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Absorption of solar radiation by atmospheric water vapor
IV--lleat Collectors and Solar Cookers
synthesis in O p t i c a l l y D en se C u l t u r e s of Algae,"
R o c h m a n , M o r t o n H., H e r b e r t S. S egel a n d R o b e r t A. Landes, " E l e c t r i c P o w e r e d a n d Solar P o w e r e d Food W a r m i n g U n i t s for Space Vehicles," W r i g h t Air D e v e l o p m e n t Div., R E F Mfg. Corp., M i n e o l a , N. Y., W A D D Tech., Rep. 60-620, Feb. 1961, 54 p. Illus. Two general classes of food warming methods for use aboard '~ space vehicle were studied; one class using electrical energy, the other using direct thermal energy. Electrical heating methods investigated were electromagnetic, ultrasonic energy electrically-produced, and electric-d resistance; direct thermal energy sources evaluated were nuclear, solar, chemical, and a heat pump system. Electrical resistance heating, utilizing direct conductance to transfer heat to the food, was considered the most feasible of the electrical methods, and a solar heatsink the most feasible of the direct thermal methods. Each preferred method appeared to tie the most compact, reliable, economical, and safe in rel'~tion to the energy source employed. The development and final design features of an electric powered food warmer and a solar powered food warmer are covered in Part II. The required features for the solar powered food warming unit included: a. A mt~gnesium plate for collecting solar energy with "m integral half cavity to hold three food containers, mated to an inner magnesium plate also having matching half cavities for three food containers. b. A hinged warmer door with a facemmunted thermometer to measure the magnesium plate temperature.
V~-Thermoclectrie ,Jordan, R.
C.,
"What
Future
for Solar
Heating,"
A R S Journal, Oct. 1961, 1429-1435 p. Illus. The efficiency of use of radiant energy by cultures of algae is defined, and the physical variables upon which the efficiency depends are introduced. Expressions for the efficiency in a rectangular growth chamber are derived from considerations of an assumed mechanism of photosyntheses, the rate of respiration, and the conditions of agitation in the culture. Both unstirred and completely stirred cultures are considered. From the equations for efficiency in the two cases, methods are developed for finding the optimum physical conditions of light intensity, population density, length of light path, and temperature under which to propagate algae. In the unstirred culture, the treatment shows that a low light intensity is required; in the completely stirred culture, the treatment shows that a very high light intensity is required. The calculated efficiency is somewhat higher in the completely stirred case,
X--Photoelectric, Photovoltaic, and Piezoelectric Koshinz,
E.
F.,
Photogalvanic
"Photovoltaic Readout
Circuitry,"
Hoffman Span, N o v . - D e c . 1960, 10 13 p. Illus. Photovoltaic readout ceils are used in conjunction with circuitry to convert light information into usable electrical signals such as pulses and sinusoidal waves. Any given cell can be used for either purpose and, in fact, is often used to supply power to a device, the principal use of which is to generate readout signals. In general, however, those cells with larger areas are used for power conversion, whereas (,ells with smaller areas are used in readout devices.
ASHRA E ,Journal, J a n . 1960, 74-78 p. This is a coinlensed version of "The Future of Solar Heating" as presented at the Fall Coifferences of the Building Research Institute in Washington, l). C. November 17 19, 1959. Solar flat-plate collectors are recommended as '~ relatively cheap and satisfactory solution for the utilization of solar radiation for space heating. Instead of attempting to store heat for use when solar energy is not available the author suggests the use of an auxili,~ry heating system. The addition of a heat. l)ump to the system may mitigate some of the difficulties. An arehitectur'd treatmeni of flat-plate may call for further controis in the form of zoning ordinances and orientation.
VII--Solar Furnaces Allison, lCred an d K e n n e t h Steele, " A S t u d y of the Reflection l,]fficiencies of a W a t e r - W h i t e , SilverB a c k e d Glass M i r r o r a t D i f f e r e n t Angles of Incid e n c e , " Air Force Missile D e v e h ) p m e n t C e n t er , H o l l o m a n Ai r l:orce Base, N e w M e x ic o , A F M I ) C TN-59-27, Oct. 1959, 67 p. Illus. The reflection efficiencies of the silver-backed, water-white glass mirror contemplated for the Holloman solar furnace have been determined, at various angles of incidence, by both computational and experimental methods. The results indicate practically negligible differences in the mirror efficiencies at all angles at which the solar r'~diation will impinge on the heliostat and the condenser mirrors of the presently designed furnace. The mirror efficiency experimentally determined approximates 92 percent of the incident angles considered.
