Abstracts of Papers Presented at the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Poultry Science Association, Inc

Abstracts of Papers Presented at the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Poultry Science Association, Inc. (Listed alphabetically according to the surname of the senior author or the chairman or moderator of a symposium or panel discussion)

AVIAN ICHTHYOSIS, THE CONSEQUENCES OF RESCUING A LETHAL CONDITION URSULA K. ABBOTT AND R. H. SAWYER, Department

Avian ichthyosis occurs in a homozygous stock derived from carriers of an autosomal recessive and (originally) completely lethal gene, dehydrated (Taylor and Stinnett, 1957). While the majority of the integument and its specialized derivatives are affected, there is considerable regional variability in involvement. At hatching the back skin has irregular thickened patches and down feathers are stiff and covered with a greasy exudate. Histologically, back skin epidermis is 4 times the normal thickness. Within the first week areas of scaling increase and the shank, vent, base of the beak and the eye show lesions. The condition rapidly worsens as excessive keratinization continues. Severe crippling follows as lesions of the foot pads and scales result in digit loss. Mature birds are covered with thickened scaly areas, with the most marked affects on their severely deformed limbs. Viability of ichthyotic birds averages 40%. Body weight to 20 weeks is 70% of normal siblings in males and 77% in females. Sexual maturity of females is delayed by 7 weeks and total egg production to 40 weeks is 50% of normal controls, in part reflecting the delayed sexual maturity. There is no evidence of maternal effects: hatchability of eggs is comparable to controls and normal chicks result from crosses of ichthyotic females with normal males. Supported in part by NSF Grant GB 31879 THE EFFECTS OF DEXAMETHASONE AND ADRENOCORTICOIDS ON 2 2 NA RETENTION M. T. ABDEL-MALEK AND T. M. HUSTON, Depart-

ment of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 Seven groups of 10 male chicks were used. Daily injections of dexamethasone were administered subcutaneously and the adrenal corticoids intramuscularly. The dosage units indicated are per 1000 grams of body weight. The treatment groups in-

EFFECTS OF SODIUM AND MAGNESIUM SULFATES IN DRINKING WATER O F LAYERS A. W. ADAMS, L. L. MUNGER AND F. E. CUNNING-

HAM, Department of Dairy and Poultry Science, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 Potential for increasing contamination of water supplies with inorganic salts suggests the need for more precise water quality standards for poultry. A commercial strain of S.C.W.L. hens were supplied water containing various levels of sodium sulfate ( N a 2 S 0 4 ) or magnesium sulfate (MgS0 4 ). Levels of each salt used were 0, 250, 4000, or 16000 p.p.m. on a total sulfate basis in Exp. 1 and on a total salt basis in Exp. 2. Four thousand p.p.m. of total sulfate as N a 2 S 0 4 or M g S 0 4 significantly depressed feed consumption and henday production. Magnesium sulfate (4,000 p.p.m.) had a more depressing effect than N a 2 S 0 4 (4,000 p.p.m.) on percent change in hen-day production (19.6 vs. 75.6%). At this level, Na 2 SO 4 significantly increased water consumption and fecal moisture content, and MgS0 4 significantly decreased water consumption. Hens on 16,000 p.p.m. level of both salts suffered 100% mortality during the experiment. Egg quality data were recorded. On a total salt basis, 16,000 p.p.m. of either N a 2 S 0 4 o r MgS0 4 significantly depressed hen-day production, body weight, feed consumption, but

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of Avian Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616

cluded: 2 mg. of dexamethasone, 2 mg. of dexamethasone + 75 (xg. of d-aldosterone, 2 mg. of dexamethasone + 150 u.g. of d-aldosterone, 2 mg. of dexamethasone + 2 mg. of corticosterone, 2 mg. of dexamethasone + 4 mg. of corticosterone, 2 mg. of dexamethasone + 75 u,g. of d-aldosterone + 2 mg. corticosterone, and untreated control. The birds were dosed orally with .2 u,Ci. of 22 Na and radioactivity was determined individually by the use of a whole body counter. Radioactivity was measured on alternate days from day one through day thirteen. Dexamethasone caused a significant decrease in 22 Na retention. Aldosterone treatment tended to counteract the dexamethasone inhibition of 2 2 Na retention but corticosterone did not. Water consumption was significantly higher in all the treated groups than in the control group.

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ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

increased water consumption. Hens receiving 16,000 p.p.m. Na^O,, had a greater percent increase in hen-day water consumption (246.7 ml.) than those receiving 16,000 p.p.m. MgS0 4 (124.6 ml.). No significant differences between treatments for mortality were observed. PERFORMANCE OF BROILERS USING PLASTIC HANGING WATERERS VS. TROUGHS

Mark III hanging plastic waterers were compared with a standard 8-foot broiler water trough with 150 male broiler chicks per pen. Using four pens with two Mark Ill's, four pens with one Mark III and six pens with one trough per pen, the average 8-week live body weight was 4.19, 4.03 and 4.08 pounds; and the pounds of feed per pound of chicken was 2.19, 2.19 and 2.20, respectively. Cultures grown on brain-heart infusion agar with water samples taken from the individual waterers three times per week showed a higher count from the trough compared to the Mark III. The troughs were cleaned three times per week for eight weeks, while the Mark Ill's were cleaned three times per week for just the first two weeks. Time to wash the waterers was 9 and 17 minutes per 100 broilers for the Mark III and trough, respectively. Water usage for eight weeks was 0.96 and 1.26 gallons per broiler for the trough and Mark III, respectively. Mortality for the pens using two Mark Ill's, one Mark III and one trough per pen was 6.5, 5.4 and 4.4%, respectively. Slightly less caking of the litter was noted around the Mark Ill's compared to the troughs. This caking was not evident until the eighth week. EFFECT OF DIETARY WASTE ACTIVATED SLUDGE (CITRUS) ON QUALITY AND FLAVOR OF BROILERS S. A. ANOALET, B. L. DAMRON, D. M. JANKY, J.

L. FRY AND A. R. ELDRED, Department of Poultry Science, University of Florida, S.W. Archer Road, Gainesville, FL 32611 Cobb color-sexed broilers were fed diets containing either 0.0, 2.5, 5.0 or 10.0 percent citrus sludge from one day to eight weeks of age. Three replications of ten males and ten females were assigned to each treatment. The birds were processed using standard commercial methods, weighed and graded for conformation. The birds were cooked in a conventional oven at 175° C. to an internal thigh temperature

ESTROGENS AND NEUTRAL LIPID IN PRELAYING, LAYING AND BROODY TURKEY HEN PLASMA W.

L. BACON, K.

I. BROWN, M.

A.

MUSSER AND

D. W. LONG, Department of Poultry Science, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691 Plasma samples, usually 1.0 ml., were extracted with diethyl ether. The ether phase was dried and the residue was separated into lipid, estrone ( E , ) , estradiol (E 2 ), and estriol (E 3 ) fractions by column chromatography with Sephadex LH-20. The separated estrogens were assayed by radioimmunoassay using an antiserum which binds all three. The use of 20 picograms (pg.) of 3 H-estradiol in the assay permitted a sensitivity of about 2 pg. for each estrogen. Neutral lipids (NL) were determined after iso-octane extracts of 1 ml. of plasma had phospholipid removed by Silica gel chromatography. Prelaying samples were drawn from 6 hens while under 6 hr. light/24 hr. Egg laying was initiated by changing to 14 hr./24 hr. Laying and broody samples were taken 7 times between 30 and 72 days after first egg. Prelaying and broody levels of NL, E , , E 2 , and E 3 were not different and were about 4 mg./ml., 15, 15 and 15 pg./ml., respectively. On the day of first egg, the levels were 19 mg./ml., 49, 35 and 174 pg./ml., while between 30 and 72 days after first egg they were 18 mg./ml., 27, 20 and 111 pg./ml., respectively.

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L. D. ANDREWS, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701

of 90° C. The percent cooking loss was computed. The m. semitendinosus and m. semimembranosus muscles and the m. pectoralis superficialis (minor) muscle were excised from the right side of each carcass. Portions of each muscle from a total of 120 birds were evaluated by 16 to 20 taste panelists for flavor, texture and juiciness. The left side m. pectoralis superficialis (minor) was sheared to quantitatively evaluate tenderness. No significant (P < 0.05) differences among levels of citrus sludge were found in carcass weight, percent cooking loss, shear force or sensory evaluation. However, males had significantly (P < 0.01) greater carcass weights and percent cooking loss. Likewise, there was a significant difference between the taste panelists' preference of light and dark muscle, with light meat being preferred.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

TYPE AND LEVEL O F FAT AND AMOUNT OF PROTEIN AND THEIR EFFECT ON THE QUALITY OF FRANKFURTERS MADE FROM MECHANICALLY DEBONED TURKEY MEAT R. C. BAKER AND J. M. DARFLER, Department of

1899

scores, chalaza size, milkiness, percent transmittance, pH and sticking. Both milkiness and the sticking of the albumen in the small end of the egg were found to be heritable traits. Milkiness was significantly correlated with pH, but sticking appeared to have little correlation with any other measurements.

Poultry Science, 112 Rice Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850

EFFECT OF HEREDITY ON SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF EGG ALBUMEN THAT AFFECT CONSUMER ACCEPTANCE R. C. BAKER AND E. J. MULNIX, Department of

Poultry Science, 112 Rice Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850 In the course of a long term project concerned with consumer egg problems, several albumen quality factors appeared to adversely affect the consumer. Among these were cloudy albumen (milkiness) and the tendency of the albumen of some eggs to stick to the small end of the shell when broken out (sticking). The effect of heredity on these factors and correlations with other quality factors were studied. Ten strains were studied. Each strain was divided into two equal groups and housed in separate pens. Eggs from all pens were evaluated at five time periods using ten eggs per period. Evaluation methods included U.S.D.A.

PALATABILITY OF TURKEY AND GROUND BEEF CONTAINING SOY R. E. BALDWIN, J. M. VANDEPOPULIERE, W. D. RUSSELL AND B. M. KORSCHGEN, Departments

of Food Science and Nutrition, and Poultry Husbandry, University of Missouri—Columbia, Columbia, MO 65201 Sensory evaluations were conducted on ground turkey and beef patties containing 0 (control), 10, 20 and 30 percent soy protein. Patties were evaluated by untrained panelists on a 5-point scale for aroma, flavor and juiciness. Also, evaluations were conducted on entrees containing 20, 30 and 40 percent soy protein as a replacement for ground turkey. Statistical analyses revealed no significant differences between mean scores for flavor of both turkey and beef patties containing 0 and 10 percent soy or between those containing 20 and 30 percent soy. This same trend was apparent for aroma of beef patties. However, aroma of the control turkey patties was rated significantly more desirable than patties containing 10 percent soy, and aroma for both of these was rated significantly better than aroma of patties containing larger amounts of soy. All of the turkey patties containing soy were rated significantly less juicy than the control but no such difference was found among beef patties. In some of the entrees investigated, as much as 40 percent soy was substituted for turkey without significantly lowering scores for aroma, flavor and general acceptability. A NEW METHOD FOR TEACHING AVIAN ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY R. C. BAYER, T. A. BRYAN, E. CAFFARELLA AND

P. C. HARRIS, Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Maine at Orono, Orono, ME 04473 Classical methods for teaching functional anatomy and microanatomy generally involve class lectures with illustrations, gross dissection with the aid of a laboratory manual and examination of histological slides under a microscope. The student

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A series of experiments was undertaken to evaluate the effect of level and type of fat and level of protein on the quality of frankfurters made from mechanically deboned turkey meat. Series 1, 2, and 3 used five levels of each of three kinds of fats (chicken, pork and cottonseed oil). Series 4 compared two levels of the same three fats. Series 5 used four levels of protein, with chicken as the fat component. Results of series 1, 2 and 3 (fat levels) showed that, in general, increasing fat level increased yields, viscosity of the emulsion and shear values, and decreased taste panel tenderness. When the three types of fat were compared at two levels (series 4), little difference was found between the fat types, but the higher fat level always produced higher viscosities, yields and shear values and slightly higher cookout. Raising the protein level (series 5) produced a considerable increase in nearly all objective and subjective measurements, except for panel scores for flavor, which were little affected, and acceptability, which was optimum at the 15% level of protein.

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ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

CHARACTERIZATION OF FEATHER FOLLICLE INFECTION WITH CAGE REARED BROILERS R.

C. BAYER, C. B. CHAWAN, T. A.

BRYAN AND

F. V. MUIR, Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Maine at Orono, Orono, ME 04473 A high incidence of feather follicle infection was observed in broilers reared in cages with polyurethane-coated wood slat floors. The incidence of feather follicle infection was significantly higher for males than for females within cage-reared broilers of the same age. Broilers processed at 59 days of age had a significantly higher incidence of the feather follicle condition than hatch mates processed at 50 days of age. Intact feather follicles and infected follicles were removed from freshly killed cage-reared birds and prepared for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Examination of infected follicles revealed surface detail about the lesions. Removal of the encrustations covering the infected follicle revealed numerous cocci type bacteria at the base of the follicle. Infected and non-infected follicles were also examined by conventional histological techniques.

DISC ELECTROPHORESIS OF TURKEY SERUM ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE ISOENZYMES USING POLYACRYLAMIDE GEL J. R. BECK, T. H. COLEMAN AND J. H. WOLFORD,

Department of Poultry Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 The isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase (akp) in turkey serum were separated by disc electrophoresis using polyacrylamide gel. Preliminary experimentation consisted of developing a rapid and repeatable electrophoretic procedure. Test subjects included 103 "vibrator" turkeys fed a standard turkey breeder ration and 46 hens of the Nicholas egg-laying strain of which one-half received 10 percent dried poultry anaphage substituted into the standard ration. Blood samples were obtained from the "vibrator" flock following a forced molt while at zero egg production and at a later period after stimulation into peak production. The Nicholas birds were only sampled during peak production. Egg production records were maintained in order to identify laying intensity and semen was collected at three occasions corresponding to the peak production period of the females. Thirteen distinct akp bands were isolated in the serum of the turkeys tested; these bands were observed to occur in 13 different patterns, termed zymograms. Several zymograms were associated with either strain differences, sex or egg-laying intensity. Isoenzyme banding patterns did not seem to be influenced by either the "vibrator" condition, dietary difference or level of semen production. It was concluded that two particular zymogram types may be helpful in predicting potential reproductive ability but further work is required in order to determine the composition of the isoenzyme bands observed. LYSINE REQUIREMENT OF WHITE LEGHORN PULLETS FROM 8 TO 21 WEEKS LAWRENCE R. BERG, Department of Animal Science, Western Washington Research & Extension Center, Washington State University, Puyallup, WA 98371 White Leghorn pullets were fed a 20% protein starter ration to 8 weeks. From 8 to 21 weeks comparison was made of feeding a 16% protein diet to 12 weeks and a 14% protein diet from 12 to 21 weeks with a feeding regime in which rations with 14% protein were fed from 8 to 12 weeks followed by 12% protein rations to 21 weeks.

