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Ablation induced by intense pulsed ion beam and its effects on energy deposition on solid target
Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research B 461 (2019) 197–200
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research B journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/nimb
Ablation induced by intense pulsed ion beam and its effects on energy deposition on solid target
T
Xiao Yua,b,c,d, Shijian Zhanga,c,d, Jie Zhange, Jie Shene, Haowen Zhonga,c,d, Xiaojun Cuia,c,d, Guoying Lianga,c,d, Wanying Huanga,c,d, Mofei Xua,c,d, Sha Yanf, Gennady Efimovich Remneva,g, ⁎ Xiaoyun Lea,c,d, a
School of Physics and Nuclear Energy Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-based Precision Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China c Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Nuclear Energy Materials and Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China d School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China e Nuclear and Radiation Safety Center, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Beijing, 100082 Beijing, PR China f Institute of Heavy Ion Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China g National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russia b
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Keywords: Intense pulsed ion beam Ablation Energy deposition Shielding
Ablation effects play an important role in material processing with intense pulsed ion beam (IPIB) and IPIB diagnostics such as calorimeters and infrared detection may also be influenced by ablation. In this study, with numerical analysis and thermal imaging method, the ablation plume and its effects on energy deposition of IPIB on solid target was studied. Radiation experiments of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) targets with a thickness of 200 μm were carried out on BIPPAB-450 pulsed ion beam accelerator and the energy deposition of the ion beam was investigated with infrared imaging diagnostics. It is revealed that due to the low thermal conductivity and decomposition temperature of PVC, ablation plume can be formed during the early stage of beam irradiation and the ablation product may shield the energy of the ion beam from depositing in the target when energy density reaches a certain threshold. This effect needs to be taken into consideration in order to avoid its influence on applications and beam diagnostics.
1. Introduction For its high energy density, intense pulsed ion beam was primarily studied for the ignition of inertial confined fusion (ICF) since the 1970s [1] and IPIB with pulse length within 1 μs and moderate energy density, typically under 10 J/cm2 has been intensively investigated for material science and engineering [2–4]. Exposed to IPIB irradiation, material properties such as surface hardness and corrosion resistance can be improved with flash-heating effects [2–4] with surface smoothening under proper energy flux [5] and it is the basics of IPIB surface treatment. With increased energy density, thermal ablation can be induced on the surface region of the target and the ablated plume can be used for the preparation of thin films and nano-powders synthesis [2–4]. On the other hand, in IPIB applications with low evaporation temperature material such as plastics [6] and in beam diagnostics with heat deposition, e.g. calorimeters and infrared imaging method [7,8], the measurement is often disturbed by ablation and due to the lack of
⁎
knowledge about its mechanism, proper corrections are difficult to make. In order to optimize the usage in material science and minimize the error in beam diagnostics, it is of great significance to investigate the IPIB ablation. In previous studies, phenomena by IPIB ablation, such as ablation mass loss and products have been investigated [9,10]. However, a fundamental problem, i.e. the energy deposition under ablation plume has not been fully researched, diagnostics were often taken with ablation and as a result it is difficult to estimate the level of energy loss in ablation, give correct characterization to the beam parameters and carry out theoretical investigation based on thermal analysis. In this study, the cross-sectional energy density of IPIB was first measured with infrared imaging method with stainless steel targets, and then polyvinyl chloride (PVC) targets were used for the results under strong ablation. By this comparative study the influence of ablation on the energy deposition of IPIB was investigated.
Corresponding author at: School of Physics and Nuclear Energy Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China. E-mail address: [email protected] (X. Le).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2019.09.049 Received 31 August 2018; Received in revised form 18 April 2019; Accepted 25 September 2019 0168-583X/ © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research B 461 (2019) 197–200
X. Yu, et al.
Fig. 1. (1-Column) IPIB power density distribution with cross-sectional energy density 0.1 J/cm2 in PVC.