I X - - P h o t o c h e m i c a l Processes : Biological, Botanical and Inorganic Frederickson, A. G., A. H. Brown, R. L. M i l l e r an d H. M. T s u c h i y a , " O p t i m u m C o n d i t i o n s for P h o t o -
Vol. 6, No. 8, 1962
Latour, A. P. an d F. A. Costello, " O p t i m i z i n g the l)ower O u t p u t of Solar Cells with C o n c e n t r a t o r s , " Aerospace Engineering, April 19(12, 31-37 p. Illus. The method i)resented permits determination of the steadystate operating temperature of the solar cell array, as well as the cut-on and cut-off points of the speetrally selective filter necessary to '~chieve maximum output. The possibility of spectrally shifting solar energy bands has been disreg'~rded in the study. Results are offered to that designer interested in evaluating the capabilities of a solar array/coneeiltratm, con> bination for a given space vehicle.
XI--Radiation Mechanics and Availability: Insolation, Spectroscopy and Spectral Distribution A n g s t r o m , Anders, " A b s o r p t i o n of Solar R a d i a t i o n by A t m o s p h e r i c W a t e r V a p o r , " A r k i v for Geofysik, J u n e 1961, l0 p. Illus. On the basis of the values for the ,~bsorption of sohr radi.> tion by the atnmspheric water vapor obtained by J. E. McDonald from laboratory and fieht measurements of Fowle, a simple formula has been derived by the author for this absorption. The formula has on a theoretical basis been expanded also to cover cases of different atmospheric scattering. The importance has been stressed of taking proper regard of the atmospheric scattering in the determination of the water vapor content by pyrheliometric measurements. Scala, Sinclaire, M., " T h e r m a l Diffusion R a t i o in D i sso ci at ed A i r , " ARS Journal, Oct. 1961, 3 p. Illus. Although the mechanism of thermal diffusion has usually been neglected in studies of the diffusion process in the hypersonic laminar boundary layer the author has found that thermal diffusion can be important for nonequilibrium viscous flow. 119
synthesis in O p t i c a l l y D en se C u l t u r e s of Algae,"
R o c h m a n , M o r t o n H., H e r b e r t S. S egel a n d R o b e r t A. Landes, " E l e c t r i c P o w e r e d a n d Solar P o w e r e d Food W a r m i n g U n i t s for Space Vehicles," W r i g h t Air D e v e l o p m e n t Div., R E F Mfg. Corp., M i n e o l a , N. Y., W A D D Tech., Rep. 60-620, Feb. 1961, 54 p. Illus. Two general classes of food warming methods for use aboard '~ space vehicle were studied; one class using electrical energy, the other using direct thermal energy. Electrical heating methods investigated were electromagnetic, ultrasonic energy electrically-produced, and electric-d resistance; direct thermal energy sources evaluated were nuclear, solar, chemical, and a heat pump system. Electrical resistance heating, utilizing direct conductance to transfer heat to the food, was considered the most feasible of the electrical methods, and a solar heatsink the most feasible of the direct thermal methods. Each preferred method appeared to tie the most compact, reliable, economical, and safe in rel'~tion to the energy source employed. The development and final design features of an electric powered food warmer and a solar powered food warmer are covered in Part II. The required features for the solar powered food warming unit included: a. A mt~gnesium plate for collecting solar energy with "m integral half cavity to hold three food containers, mated to an inner magnesium plate also having matching half cavities for three food containers. b. A hinged warmer door with a facemmunted thermometer to measure the magnesium plate temperature.
V~-Thermoclectrie ,Jordan, R.
C.,
"What
Future
for Solar
Heating,"
A R S Journal, Oct. 1961, 1429-1435 p. Illus. The efficiency of use of radiant energy by cultures of algae is defined, and the physical variables upon which the efficiency depends are introduced. Expressions for the efficiency in a rectangular growth chamber are derived from considerations of an assumed mechanism of photosyntheses, the rate of respiration, and the conditions of agitation in the culture. Both unstirred and completely stirred cultures are considered. From the equations for efficiency in the two cases, methods are developed for finding the optimum physical conditions of light intensity, population density, length of light path, and temperature under which to propagate algae. In the unstirred culture, the treatment shows that a low light intensity is required; in the completely stirred culture, the treatment shows that a very high light intensity is required. The calculated efficiency is somewhat higher in the completely stirred case,
X--Photoelectric, Photovoltaic, and Piezoelectric Koshinz,
E.