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is required to spend much time searching for anatomical components that he has never seen before. It is difficult for the student to appreciate the three-dimensional relationship of cells, tissues and organs. Scanning electron microscopy has been used in preparing videotapes to link gross dissection with histology and integrate the three-dimensional aspects of functional anatomy. Experimental videotape has been taken directly from a Cambridge stereoscan S-4 SEM to show three-dimensional cell and tissue surface detail of gastrointestinal tract epithelium. Some gross dissection and histology were also placed on tape for comparison. Audio narration and labeling were inserted during the editing process for clarity to the student. This program, which is in the developmental stages, is intended for auto tutoral use by the student. The authors intend to utilize this approach to study a number of anatomical systems in various species. This approach may also be utilized in our pathology teaching programs.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

A SURVEY OF EGG SHELL DAMAGE BY MECHANICAL HANDLING EQUIPMENT J. G. BERRY, Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 Egg shell damage was evaluated in different parts of production and processing systems in various locations in the state of Indiana. Eggs were sampled and hand candled to determine damage at the cage or at the first access point in flat-deck systems, on the transfer belt for in-line systems; in the case if eggs were cased and shipped to the processing plant; ahead of the washer; after washing and scanning; and in the carton. These locations were chosen because they represent potential damage sites. Damage ranged from a low of 0.0% at some locations to a high of 35% at others. The percent of cracked eggs tended to increase the further the eggs traveled in the processing procedure. In-house damage was found to average slightly more than 3.5% and in carton damage slightly less than 3.5%. A true evaluation of the various systems cannot be made because of the limited number of samples, however, shell damage tended to be higher in flat-deck systems as did the incidence of small pin-holes in the eggs. AN EDUCATIONAL SHELL DAMAGE

PROGRAM

ON

EGG

J. G. BERRY, Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 Losses from egg shell damage can be a significant factor in the overall profit and loss picture for an egg producer or shell egg processor. These losses can go undetected unless employees are particu-

larly aware of the problem and some of the factors which cause the damage. An extension education program has been developed for use in dealing with the shell damage problem. The program is designed for use with audiences made up of employees of egg producers and/or shell egg processors. The objective is to acquaint these employees with the potential magnitude of a shell damage problem, the problem areas in production and processing facilities where shell damage can occur, and then to encourage them to work to prevent shell damage whenever possible. The materials used for this program include a slide set showing problem areas that are frequently overlooked or factors that may be taken for granted, printed posters that can be placed on bulletin boards or walls as a reminder about shell damage, along with a written text that may be presented by the extension specialist or producer or processor who may want to present the materials himself. SUPPLEMENTAL FEEDING O F OYSTER SHELL TO IMPROVE EGG SHELL QUALITY JOHN BEZPA, CHARLES A. DUPRAS AND JOHN J. DOWL-

ING, Department of Animal Science, Cook College, Rutgers University, P.O. Box 231, Thompson Hall, New Brunswick, NJ 08902 An equivalent of fifty pounds of hen size oyster shell was added to each ton of a cage laying ration and fed to a commercial flock of S.C.W.L. laying birds. The added shells were fed for a period of 7 days of each month starting at three months of lay and continuing for a period of 11 months. Approximately 6,000 caged layers received the supplemental shells and 6,000 served as a control. At the end of the seven day supplemental feeding period of each month, all eggs from one line of the shell-fed birds and one line of the control group were hand candled to determine egg shell damage at point of lay. In addition, 50 eggs from each of the four lines (shell-fed and control group) were collected for specific gravity determination—a measurement used in evaluating shell thickness. After 11 months of data, it was concluded that under the conditions in this field study, no beneficial effects were noted when an already balanced ration was supplemented with oyster shell at the rate of 50 lbs./ton.

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Rations for the 16, 14 and 12% protein levels were formulated with soybean meal, anchovy fish meal, cottonseed meal and meat and bone scrap as the only source of supplementary protein to that contained in the corn and barley of the rations. All groups were fed the same 16% protein laying ration after 21 weeks. Body weight at 21 weeks, rate of lay to 69 weeks of age, and average egg weight were not significantly affected by level or source of protein in the developing rations. Amino acid analysis of the cottonseed meal rations indicated that the 16, 14 and 12% protein rations contained .54, .50 and .45% lysine, respectively. These results suggest that the lysine requirement of developing White Leghorn pullets is much less than recommended by N.R.C.

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ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

EFFECT OF INTERMITTENT LIGHT REGIMENS ON EGG PRODUCTION OF CHICKEN LAYING HENS H. V. BIELLIER, Department of Poultry Husbandry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201

THE EFFECTS OF DPW IN CHICK-GROWING RATIONS J. BIELY, Department of Poultry Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1W5, Canada Triplicate lots of 16 New Hampshire chicks each were fed a basal diet, in which the wheat was replaced with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% dried poultry waste (DPW) originally collected from 1-day old to 3-week old chicks reared in Jamesway electrically-heated, raised wire floor battery brooders. DPW from each of the respective lots was re-fed four successive times to chicks of the same stock. The relative body weights and feed efficiency compared to the "lots" fed basal diet (relative value 100) were as follows:

Trial 10% DPW 20% DPW

1

Relative body weight 2 3

4

I

91 86

90 86

87 81

90 86

92 87

Relative feed efficiency 2 3 91 84

91 83

4 90 82

There was a linear decrease in body weight and feed efficiency with each increase in the percent of DPW substituted for wheat in the basal diet,

BROILER CONDEMNATION INVESTIGATION. 2. INFORMATION SYSTEM A. K. BIRTH, F. W. HICKS, O. D. KEENE, M.

G.

MAST AND D. L. SCHWARTZ, Agricultural Exten-

sion, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 A broiler management information system developed for the condemnation project has aided in specifying reasons for condemnation and their impact on costs and income. It is not an accounting system. Some input prices are held constant to avoid day to day and seasonal price changes. Input data is divided into 7 phases to facilitate analysis using computer programs. Computer output provides estimated costs and returns per pound of ready-to-cook broilers. Condemnation data are computed as percentages of live weight and numbers of head condemned. Data are summarized by qualitative factors and the following attributes are calculated: number of head; total and average live and estimated ready-to-cook weights per bird; weights and percentages of total ready-to-cook weight for Grade A and specific undergrades; condemnation; itemized growout and selected processing costs; impact of sales of undergrades on income; comparative value and range of dates which the respective output covers. The information system provides both qualitative and quantitative information. The results are also in a form which permits statistical analysis and describing condemnation problems.

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Six light and temperature controlled chambers each equipped with 30 laying cages housed 180 S.C.W.L. laying hens during a 9-month period of production. All birds received the same light treatment (14L-10D) during the first 4 months of lay. During the fifth month, 2 chambers were started on a light cycle of 14.5L-9.5D (controls), 2 chambers were started on an intermittent light cycle of 1L-3.5D (4X), and 2 chambers were placed on an intermittent light cycle of 1L-5.75D (3X) daily. After two months, the light regimens were increased to 15L-9D, intermittent lL-3.75D(4X)and intermittent 1L-6D (3X), respectively. There was no significant difference between average egg production, egg weight, and body weight of the controls and those that received 1L-3.5D (4X) or 1L-3.75D (4X) intermittent light. Birds that received 1L-5.75D (3X) or 1L-6D (3X) intermittent light daily had significantly lower average egg production, greater average egg weight, and greater average body weight than the birds that received the other light treatments.

However, body growth and feed efficiency remained substantially the same during the first three recycling stages and declined during the fourth stage. The amount of DPW recovered as a percentage of the feed consumed was proportional to the amount of DPW which replaced wheat in the basal diet and remained fairly constant during the recycling. There appeared to be no build-up in the "fibre" content through the four recycling periods. The depressed growth and feed efficiency cannot be accounted for entirely by the lower energy content of the rations containing DPW, but to as yet unidentified metabolic factors. At all levels of DPW mortality was negligible; the chicks appeared healthy, well feathered and free from leg deformities.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

EGG PRODUCTION RESPONSES OF HENS FED A LOW PROTEIN DIET SUPPLEMENTED WITH ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS, L - G L U T A M I C ACID AND INTACT PROTEIN R. BLAIR, D. J. W. L E E , C. FISHER AND CAROLINE

From the onset of peak production 576 S.C. White Leghorn-type hens were caged singly and fed a 12% protein basal diet in each of 3 sequential experiments lasting 8 weeks. In Experiment 1 egg production was 84% with a practical control diet, 61% with the basal diet, 79% with the basal diet supplemented with essential amino acids + L-glutamic acid (GA), and 53% with the basal diet supplemented with GA alone. Egg weight, egg mass, feed intake, feed conversion efficiency (FCE) and weight gain showed similar responses. In Experiment 2 supplementation with lysine and methionine (LM) alone increased egg production from 53 to 72% compared with 83% on the practical diet, and no significant response was obtained to further supplementation with increased levels of GA. Egg weight and FCE did not differ significantly in groups fed the basal diet + LM or the practical diet. In Experiment 3 egg production was 55% with the basal diet, 7 1 % with the basal + LM, 75% with a 14% protein diet + LM and 73% with the practical diet. Egg weight, egg mass, feed intake, FCE and weight gain were influenced similarly. All parameters of response were depressed or unaffected by supplementing the diets with GA. HOW INCREASING FEED PRICES INFLUENCE EGG PRODUCTION COSTS BOYD J. BONZER AND PHILLIP E. PLUMART, Depart-

ment of Animal Science, Poultry Research & Extension Section, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57006 Poultry Extensionmen at South Dakota State University have been collecting flock performance information and publishing monthly flock records for about 8 years. During that time the reported price of poultry feed has varied little from the $60 to $70 per ton level until late 1972 and during 1973. Average monthly feed prices increased from $69.19 per ton in October, 1972, to an all time high of $129.37 during June of 1973.

Sixteen flockowners that closed out between March 1972 and June 1973 furnished operating cost, fixed cost and hired labor cost information in addition to performance information. These data showed an average per dozen cost of 14.080 for feed, 6.530 for flock depreciation and 4.250 for all other costs including estimated labor. This amounts to 57%, 26% and 17% of the total cost of production, respectively. The feed cost was $67.70 per ton. When feed costs increase and other costs remain constant, feed becomes a higher percent of total costs. For each $10 increase in feed cost per ton there is a 2 to 3% increase in the feed cost percentage. At $120 per ton the cost of feed increased to 70% of the total cost of production. Contractors who are supplying feed and receiving a percent of the egg check should be aware that higher feed prices demand a bigger percent of the egg check.

EFFECT OF FEEDER HEIGHT AND FEEDING REGIMENS IN COMPARING LAYER DIETS D. J. BRAY, Department of Animal Science, University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana, Urbana, IL618Q1 White Leghorn pullets were individually fed 18 or 10% protein diets from feeders hung high (H), 33.6 cm., or low (L), 16.8 cm., above the floor of the cage. Three feeding regimens were used: Regimen F—the feeders were filled to capacity daily, i.e. to 4.8 cm. from the the top; Regimen FD—the feeders were filled to capacity at 5-day intervals (at daily intakes of 75, 100, and 125 grams the feed level decreased to 6.8, 7.8 and 9.3 cm. by the end of the 5th day); Regimen LL—200 grams of feed was placed in the feeder each day (feed level 7.8 cm. from the top). Daily feed intakes were recorded for each of the 144 birds on test. Feed intakes for 8 successive 5-day periods on regimen FD at 18% protein averaged 141, 117, 104, 93, and 79 grams for days 1-5, respectively, at the H position and 123, 107, 109, 104, and 91 grams in the L position. Results were similar at 10% protein. Egg production and body weight were affected by protein level and feeding regimen; feeder height affected only body weight. Several interactions indicated that the relative effects of feeder height and feeding regimens upon egg production and body weight varied with protein level. These data indicate that variations in feeding practice may exert varying effects on the different criteria used to

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C MCCORQUODALE, Nutrition and Statistics, Agricultural Research Council's Poultry Research Centre, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JS, Scotland.

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ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

evaluate the comparative nutritional adequacy of layer diets during short-term assays. EVALUATION O F PLANT PROTEIN CONCENTRATES IN LOW-PROTEIN CORNBASED LAYER DIETS D. J. BRAY, Department of Animal Science, University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana, Urbana, IL 61801

EVALUATION OF VARIOUS COMBINATIONS OF ANTICOCCIDIALS IN FLOOR PENS ROBERTN. BREWER, Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36830 In attempts to maximize profits, some broiler producers find it necessary to switch coccidiostats on broilers at 4 to 5 weeks of age. In the present trials, monensin (Coban) was used as the primary coccidiostat, followed by clopidol (Coyden) or Zoalene. Monensin-clopidol combinations were as follows: monensin 110 gm. for 3, 4 or 5 weeks followed by clopidol 0.0125% to 7 weeks, 2 days. Other treatments included monensin 110 gm. for 4 weeks followed by Zoalene 0.0125% to 7 weeks, 2 days, or monensin, clopidol or Zoalene individually from 0-7 weeks, 2 days. A withdrawal feed was used for the last 5 days in all treatments.

CORRELATION AND REPEATABILITY BETWEEN CHICKEN EGG SHELL COLOR AND BREAKING STRENGTH D. M. BRIGGS AND E. TEULINGS, Department of

Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607 The results of a survey to determine the relationship between shell color and shell strength indicates there is no justification for attributing shell strength to shell color. This finding is relevant to a closed population segregating for a considerable range in shell color. However, any correlation of shell color with shell strength within a population of uniform shell color is probably due to factors other than the shell color itself. The product moment correlation between a measure of egg shell color and breaking strength was essentially zero (0.08). On the other hand the correlation between egg shell thickness and breaking strength was significant (0.20). The intraclass correlation (measuring repeatability of measure on eggs from the same hen), was about 0.60 for the measure of either shell color or shell thickness. For breaking strength, the repeatability was 0.30. The eggs produced by the Athens Randombred control population had shell color ranging from white to "maple like brown." A Gardner Colorimeter, Model AC-2a-C.I.E. was used to measure egg shell color. The Model 1100 Instron was used to measure breaking strength (resistance of egg to crushing). STEPWISE DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS OF AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF VITELLINE MEMBRANES FROM YOLKS EXHIBITING VARIOUS DEGREES O F MOTTLING W. M. BRITTON AND K. K. HALE, J R . , Department

of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 Laying hens were fed diets with or without nicarbazin and their egg yolks were scored for mottling within 24 hours of oviposition or after two weeks of storage at 12 or 22° C. The vitelline membranes were removed and grouped according to diet x storage time x mottling score and subjected to amino acid analysis. The amino acid

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Fluctuations in the price and availability of protein supplements (PS) may lead to shifts in the relative amounts of various PS used in layer diets. To critically evaluate four PS, combinations of soybean meal (S), linseed meal (L), cottonseed meal (C) and sesame meal (Se) were used as PS in 12% protein corn-based diets for an 8-week period. When S, L, C, and Se provided all the supplemental protein, egg yields (EY), i.e. gm. egg/hen/day, were 31.3, 25.6, 18.1 and 17.2, respectively. When 50:50 combinations of SL, SC, SSe, LC, LSe, and CSe proteins were used, EY were 25.6, 23.4, 22.9, 21.2, 21.9 and 16.3, respectively. Three-way combinations of SLC, SLSe, SCSe, and LCSe gave EY of 24.1, 24.5, 18.8 and 19.8, respectively. A four-way combination gave EY of 21.0 grams. Based on the amino acid profiles and the supplementary nature of the proteins and the assumption that total sulfur-amino acids are not the first-limiting amino acids in a 12% protein corn-soya diet (P.S. 43:396), these data suggest that lysine, isoleucine, and lysine were the firstlimiting amino acids in the 12% protein corn-linseed, corn-cottonseed and corn-sesame diets, respectively.