Fig. 3. (1-Column) Thermal images of IPIB on 50-μm stainless steel, captured by infrared camera, before (a) and after (b) irradiation.
in which ρ, CV, and λ are the density, specific heat and thermal conductivity, respectively and they are temperature-dependent taken from Material Property Data Base of JAHM software, Inc. The source term P (z, t) (Fig. 1), i.e. the power density of IPIB in target is obtained with TOF method [12] with SRIM [13]. For initial condition: (2)
T (z, 0) = T0 and Stefan-Boltzmann boundary condition is taken:
j=
(T 4
T04 )
(3)
where T0 is 298 K, j is the surface-to-ambient radiative heat flux, σ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, ε is the emissivity and for PVC ε = 0.2. The above equation was solved by finite element method (FEM) package Comsol Multiphysics [14]. 3. Experimental
Fig. 2. (1-Column) Thermal field distribution in PVC after IPIB irradiation with cross-sectional energy density of 0.1 J/cm2 (a) and 0.28 J/cm2 (b).
The experiments were carried out on intense pulsed ion beam accelerator BIPPAB-450 with an active magnetically insulated diode (MID) [15]. The IPIB was formed by flash-over of the polymers on the surface of the diode anode and contains 70% percent of protons and 30% of carbon ions. The IPIB was accelerated by pulsed voltage from a system composed of a magneto generator, a Blumlein line and an autotransformer with a maximum value up to 450 kV [8]. The cross-sectional energy density of IPIB was limited under 1.3 J/cm2 to minimize the ablation of stainless steel [8]. Stainless steel and PVC with thickness of 50 and 200 μm with lusterless acrylic paintings on the rear surface
2. Model and method In order to predict the thermal ablation on PVC, a 1-D thermal simulation [11] was used with the following governing equation to estimate the thermal field distribution:
CV
T = t
2T
+P
(1) 198
Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research B 461 (2019) 197–200
X. Yu, et al.
Fig. 5. (1-Column) Cross-sectional energy density calculated from thermal prints at x = 80 mm on stainless steel (a) and PVC (b).
Fig. 4. (1-Column) Thermal images of IPIB on 200-μm PVC, captured by infrared camera, before (a) and after (b) irradiation.
obtained (Fig. 3) by the thermal prints captured with stainless steel target. As a result of ballistical focusing of the MID, the IPIB generally has higher energy density in the beam center. On PVC target, in the beam center it exhibits a low temperature region and its shape is similar to the beam profile on stainless steel in the same position. It means that, in the beam center with higher energy density, the energy deposition was decreased in PVC target (see Fig. 4). In the measured energy density distribution near the beam center (x = 80 mm, Fig. 5), it is revealed that in PVC when the energy density reaches 0.5 J/cm2, the deposited energy on the target will decrease and with higher energy density, the more the beam energy will be shielded from depositing on the target. As IPIB was neutralized for stable beam transportation [16], the shielding of energy deposition was less likely to be induced by the space charge of the charge deposition on the target. Also, the energy shielding happens at higher energy density than that calculated corresponding to PVC decomposition. This can be attributed that under energy density slightly higher than the threshold for ablation, although ablation plume can be generated, it still has energy deposition on the target via thermal contact and as it expands fast to the vacuum background in the chamber [17], the mass density is too low to make ion stopping for obvious shielding to the IPIB. It can also be deduced that in metal targets, if the beam energy density is high enough, there is large possibility that the same phenomenon can happen on target such like metals and graphite and applications may be influence by this effect.
(with an emissivity over 0.9) were used as the infrared imaging targets irradiated at the same position on the IPIB path. The infrared images were taken within 0.1 s after the IPIB pulse emission with a Fluke Ti25 infrared camera controlled by a robot arm through a CaF2 window. 4. Results and discussion As demonstrated in the calculated thermal field distribution (Fig. 2), due to the longer range of ions in PVC, compared with metals, temperature rise can be induced in PVC in a deeper region up to 6 μm. Due to the low thermal conductivity, under IPIB irradiation, the deposited energy of IPIB was confine within the ion range and makes considerably sharp rise in temperature. That means that ablation of PVC can be induced with much lower energy density compared with metals [8]. With energy density 0.1 J/cm2, the surface region of PVC has already reached the melting point and when the energy density reaches 0.28 J/cm2, 100 ns after the beam reaches the target, the surface has reached the temperature of decomposition and ablation plume can be generated during IPIB irradiation. In this stage, the IPIB mainly composed of carbons (Fig. 1) with much shorter range than protons in matter and thus the ablation plume has stronger shielding effects on the beam energy. In metals, after IPIB irradiation, due to the strong thermal flux by high temperature gradient, the energy of IPIB can be dissipated to the deeper region with a depth of serval times of ion range in hundreds of ns, causing a fast falling of temperature in the near surface region [11]. However, in PVC, as a result of high thermal resistivity, the thermal field expands much slower into the deeper region. The cross-sectional distribution of deposited beam energy was
5. Conclusion The shielding effects imposed by the ablated plume on IPIB energy density on the target was studied. FEM thermal analysis demonstrated 199
Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research B 461 (2019) 197–200
