV7KH DFFXUDF\RI WXQLQJZDV IRXQG WREH RI WKH RUGHURIRQH.+]ZHOOZLWKLQWKHGHVLJQWROHUDQFHV7KHUHFHSWLRQZDVIRXQGWREHYHU\VDWLVIDFWRU\ZLWKH[FHOOHQW DXGLRTXDOLW\ZKHQ1%)0ZDVUHFHLYHG7KHWUDQVPLVVLRQDOVRZDVIRXQGWREHZLWKLQWKHGHVLJQWROHUDQFHV 7KLVKDUGZDUHKDVJUHDWVFRSHIRUIXWXUHHQKDQFHPHQW7KHIOH[LEOHDUFKLWHFWXUHRIWKLVV\VWHPPDNHVLWDGDSWDEOH IRUDSSOLFDWLRQVOLNHFRJQLWLYHUDGLR$OVRWKHEDQGZLGWKFDQEHLQFUHDVHGWRDIHZ0+]LIZHUHSODFHWKHVRXQGFDUG ZLWK D VSHFLDOL]HG $'& DQG '$& ERDUG PDNLQJ WKLV FLUFXLW XVHIXO IRU XSFRPLQJ DSSOLFDWLRQV OLNH 'LJLWDO 9LGHR %URDGFDVWLQJDQGWKHUHXVHRIZKLWHVSDFHVLQ9+)WHOHYLVLRQVSHFWUXP:LWKVRPHVOLJKWFKDQJHVLQWKHILUPZDUH
826
T. Jishnu Nambissan et al. / Procedia Technology 24 (2016) 820 – 826
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