Although performance differences among the treatments were not significant, those changed from monensin to clopidol or Zoalene at 4 weeks of age were slightly heavier and converted feed more efficiently than those changed at 3 or 5 weeks.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1905

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chromatograms of membranes subjected to various THE INFLUENCE OF AN AUTOSOMAL MUtreatments showed small differences due to treatTANT ON WATER CONSUMPTION, EGG ment. Stepwise discriminant analysis of amino acid NUMBER, EGG WEIGHT, SHELL ratios enabled correct classification of the amino THICKNESS, AND HAUGH UNITS acid chromatograms of the membranes by treatE. G. Buss, Department of Poultry Science, The ments and indicated the amino acids of greatest Pennsylvania State University, 203 Animal Inimportance in classifying membranes. The amino dustries Bldg., University Park, PA 16802 acid ratios most efficient in classification of memTwo lines of chickens were established in 1965, branes by treatment were: (1) diet—glycine:methione for normal and the other for increased cononine, serine:alanine, valine:tyrosine and aspartic sumption of water. In 1972, reciprocal crosses were acid:serine; (2) storage—lysine:arginine, aspartic acidrleucine and glutamic acidityrosine; and (3) made between the two lines. Full-sib matings among the F,'s produced an F 2 population from mottling score—threonine:methionine, aspartic which three hundred forty-four laying females and acid:histidine, serine:tyrosine and lysine:arginine. 57 sexually mature males were characterized .for Serine, tyrosine and aspartic acid appeared three the amount of water consumed. Among these, one times and methionine, lysine and arginine appeared hundred five females and 11 males consumed in twice, indicating that these were the amino acids 24-hour periods an amount of water equivalent to that were prime candidates for further investigamore than 20% and 15%, respectively, of their tion. body weights. The birds were caged in a windowless building, and the temperature was maintained at approximately 19° C. OBSERVATIONS OF POSSIBLE THIAMINASE ACTIVITY IN SCALLOP VISCERA DIETS Egg number in a 100-day period and egg traits FOR BROILERS during the age period of 28 to 32 weeks were compared for 67 pairs, one normal and one abnorT. A. BRYAN, D. L. BLAMBERG, R. W. GERRY, P. mal, of full sisters; 52 of the pairs were from the C. HARRIS AND D. C. O'MEARA, Department of same hatch. Average egg numbers, 69 and 63; egg Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of weight, 47.0 and 47.5 g.; shell thickness, 0.36 and Maine, Orono, ME 04473 0.37 mm.; and Haugh units, 83.5 and 84.0 were Five week old broilers were submitted to the observed, respectively, for the normal and abnordiagnostic laboratory showing sudden onset of mal sibs. Differences between the two types were incoordination, ataxia, anorexia, dehydration and not statistically significant for any of the four egg coma. Groups of birds were being fed the New traits. England College Conference (N.E.C.C.) broiler diets in which scallop viscera was used at a 5% level to provide part of the protein. One of the TEXTURAL MEASUREMENT AS A QUALITY groups (Group 1) was fed the complete broiler CONTROL TOOL IN PRODUCT FORMULArations containing scallop viscera that had been TION autoclaved. Another group (Group 2) was fed the JOHN BUTTS AND W. J. STADELMAN, Animal Sciences diet containing scallop viscera which had been dried Department, Purdue University, West Lafayette, at 100° F. The affected birds were some of the IN 47907 heaviest of Group 2. Routine post mortem procedures revealed no gross pathology. Histopathology Turkey rolls were sheared on an Instron Univerof CNS tissues revealed no marked changes from sal Testing Machine equipped with an Allo-Kramer Group 1 birds. Subsequent admissions of 6-weekshear cell. The Instron was interfaced to a PDP-11 old broilers showed no apparent changes. In later computer providing automatic data collection. The admissions of prostrate, anorectic birds, thiamine crosshead speed was 5.0 inches per minute during hydrochloride was injected intramuscularly (10 the shearing process with 10 data points being mg./bird). A few were left without thiamine injeccollected per second. After the analog to digital tions. Those receiving thiamine were eating and conversion, the data was stored for later off-line drinking normally within 4-6 hours after injection. analysis. Histological examination of CNS tissue from treatThis method of data collection allows precise ed and untreated birds revealed no lesions. definition and measurement of the various components of the shear curve. Peak height, compression and shear slopes and areas were correlated with

1906

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

data obtained from a trained taste panel relative to meat tenderness.

BROILER BREEDER PERFORMANCE ON SLAT FLOORS J. R. CAIN AND T. A. LOCKAMY, Department of

Poultry Science, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843

INFLUENCE OF DIETARY SELENIUM ON HATCHABILITY AND EGG PRODUCTION AUSTIN H. CANTOR AND MILTON L. SCOTT, Depart-

ment of Poultry Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850

S.C.W.L. hens were raised from hatching on low Se semipurified diets (0.02 p.p.m. Se) with adequate vitamin E to 10 months of age and then fed a practical diet with 0.027 p.p.m. naturally occurring Se and no added vitamin E. Males fed a commercial diet were used for artificial insemination. Although both N a 2 S e 0 3 and vitamin E prevented exudative diathesis, only Se improved growth of chicks from 7-month depleted hens, when added to a chick starter diet deficient in Se and vitamin E. The low Se practical diet was fed alone (basal) and supplemented with 0.1 p.p.m. Se as N a 2 S e 0 3 and seleno-DL-methionine to 4 replicates of 5 hens (12-1/2 months of age) per treatment. Selenomethionine significantly (P < 0.05) improved egg production. After 5 wks. hatchability of fertile eggs THE EFFECTS O F HEAT STRESS ON RA- was approximately 90% for both selenium treatments and 40% for the basal treatment. Se conDIOTHYROIDECTOMIZED CHICKS centration of eggs from hens fed the basal diet, W. CALHOUN ANDT. M. HUSTON, Division of Poultry + 0.1 p.p.m. Se as N a 2 S e 0 3 , and + 0.1 p.p.m. Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA Se as selenomethionine, was 0.026, 0.121 and 0.124 30602 p.p.m., respectively. Two separate trials were conducted. In the first Egg production of hens maintained on the basal trial 52 birds were used. Twenty-two chicks were diet alone, and with N a 2 S e 0 3 , averaged 56% and exposed to 1.5 mCi. per 100 grams of body weight 77% respectively during a 3 month period. After of Iodine-131. Fourteen chicks were fed a diet 18 wks., hatchability for the basal treatment was containing 0.1% thiouracil and 16 chicks were kept < 10%, but > 90% when N a 2 S e 0 3 was supplied. as untreated controls. The chicks were grown to Symptoms of exudative diathesis were observed 12 weeks of age at a mean environmental tempera- in dead embryos and day-old chicks from unture of 19° C. At the end of this period they were supplemented hens.

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Mechanized slat floor houses have recently become prevalent in broiler breeder operations. Commonly this type poultry house has 2 / 3 slat and 1/3 litter floor; one type allows breeders restricted access to the litter. In this study 600 broiler breeders per treatment were housed in an environmental poultry facility for 56 weeks. The following four housing systems (4 reps, each) were tested: A) 2 / 3 slat floor, access to litter the last 4-1/2 hours before the dark period; B) As A but released to litter 7-1/2 hours before darkness; C) 2 / 3 slat floor, free acess to litter; D) Full litter floor pens. Breeders released to litter late in the day (A) had significantly poorer fertility than B, C or D groups; the latter were not different. Eggs broken under the slats were least in group C. While floor eggs appeared to be fewer in A, B & C than D pens, eggs layed on slats, subsequently broken and thus not usually noticed actually increased lost eggs from slat floor systems. Percent cull eggs (dirties & cracks) from D pens were twice that from A, B & C groups; however, broken eggs under slats plus culls yielded smaller total losses from floor pens. Hatchability, fertility, egg size and hen day chick production favored neither slat nor litter floor management of broiler breeders in this study. If slat floor houses have an advantage, it may be in other considerations such as increased bird density, reduced manure and litter problems, and labor saving features.

exposed to heat stress (44° C.) for a period of 180 minutes. There was a statistically significant difference in the survival time of the chicks in each treatment group. The mean survival time for the control group was 141 minutes; for the thiouracil-treated group, 155 minutes; and for the radiothyroidectomized group, 180 minutes. The second trial was designed in the same manner as the first except that prior to heat stress one-half of the irradiated birds were injected with 3 ti,g./100 grams body weight of D,L-Thyroxine. The exogenous thyroxine had no effect on the heat stress tolerance of this group. Monitored body temperatures during the stress period showed that in the radiothyroidectomized birds the rise in temperature was less than in the other groups.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

These results show that Se is a dietary requirement for both hatchability and egg production. GLYCEROL IN THE DIET OF CHICKS L. B. CAREW, JR. AND D. C. Foss, Department of Animal Sciences, Bioresearch Laboratory, University of Vermont, 655 Spear Street, Burlington, VT 05401

SCALD AID ADDITIVES AND POLLUTANT LOAD OF SCALD WATER T. A.

CARTER, C.

J. WABECK AND J.

L.

HEATH,

Department of Poultry Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, AND C. E. HARRIS, Dairy & Poultry Marketing Research Laboratory, U.S.D.A., A.R.S., Beltsville, MD 20705 Characteristics of the pollutant load of poultry scald water treated with different types and quantities of scalding aids were studied. Two experiments were conducted using eight week old broilers bled for 90 seconds and scalded for 120 seconds at 52° C. in a 228 liter capacity batch scalder. The first experiment studied the effect of the addition of recommended amounts of three different scald aid compounds to scald water. The untreated scald water had 220 mg./l. suspended solid values compared to 239, 66 and 103 mg./l. for the three scald aid treatments. Total residue for all three scald aid treatments (693, 1103 and

545 mg./l.) were higher than the value for the untreated scald water (498 mg./l.). Two levels of a scalding aid compound that brought the pH of the scald water to 8.8 and 10.3 were evaluated in the second experiment. Suspended solid value for the pH 8.8 scald water was 288 mg./l. compared to 292 mg./l. for untreated water. In contrast, total residue for the pH 8.8 water was 1430 mg./l. and only 1150 mg./l. for untreated water. The pH 10.3 scald aid treated scald water demonstrated even greater differences having 116mg./l. suspended solids and 2190 mg./l. total residue. EFFECTS OF RESTRICTED FEEDING ON PERFORMANCE OF MOLTED S.C.W.L. FEMALES J. M. CASEY, Extension Poultry Science Department, University of Georgia, University of Georgia; Athens, GA 30601 Molted S.C.W.L. hens were fed a commercial layer ration either 4 hours per day (8:00 a.m.-10:00 a.m. and 3:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m.) or ad libitum from onset of production. A total of 11,045 hens were used in the experiment. Average feed consumption was reduced 6.5% (97 g./bird/day) for the restricted fed hen as compared to 104 g. for ad libitum fed hen. Body weights at the beginning and end of the first 16-week period were 1.64 and 1.62 kg. and 1.65 and 1.74 kg. per hen for the restricted and ad libitum fed hens respectively. Hen housed egg production, egg weight and mortality were 61.4%, 63 g. and 3.9% compared to 66.0%, 64 g. and 4.1% for the restricted and ad libitum fed birds respectively. These preliminary data indicate that hen-day egg production is comparable after about 12 weeks. It appears that forced-molted layers should not be restricted until after approximately 8 weeks of onset of egg production following molt.

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The effect of adding 5% or 15% glycerol to a purified diet in place of glucose was studied with male broiler chicks from hatching to four weeks of age. When the diet contained no added fat (0.05% total ether extract) both levels of glycerol resulted in slower growth rates. With 10% soy oil in the diet only 15% glycerol caused a weight reduction. This suggests an interaction between dietary fat content and the chick's tolerance for dietary glycerol. Changes in efficiency of feed utilization paralleled changes in weight gain. The deficiency of fat caused enlargement of the liver, but did not consistently affect heart and kidney weights. The higher level of dietary glycerol caused enlargement of the heart and kidney, but differences in liver size were small. At four weeks of age the incidence of leg and walking problems ranged from 0 to 25% in the various treatments. Dietary glycerol appeared to promote an earlier occurrence of these problems. These results show that glycerol cannot be treated as an innocuous replacement for dietary energy sources.

1907

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EFFECT OF CERTAIN ASPERGILLUS CULTURES ON REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF JAPANESE QUAIL AND GROWTH OF PROGENY C. C. CHAH, R. A. NELSON AND C. W. CARLSON,

Studies at this laboratory have demonstrated that feeding full-fat soybeans inoculated by certain Aspergillus species resulted in a significant improvement in broiler performance. The effect of 2 Aspergillus cultures (A. oryzae NRRL 451 and A. oryzae NRLL 506) on the life cycle performance of Japanese quail was investigated in this study. Observations were made on growth of progeny. Day old chicks were fed a regular starter diet for 10 days. They were then randomly assigned to 5 replicate groups of 20 chicks per treatment and placed on an experimental diet containing either control or cultured soybeans (50% of the diet). The diets were formulated on an isocaloric (3192 Kcal. M.E./kg.) and isonitrogenous (24% protein) basis. At 4 weeks, each group was sexed and reallotted as 8 females and 2 males and fed a layer diet made with the same soybeans (35% of the diet). The average weight gains showed that quail chicks receiving cultured soybeans were significantly superior after the 2 and 4-week growth periods. The production data from 3 subsequent 28-day periods indicated that average egg production rates and egg weight were not altered significantly by dietary treatments. However, fertility and hatchability were greater from quail fed the cultured soybean diets. Subsequent progeny performance revealed that quail from dams receiving diets containing cultured soybeans were again significantly superior in growth and feed utilization after the 2 and 4-week growth periods. A SEX-LINKED RECESSIVE COLOR MUTANT IN JAPANESE QUAIL P. S. CHAHIL AND W. A. JOHNSON, Department of

Poultry Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 A sex-linked mutation that occurred in a selection experiment has been used to establish a true breeding strain of Japanese quail. These birds are

EFFECT OF AGE, CALCIUM LEVEL AND VITAMIN D METABOLITES ON EGG SHELL QUALITY OF S.C.W.L. O. W. CHARLES AND R. A. ERNST,*

Poultry Science Department, Georgia, Athens, GA 30602

Extension

University of

One hundred twenty commercial laying hens were randomly assigned to single bird cages in a temperature controlled chamber. Feed and water were provided ad libitum during the three month test period. Laying hens of two age groups (28 and 144 weeks) received a basal corn soy diet containing two calcium levels (2% and 3.6%) fortified with two vitamin D sources (D 3 and 25-OH-D 3 ). Total egg production and feed efficiency were determined weekly. Deformation, Instron breaking strength and specific gravity were determined at the end of each 28 day period for all eggs produced during the last three days of each period. Feed efficiency and total production were slightly lower for the hens consuming the feed containing the 25-OH-D 3 . Egg shell deformation was unaffected by the vitamin D 3 source. However, Instron breaking strength and specific gravity measurements of egg shells were improved by the 25-OH-D 3 in calcium adequate diets of aged hens. This was not true in the case of young hens. Low calcium diets depress production, feed efficiency and egg shell quality. The combination of specific gravity, Instron breaking strength and deformation appear to be effective criteria in evaluating the effects of nutrient changes in the laying ration on egg shell quality of laying hens. * Present address—Department of Poultry Science, University of California, Davis, California 95616

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Animal Science Department, G. SEMENIUK, Plant Science Department, I. S. PALMER, Station Biochemist, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57006, and C. W. HESSELTINE, N.U.R.D.D., A.R.S., U.S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria, IL 61604

a golden yellow at hatching with light brown stripes. The skin tends to be bright pink with pale pink shanks. As adults the feather color is much lighter and the color of the two sexes being more similar than in the wild type color. The mutant strain tends to be similar to the wild type in body weight at 4 and 5 weeks of age. Age at sexual maturity tends to be about a week later in the mutant type whereas egg size, production and livability are not different. When mixed populations are combined, the female mutant tends to be more aggressive than wild type birds.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

A PILOT 4-H PROJECT IN INCUBATION AND EMBRYOLOGY J. A. CHERRY, Department of Poultry Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061

EFFECT OF FEEDING REGIMEN AND EGG FORMATION ON PLASMA AMINO ACIDS IN LAYING HENS M. S. Cm ANDG. M. SPEERS, Department of Animal

Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55101 Plasma amino acids (PAA) were determined at 0, 3.5, 5, 10 and 20 hours post ovi-position (PO) on laying hens fed a semi-purified diet containing 12.5% protein from egg albumen. Feeding regimens studied were ad /ibifumfeedingof the 12.5% protein diet, ad libitum feeding of a nonprotein diet or fasting for 16 hours.

With ad libitum feeding glycine, tyrosine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid and all essential PAA except histidine increased between 0 and 10 hours and then decreased at 20 hours PO. Fasting resulted in increased lysine and threonine at 0 hour PO. Feeding of a nonprotein diet lowered all PAA compared to ad libitum feeding or fasting, except tryptophan whose level was similar to the fasting level. There was no consistent pattern in relation to egg formation for individual PAA with either fasting or feeding of the nonprotein diet. In experiment 2 semi-purified diets containing 0.36, 0.52 and 0.68% lysine were fed ad libitum and PAA were determined at 0.5, 3.5 and 5 hours PO. Plasma lysine increased and plasma threonine, phenylalanine and tyrosine decreased with increasing dietary lysine at all time intervals PO. Other PAA showed no consistent changes. Plasma lysine levels most closely reflected dietary lysine levels at 3.5 hours PO. BLOOD CHANGES DURING IBA INFECTION Y. CHO, C. N. CHINEME, S. A. EDGAR* AND W.