X. Yu, et al.
that under IPIB irradiation, ablation plume can be generated on the surface of PVC. By thermal imaging experiments it is revealed that with energy density higher than 0.5 J/cm2, energy shielding effects can be obvious on PVC targets and with higher energy density the shielding effects comes stronger. This effect may attenuate the results of beam energy density and its mechanism in applications requires further investigation for reasonable optimization.
[5] X. Yu, H. Zhong, Z. Zhang, et al., Hydrodynamic effects on the surface morphology evolution of aluminum alloy under intense pulsed ion beam irradiation, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. (2017) 409. [6] V.S. Kovivchak, Y.G. Kryazhev, M.V. Trenikhin, et al., Ultrafast catalytic synthesis of carbon nanofibers on a surface of commercial chlorinated polymers under the action of a high power ion beam of nanosecond duration, Appl. Surf. Sci. 448 (2018). [7] Isakova Yulia, Infrared imaging diagnostics for parameters of powerful ion beams formed by a diode in a double-pulse mode. In: Pulsed Power Conference (PPC), 2011 IEEE. IEEE; 2011. [8] X. Yu, J. Shen, M. Qu, et al., Characterization and analysis of infrared imaging diagnostics for intense pulsed ion and electron beams, Vacuum 113 (2015) 36–42. [9] J. Zhang, X. Yu, H. Zhong, et al., The ablation mass of metals by intense pulsed ion beam irradiation, Nucl. Inst. Methods Phys. Res. B 365 (2015) 210–213. [10] J. Zhang, H.W. Zhong, Z.A. Ye, et al., Study on ablation products of zinc by intense pulsed ion beam irradiation, Laser Part. Beams 35 (1) (2016) 108–113. [11] X. Yu, J. Shen, M. Qu, et al., Distribution and evolution of thermal field formed by intense pulsed ion beam on thin metal target, Nucl. Inst. Methods Phys. Res. B 365 (17) (2015) 225–229. [12] X. Yu, J. Shen, Y.I. Isakova, et al., Study of energy deposition of intense pulsed ion beam in metal target, Vacuum 122 (2015) 12–16. [13] J.F. Ziegler, J.P. Biersack, SRIM-2008, stopping power and range of ions in matter. 2008. [14] A.B. Comsol, COMSOL multiphysics user’s guide, Version: September, 2005. [15] É.G. Furman, A.V. Stepanov, N.Z. Furman, Ionic diode, Tech. Phys. 52 (5) (2007) 621–630. [16] K. Kamada, C. Okada, T. Ikehata, et al., Propagation of intense pulsed ion beams across a magnetic field, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 46 (6) (2007) 1963–1964. [17] J. Zhang, C. Tan, W. Wang, et al., A spectroscopic scheme to measure the expansion velocity of ablation plasmas formed by high intensive pulsed ion beam, Vacuum 73 (3) (2004) 673–679.
Acknowledgments This work is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China by Contract No. 11875084 and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation by Contract No. 2016M600897. References: [1] S. Humphries Jr., Intense pulsed ion beams for fusion applications, Nucl. Fusion 20 (12) (1980) 1549. [2] D.J. Rej, H.A. Davis, J.C. Olson, G.E. Remnev, A.N. Zakoutaev, V.A. Ryzhkov, et al., Materials processing with intense pulsed ion beams, J. Vac. Sci. Technol., A 15 (3) (1997) 1089–1097. [3] G.E. Remnev, I.F. Isakov, M.S. Opekounov, V.M. Matvienko, V.A. Ryzhkov, I.I. Grushin, et al., High intensity pulsed ion beam sources and their industrial applications, Surf. Coat. Technol. 114 (2) (1999) 206–212. [4] K. Yatsui, W. Jiang, H. Suematsu, G. Imada, T. Suzuki, M. Hirai, et al., Industrial applications of pulsed particle beams and pulsed power technologies//High-Power Particle Beams (BEAMS 2004), 2004 International Conference on. IEEE, 2004: 613–617.