F.,
Photogalvanic
"Photovoltaic Readout
Circuitry,"
Hoffman Span, N o v . - D e c . 1960, 10 13 p. Illus. Photovoltaic readout ceils are used in conjunction with circuitry to convert light information into usable electrical signals such as pulses and sinusoidal waves. Any given cell can be used for either purpose and, in fact, is often used to supply power to a device, the principal use of which is to generate readout signals. In general, however, those cells with larger areas are used for power conversion, whereas (,ells with smaller areas are used in readout devices.
ASHRA E ,Journal, J a n . 1960, 74-78 p. This is a coinlensed version of "The Future of Solar Heating" as presented at the Fall Coifferences of the Building Research Institute in Washington, l). C. November 17 19, 1959. Solar flat-plate collectors are recommended as '~ relatively cheap and satisfactory solution for the utilization of solar radiation for space heating. Instead of attempting to store heat for use when solar energy is not available the author suggests the use of an auxili,~ry heating system. The addition of a heat. l)ump to the system may mitigate some of the difficulties. An arehitectur'd treatmeni of flat-plate may call for further controis in the form of zoning ordinances and orientation.
VII--Solar Furnaces Allison, lCred an d K e n n e t h Steele, " A S t u d y of the Reflection l,]fficiencies of a W a t e r - W h i t e , SilverB a c k e d Glass M i r r o r a t D i f f e r e n t Angles of Incid e n c e , " Air Force Missile D e v e h ) p m e n t C e n t er , H o l l o m a n Ai r l:orce Base, N e w M e x ic o , A F M I ) C TN-59-27, Oct. 1959, 67 p. Illus. The reflection efficiencies of the silver-backed, water-white glass mirror contemplated for the Holloman solar furnace have been determined, at various angles of incidence, by both computational and experimental methods. The results indicate practically negligible differences in the mirror efficiencies at all angles at which the solar r'~diation will impinge on the heliostat and the condenser mirrors of the presently designed furnace. The mirror efficiency experimentally determined approximates 92 percent of the incident angles considered.
I X - - P h o t o c h e m i c a l Processes : Biological, Botanical and Inorganic Frederickson, A. G., A. H. Brown, R. L. M i l l e r an d H. M. T s u c h i y a , " O p t i m u m C o n d i t i o n s for P h o t o -
Vol. 6, No. 8, 1962
Latour, A. P. an d F. A. Costello, " O p t i m i z i n g the l)ower O u t p u t of Solar Cells with C o n c e n t r a t o r s , " Aerospace Engineering, April 19(12, 31-37 p. Illus. The method i)resented permits determination of the steadystate operating temperature of the solar cell array, as well as the cut-on and cut-off points of the speetrally selective filter necessary to '~chieve maximum output. The possibility of spectrally shifting solar energy bands has been disreg'~rded in the study. Results are offered to that designer interested in evaluating the capabilities of a solar array/coneeiltratm, con> bination for a given space vehicle.
XI--Radiation Mechanics and Availability: Insolation, Spectroscopy and Spectral Distribution A n g s t r o m , Anders, " A b s o r p t i o n of Solar R a d i a t i o n by A t m o s p h e r i c W a t e r V a p o r , " A r k i v for Geofysik, J u n e 1961, l0 p. Illus. On the basis of the values for the ,~bsorption of sohr radi.> tion by the atnmspheric water vapor obtained by J. E. McDonald from laboratory and fieht measurements of Fowle, a simple formula has been derived by the author for this absorption. The formula has on a theoretical basis been expanded also to cover cases of different atmospheric scattering. The importance has been stressed of taking proper regard of the atmospheric scattering in the determination of the water vapor content by pyrheliometric measurements. Scala, Sinclaire, M., " T h e r m a l Diffusion R a t i o in D i sso ci at ed A i r , " ARS Journal, Oct. 1961, 3 p. Illus. Although the mechanism of thermal diffusion has usually been neglected in studies of the diffusion process in the hypersonic laminar boundary layer the author has found that thermal diffusion can be important for nonequilibrium viscous flow. 119