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Absorption of sound in sea water
MCFEJ3, J. II.
SANDFORD,
-c
J. E.
ampliflatkHl and aoa-oh& Ilebavloar ill CdS ad ZOO. J. appl. Phys., 34, No. 5, p. 1548 (1963) As an extension of the study of the ampl&ation of ultrasonic waves in certain crystals this paper shows the effect of the growth of ultrasonic Sux and the accompanying departure from ohmic behaviour in piexoelectric semiconductors. It is also shown experimentally that the signal gain is substantially ieduad by interaction with the flux. (6 figures, 6 references) (Ultrasonics 1963, abstract 134)
GtiOd&td~OnwparllaysWith5eW~~ Iron Age, 191, No. 17, p. 121 (1963) An advanced ultrasonic spindle dri*g ordinary grinding wheels adapted to conventional machmes speeds grinding of hard and high-heat resistant alloys gives better finish and saves two-thirds of the power used for conventional grinding. Special wheels are predicted to achieve even better results. (1 table, 3 figures) (Ultrasonics 2963, abstract Z39)
NOVBR,
SCHULKIN,M., and MARIA,H. w. Absorption of sound in sea water. Radio Electron. hkg., 25, No. 6, p. 493 (1963) Another paper from a symposium on “Sonar systems” reviewing the effects of pressure, temperature and salinity on the attenuation coefficient of sound waves in sea water. Present state of knowledge including the available experimental ocean propagation data are examined and a practical expression is presented for sound absorption as a function of temperature, pressure and salt concentration. Salt and MgSO, appear to be the chief contributors to absorption but the pressure has also an important effect. (7 tables, 11 figures, 17 references) (Ultrasonics 1963, abstract 140)
A.
c!lMcalstud&switb
-inretiMl~and
tumors. Klin. Monatsbl. Augenheilk., 142, No. 1, 176 (1963) The author reports the clinical experiences in retinal detachments and tumours in 32 patients, using a Siemens ophthalograph working at 4 MC/S. At this frequency the retinal detachment must be at least 1 mm for reliable diagnosis but echo studies from several positions give information about the location, course and extent of the detachments. In 16 patients it was always possible to recognize the tumour but differentiation between benign and malignant ones has not been successful. (Many photographs, diagrams, and referenas) (Ultrasonics 1963, abstract I35) i&n&
MATHUR, s. 9. Reqnmcy and temperatme variation of &rasonk abmrp tion in esters. Acustica, Z3, No. 1, p. 42 (1963) The authors investigated the absorption of ultrasound in 24 organic liquids belonging to five different ester groups at 20 MC/~, 8.6 MC/S, 5 MC/S and 3 MC/S and from this investigation arrived at several conclusions, among others that in the temperature range lO-50X! the absorption versus temperature curve appears to be U-shaped, and that all esters show a relaxation frequency below 5 MC/S; they suggest, however, that there must be another relaxation process at a frequency above 20 MC/S. The curve shifts towards higher temperatures for liquids with higher molecular weights, and for the same liquid the curve shifts towards higher temperatures at higher frequencies. (4 tables, 14 graphs, 8 references) (Ultrasonics 1963, abstract 136) PANCHOLY,
M., and
PRm, 0. UlMc wavea in -m-dArchitect (U.S.S.R.), 2, p. 52 (1963) A specially adapted flaw detector (U.Z.l l.-3) and a number of probes have been used to determine not only the thickness and cracks in buildings and monuments but also their condition and age. Selected samples of bricks, stone or wood need no longer be tested to destruction and costly repairs can thus be avoided. Sma thii method can determine the condition and age of different parts of a building or ruin made both of stone and wood, it should be useful in many scientific, archaeological and historical investigations. A number of graphs, diagrams and tables ilhrstrate the results of these investigations. (Ultrasonics 1963, abstract 137) RESTRECKE,
W.