O. JONES, Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Tuskegee Institute, Tuskegee Institute, AL 36088, and Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University,* Auburn, AL 36830 Six week-old broiler chickens were inoculated intraocularly with 0.2 ml. of bursa with the infectious bursal agent (IBA) suspension. The birds were bled before inoculation and at 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 hours postinoculation. Packed cell volume, blood urea nitrogen, blood clotting time, blood serum, calcium, sodium and potassium levels, lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), serum glutamic-oxalacetic acid transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) activities were studied. Serum LDH activity was elevated at 72 and 96 hours postinoculation, 1852 and 1134 international units (I.U.) respectively, versus an uninoculated control value of 900 (I.U.). The birds showing severe clinical signs had a higher level of LDH activity as high as 3910 international units. Serum SGOT levels were also elevated to 432 (72 hours) and 421 (96 hours) I.U. compared to a control level of 330. In clinical cases of infectious bursal disease (IBD) in birds, SGOT levels as high as 760 were recorded. Blood coagulation time was delayed in the inoculated group, beginning 48 hours after inoculation. At 72 hours, the coagulation time was 23 minutes compared to an average of 3.5 minutes in the uninoculated control birds. During this same period of time, the serum calcium levels

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Pilot projects in incubation and embryology were conducted in selected rural and urban areas involving approximately 1,000 4-H'ers. Programs were planned with help of 4-H program leaders, unit extension agents, public school science teachers and coordinators. Subject matter, visuals, films, lesson plans, fertile eggs and, in some instances, incubators were provided for use by classrooms and community clubs. Training workshops were conducted for agents, teachers and leaders prior to initiating the projects. Subject matter included: 1. Formation of the egg, 2. Structure and nutritional value of the egg, 3. Commercial and display incubation, 4. Functions of the extra-embryonic membranes, 5. The value of poultry as experimental animals, 6. Similarities of developmental processes in all vertebrates, 7. Gross morphology of embryonic development, 8. Career opportunities in poultry. To illustrate subject matter, students participated in various experiments and activities using the chicken embryo including: 1. Observing the sequence of embryonic development. 2. Recording change in egg weights during the incubation period. 3. Observing pre-natal behavior and movement using the shell-window method. 4. Correlating embryonic growth with size of the yolk sac. 5. Comparing shell thickness at different stages of development. The pilot projects were successful and enthusiastic responses were received from agents, leaders, teachers and 4-H'ers. Plans are to incorporate incubation and embryology projects into the Virginia 4-H poultry program.

1909

1910

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

were reduced. Serum sodium and potassium levels were found to have changed very little during the course of IBD. Results of BUN and SGPT levels were inconclusive. SOME OBSERVATIONS OF TRACE METAL AND ENDOCRINE INTERRELATIONSHIPS IN MALE AND FEMALE RATS H.

CHOUDHURY, L. SRIVASTAVA, L.

MURTHY AND

Weaned male rats in experiment (1) and weaned male and female rats in experiment (2) were fed semipurif ied diet low in zinc and copper for 4 weeks and 4 or 8 weeks, respectively, and were housed in environmentally controlled rooms. Zinc and copper were supplemented in the drinking water at 10 mcg./ml. and 0.5 mcg./ml., respectively, in (1) and at 10 mcg./ml. and 0.5 mcg./ml. or 100 mcg./ml. and 10 mcg./ml. in (2), respectively. Following 2 weeks of feeding 10 rats per group were gonadectomized or adrenalectomized and kept in stainless steel cages for 4 and 8 weeks (1), or 4 weeks (2), respectively. At the end of each period rats were fasted overnight and were decapitated. Blood was collected in metal free tubes and was analyzed for serum zinc, copper, ceruloplasmin, cholesterol, phospholipid, triglyceride estrogen and progesterone. In both the experiments gonadectomized male rats when fed 10 p.p.m. zinc and 0.5 p.p.m. copper showed markedly lower serum zinc levels whereas gonadectomized female rats on similar diet showed a considerable drop in serum copper and ceruloplasmin levels. Gonadectomy in male rats fed 10 p.p.m. zinc and 0.5 p.p.m. copper in general had little effect on serum cholesterol when compared to controls whereas ovariectomy resulted in increased serum cholesterol levels. In the 8 week feeding trial male gonadectomized and gonadectomized-adrenalectomized rats fed 100 p.p.m. zinc and 10 p.p.m. copper showed increased serum cholesterol and phospholipid levels. Rats subjected to gonadectomy or gonadectomy-adrenalectomy had very low levels of immunoassayable estradiol in serum. Results of these observations indicate sex sterioid influence on zinc and copper nutriture.

R. B. CHRISTMAS, C. R. DOUGLAS, L.

W.

KALCH

AND R. H. HARMS, Department of Poultry Science, University of Florida, S.W. Archer Road, Gainesville, FL 32611 Pullets from 12 commercial egg production strains were fed either 9.07 or 15.35% protein from 8 to 18 weeks of age. From 18 to 21 weeks all birds received the 15.35% protein diet. Ali strains were grown intermingled on the floor. Strain weights within pens were recorded at 18 and 21 weeks of age. Pullets were then placed in either a cage or floor laying house and fed on a standard commercial layer diet for 12 periods of 28 days each. The trial was duplicated in the subsequent year. Final data from the first trial and preliminary data from the second trial indicated that the low protein regime would reduce the cost of pullet production, delay sexual maturity, delay production peaks, increase egg size at 50% production and maintain higher levels of production near the end of the laying period. Low protein birds, however, were lighter in body weight at the end of the growing period, had increased cannibalism during the growing phase and had lower egg production, and higher mortality in the laying house. There was some difference in feed consumption in the laying house between the two groups. There appeared to be some strain times protein interaction. RELATIONSHIP OF LIGHT AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY ON EMBRYONIC GROWTH RATE AND MORTALITY M. A. COLEMAN AND G. R. MCDANIEL, Department

of Poultry Science, Agricultural Experiment Station of Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36830 Auburn Strain White Leghorn eggs, for which specific gravity was previously determined, were divided into two groups with approximately the same number of each specific gravity category in each group. One group was incubated using conventional incubation techniques while the other was incubated in continuous light with fluorescent tubes placed 18 cm. from the top of the eggs producing 8.2 x 103 ergs/cm. 2 -sec. at the egg surface. Temperature and humidity conditions were the same in each group. Embryos were examined at 7 and 8 days of incubation from each group. The embryos incubated in the lighted incubators were signifi-

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H. G. PETERING, Departments of Internal Medicine and Environment Health, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, 234 Goodman Street, Cincinnati, OH 45229

THE EFFECT OF LOW PROTEIN PULLET GROWING DIETS ON PERFORMANCE OF TWELVE STRAINS O F LAYING HENS

1911

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

cantly larger and more developed than those incubated in the dark. There were significantly more live embryos in the lighted low specific gravity group than in the dark group. In the light-incubated group, a positive curvilinear relationship seemed to exist between embryo size and specific gravity, but no such relationship was apparent in the dark group.

EASTER EGG DECORATING CONTEST TO PROMOTE THE EGG INDUSTRY SPONSORED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI POULTRY SCIENCE CLUB

EFFECT OF LIGHT DURING INCUBATION ON EMBRYO WEIGHT AND ACID-SOLUBLE NUCLEOTIDE COMPOSITION

The Poultry Science Club at the University of Missouri sponsored an Easter Egg Decorating Contest on April 13, 1974, to promote the Egg Industry, stimulate club and departmental growth, and provide a worthwhile service project. Contestants were limited to children—nursery school through sixth grade. Five trophies, each designed with three silver dollars, and twenty-five blue ribbons were awarded in each of eight categories for a total of forty trophies and two hundred blue ribbons. School records indicated that there were 9,000 children eligible to enter the contest from the Boone County area. To obtain maximum promotion for the contest, television, radio and newspaper coverage was emphasized. In addition, personal contact was made with all of the elementary schools in the area. Every child who entered the contest received an order form to request a free copy of ' 'Forty-two Prize Winning Egg Recipes." Copies of "Answers to Often Asked Questions About Eggs" and "Thirteen Easy Ways to Cook Eggs" were available. The Poultry and Egg National Board provided the promotional literature. The awarding of prizes was video-taped for local television viewing.

Departments of Poultry Science and Animal Science, Agricultural Experiment Station of Auburn University, Auburn, AL. 36830 Auburn Strain White Leghorn eggs were incubated either by conventional methods or with the addition of two 20-watt fluorescent tubes placed in the incubator 18 cm. from the top of the eggs producing 8.2 x 103 ergs/cm. 2 -sec. of light at the surface of the eggs. The temperature and humidity conditions were the same for each treatment. Embryos were examined at 7 and 8-1/2 days of embryonic development. The light-treated embryos were examined at 5-1/2 and 7 days of incubation, respectively, while the dark-treated embryos were examined at 7 and 8-1/2 days of incubation. There were no significant differences in weight in grams at the same embryonic ages but the light-treated embryos were heavier than the dark-treated embryos (L- .9417 ± .1765; D.5842 ± .0081) when compared by incubation age. The embryos were placed in cold percloric acid as soon as they were removed from the eggs. Samples were placed on a Dowex-1 column (formate form) for separation of the acid-soluble nucleotides. The peaks were dried and identified by paper chromatography. The composition of the acid soluble pools were similar with both samples containing AMP, ADP, ATP, UDP, UTP, GDT, GDP, and GTP. The dark-treated embryos contained more ATP than the light-treated embryos when compared on a per gram wet weight basis.

R.

WILLS, V. ARVAT AND J.

M. VANDEPOPULIERE, Department of Poultry Husbandry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201

REGRESSION INCIDENCE OF ROUS SARCOMA VIRUS-INDUCED WING-WEB TUMORS IN INBRED AND OUTBRED CHICKENS AND THEIR CROSSES W. M. COLLINS, A. C. CORBETT AND W. R. DUNLOP,

Department of Animal Sciences, Kendall Hall, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 Inbred White Leghorn lines 6 and 7 from the U.S. Regional Poultry Research Laboratory (RPRL), East Lansing, Michigan, and a commercial strain of New Hampshires and their crosses were used to study incidence and mode of inheritance of tumor regression. The viruses, highly purified pseudotypes of Rous sarcoma virus, BHRSV(RAV-1) and BH-RSV(RAV-49), were kindly provided by Dr. L. B. Crittenden, U.S.D.A., Beltsville, Maryland. One tenth ml. of a 10~3

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M. A. COLEMAN, R. C. SMITH AND G. R. MCDANIEL,

STEVEN COLLIER, J.

1912

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL-STIMULATED SELENIUM DEFICIENCY IN THE CHICK G. F. COMBS, J R . , A. H. CANTOR AND M. L. SCOTT,

Department of Poultry Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850 Studies were conducted to investigate polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-stimulated vitamin Eselenium deficiency in chicks. In experiment 1, vit. E- and Se-low S.C.W.L. hens were fed 2 levels of vit. E (0,100 I.U./kg.), 2 levels of Se (0,.15 p.p.m. as Na 2 SeO a ) and 2 levels of PCBs (0,10 p.p.m. Aroclor 1254) in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design. Chicks, hatched weekly for 5 weeks, were raised for 14 days on a low-Se, tocopherol-free basal diet supplemented with .06 p.p.m. Se. Vit. E or Se in hen diets significantly (P < .005) reduced the incidence of exudative diathesis (ED) in chicks and significantly (P < .05) improved chick growth and feed efficiency. PCBs in hen diets significantly (P < .01) depressed chick growth and feed efficiency, and significantly (P < .005) inhibited Se from preventing ED in chicks. In experiment 2, day-old vit. E-depleted broiler-type chicks were fed for 14 days the basal diet supplemented with .15p.p.m. Se, 6 levels of vit. E (0,10,25,50,100,150 I.U./kg.) and 2 levels of PCBs (0,50 p.p.m.) in a 2 x 6 factorial design. The dietary vit. E requirement for inhibition of ascorbate-stimulated hepatic microsomal peroxidation (30-50 I.U./kg.) was not affected by PCBs. In experiment 3, vit. E-depleted

chicks were fed for 35 days the basal diet supplemented with vit. E (100 I.U./kg.), taurocholic and oleic acids, 6 levels of Se (0,.02,.04,.06,.08,.10 p.p.m.) and 2 levels of PCBs (0,50 p.p.m.) in a 2 x 6 factorial design. PCBs increased the dietary Se requirement for inhibition of microsomal peroxidation from .06 to .10 p.p.m. These results indicate that PCBs decrease the utilization of dietary Se; this effect can stimulate ED in offspring fed vitamin E-deficient diets marginal in selenium.

ANTIOXIDANT EFFECTS ON VITAMIN E AND SELENIUM NUTRITION IN THE CHICK G. F. COMBS, JR. AND M. L.

SCOTT, Department

of Poultry Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850 Studies were conducted to determine effects of high dietary antioxidant levels on selenium and vitamin E function using day-old vit. E-depleted chicks and a basal diet low in Se and vit. E. In experiment 1 chicks were fed 4 levels of Se (.02,.04,.06, or .08 p.p.m. as N a 2 S e 0 3 ) alone or with vitamin A (10 6 I.U./kg.) or ethoxyquin (500 p.p.m.). At 14 days, each antioxidant significantly (P < .05) increased growth, decreased incidence of exudative diathesis (ED) and mortality, and increased plasma glutathione peroxidase (GSHpx) activities. In experiment 2, chicks were fed 4 levels of Se (.02,.04,.06, or .08 p.p.m.) and 2 levels of ascorbic acid (0,200 p.p.m.) in a factorial design. At 14 days, ascorbic acid treatment significantly (P < .05) reduced the incidence of ED and significantly (P < .05) increased plasma GSHpx activities. In experiment 3, chicks were fed the basal diet supplemented with 0.15 p.p.m. Se, 4 levels of vit. E (0,15,30, or 60 I.U./kg.) alone or with vit. A (10 6 I.U./kg.), ethoxyquin (500p.p.m.) or ascorbic acid (200 p.p.m.). At 14 days, ethoxyquin and ascorbic acid treatments both significantly (P < .05) reduced the vit. E level required to inhibit lipid peroxidation in hepatic microsomes from 30 to ca. 15 I.U./kg. Vit. A treatment significantly (P < .05) depressed plasma tocopherols at all dietary vit. E levels and apparently increased the vit. E requirement for inhibition of peroxidation. Ascorbic acid or ethoxyquin had little effect on plasma tocopherols. These results indicate that high dietary antioxidant levels prevent ED in the vit. E-deficient chick by increasing GSHpx activities rather than by changing vit. E status.

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dilution of stock virus was injected subcutaneously into the left wing-web at six weeks of age. Tumors were scored subjectively at various intervals for a period of either 10 or 12 weeks post-inoculation. A tumor was considered regressed if it disappeared completely. Regression incidence in line 6 was approximately 60 percent. Regression frequency in line 7 is being studied using a C subgroup virus, BH-RSV(RAV49). Reciprocal crosses of line 6 x 7 gave an incidence of regression of approximately 65 percent. Backcrosses of 6 x 7 regressors to line 6, 6 x 7 regressors to line 7 and F 2 generation progeny had an incidence of approximately 80, 25 and 40 percent, respectively. The frequency of regression inline 6 regressors x regressors, New Hampshires, and line 6 regressors x New Hampshires was approximately 68, 7 and 50 percent, respectively. The results suggest that a major gene has a role in tumor regression, but that other genes probably are involved.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

GLYCINE AND SERINE METABOLIC ENZYMES IN CHICK TISSUE

1913

the first 5 days and .25% for 6-15 days. Serine will substitute for glycine on an equimolar basis.

C. M. COON* AND J. R. COUCH, Department of

Biochemistry-Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843

GLYCINE-SERINE CHICKS

REQUIREMENT

FOR

C. N. COON,* V. B. GROSSIE, JR. AND J. R. COUCH,

Department of Biochemistry-Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 Four experiments were conducted with 1058 chicks for birds ranging from 5-15 days. In the first experiment chick starter was fed 5 days and an amino acid (AA) diet w / o glycine was fed alone and with .25, .50 and 1.20% glycine, for 10 days. In the second study, day old chicks were fed the AA diet w / o glycine alone and supplemented with .25, .50 and 1% glycine and .4% serine for a period of 5 days. In the third study, day old chicks were fed an AA diet w / o glycine alone and supplemented with .25, 1.0 and 2.0% glycine or .35, 1.4 and 2.8% serine for a period of 10 days. In the fourth experiment, day old chicks were fed the AA diet w / o glycine alone and supplemented with .25, .50 and 1% glycine or .35, .7 or 1.4% serine for a period of 10 days. From these studies it was concluded that the chick requires 1% glycine for

C. N. COON,* L. W. LUTHER AND J. R.

COUCH,

Department of Biochemistry-Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 The addition of glycine to an amino acid (AA) chick diet ( w / o glycine or serine) increased the enzymatic activity of D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase, phosphoserine phosphatase and serine transhydroxymethylase in liver tissue. The addition of serine to the AA diet w / o glycine or serine increased the D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase and phosphoserine phosphatase without affecting the activity of serine transhydroxymethylase in liver tissue from chicks fed these diets. The activity of the 3 enzymes listed above in kidney tissue was not affected by glycine or serine supplementation of the chick diet. The enzymatic activities of serine dehydratase, glycerate dehydrogenase and hydroxypyruvate-P:Lglutamate transaminase in liver and kidney tissue were not affected by adding serine or glycine to the AA diet w / o glycine or serine. 'Present address: Department of Poultry Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742.