200
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research B journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/nimb
Ablation induced by intense pulsed ion beam and its effects on energy deposition on solid target
T
Xiao Yua,b,c,d, Shijian Zhanga,c,d, Jie Zhange, Jie Shene, Haowen Zhonga,c,d, Xiaojun Cuia,c,d, Guoying Lianga,c,d, Wanying Huanga,c,d, Mofei Xua,c,d, Sha Yanf, Gennady Efimovich Remneva,g, ⁎ Xiaoyun Lea,c,d, a
School of Physics and Nuclear Energy Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-based Precision Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China c Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Nuclear Energy Materials and Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China d School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China e Nuclear and Radiation Safety Center, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Beijing, 100082 Beijing, PR China f Institute of Heavy Ion Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China g National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russia b
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Keywords: Intense pulsed ion beam Ablation Energy deposition Shielding
Ablation effects play an important role in material processing with intense pulsed ion beam (IPIB) and IPIB diagnostics such as calorimeters and infrared detection may also be influenced by ablation. In this study, with numerical analysis and thermal imaging method, the ablation plume and its effects on energy deposition of IPIB on solid target was studied. Radiation experiments of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) targets with a thickness of 200 μm were carried out on BIPPAB-450 pulsed ion beam accelerator and the energy deposition of the ion beam was investigated with infrared imaging diagnostics. It is revealed that due to the low thermal conductivity and decomposition temperature of PVC, ablation plume can be formed during the early stage of beam irradiation and the ablation product may shield the energy of the ion beam from depositing in the target when energy density reaches a certain threshold. This effect needs to be taken into consideration in order to avoid its influence on applications and beam diagnostics.
1. Introduction For its high energy density, intense pulsed ion beam was primarily studied for the ignition of inertial confined fusion (ICF) since the 1970s [1] and IPIB with pulse length within 1 μs and moderate energy density, typically under 10 J/cm2 has been intensively investigated for material science and engineering [2–4]. Exposed to IPIB irradiation, material properties such as surface hardness and corrosion resistance can be improved with flash-heating effects [2–4] with surface smoothening under proper energy flux [5] and it is the basics of IPIB surface treatment. With increased energy density, thermal ablation can be induced on the surface region of the target and the ablated plume can be used for the preparation of thin films and nano-powders synthesis [2–4]. On the other hand, in IPIB applications with low evaporation temperature material such as plastics [6] and in beam diagnostics with heat deposition, e.g. calorimeters and infrared imaging method [7,8], the measurement is often disturbed by ablation and due to the lack of
⁎
knowledge about its mechanism, proper corrections are difficult to make. In order to optimize the usage in material science and minimize the error in beam diagnostics, it is of great significance to investigate the IPIB ablation. In previous studies, phenomena by IPIB ablation, such as ablation mass loss and products have been investigated [9,10]. However, a fundamental problem, i.e. the energy deposition under ablation plume has not been fully researched, diagnostics were often taken with ablation and as a result it is difficult to estimate the level of energy loss in ablation, give correct characterization to the beam parameters and carry out theoretical investigation based on thermal analysis. In this study, the cross-sectional energy density of IPIB was first measured with infrared imaging method with stainless steel targets, and then polyvinyl chloride (PVC) targets were used for the results under strong ablation. By this comparative study the influence of ablation on the energy deposition of IPIB was investigated.
Corresponding author at: School of Physics and Nuclear Energy Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China. E-mail address: [email protected] (X. Le).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2019.09.049 Received 31 August 2018; Received in revised form 18 April 2019; Accepted 25 September 2019 0168-583X/ © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research B 461 (2019) 197–200
X. Yu, et al.
Fig. 1. (1-Column) IPIB power density distribution with cross-sectional energy density 0.1 J/cm2 in PVC.
Fig. 3. (1-Column) Thermal images of IPIB on 50-μm stainless steel, captured by infrared camera, before (a) and after (b) irradiation.
in which ρ, CV, and λ are the density, specific heat and thermal conductivity, respectively and they are temperature-dependent taken from Material Property Data Base of JAHM software, Inc. The source term P (z, t) (Fig. 1), i.e. the power density of IPIB in target is obtained with TOF method [12] with SRIM [13]. For initial condition: (2)
T (z, 0) = T0 and Stefan-Boltzmann boundary condition is taken:
j=
(T 4
T04 )
(3)
where T0 is 298 K, j is the surface-to-ambient radiative heat flux, σ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, ε is the emissivity and for PVC ε = 0.2. The above equation was solved by finite element method (FEM) package Comsol Multiphysics [14]. 3. Experimental
Fig. 2. (1-Column) Thermal field distribution in PVC after IPIB irradiation with cross-sectional energy density of 0.1 J/cm2 (a) and 0.28 J/cm2 (b).