vxro~ov, I. A., et al. Jnvedgation of &rasenksmfaeewavepropagalienallmg the berm&y between liquid and solid. Akust. Zh., 9, No. 2, p. 162 (1963) Automatic NUT by ultrasonic immersion techniques offers many advantages, and in this article the et&t of the immersion liquid on the characteristics of surfaa waves are investigated both theoretically and experimentally. Velocity and attenuation in steel and ahuuinium immersed in water, transformer oil and glycerine were studied at a munber of frequencies, and there was agresmQl t of about l&15% between theoretical and ewtal results. (1 table, 6 figures, 3 references). In a consecutive paper (p. 171) Victorov and Zubova present an experimental and theoretical study “On directivity patterns of Lamb’s and Rayleigh’s wave radiators.” (4 figures, 5 refmces) (Ultrasonics 1963, abstract 141)
VOSAHLO,H. The dtmmnic mdwid twter Usemat. Jm Rev., Special issue, Spring Fair 1963 A very simple conthmous wave transmission ultrasonic tester is described which, with the associated accessories, can be built up as an automatic plant for testing a wide variety of components. A special feature of thii equipment is the pneumatic testing probe movement allowing reproducible contact pressure; by using plastics or rubber caps over the probe, ultrasonic coupling can be achieved in a dry manner, i.e. without coupling liquids. An actual automatic testing procedure is described achieving maximum speeds of 60 test pieces per minute. (7 figures, 2 references) (Ultrasonics 1963, abstract 142)
N.
Thesilentferceof&raso&s (how you can put it to werk). Iron Age, Z91, NO. 9, p. 69 (1963) A very readable survey of the industrial role of ultrasound in the U.S.A. With full colour illustrations it explains the application of this form of energy in machining, welding, cleaning, testing and grain refining. Reprint No. 360 may be obtained from Readers’ Service, The Iron Age, Chestnut & 56th Street, Philadelphia, Pa., U.S.A. In the same issue, on p. 80, an article “Surgical cleaning aids missiles’* describes a white room ultrasonic cleaning procedure, removing microscopic particles of dirt. (Uitrasoniw 1%3, abstract 138)
YOuNc3,
A.
w.
TJlhsdcmaddeeckana6teeiona~byir.
Iron Age, 191, No. 16, p. 109 (1963) The combination of shot blasting and ultrasonic cleaning achieves superior and more consistent results and economixes on acid or altogether elimhtates the pickling process. Continuous lii strip finishing incorporates an ultrasonic cleaning tank with a row of lead xirconate transducers dissipating 5 kW at 20 kc/s. (4 figures) (Ultrasonics Z%3, abstract 143)
umusomcsJOctober-December
1963
ABSTRACTS
15
SANDFORD,
-c
J. E.
ampliflatkHl and aoa-oh& Ilebavloar ill CdS ad ZOO. J. appl. Phys., 34, No. 5, p. 1548 (1963) As an extension of the study of the ampl&ation of ultrasonic waves in certain crystals this paper shows the effect of the growth of ultrasonic Sux and the accompanying departure from ohmic behaviour in piexoelectric semiconductors. It is also shown experimentally that the signal gain is substantially ieduad by interaction with the flux. (6 figures, 6 references) (Ultrasonics 1963, abstract 134)
GtiOd&td~OnwparllaysWith5eW~~ Iron Age, 191, No. 17, p. 121 (1963) An advanced ultrasonic spindle dri*g ordinary grinding wheels adapted to conventional machmes speeds grinding of hard and high-heat resistant alloys gives better finish and saves two-thirds of the power used for conventional grinding. Special wheels are predicted to achieve even better results. (1 table, 3 figures) (Ultrasonics 2963, abstract Z39)
NOVBR,
SCHULKIN,M., and MARIA,H. w. Absorption of sound in sea water. Radio Electron. hkg., 25, No. 6, p. 493 (1963) Another paper from a symposium on “Sonar systems” reviewing the effects of pressure, temperature and salinity on the attenuation coefficient of sound waves in sea water. Present state of knowledge including the available experimental ocean propagation data are examined and a practical expression is presented for sound absorption as a function of temperature, pressure and salt concentration. Salt and MgSO, appear to be the chief contributors to absorption but the pressure has also an important effect. (7 tables, 11 figures, 17 references) (Ultrasonics 1963, abstract 140)
A.