HISTIDINE REQUIREMENT O F BROILER CHICKS FED STARTER DIETS C. N. COON AND AXUAN NGO, Department of Poultry

Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 Two hundred and ten male broiler chicks one day of age were randomly distributed into electrically heated chick batteries and divided into seven groups. Each group contained three replicates with ten chicks per replicate. One group of chicks was fed a starter basal diet (.22% histidine) consisting of corn, soybean meal, and feather meal. The remaining six groups were fed the basal diet plus .03%, .06%, .09%, .12%, .15%, and .18% supplemental histidine. The chicks were weighed weekly and the feed consumption recorded during the three week feeding period. The chicks fed the basal starter diet with no supplemental histidine gained significantly (P <

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Day old broiler type chicks were fed a practical starter type ration for 3 weeks, sacrificed and the glycine and serine metabolic enzymes of various chick tissues determined. D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase activity was measured in the liver, kidney, brain, spleen and heart tissues. Activity decreased in a descending order for the tissues named. Phosphoserine phosphatase activity was determined in all of these organs except the spleen. The highest activity was recorded in the kidney tissue. A high level of glycerate dehydrogenase activity was found in the liver, kidney, brain and spleen, with the liver and kidney showing the highest measurable activity. The hydroxypyruvate-P:glutamate transaminase activity was highest in the hepatic tissue with approximately the same activity being recorded in the kidney and brain and a very low activity in the spleen. Liver tissue had the highest serine transhydroxymethylase activity. This enzyme was also found in the kidney and spleen but the activity in these two organs was very much decreased. Serine dehydratase activity was highest in the kidney and was also found in the liver.

ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY IN LIVER AND KIDNEY TISSUE FROM CHICKS FED AN AA DIET SUPPLEMENTED WITH GLYCINE AND SERINE

1914

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

EFFECT OF PROTEIN LEVELS IN THE CHICK DIET ON GLYCINE AND SERINE METABOLIC ENZYMES C. N. COON,* A. SOWERS AND J. R. COUCH, Depart-

ment of Biochemistry-Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 Day old broiler chicks were fed 2, 25 and 75% isolated soy protein (ISP) diets, .2% ISP diets supplemented with 2% glycine, 2% serine, 2% cysteine and 2% methionine and a 24% protein chick starter diet for periods of 5, 10 and 21 days and sacrificed for determination of glycine and serine metabolic enzymes in various tissues. Serine transhydroxymethylase activity was increased in liver tissue from chicks fed 25% and 75% ISP. Phosphoserine phosphatase activity was increased in kidney tissue from chicks fed 25 and 75% ISP. Serine dehydratase activity was the only other serine enzyme which was observed to be higher in kidney than in liver tissue. The D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase and the phosphoserine phosphatase activity was higher in the liver tissue of chicks fed 2% ISP, 2% ISP + 2% glycine and 2% ISP + 2% serine than that of those fed 2% ISP + 2% cysteine or methionine. The plasma uric acid content was significantly increased from chicks fed the high protein diets. This suggests that the activity of D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase, phosphoserine phosphatase and serine transhydroxymethylase were increased due to the increased requirement for glycine for the formation of uric acid. 'Present address: Department of Poultry Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742.

EMULSIFYING PROPERTIES OF 10 PERCENT SALTED EGG YOLK AFTER PASTEURIZATION AND FREEZING O. J. COTTERHILL, J. GLAUERT AND H. J. BASSETT, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Missouri—Columbia, Columbia, MO 65201 Egg yolk containing 10% salt was pasteurized (HTST) at various temperatures ranging between 62 and 78° C. for five minutes. Also, experiments were conducted on hot-pack pasteurized (low temp.—long time) salt yolk. Corn oil (81 g.) was mixed with the 10% salted yolk (10 g.) to form a water in oil emulsion. Water was added slowly while this emulsion was stirred constantly in a Model K4-B Kitchen Aid mixer. The amount of water emulsified prior to the inversion from a w / o to o / w emulsion reflected changes in emulsifying properties. Effects of storage and freezing were also studied. Pasteurization, storage at 10° C. and freezing at - 5 ° C. increased the amount of water required for inversion as compared to the fresh control, except after pasteurization at 78° C. Emulsified water was maximum in the fresh yolk pasteurized at 67° C. However, pasteurization prior to storage or freezing decreased the amount of water emulsified as compared to the respective unheated control. Results confirmed earlier work which reported that holding salted egg yolk in a "hot-room" did not harm emulsifying properties.

NUTRIENT RE-EVALUATION OF SHELL EGGS O. J. COTTERILL, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, AND W. W. MARION, Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, AND E. C. NABER, Department of Poultry Science, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 A comprehensive re-evaluation of the nutrient content (vitamins, amino acids, lipids, and minerals) of shell eggs has been completed. This program supplies data based on current production and analytical procedures. Shell eggs were obtained in Sept., 1973, from 15 month old commercial egg-type layers housed in cages. The feed was a typical corn-soybean formulation. Blended liquid whole egg, yolk and white were obtained from 24-48 hr. old eggs, then freeze-dried. The product temperature did not exceed 5° C. The chamber vacuum was released with nitrogen, then the

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.05) less than the remaining six groups. However, weight gain of the six groups of chicks fed the basal diet plus six levels of supplemental histidine were not significantly different. The chicks fed the basal starter diet gained 9.9 gm./day, whereas the chicks fed the basal plus .03% supplemental histidine gained 14.6 gm. /day for the three week feeding period. The data suggest the chick histidine requirement for the starter period is .25% instead of .46% determined by the National Research Council.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

powder was packaged in polycarbonate bottles, sealed under nitrogen and held at - 5 ° C. Generally, the samples contained less linoleic acid, copper, vitamins A, E, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine and inositol than expected. Iodine, aspartic acid, vitamin B l 2 , and folic acid levels were higher than previously reported values. WHO IS TO TEACH POULTRY DISEASES?

There is a trend in the veterinary schools in the United States and Canada to eliminate courses in Avian Medicine or to combine the material on poultry and other avian species with other courses. This is a concern of the American Association of Avian Pathologists and should be of the poultry scientists. To fill the need for avian pathologist, poultry departments should develop basic and applied courses in diseases and parasites of the avian species. OBSERVATIONS ON RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN EGG SHELL DEFORMATION AND CERTAIN OTHER EGG SHELL QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS N.

S.

COWEN, S.

B.

SMITH AND J.

W.

DODGE,

Research & Development, Agway Inc., Box 1333, Syracuse, NY 13201 Relationships were established between egg shell deformation and egg shell smoothness, egg shell thickness, and egg grading yield at a U.S.D.A. Egg Grading Plant. The relationship between egg shell deformation and egg shell thickness was established on four groups of eggs from two ages and strains of commercial layers, and under two egg aging treatments. Highly significant correlations were found in each instance. The relationship between shell deformation and shell smoothness was determined on eggs from four strains of layers at different ages and different feeding treatments. The relationship varied by strain and treatment. Observations on the relationship between shell deformation and U.S.D.A. Grade were made in two trials, each with two strains of commercial Leghorns, where the range of deformation values was established on the total sample, and on those eggs cracked and lost during commercial egg washing and grading.

EFFECT OF DRYING TEMPERATURE AND LENGTH OF DRYING TIME ON SURVIVAL OF MICROORGANISMS IN TURKEY LITTER D. L. CROSS, D. S. TRICHE AND J. W. DICK, Poultry

Science Department, Clemson University, Rm. 137 P & AS Bldg., Clemson, SC 29631 The effect of drying temperature and length of drying time on certain microorganisms in turkey litter was evaluated. A completely randomized design with a factorial arrangement of treatments was utilized. Each treatment and time combination was replicated 5 times. The drying temperatures were: 22,150, 200,250° C. The length of the drying times was 1, 2 and 3 hours. Total viable bacterial counts were determined after growth on nutrient agar for 24 hours. Selective organisms were determined following growth on SS agar plates for 24 or 48 hours. Gram-negative organisms were determined on E.M.B. agar after incubation for 24 or 48 hours. Anaerobes were determined in thioglycollate broth. The total viable counts (organisms/gm. of litter) at 22, 150, 200 and 250° C , irrespective of length of drying time, were 4.6 x 109, 4.5 x 10 5 , 7.4 x 103, and 4.6 x 103, respectively. Total viable counts (organisms/gm. of litter) for litter samples dried for 1, 2 and 3 hours, irrespective of drying temperature, were 2.2 x 109, 1.0 x 109 and 2.5 x 108, respectively. Selective organisms from SS agar were present at 22° C. These organisms were not detected at the higher drying temperatures and drying times. Viability of Gram-negative organisms was destroyed after drying for 3 hours at 150° C. Viability of anaerobes was arrested by drying at 200° C. for 1 hour. BONE DARKENING IN BROILERS AS INFLUENCED BY THAWING AND COOKING METHODS F. E. CUNNINGHAM AND H. W. LEE, Department

of Dairy and Poultry Science, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 Fresh broilers were purchased from a local supermarket, halved, frozen at -29° C and held in the freezer for 8 weeks. Broiler halves were cooked either from the frozen state or after thawing 48 hours at 4° C. Cooking methods were deep-fat frying, microwave, pan frying or oven roasting. Although bone darkening was present in all samples, the darkening was more severe in broilers cooked by deep-fat frying or microwave. When birds were cooked from the frozen state, bone

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G. J. COTTIER, Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36830

1915

1916

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

darkening was less severe regardless of the cooking procedure. With increasing marketing of broilers in the frozen form, control of bone darkening will assume greater importance. Factors such as cooking techniques and cooking from the frozen state appear to influence the degree of the quality characteristic.

N. J. DAGHIR AND N. A. MIAN, Animal Production

and Protection Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon Mustard meal was prepared by hexane extraction from mustard seed. Proximate analysis, mineral and amino acid analyses were conducted on the meal and the calculated amino acid limitations of the protein established. The meal was detoxified by treatment with one percent F e S 0 4 and then steam spurging in an open autoclave for 25 minutes. Broiler type chickens were used in all experiments. At 20% level of inclusion, treated mustard meal gave significantly better results than the untreated mustard. However, the weight response by the treated meal was significantly lower than the response from the isocaloric, isonitrogenous soybean meal control diet. In another set of experiments, treated mustard meal was supplemented with various combinations of arginine, lysine, phenylalanine and valine. Arginine was found to be the only limiting amino acid in a diet containing 20% mustard meal. VIDEO TAPE AS A POULTRY SCIENCE EDUCATIONAL AID B. L. DAMRON AND A. R. ELDRED, Department of

Poultry Science, University of Florida, S.W. Archer Road, Gainesville, FL 32611 A matching-fund grant from the National Science Foundations Instructional Scientific Equipment Program has been used to purchase a Sony video tape system for use in improving teaching effectiveness. The equipment array consists of two complete camera-recorder ensembles, one portable and the other requiring AC power. Two 18" television monitors for viewing finished tapes were also purchased. The components of this system provide capabilities for live closed-circuit use, sound dubbing, slow-motion playback and a still-frame feature. Completed tapes can be viewed immediately to determine adequacy, and editing of both sound and video is easily done without cutting or splicing.

THE RELATIONSHIP O F DIETARY PHOSPHORUS TO EGG SHELL QUALITY B. L. DAMRON, A. R. ELDRED AND R. H. HARMS,

Department of Poultry Science, University of Florida, S.W. Archer Road, Gainesville, FL 32611 An experiment of ten months duration was conducted with Babcock (B-300) hens to study the effect of dietary phosphorus level upon shell quality and other parameters such as egg production, egg weight, daily feed intake and feed efficiency. A commercial-type layer diet calculated to contain .085% calcium and .33% phosphorus (without supplementation) was supplemented with defluorinated phosphate and calcium carbonate to provide total levels of .43, .53, .73 or .93% phosphorus and 3.0% calcium for a 280-day feeding period. Increasing the level of phosphorus resulted in decreasing specific gravity of eggs at either four or seven months. However, the level of phosphorus did not affect specific gravity at ten months. A level of .43% total phosphorus was adequate for maximum egg production, egg weight, daily feed intake and feed efficiency. EFFECTS OF HEAT STRESS AND DIET ON SHELL QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF LAYING HENS A. NAVARRO DE ANDRADE, J. C. ROGLER AND W.

R. FEATHERSTON, Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 Two hundred-sixteen individually caged S.C.W.L. were divided into two equal groups and subjected to a 21° C. or 32° C. environmental temperature. The birds in each group were fed either a typical corn-soy laying diet (15% Prot., 2.8% Ca, 0.57% avail. P, 2915 Cal. M.E./kg. plus vitamins and minerals) or a "High Nutrient Density" (HND) diet (20% more of all nutrients except

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MUSTARD SEED MEAL AS A PROTEIN SOURCE FOR CHICKENS

To date, it has been used as a tool for the critiquing of class presentations by both instructor and students, and for the taping of commercial poultry operations for class presentations where field trips are not possible. Future plans include its utilization in behavioral studies, taping surgical techniques, preparation of additional commercial poultry operation tapes to supplement class instruction, and the development of materials for use in Vo-ag and 4-H activities as well as General Science and Biology classes in the secondary schools.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

BROILER PERFORMANCE IN A PAD-ANDFAN VENTILATED HOUSE VERSUS A CURTAIN-SIDED HOUSE MILTON Y. DENDY, Extension, University of Georgia, P.O. Box 60, Calhoun, GA 30701 A field study comparing broiler performance in a pad-and-fan ventilated house with a conventional curtain-sided house was begun in March, 1973, and concluded in March, 1974. Observations were made on flock performance and calculations made on returns per sq. ft. of housing space. Costs and returns were compared to determine if one housing system offered a greater potential for return on investment and management than the other. Five consecutive broods from each house, a 40' x 350' pad-and-fan house and an adjacent 40' x 250' conventional house, with bird densities of 0.6 sq. ft. per bird and 0.8 sq. ft. per bird, respectively, resulted in a little over one percent higher mortality in the pad-and-fan house. There were only slight differences in average market weights, feed conversions and condemnation rates between the two housing systems. Gross returns per sq. ft. to the grower favored the pad-and-fan house by about 16 cents per year, to the company, $1.69 per year. However, when costs were considered, the conventional house appeared to offer greater potential returns to growers, but the pad-and-fan house offered greater potential returns to the integrator.

QUALITY MEASUREMENTS OF CHICKEN AND TURKEY SUMMER SAUSAGES A. S. DHILLON AND A. J. MAURER, Department of

Poultry Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 Summer sausages formulated from 50% mechanically deboned chicken meat/50% ground beef (MDCM 50/Beef 50), 50% mechanically deboned turkey meat/50% ground beef (MDTM 50/Beef 50) and from 100% ground beef were tested for their overall quality measurements after storage at two different temperatures (20° C. and 4° C.) subsequent to mellowing for seven days in a cold room. Sausages were examined after 0 day, 5 days, 10 days and 15 days and tested for weight loss, shear value, sliceability, pH, shrink, TBA value, and color. Subjective preference taste panel scores by semitrained members were obtained before and after the 15 day test period. The loss in weight was higher for the treatments held at 20° C. than at 4° C. and greater during the first 5 days of storage. The overall shrinkage observed was higher in MDCM and MDTM sausages than in ground beef sausages held at 20° C ; less shrinkage was observed in sausages held at 4°C. Shear value and sliceability scores increased with length of storage showing an increase in firmness. Ground beef sausages held well at both temperatures but MDCM 50/Beef 50 and MDTM/Beef 50 held better at 4° C. than at 20° C. STABILITY STUDY OF POULTRY MEATS IN FROZEN STORAGE A. S. DHILLON AND A. J. MAURER, Department of

Poultry Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 Mechanically deboned chicken meat (MDCM), centrifuged mechanically deboned chicken meat (MDCM cent.), hand deboned chicken meat (HDCM), mechanically deboned turkey meat (MDTM), centrifuged mechanically deboned turkey meat (MDTM cent.), and ground beef were stored frozen for a 6-month period. Meats were taken out from frozen storage afterO time, 1 month, 3 months and 6 months, and tested for proximate analysis, water holding capacity, emulsifying capacity, 2-thiobarbituric acid value, total microbial count, and color. The MDCM and MDTM lost some red color but ground beef retained its color when examined on thawing. The water holding capacity of HDCM was found to be poor. MDCM cent, and MDTM

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energy that was only increased 10%). The data, collected during 8 three-week periods, indicated that % nitrogen in the true shell increased under heat stress, whereas the following parameters decreased: (1) food consumption; (2) egg production; (3) egg weighty (4) specific gravity of eggs; (5) shell thickness; (6) true shell expressed as % of egg weight; (7) plasma Ca; (8) hematocrit values and (9) partial pressure of C 0 2 in the blood. The use of the " H N D " diet partially alleviated the effects of heat stress on egg weight and egg production. Diet had little effect on the other parameters listed above, with the exception that food consumption was decreased at either temperature by the " H N D " diet. Neither the ash nor the calcium content of femurs, removed at the end of the experiments, was affected by environment or diet. Reversal of the temperatures at the end of the 6th period resulted in an inverse response in all parameters mentioned above.