The experiments were carried out on intense pulsed ion beam accelerator BIPPAB-450 with an active magnetically insulated diode (MID) [15]. The IPIB was formed by flash-over of the polymers on the surface of the diode anode and contains 70% percent of protons and 30% of carbon ions. The IPIB was accelerated by pulsed voltage from a system composed of a magneto generator, a Blumlein line and an autotransformer with a maximum value up to 450 kV [8]. The cross-sectional energy density of IPIB was limited under 1.3 J/cm2 to minimize the ablation of stainless steel [8]. Stainless steel and PVC with thickness of 50 and 200 μm with lusterless acrylic paintings on the rear surface
2. Model and method In order to predict the thermal ablation on PVC, a 1-D thermal simulation [11] was used with the following governing equation to estimate the thermal field distribution:
CV
T = t
2T
+P
(1) 198
Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research B 461 (2019) 197–200
X. Yu, et al.
Fig. 5. (1-Column) Cross-sectional energy density calculated from thermal prints at x = 80 mm on stainless steel (a) and PVC (b).
Fig. 4. (1-Column) Thermal images of IPIB on 200-μm PVC, captured by infrared camera, before (a) and after (b) irradiation.
obtained (Fig. 3) by the thermal prints captured with stainless steel target. As a result of ballistical focusing of the MID, the IPIB generally has higher energy density in the beam center. On PVC target, in the beam center it exhibits a low temperature region and its shape is similar to the beam profile on stainless steel in the same position. It means that, in the beam center with higher energy density, the energy deposition was decreased in PVC target (see Fig. 4). In the measured energy density distribution near the beam center (x = 80 mm, Fig. 5), it is revealed that in PVC when the energy density reaches 0.5 J/cm2, the deposited energy on the target will decrease and with higher energy density, the more the beam energy will be shielded from depositing on the target. As IPIB was neutralized for stable beam transportation [16], the shielding of energy deposition was less likely to be induced by the space charge of the charge deposition on the target. Also, the energy shielding happens at higher energy density than that calculated corresponding to PVC decomposition. This can be attributed that under energy density slightly higher than the threshold for ablation, although ablation plume can be generated, it still has energy deposition on the target via thermal contact and as it expands fast to the vacuum background in the chamber [17], the mass density is too low to make ion stopping for obvious shielding to the IPIB. It can also be deduced that in metal targets, if the beam energy density is high enough, there is large possibility that the same phenomenon can happen on target such like metals and graphite and applications may be influence by this effect.
(with an emissivity over 0.9) were used as the infrared imaging targets irradiated at the same position on the IPIB path. The infrared images were taken within 0.1 s after the IPIB pulse emission with a Fluke Ti25 infrared camera controlled by a robot arm through a CaF2 window. 4. Results and discussion As demonstrated in the calculated thermal field distribution (Fig. 2), due to the longer range of ions in PVC, compared with metals, temperature rise can be induced in PVC in a deeper region up to 6 μm. Due to the low thermal conductivity, under IPIB irradiation, the deposited energy of IPIB was confine within the ion range and makes considerably sharp rise in temperature. That means that ablation of PVC can be induced with much lower energy density compared with metals [8]. With energy density 0.1 J/cm2, the surface region of PVC has already reached the melting point and when the energy density reaches 0.28 J/cm2, 100 ns after the beam reaches the target, the surface has reached the temperature of decomposition and ablation plume can be generated during IPIB irradiation. In this stage, the IPIB mainly composed of carbons (Fig. 1) with much shorter range than protons in matter and thus the ablation plume has stronger shielding effects on the beam energy. In metals, after IPIB irradiation, due to the strong thermal flux by high temperature gradient, the energy of IPIB can be dissipated to the deeper region with a depth of serval times of ion range in hundreds of ns, causing a fast falling of temperature in the near surface region [11]. However, in PVC, as a result of high thermal resistivity, the thermal field expands much slower into the deeper region. The cross-sectional distribution of deposited beam energy was
5. Conclusion The shielding effects imposed by the ablated plume on IPIB energy density on the target was studied. FEM thermal analysis demonstrated 199
Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research B 461 (2019) 197–200