c!lMcalstud&switb
-inretiMl~and
tumors. Klin. Monatsbl. Augenheilk., 142, No. 1, 176 (1963) The author reports the clinical experiences in retinal detachments and tumours in 32 patients, using a Siemens ophthalograph working at 4 MC/S. At this frequency the retinal detachment must be at least 1 mm for reliable diagnosis but echo studies from several positions give information about the location, course and extent of the detachments. In 16 patients it was always possible to recognize the tumour but differentiation between benign and malignant ones has not been successful. (Many photographs, diagrams, and referenas) (Ultrasonics 1963, abstract I35) i&n&
MATHUR, s. 9. Reqnmcy and temperatme variation of &rasonk abmrp tion in esters. Acustica, Z3, No. 1, p. 42 (1963) The authors investigated the absorption of ultrasound in 24 organic liquids belonging to five different ester groups at 20 MC/~, 8.6 MC/S, 5 MC/S and 3 MC/S and from this investigation arrived at several conclusions, among others that in the temperature range lO-50X! the absorption versus temperature curve appears to be U-shaped, and that all esters show a relaxation frequency below 5 MC/S; they suggest, however, that there must be another relaxation process at a frequency above 20 MC/S. The curve shifts towards higher temperatures for liquids with higher molecular weights, and for the same liquid the curve shifts towards higher temperatures at higher frequencies. (4 tables, 14 graphs, 8 references) (Ultrasonics 1963, abstract 136) PANCHOLY,
M., and
PRm, 0. UlMc wavea in -m-dArchitect (U.S.S.R.), 2, p. 52 (1963) A specially adapted flaw detector (U.Z.l l.-3) and a number of probes have been used to determine not only the thickness and cracks in buildings and monuments but also their condition and age. Selected samples of bricks, stone or wood need no longer be tested to destruction and costly repairs can thus be avoided. Sma thii method can determine the condition and age of different parts of a building or ruin made both of stone and wood, it should be useful in many scientific, archaeological and historical investigations. A number of graphs, diagrams and tables ilhrstrate the results of these investigations. (Ultrasonics 1963, abstract 137) RESTRECKE,
W.
vxro~ov, I. A., et al. Jnvedgation of &rasenksmfaeewavepropagalienallmg the berm&y between liquid and solid. Akust. Zh., 9, No. 2, p. 162 (1963) Automatic NUT by ultrasonic immersion techniques offers many advantages, and in this article the et&t of the immersion liquid on the characteristics of surfaa waves are investigated both theoretically and experimentally. Velocity and attenuation in steel and ahuuinium immersed in water, transformer oil and glycerine were studied at a munber of frequencies, and there was agresmQl t of about l&15% between theoretical and ewtal results. (1 table, 6 figures, 3 references). In a consecutive paper (p. 171) Victorov and Zubova present an experimental and theoretical study “On directivity patterns of Lamb’s and Rayleigh’s wave radiators.” (4 figures, 5 refmces) (Ultrasonics 1963, abstract 141)
VOSAHLO,H. The dtmmnic mdwid twter Usemat. Jm Rev., Special issue, Spring Fair 1963 A very simple conthmous wave transmission ultrasonic tester is described which, with the associated accessories, can be built up as an automatic plant for testing a wide variety of components. A special feature of thii equipment is the pneumatic testing probe movement allowing reproducible contact pressure; by using plastics or rubber caps over the probe, ultrasonic coupling can be achieved in a dry manner, i.e. without coupling liquids. An actual automatic testing procedure is described achieving maximum speeds of 60 test pieces per minute. (7 figures, 2 references) (Ultrasonics 1963, abstract 142)
N.
Thesilentferceof&raso&s (how you can put it to werk). Iron Age, Z91, NO. 9, p. 69 (1963) A very readable survey of the industrial role of ultrasound in the U.S.A. With full colour illustrations it explains the application of this form of energy in machining, welding, cleaning, testing and grain refining. Reprint No. 360 may be obtained from Readers’ Service, The Iron Age, Chestnut & 56th Street, Philadelphia, Pa., U.S.A. In the same issue, on p. 80, an article “Surgical cleaning aids missiles’* describes a white room ultrasonic cleaning procedure, removing microscopic particles of dirt. (Uitrasoniw 1%3, abstract 138)
YOuNc3,
A.
w.
TJlhsdcmaddeeckana6teeiona~byir.
Iron Age, 191, No. 16, p. 109 (1963) The combination of shot blasting and ultrasonic cleaning achieves superior and more consistent results and economixes on acid or altogether elimhtates the pickling process. Continuous lii strip finishing incorporates an ultrasonic cleaning tank with a row of lead xirconate transducers dissipating 5 kW at 20 kc/s. (4 figures) (Ultrasonics Z%3, abstract 143)
umusomcsJOctober-December
1963
ABSTRACTS
15