1917

1918

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

cent, showed better water holding capacity than MDCM and MDTM. EVALUATION OF BETALAIN PIGMENTS AS COLORANTS IN CHICKEN AND TURKEY MEAT SAUSAGES A. S. DHILLON AND A. J, MAURER, Department of

Poultry Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706

ISOLATION OF INDIVIDUAL LEUKOCYTE TYPES AND GAMETOCYTES OF LEUCOCYTOZOON SMITHI FROM PERIPHERAL TURKEY BLOOD J. W. DICK, Poultry Science Department, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631 A method of separating individual leukocyte types and gametocytes of Leucocytozoon smithi from peripheral turkey blood using a system of Ficoll gradients was devised. Erythrocytes were first removed by centrifugation of whole fresh heparinized turkey blood over a single dense (35%) solution of Ficoll in BSS (balanced salt solution). Centrifugation at lOOOg for 30 min. at 4° C. produced a band of white cells and gametocytes clearly separated from the erythrocytes. The white cell layer containing the gametocytes was then removed, the cells were washed once in BSS, resuspended in fresh BSS and carefully layered over a second linear Ficoll gradient. Linear Ficoll gradients (5 ml.) were prepared with a Buchler density gradient maker and ranged from a high of 35% in the bottom of the tube to a low of 12% in the top of the tube. A second centrifugation resulted in the formation of distinct bands within the gradient. Individual bands of white cells

RESULTS OF FEEDING FERMACTO 500 AND TAURINE TO LARGE TYPE TURKEYS FROM 8 WEEKS TO MARKET D. C. DOBSON, Department of Animal Science, Utah State University, Snow College, Ephraim, UT 84627 Experiments have been conducted during 1972 and 1973 with large type Broad Breasted White male turkeys being fed diets with 0.15% of Fermacto 500 and graded levels (0.0025%-0.05%) of taurine as experimental variables. The experiments started at 8 weeks of age and continued to 26-1/227-1/2 weeks of age. The basal ration was a corn, milo or wheat and soybean meal type diet. The 1973 work included diets with animal and plant protein sources also. Taurine was added only to all plant protein diets. The results showed an improvement in growth rate and feed utilization of turkeys receiving all plant protein diets containing Fermacto 500. The diet containing fish meal, meat and bone meal and soybean protein also showed improvement in growth and feed utilization due to Fermacto 500. The turkeys receiving a high level of meat and bone meal and soybean meal as protein sources failed to show a growth response but there was an improvement in feed utilization with the addition of Fermacto 500. The majority of the observed response was obtained during the 8-16 week period but still carried through to market time. The addition of taurine to the diet was discontinued at 3-4 weeks prior to slaughter. There was no apparent consistent improved performance of the turkeys during the 8 week to 23-24 week period. THE EFFECT OF MIDNIGHT FEEDING AND TWO FEEDS ON EGG PRODUCTION, EGG QUALITY AND ECONOMIC RETURNS ON FOUR STRAINS OF LEGHORNS J.

W.

DODGE, N.

S.

COWEN AND S.

B.

SMITH,

Research & Development, Agway Inc., Box 1333, Syracuse, NY 13201 Eight thousand layers of four commercial strains were housed at 20 weeks in an environmentally controlled house. The house was divided by a feed

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Betalain pigments (red beet) were incorporated as a colorant in summer sausages formulated from hand deboned turkey dark meat, 50% mechanically deboned turkey frames / 5 0 % ground beef, and 50% mechanically deboned broiler necks and backs/50% ground beef. Different levels of betalain pigments were added to sausages and compared with summer sausages formulated with or without the addition of sodium nitrite (156 p.p.m.). The results indicated the development of an acceptable color in summer sausages by the addition of betalain pigments. The sodium nitrite cured hand deboned turkey dark meat control summer sausage lacked proper color when compared to commercial beef/pork sausage, but the use of betanins provided the possibility of obtaining an acceptable color.

were removed from the top going down with a capillary pipet mounted vertically on a rack and pinion apparatus with the aid of a peristaltic pump. Each cell layer was washed and resuspended in BSS and the percentage composition of each cell layer was determined. The majority of the gametocytes were found in the leukocyte layer.

1919

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

HEMOSTASIS IN CHICKENS: CLOTTING ACTIVITIES ANALOGOUS TO HUMAN CLOTTING FACTORS J. A. DOERR, R. D. WYATT AND P. B. HAMILTON,

Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607 Little progress has been reported in the elucidation of the mechanism of blood coagulation in chickens. Although avian hemostasis appears to function in a manner similar to the extrinsic/common clotting pathway in humans, there is disagreement as to whether clotting factors in chickens are identical to those of humans. Therefore, these investigations were conducted to determine if chicken hemostasis involves clotting activities similar to human clotting factors. Three-week old chicks fed a commercial broiler-starter ration were used as sources of plasma. Fibrinogen, determined by standard clinical assay, was found to be present at levels of 360 mg.%. Activities analogous to human Factors V, VII and X were found when chicken plasma was used to correct the one-stage prothrombin times of commercially obtained, specific factor-deficient human plasmas. A contact phenomenon similar to human Factor XII activity was observed when whole blood clotting times were measured using siliconized versus non-siliconized surfaces for contact during clotting. These data indicate that the clotting component activities in chickens are similar to the factors of the extrinsic/common clotting pathway in humans, and that

coagulation of chicken blood exhibits a positive response to contact activation. IMPAIRMENT OF HEMOSTATIC FUNCTION DURING AFLATOXICOSIS IN YOUNG CHICKENS J. A. DOERR, R. D. WYATT AND P. B. HAMILTON,

Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607 Aflatoxin causes a severe depression of plasma proteins. Since the mechanism of blood coagulation in chickens is thought to be similar to the extrinsic/common pathway of humans which is dependent on components that are primarily protein, this investigation was conducted to determine if clotting pathway components are affected during aflatoxicosis. Day-old chicks were fed aflatoxin (0, 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5, and 10 M-g/g- of diet) for three weeks when the experiment was terminated. At growth inhibitory doses of 2.5 n.g./g. and above, aflatoxin significantly (P < 0.05) prolonged whole blood clotting times, plasma recalcification times and prothrombin times. Aflatoxin caused reduction in the clot promoting capacity of thromboplastin obtained from brain tissue as well as a modification of its active constituents. Fibrinogen and the chicken analogues of human Factors V and VII were depressed at 2.5 n.g./g. a n d above, while Factor X was depressed at 5 and 10 u.g./g. The amount of prothrombin was reduced during aflatoxicosis. These data suggest that the system of primary importance to blood coagulation in chickens is affected at all points resulting in serious impairment of normal hemostatic function during aflatoxicosis.

PERFORMANCE OF NORMAL AND DWARF BIRDS FED TWO LEVELS OF PROTEIN DURING GROWING AND LAYING PERIODS B.

H.

DORAN AND J.

H.

QUISENBERRY, Poultry

Science Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 Performance of normal and dwarf commercial White Leghorn layers fed two levels of protein were compared. Diets with 13% and 15% protein were fed from 56 to 150 days. Subsequently, two diets, 15% and 18% protein were fed from 150 to 500 days to the normal birds. Dwarf birds received an 18% layer diet. There were eighteen normal and four dwarf strains involved in the comparisons. All birds were brooded in floor pens

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room into units of 4,000 layers each. The pullets were randomly placed into a cage row and tier pattern in each unit so, as close as possible, each strain was treated equally. Two lighting schemes and two feed treatments were utilized. The first lighting scheme involved a total of 16 hours of light provided in the sequence of 15 hours during the normal day and one hour in the middle of the night, whereas the second lighting scheme provided 16 hours of light during the day only. Superimposed on the lighting programs a corn-soy base 18% protein laying ration was compared with a similar 18% protein laying ration with several additives designed to improve shell strength and smoothness. At selected intervals during the 52 week trial eggs were sampled by strain and treatment and evaluated for egg size, shell thickness, shell smoothness, shell deformation, and commercial grade yield. Evaluations were made on economic parameters by strain and treatment.

1920

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

EIMERIA BRUNETTI INFECTION AND INTESTINAL pH IN GNOTOBIOTIC AND CONVENTIONAL CHICKENS D. D.

DYKSTRA, M.

D.

RUFF AND W.

M.

REID,

Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 Infection of conventional, battery-reared birds with Eimetia brunetti decreased the pH in the lower intestine on days 5-9 post-inoculation. On some days the pH in the midgut decreased in inoculated birds while no pH change was detected in the upper intestine. Experiments using conventional, gnotobiotic, and germ free chicks reared in Trexler isolator units and inoculated with E. brunetti showed that an intestinal microflora was required for decreased intestinal pH with infection. In other studies Bacteroides fragilis or Bacteroides fragilis plus Streptococcus fecalis were inoculated into gnotobiotic birds. Infection of these birds with E. brunetti did not induce a maximum pH change suggesting that additional or other organisms are required with E. brunetti for the decrease seen in conventional birds. MODIFICATION O F IMMUNE RESPONSE TO SRBC BY A SINGLE RESERPINE INJECTION FRANK W. EDENS, C. V. SIKES, J. P. THAXTON AND

G. W. MORGAN, J R . , Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Box 5307, Raleigh, NC 27607 Four weeks old male broiler chickens were randomized into seven treatment groups, weighed and bled for pre-challenge titers to sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Three of the seven groups were given

reserpine in a single intramuscular dose of .75 mg./kg. of body weight at - 1 2 , - 6 and 0 hours prior to an intravenous challenge with 10% SRBC. Another three groups were given intramuscularly 1 ml. of 4% gelatin at corresponding times, and the seventh group served as a noninjected control. Birds were bled at two-day intervals for eight days in order that the immune response could be monitored. Maximum titers were exhibited in the fourth day in the reserpine-treated groups while maximum response was not seen for another one to two days in the gelatin and control groups. The reserpine-treated birds had higher maximum titers than the gelatin and control groups. Eight days after reserpine treatment the birds were sacrificed and examined for changes in adrenals, bursa, spleen and testes size. Subsequent analyses of adrenal tissue indicated that the single injection of reserpine had reduced the catecholamine content. It is believed that the adrenal medulla as well as the adrenal cortex has influence on immune responsiveness. PLASMA CORTICOSTERONE RESPONSE IN YOUNG CHICKENS GIVEN SYMPATHOLYTIC AGENTS AND SUBJECTED TO ACUTE HEAT STRESS. F. W. EDENS, Department of Poultry Science North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, AND H. S. SIEGEL, U.S.D.A.-A.R.S. Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Athens, GA 30601 In three experiments eight weeks old Athens Randombred (ARB) Chickens were maintained at a moderate temperature (24° C , 45% R.H.) for two weeks then half were subjected to an acute heat stress (45° C , 45% R.H.). In a fourth experiment 16-weeks old ARB's were used. In Expts. 1 and 2 (16-weeks old birds) reserpine was given intramuscularly (.75 mg./kg.) 12 hours prior to heating. In Expt. 3 propranolol was given intravenously (4 mg./kg.) one hour before heating, and in Expt. 4 dihydroergotamine was given intramuscularly (4 mg./kg.) eight hours before heating. Reserpine-and propranolol-treated birds had elevated preheating levels of plasma corticosterone while the dihydroergotamine-treated birds did not. Plasma corticosterone increased in treated and nontreated birds during the early stages of heat stress, but by 80 minutes plasma corticosterone had peaked and started to decline in the nontreated birds while it remained elevated in the treated birds. The continued elevation of plasma corticosterone is believed to be related to increased survival in treated birds subjected to the heat stress.

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and later housed three birds per 25.4 x 45.7 cm. cage. Normal birds were grouped and fed all ration combinations, two grower x two layer rations, making a total of four combinations. Dwarf birds recieved only two ration combinations; 18% layer on 15% and 13% grower. HDP for normal birds fed these rations were respectively 70.4% for the 15G/18L diet; 68.5% for 13G/18L; 68.3% for 15G/15L and 67.7% for 13G/15L. Mature body weights (lbs.) were 4.02, 3.98, 3.88 and 3.61 respectively. The lower protein diets produced smaller eggs but had little or no affect on mortality. Comparing normal vs. dwarfs, the normal birds had a higher rate of lay, larger egg size, higher livability and better feed efficiency.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

INFLUENCES OF BREED, SEX AND DIET ON BODY COMPOSITION H. M. EDWARDS, JR. AND F. DENMAN, Department

of Poultry Science, University of Athens, GA 30602

Georgia,

EFFECT OF SOME SULFUR AMINO ACIDS, SELENIUM AND ARSENIC ON MERCURY TOXICITY USING JAPANESE QUAIL M. EL-BEGEARMI, Department of Poultry Science, H. E. GANTHER, Department of Nutritional Science, AND M. L. SUNDE, Department of Poultry Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 Cystine (0.3% Cys), methionine (0.3% Met), selenium (6 p.p.m. Se) as sodium selenite and arsenic (10 p.p.m. As) as sodium arsenite were added individually and combined with each other (Se + Cys and Se + Met + As) to corn-soy diets containing 10 p.p.m. mercury (as methyl mercury). Mortality at 16 weeks based on survival at 4 weeks on test is shown in parentheses after each group: control (0%), 10 p.p.m. mercury diet (51%), mercury + 0.3% Cys (42%), mercury + 0.3% Met (66%), mercury + 6 p.p.m. Se (26%), mercury + 10 p.p.m. As (61%), mercury + Se + Cys (39%) and mercury + Se + Met + As (6%). Birds fed the sulfur amino acids were slightly heavier and

consumed more feed compared with the other groups. These data show that the combination of Se, As and Met produced the best protection against mercury toxicity. It provides more evidence for the protective effect of Se against mercury toxicity, and suggest that As in tuna as well as Se modifies mercury toxicity. Although the arsenic did not protect birds up to 16 weeks, it provided a protective effect comparable to that of Se against mercury toxicity up to 8 weeks on test. The addition of Cys to the mercury diet at the level of 0.3% had less protective effect against mercury compared to that of Se or Se plus Cys. On the other hand, the addition of 0.3% Met to the mercury diet did not have any protective effect. SULFUR AMINO ACID REQUIREMENT OF MALE AND FEMALE BROILERS A. R. ELDRED, B. L. DAMRON AND R. H. HARMS,

Department of Poultry Science, University of Florida, S.W. Archer Road, Gainesville, FL 32611 Day-old Cobb color-sexed broiler chicks were randomly assigned to floor pens for the 56-day feeding period. Four replicate pens of each sex (20 birds per pen) were assigned to each of nine dietary treatments. Treatments consisted of a corn-soy type diet (0.34% methionine; 0.68% sulfur amino acids) supplemented with DL-methionine at levels of 0, 0.04, 0.08, 0.10, 0.12, 0.14, 0.16, 0.18 and 0.20%. Pen weight and feed consumption values were recorded at 28 days of age. Individual body weights were taken and pen feed consumption determined at the end of the experiment. Male weights taken at 42 days of age were approximately equal to female weights at 56 days of age. Female body weights significantly improved with increased DL-methionine supplementation through 0.08%. Male birds fed a diet containing 0.12% or more supplemental DL-methionine were significantly larger than birds fed a diet supplemented with a lesser amount of DL-methionine. Male and female feed efficiency improved with increased supplementation of DL-methionine. There were no significant differences in daily feed consumption attributable to treatment influence.