X. Yu, et al.
that under IPIB irradiation, ablation plume can be generated on the surface of PVC. By thermal imaging experiments it is revealed that with energy density higher than 0.5 J/cm2, energy shielding effects can be obvious on PVC targets and with higher energy density the shielding effects comes stronger. This effect may attenuate the results of beam energy density and its mechanism in applications requires further investigation for reasonable optimization.
[5] X. Yu, H. Zhong, Z. Zhang, et al., Hydrodynamic effects on the surface morphology evolution of aluminum alloy under intense pulsed ion beam irradiation, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. (2017) 409. [6] V.S. Kovivchak, Y.G. Kryazhev, M.V. Trenikhin, et al., Ultrafast catalytic synthesis of carbon nanofibers on a surface of commercial chlorinated polymers under the action of a high power ion beam of nanosecond duration, Appl. Surf. Sci. 448 (2018). [7] Isakova Yulia, Infrared imaging diagnostics for parameters of powerful ion beams formed by a diode in a double-pulse mode. In: Pulsed Power Conference (PPC), 2011 IEEE. IEEE; 2011. [8] X. Yu, J. Shen, M. Qu, et al., Characterization and analysis of infrared imaging diagnostics for intense pulsed ion and electron beams, Vacuum 113 (2015) 36–42. [9] J. Zhang, X. Yu, H. Zhong, et al., The ablation mass of metals by intense pulsed ion beam irradiation, Nucl. Inst. Methods Phys. Res. B 365 (2015) 210–213. [10] J. Zhang, H.W. Zhong, Z.A. Ye, et al., Study on ablation products of zinc by intense pulsed ion beam irradiation, Laser Part. Beams 35 (1) (2016) 108–113. [11] X. Yu, J. Shen, M. Qu, et al., Distribution and evolution of thermal field formed by intense pulsed ion beam on thin metal target, Nucl. Inst. Methods Phys. Res. B 365 (17) (2015) 225–229. [12] X. Yu, J. Shen, Y.I. Isakova, et al., Study of energy deposition of intense pulsed ion beam in metal target, Vacuum 122 (2015) 12–16. [13] J.F. Ziegler, J.P. Biersack, SRIM-2008, stopping power and range of ions in matter. 2008. [14] A.B. Comsol, COMSOL multiphysics user’s guide, Version: September, 2005. [15] É.G. Furman, A.V. Stepanov, N.Z. Furman, Ionic diode, Tech. Phys. 52 (5) (2007) 621–630. [16] K. Kamada, C. Okada, T. Ikehata, et al., Propagation of intense pulsed ion beams across a magnetic field, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 46 (6) (2007) 1963–1964. [17] J. Zhang, C. Tan, W. Wang, et al., A spectroscopic scheme to measure the expansion velocity of ablation plasmas formed by high intensive pulsed ion beam, Vacuum 73 (3) (2004) 673–679.
Acknowledgments This work is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China by Contract No. 11875084 and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation by Contract No. 2016M600897. References: [1] S. Humphries Jr., Intense pulsed ion beams for fusion applications, Nucl. Fusion 20 (12) (1980) 1549. [2] D.J. Rej, H.A. Davis, J.C. Olson, G.E. Remnev, A.N. Zakoutaev, V.A. Ryzhkov, et al., Materials processing with intense pulsed ion beams, J. Vac. Sci. Technol., A 15 (3) (1997) 1089–1097. [3] G.E. Remnev, I.F. Isakov, M.S. Opekounov, V.M. Matvienko, V.A. Ryzhkov, I.I. Grushin, et al., High intensity pulsed ion beam sources and their industrial applications, Surf. Coat. Technol. 114 (2) (1999) 206–212. [4] K. Yatsui, W. Jiang, H. Suematsu, G. Imada, T. Suzuki, M. Hirai, et al., Industrial applications of pulsed particle beams and pulsed power technologies//High-Power Particle Beams (BEAMS 2004), 2004 International Conference on. IEEE, 2004: 613–617.
200