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A study was conducted to determine the effect of breed, sex and diet on the carcass composition of chickens. Male and female chicks of the Light Brahma, White Plymouth Rock, Single Comb White Leghorn, Black Jersey Giant and Dark Cornish breeds were fed three diets of widely varying calorie:protein ratios to four weeks of age. The Black Jersey Giant chickens attained the greatest weight at 4 weeks followed by the White Plymouth Rock, Dark Cornish and Single Comb White Leghorn with the Light Brahma growing the slowest of the strains tested. Significant differences in the quantity of moisture, protein, total lipid and ash present in the total carcass was found among certain breeds. The Light Brahma contained the largest amounts of total lipid, 10.4%, followed by the White Plymouth Rock, 10.2%, Black Jersey Giant, 9.5%, Single Comb White Leghorn, 8.8%, and the Dark Cornish, 8.6%. Both sex and diet also caused differences in the total body composition. Significant differences in the amounts of certain fatty acids in the carcasses of the various breeds were found; however, these differences were not great.

1921

1922

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

AMINO ACID BIOAVAILABILITY: A COMPARATIVE EVALUATION O F SEVERAL ASSAY TECHNIQUES DIANNE ELWELL AND J. H. SOARES, J R . , Department

of Poultry Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742

AQUATIC STORAGE FOR HATCHING EGGS HOWARD L. ENOS, 1 CHARLES GRAZNAK2 AND ROBERT

E. MORENG, 3 'Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521, 2 Platteville, CO 80651, 'College of Agriculture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521

Experience in the poultry industry suggests that the major change during storage of fertilized hatching eggs is first, a loss of weight which is represented by moisture; and second a shift in the balance of the gaseous environmental properties, chiefly oxygen and carbon dioxide. The research to be reported involved the use of various aqueous EFFECTS OF DEFICIENCY AND LEVEL OF environments (submerged egg storage) as the mediFAT IN THE DIET OF GROWING AND MA- um to accomplish environmental modifications in TURE WHITE LEGHORN MALE CHICKENS pursuit of a method of extending the usual pre-incubation, germ-cell viability, period of fertile eggs. H. M. ENGSTER, L. B. CAREW, JR. AND D. C. Foss, The " G E M " (Graznak, Enos, Moreng) proceDepartment of Animal Sciences, Bioresearch dures were employed for increasing humidity Laboratory, University of Vermont, Burlington, (moisture) levels and altering gaseous exchange VT 05401 rates through supersaturation of the aquatic enviGrowth, organ weights and pituitary gonaronments during storage. The data show highly dotropin content were studied in 4, 8, 16 and 24 significant improvements due to treatment as week old S.C.W.L. male chickens fed diets deficompared to the control after four weeks of storage. cient in essential fatty acids or supplemented with Furthermore, the finding of a few viable germ-cells 4% or 20% corn oil. A total of 416 chickens were capable of normal embryonic development after used. six weeks of storage with the GEM process as Poor growth and enlarged liver as well as a trend compared to no survivors representing " z e r o " for retarded development of the comb and testes microscopic growth and development properties

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A fish meal and a soybean meal sample were bioassayed for available amino acid content according to: (1) a two-week chick growth assay (GA) for available lysine; (2) a digestibility assay performed by total fecal collection (TFC); (3) a digestibility assay based on the analysis of ileal contents (IA); (4) a procedure based on partial fecal collection and analysis of a dietary marker using gnotobiotic chicks (GF); and (5) procedure 4 using conventional chicks (CONV). The GA gave high lysine availability estimates for both proteins (91% for fish meal and 98% for soybean meal). The modified TFC collection procedure resulted in values comparable to the IA which gave the lowest average values of all the assays (90.5% for fish meal and 91.1% for soybean meal). Mean availabilities calculated from GF and CONV assays were significantly higher (97% for both meals and 102 and 99% for fish meal and soybean meal) than the modified TFC and the IA technique. Significant differences were obtained in several individual amino acids when the G F and CONV assay were compared. A growth assay, using diets formulated on the results of these assays, showed that the available amino acid profile obtained from the CONV assay resulted in significantly improved weight gains and feed conversions as compared to a similar diet based on the chemical analysis of amino acids alone. All diets utilizing available amino acid data resulted in improved feed conversions.

were noted in chickens fed the EFA-deficient diet to maturity. By 24 weeks the level of oil significantly influenced some organ weights. With 20% corn oil, heart and pituitary weights were heavier whereas pancreas and liver weights were lighter compared to the 4% corn oil treatment. Spleen size was unaffected by dietary treatment. Pituitary gonadotropin content was determined by a standardized bioassay using 4-day old chick testes size as an end point. The data indicate a slight decrease but no accumulation of gonadotropins in pituitaries of mature cocks fed an EFA-deficient diet compared to those fed 4% corn oil. Slightly smaller testes but significantly lower amounts of pituitary gonadotropins were found in chickens fed 20% corn oil relative to the group fed 4% corn oil at 24 weeks despite adequate levels of antioxidant and vitamin E. These results show that both an EFA-deficiency and level of dietary fat have a definite influence on growth, internal organ size and endocrine parameters in the growing and mature White Leghorn male chicken.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

of the control fertilized ova after six weeks, offers a revolutionary challenge to the industry. The criteria for initial evaluation of the experiments was percent viable (live) embryos as determined by candling at nine days post-incubation. SUPERIOR ENRICHMENT AND PLATING METHODS FOR SALMONELLA RECOVERY FROM POULTRY CARCASSES Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521 Various enrichment and plating methods for detecting very low levels of Salmonella on artificially contaminated turkey tails was studied. Thirteen different enrichment broths, inoculated with skin disks excised from the turkey tails and incubated at 35-37° C. and 41-43° C , were compared by streaking onto eight different plating media. Enrichment broths tested included tetrathionate, tetrathionate with Brilliant Green, TT, Selenite-F, Selenite Cystine, Selenite Brilliant Green, Selenite Brilliant Green Sulfa, Strontium Selenite-A, Strontium Chloride-B, Gram Negative, Rappaportis, Brilliant Green MacConkey's and Neutral Red Lysine-Iron Cystine. Plating media tested included Brilliant Green, Brilliant Green Sulfa, Bismuth Sulfite, DCLS, Hektoen Enteric, MacConkey's, Salmonella Shigella and XLD. More than 400 different combinations were tested and eleven combinations indicated superiority; Selenite Brilliant Green Sulfa incubated at 35-37° C. and streaked onto Brilliant Green Sulfa, Brilliant Green, MacConkey's, DCLS, XLD, SS and Hektoen Enteric, TT broth at 35-37° C. on Brilliant Green Sulfa and Brilliant Green Agar, and Tetrathionate Brilliant Green broth incubated at 35-37° C. and 41-43° C , streaked onto Brilliant Green Sulfa Agar. The superior enrichment and plating media combination was Selenite Brilliant Green Sulfa broth incubated at 35-37° C , streaked onto Brilliant Green Sulfa Agar. RELATIVE UTILIZATION OF GLYCINE AND SERINE BY CHICKS W. R. FEATHERSTON AND R. D. MILES, Department

of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 Studies were conducted on the relative utilization of glycine and serine by chicks fed basal crystalline amino acid diets devoid of these amino acids. The crystalline amino acid mixture was fed at one and three times the requirement levels, thereby stimu-

lating uric acid synthesis at differing rates. In addition, 5% L-glutamine replaced L-glutamic acid on an isonitrogenous basis in three diets containing normal levels of amino acids in the second study. Chicks fed diets devoid of glycine and serine grew approximately 80% as rapidly and 91% as efficiently as chicks fed diets containing either serine or glycine plus serine. These decreases were roughly the same whether the diet contained normal or high levels of amino acids. Serine was as efficient as glycine in supporting chick growth and feed efficiency regardless of whether diets containing normal or high levels of amino acids were fed. Chicks fed diets containing high levels of amino acids grew approximately 8 1 % as rapidly but 24% more efficiently and excreted approximately twice the amount of uric acid per gram of nitrogen consumed than chicks fed normal levels of amino acids. In spite of increased uric acid excretion by chicks fed the high amino acid diets, the dietary void in glycine and serine was no more detrimental to chick growth or feed efficiency than that noted when normal levels of amino acids were fed. Feeding 5% L-glutamine rather than L-glutamic acid in the diet containing normal levels of amino acids had little effect on weight gain, feed efficiency or uric acid excretion. AVIAN INTRAPULMONARY C0 2 -SENSITIVE RECEPTORS: INSENSITIVE TO STRETCH M. R. FEDDE, Department of Physiological Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, AND R. N. GATZ AND P. SCHEID, Abtei-

lung Physiologie, Max-Planck-Institut fiir experimentelle Medizin, 34 Gottingen, Federal Republic of Germany Single-unit vagal recordings were made from intrapulmonary C0 2 -sensitive receptors in 5 domestic ducks. Gas, containing various concentrations of C 0 2 , was unidirectionally passed through the respiratory system either from the trachea to the surgically opened right post-thoracic air sac or vice versa. Intrapulmonary gas pressure and C 0 2 concentration in the ventilating gas were varied independently. The birds were also cyclically ventilated using a Starling pump. During unidirectional ventilation, the static discharge frequency from these receptors increased as the input C 0 2 concentration decreased. At a given C 0 2 concentration, the discharge frequency was unaffected by increases in intrapulmonary pressure, even up to 20 cm. H 2 0 . All receptors showed cyclic discharge patterns during pump ventilation with peak activity sometimes during

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D. J. FAGERBERG AND J. S. AVENS, Animal Sciences

1923

1924

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

inspiration and sometimes during expiration, as has been seen in spontaneously breathing birds. The results suggest that these receptors are C0 2 -sensing receptors rather than stretch receptors. Their cyclic discharge patterns during pump ventilation or during spontaneous breathing appear to result from changes in intrapulmonary C 0 2 concentration at the receptor site. This receptor system may provide a means of detecting altered venous C 0 2 loads during exercise.

EGG CHARACTERISTICS AND BREAKING STRENGTH OF RADII OF CAGED LAYERS AS AFFECTED BY DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS T. M. FERGUSON, D. H. MILLER, K. KEIM AND J.

W.

BRADLEY, Poultry Science Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 Nine groups of individually caged layers (15/gp.), one group 3/cage, and two groups in floor pens were fed a practical diet (16% protein, 3.5% Ca, 0.73% P) supplemented singly or with various combinations of 1% Ca, 0.72% P, 681 I.C.U. vitamin D 3> 5% poultry litter or a mixture of metal proteinates for a one-year period. Supplemental vitamin D 3 was not added until after 5 months on the diets. Egg quality measurements and breaking strengths of the radii were determined at 5 and 12 months. Egg production (5 mo.) ranged from 79.1% in the group fed P, to 58% in one of the Ca supplemented groups; albumen height, % shell and shell thickness did not differ significantly. Production in the supplemental P group was 69.5% for the 6th through the 12thmo., 64.4 and62.6% for groups fed Ca + P, or proteinates, respectively; other groups were significantly lower. Albumen height was not significantly affected by treatments. Shell thickness was highest in the group fed supplemental P. Breaking strength of radii from hens in floor pens (12 mo.), fed added Ca + P + D 3 , was 5.02 kg. Next highest was 4.61 kg. for birds in floor pens fed the basal diet. The group fed additional Ca + P had a breaking strength of 4.27 kg. Lower breaking strengths were in the proteinates, Ca or Ca + D 3 groups.

JOHN W. FIDLER AND EDWARD C. NABER, Department

of Poultry Science, The Ohio State University, 674 West Lane Ave., Columbus, OH 43210 An experiment was conducted with chicks fed a selenium deficient diet to determine the effect of 0.05 and 0.10% hydrogen peroxide in the drinking water, on chick body weights, feed efficiency, water consumption, plasma glutathione peroxidase activity, and occurrence of exudative diathesis. The semi-purified diet contained either 0.025 or 0.05 p.p.m. added selenium as sodium selenite. At 25 days of age hydrogen peroxide administration resulted in depressed body weights, feed efficiency, and water consumption. 0.05% hydrogen peroxide slightly increased the incidence of exudative diathesis when the feed contained either .025 or .05 p.p.m. supplemental selenium. There was less depression of body weight on the diet containing the highest level of selenium. Increasing selenium level appeared to increase plasma glutathione peroxidase activity. In a subsequent experiment hydrogen peroxide was administered by crop intubation. Body weights, feed efficiency, and water consumption were again reduced by hydrogen peroxide administration. Glutathione peroxidase activity was reduced to less than half that of the control, while incidence of exudative diathesis was increased. The results suggest a close physiological relationship between peroxide administration, glutathione peroxidase activity and exudative diathesis. EFFECT OF DIETARY ENERGY AND HEN DENSITY ON PERFORMANCE OF CAGED LEGHORN PULLETS D. C. Foss AND L. B. CAREW, JR., Department of Animal Sciences, Bioresearch Laboratory, University of Vermont, 655 Spear Street, Burlington, VT 05401 S.C.W.L. pullets (H & N strain) were used in a 3 x 3 factorial laying experiment. They were housed at 21 weeks of age at densities of 2, 3, or 4 pullets per cage unit (12 inches wide x 18 inches deep). Groups at each hen density received diets ad libitum containing metabolizable energy at levels of 2737, 3003, or 3322 Kcal./kg. Energy: protein ratios were maintained constant. The hens received 14 hours of light throughout the twelve 28-day periods. Egg production decreased ( - 2 . 6 % and -5.0%)

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Supported, in part, by a grant-in-aid from the Kansas Heart Association.

THE EFFECTS OF PEROXIDE ADMINISTRATION ON CHICKS FED A LOW SELENIUM DIET

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

THE PARAGUAYAN POULTRY INDUSTRY D. W. FRANCIS, Department of Poultry Science, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003 The poultry industry is one of Paraguay's most rapidly improving segments of agriculture. Numerous farms are now devoted soley to producing poultry meat or eggs. The largest of these have 7,000-18,000 birds. There are about eight million chickens in the country, with a population of slightly more than two million people. There are about 300,000 ducks, 40,000 geese, and 50,000 turkeys. Broilers cost about 600 per pound. Some producers size eggs, but most are sold as gathered, without grading, to consumers at prices of 700-960 per dozen. Chicken is looked upon as a treat, for special occasions. Filet mignon costs about 900 per pound. Beef is the staple meat. There are no primary breeders, so foundation stock must be imported. Feed utilizes many byproducts, hence, an improvement in formulation is needed to reduce the fiber content and improve its quality. Producers who fortify the purchased mash with supplementary vitamins and proteins obtain excellent results. Disease prevention is a problem; all vaccines and most drugs must be imported. Paraguayan producers have overcome their problem with Newcastle disease. Few understand the use of light for egg production. In spite of the handicaps, the industry is growing, and attendance at various informational meetings and short courses is excellent. The Banco National de

Fomento is undertaking an expansion of broiler production to free more beef for export. LARGE VS. SMALL PRODUCTION UNITS D. W. FRANCIS, Department of Poultry Science, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003 A comparison of utilizing an egg-production strain was made in three systems. This was done because some producers questioned the validity of using results from small replicated units as bases of recommendations for the large egg-production units which are now emerging. The design consisted of four commercial cage units of approximately 10,000 birds per unit, with three birds per cage; six replicated cage units of 20 cages, each with two birds; and six floor pens with 30 birds per unit. Floor space per bird was 465, 522, and 2,039 sq. cm., respectively. All birds were housed in environmentally controlled units with management as uniform as possible. The large units were located on a commercial farm about eight miles from the small experimental units. The results showed no differences due to housing for hen-housed or hen-day egg production, feed efficiency, body weight changes, Haugh units, shell thickness, or incidence of blood spots. Mortality and egg weight in the commercial units were higher. All analyses for periods were highly significant and numerous period x treatment interactions were also significant. It is concluded from these data that recommendations based on small replicated units may be used satisfactorily by the large commercial units. YOLK COLOR, CANDLED EGG GRADE AND XANTHOPHYLL AVAILABILITY FROM DIETARY NATURAL PIGMENTING INGREDIENTS J. L. FRY AND R. H. HARMS, Department of Poultry Science, University of Florida, S.W. Archer Road, Gainesville, FL 32611 Pigment-depleted caged egg-type hens were fed 5, 10, 15 and 20 mg. of xanthophyll per kg. of feed; the xanthophyll levels were obtained from various combinations of white corn, yellow corn, alfalfa meal and corn gluten meal. Beta-apo-8'carotenal, at the same dietary levels, was used as a standard. Eggs were collected at weekly intervals for six weeks and analyses made one week after the last collection. All eggs were graded, on the basis of yolk shadow only, by a Federal-State grader. Haugh units were then determined and the

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as hen density increased to 3 or 4 birds per cage. Average feed consumption was similar at each hen density, therefore, feed efficiency decreased as hen density increased ( - 3 . 1 % and -6.1%). Body weight was similar for pullets housed either 2 or 3 per cage, but dropped significantly (-7.3%) with 4 hens. Diet formulation had little influence on egg production except when hens were housed 4 per cage. At this bird density the highest energy diet (10% added soybean oil) resulted in lowest egg production throughout the study. Mortality increased with hen density (4.7, 7.3 and 15.1%) and with dietary energy levels (6.2, 9.4, and 11.5%). Egg size and quality were little affected by treatments. It is concluded that at high bird densities extra dietary energy may be detrimental to both egg production and liveability.

1925

1926

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

CARCASS AND EQUIPMENT MICROBIOLOGICAL LEVELS ASSOCIATED WITH PROCESSING TURKEYS F. A. GARDNER AND F. A. GOLAN, Department of

Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 Carcasses from four turkey processing plants were analyzed to determine surface bacterial counts associated with specific processing functions. Four turkey carcasses were sampled at each of twelve processing stations. In addition, selected processing equipment and water samples were taken prior to processing and after five hours of continuous processing. Analysis of carcass samples indicate significant reductions in bacterial numbers attributable to the washing and/or rinsing action of water used in processing (scalding, picking, washing, chilling). An increase in the surface concentrations of colif orm, mold and yeast was associated primarily with the eviscerating and trussing operations. However, these organisms are apparently only loosely attached to the skin since they were effectively removed by the washing and chilling operations. Equipment and water sample analysis reflected the overall effectiveness of the plant clean-up operations. In addition, the data indicate the need for alterations in processing equipment design directed to minimize equipment-to-carcass cross contamination.

EFFECTS OF SHORT TERM PHOSPHORUS DEPRIVATION ON LAYING HENS J. D. GARLICH, R. JAMES AND J. B. WARD, Department

of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607 An experiment was conducted to determine the effects on laying hens of ingestion of a low phosphorus diet for 6, 9, or 21 days. Four experimental groups consisting of 3 replicates of 5 Leghorn pullets averaging 90% egg production were maintained in individual cages. A diet containing corn, soy, and meat and bone meal was formulated to contain 0.4% total P (LP). A normal P diet (NP), 0.6 total P, was obtained by supplementation with an inorganic P source. Group 1 (Control) was fed the NP diet for 21 days. Groups 2, 3 and 4 were fed the LP diet for 6, 9, and 21 days respectively. Groups 2 and 3 resumed consumption of NP diet after 6 and 9 days. Individual egg production and egg weight were recorded daily. Individual hen determinations of serum P, g. shell/cm. 2 surface area, % shell, and feed consumption by replicate were made at 3 or 4 day intervals. The serum P of Group 1 averaged 5.01 ± 0.31 mg./lOO ml. over the 21 days. Serum P was significantly reduced after 3 days of consuming the LP diet. Serum phosphorus of Groups 2, 3, and 4 were 2.95 ± 0.67,3.03 ± 0 . 8 5 , 3.13 ± 1.19 mg./100ml., respectively, after 6, 9, and 21 days of consuming the LP diet. Serum P returned to control levels within 4 days after resumption of the NP diet by Groups 2 and 3. There were no differences in feed consumption or body weight nor any detrimental effects on egg production, weight, or shell calcification despite the low serum P. It is concluded that pullets in 90% production can tolerate this low P diet for at least 9 days without apparent detrimental effects. THE ROLE OF THE ULTIMOBRANCHIAL GLANDS IN THE REGULATION OF PHOSPHORUS METABOLISM IN LAYING HENS J. D. GARLICH AND S. A. MAST, Department of

Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607 A previous report (Poultry Sci. 52: 2004, 1973) indicated that the ultimobranchial glands were essential to the regulation of serum calcium and phosphorus in growing cockerels fed high calciumlow phosphorus diets. In the present study 24 Rhode Island Red hens were ultimobranchialectomized (UBX) and 24 were sham operated (S). Twelve hens in each group were fed a layer diet,

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yolk color evaluated with a reflectance colorimeter. Candled quality was negatively correlated with yolk hue (dominant wavelength) and intensity (exitation purity). Alfalfa had an average biological availability value of 57.4% and produced yolks with dominant wavelengths and intensities lower than that produced by yellow corn which had a biological availability of 75.5%. Corn gluten meal resulted in the lowest candled grade and had an availability value of 107.9%; this high value apparently was the result of a low egg production rate. Combinations of alfalfa and yellow corn had an average availability value of 71.3%. In a second study (two-week feeding period) biological availability values were similar to those of the first study for alfalfa and yellow corn and averaged 64.2% for corn gluten meal.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

LIVER LIPID CONTENT OF TWENTY VARIETIES OF LAYING HENS FROM THREE CONFINEMENT SYSTEMS J. D. GARLICH, J. D. OLSON, W. E. HUFF AND P. B.

HAMILTON, Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC 27607 Average liver lipid values were determined for 20 varieties of 71-week old laying hens managed in 3 confinement systems of the N.C. Random Sample Test. There were highly significant differences in liver lipid attributable to variety, to confinement system, and a significant variety x system interaction. Four varieties had consistently high and four had consistently low liver lipid values in all 3 confinement systems. Variety means ranged from 25.8 to 49.0% lipid on a dry weight basis. Hens confined 2/cage had slight but significantly higher liver lipid than hens 7/cage or in floor pens. Liver lipid was positively correlated with body weight in hens 2/cage and in floor pens. There were no significant correlations of liver lipid with egg production or mortality. No fatty liver syndrome or liver hemorrhage was reported for any of the flocks during the laying year. A frequency distribution of individual liver lipid values revealed a continuous distribution from 15.4 to 65.4% with a pronounced skew to the right of the mean of 38.2%. The normal range of liver lipid values for hens of this age appears to be between 25 and 49%.

THE EFFECTS O F LIGHT ENVIRONMENT AND POPULATION DENSITY ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF MALE TURKEYS D. J. GILL AND A. T. LEIGHTON, JR., Department of

Poultry Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061 Two experiments were designed to determine the effects of intermittent (2 hrs. light: 2 hrs. dark) white light vs. diurnal (12 hrs. light: 12 hrs. dark) white, red and blue filtered light at two light intensities (5.4 and 86.0 lux) on male turkeys reared at two extremes of population density. Population densities used were 18.0 and 9.0 dm. 2 to 14 weeks of age and 35.5 and 17.8 dm. 2 from 14 through 24 weeks of age. After 12 weeks of age, high population density depressed growth, caused adrenal hypertrophy, decreased feed efficiency, increased mortality and decreased market quality and feathering. The combinations of light environment used were ineffective in altering the effects of population pressure. Environmental lighting had subtle but persistent effects on growth parameters. Responses were generally biphasic in nature and were apparently influenced by age and seasonal differences between experiments. Low light intensity illumination consistently resulted in improved body weight gains through 15 weeks of age. Intermittent white light caused precocious sexual development and stimulated growth after 15 weeks. Among diurnal light environments, blue filtered light resulted in greater gains during early growth periods, while white and red illumination consistently improved growth and gonadal development from the 16th through the 24th week of the experiments. THE EFFECTS OF VARIOUS LEVELS O F DIETARY CALCIUM AND EGG PRODUCTION UPON THE REGULATION OF FEED CONSUMPTION IN LAYING HENS EARL W. GLEAVES AND RICHARD E. IVY, Department

of Poultry and Wildlife Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NB 68503 Two hundred forty, Hy-Line 934 E, twenty-two week old, individually caged pullets were randomly assigned to 24 treatment combinations. Treatments were composed of. all combinations of three egg production levels 0, 50 percent and normal layers (75%), four levels of dietary calcium 0.5, 2.0, 4.0 and 6.0 percent, with and without supplemental oyster shell. Ten replicates were used on each treatment. The desired egg production levels were

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0.6% P, (Control) and 12 hens from each group were fed a 0.3% P (Low P) diet. The diets contained 3.6% calcium. By the sixth week of the experiment egg production of the UBX hens fed the Low P diet was 24% as compared to 63% for the S hens and 65% and 67% respectively for the UBX and S hens fed the control diet. During the sixth week serum P values of the UBX and S hens fed the Low P diet were 2.54 ± 0.28 and 2.44 ± 0.33 mg./lOO ml. as compared to 4.33 ± 0.65 and 3.97 ± 0.41 for the UBX and S hens fed the control diet. These results indicate that the ultimobranchial glands are essential to the maintenance of egg production in laying hens fed low phosphorus diets.

1927

1928

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

EVALUATION OF SELECTION METHODS IN A POULTRY BREEDING PROGRAM. 1. SELECTION FOR PART-RECORD RATE OF LAY WITH AND WITHOUT FULL SIBBING NAGEEB E. GOHER AND W. H. MCGIBBON, Depart-

ment of Poultry Science, University of Wisconsin, Animal Sciences Building, Madison, WI 53706 Randombred stocks—White Leghorn, Cornell (CC) and Regional Red (RR) served as base populations for two selected (CC B , RR B ), two inbred with no selection (CC C , RR C ), and two inbred with selection (CC D , R R D ) groups. These randombred populations were sampled each generation and served as unselected controls. For the selected groups, a selection intensity of approximately 25% was sought in each generation. The results revealed that: 1) There was no suggestion of depletion of additive genetic variance resulting from eleven generations of selection; 2) The realized genetic gain over the eleven generations was 11.7% in rate of lay in the first three months for C C B and 2.6% for RR B ; 3) The relative efficiency of realized gain to expected cumulative gain were 0.56, 0.23, 0.67 and 1.41 of expected in CC B , RR B , C C D and RR D respectively; 4) Over 95% of 147 families started were lost during the eleven generation period due mainly to infertility and loss of male mate; 5) Performance declined faster in (CC C and RR C ) than (CC D and RR D ); and 7) The effective

selection differentials and expected selection differentials showed close agreement in the two selected groups CC B and RR B where inbreeding was minimal. EVALUATION OF SELECTION METHODS IN A POULTRY BREEDING PROGRAM. 2. CORRELATED RESPONSES TO SELECTION FOR PART-RECORD RATE O F LAY WITH AND WITHOUT FULL SIBBING NAGEEB E. GOHER AND W. H. MCGIBBON, Depart-

ment of Poultry Science, University of Wisconsin, Animal Sciences Building, Madison, WI 53706 Two randombred stocks, Cornell White Leghorn (CC) and Regional Red (RR) served as base populations for the following groups, two with selection (CC B , RR B ); two inbred with no selection (CC C , RR C ); and two inbred with selection (CC D , RR D ); the last two when adjusted for inbreeding, were identified as C C ^ and RR,J, respectively. These two populations were sampled each generation and served as unselected controls. The results revealed that: 1) The ratio of realized to expected correlated responses showed good agreement in both breeds in case of number of eggs in the first three months and egg weight. The ratios was also in good agreement with expectation for rate of lay in full record in the CC B and number of eggs in full record for RR B. Body weight in both breeds showed higher realized response than expected; 2) The realized to expected ratio for correlated traits in the adjusted CC,J and RR^ gave variable responses; only age at maturity in CC,J responded the same as CC B , and rate of lay in full record in RR,J was the same as RR B ; 3) The number of eggs in the first three months, rate of lay in full record and number of eggs in full record, and adult body weight showed the greatest decline with inbreeding. BIOMETRICAL STUDY ON THE VARIABILITY OF SHELL DEFORMATION NAGEEB E. GOHER AND W. H. MCGIBBON, Depart-

ment of Poultry Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 Shell deformation, a method of measuring shell strength was used to evaluate the influence of other egg traits on this character. Pairs of sibs in two breeds (S.C.W.L. and N.H.) were chosen at end of their first laying year for having a high or low incidence of broken eggs in the trap nest during the year. These groups were termed " p o o r " with incidence of 4.3% to 45.4% broken eggs and

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achieved by weekly injections of progesterone in varing amounts depending upon the past weekly egg production levels. There was a highly significant effect of egg production upon feed consumption. As egg production increased, feed consumption increased. Oyster shell consumption was highly correlated with egg production level. As egg production level increased, oyster shell consumption increased across all dietary calcium levels. Supplemental oyster shell fed in combination with the 6.0% calcium diet caused a depression in feed intake and egg production. Hens fed ad libitum oyster shell consumed approximately the same amount of energy and protein at 50.2 and 72.5% production but consumed more oyster shell at the higher production level. This suggests that the laying hen may have a specific appetite for calcium and that she can regulate intake of calcareous grit in relation to egg formation. However, this effect was somewhat masked when various calcium levels were incorporated in the ration and no supplemental calcium was available.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

Genetics & Envir.

Shell Thickness

Shell Deformation

Egg Number

Egg Weight

.9285 (.9960)

Genetics & Envir.

THE RESPONSE OF EGG QUALITY TRAITS TO DIVERGENT-GROWTH SELECTION B. L. GOODMAN AND SUNDRA SHEALEY, Animal In-

dustries Department, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901 Eggs produced by adult females of divergentgrowth lines were used to measure the differences in egg quality traits. The females (Silver Oklabar) represented the 22nd generation of selection for growth from hatching to six or twelve weeks of age. Eggs from the rapid-growth line had significantly or highly significantly greater values than eggs from the slow-growth line for egg weight, yolk weight, percent yolk, albumen height, shell thickness, shell color, chalazae size, and the number of eggs with blood and/or meat spots. In contrast, the slow-

growth line produced eggs with significantly or highly significantly greater values for shape index, yolk color, Haugh units and number of eggs with cloudy albumen. No significant difference between lines was observed for chalazae position. INFLUENCE OF GRAIN TYPE ON THE MAGNITUDE OF THE ANTIBIOTIC RESPONSE GEORGE GRABER, M. C. THOMAS, E. W. LUCAS AND

M. J. NORVELL, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Bureau of Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD 20852 A diet simulating that reported by MacAuliffe and McGinnis (Poultry Sci. 50: 1130-1134) was fed to female crossbred chicks over the period 0-2 weeks to study the effect of grain type (wheat vs. rye) on the antibiotic response. Gains of 214 and 198 g. were found in trials 1 and 2 with wheat as the grain source. Penicillin addition (50 p.p.m.) resulted in gains of 212 and 219 g. for the 2 trials, respectively. When rye was the grain source, the same drug level increased gains from 176 to 200 g. in trial 1 and from 175 to 191 g. in trial 2. In trial 3, the dietary level of meat meal was increased from 5 to 10% to replace the fish meal. Adding penicillin to the wheat-based diet gave equal gains (206 and 209 g.) while a dramatic increase occurred (137 to 199 g.) with the rye-based diet. The response to several antibiotics, each at 50 p.p.m., was examined with this modified diet in trial 4. Gains of 152, 190, 230 and 227 g. were observed with the rye diet with no addition and with chlortetracycline, penicillin, and zinc bacitracin additions, respectively. Chicks consuming the wheat diet did not respond to any of the antibiotic additions. Doubling the B-vitamin supplementation level of the modified rye diet did not affect chick performance (trial 5). YOLK CHOLESTEROL IN SEVEN INBRED LINES OF CHICKENS HOWARD SCOTT GREENBERO AND A. W.

NORDSKOO,

Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010 The major purpose of this study was to estimate the repeatability of mean yolk cholesterol content in 2 successive generations (1972-73) of 7 inbred lines of chickens. In general, the line and period effects were highly significant except for line effects in replication set 1 in the 1973 test. Using the Zlatkis et al. (1953) assay procedure, the 1972 mean cholesterol concentration was 2759 mg.% on

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"good" where the number of broken eggs were less than 1%. The S.C.W.L. females were mated to S.C.W.L. males and the N.H. females were mated to N.H. and W.R. males. Eggs from the pullet progeny were evaluated for shell strength weekly and shell thickness four times per year. The path coefficient in the path analysis seeking to evaluate the influence of other traits affecting shell deformation are shown in the following diagram (values for S.C.W.L. and N.H., the latter in parentheses). It will be shown that shell thickness was obviously the most important trait influencing shell strength in contrast to egg weight.

1929

1930

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

UNIDENTIFIED GROWTH FACTOR SOURCES AS SUPPLEMENTS TO A CORNSOY DIET FOR LAYING HENS V. B. GROSSIE, JR. AND J. R. COUCH, Department of

Biochemistry-Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 Three hundred sixty inbred-hybrid commercial layer pullets were distributed at random in individual cages at 22 weeks of age. The birds were fed a corn-soy type diet alone and supplemented with 2.5, 5.0, 10.0 and 20% distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), 5% dried steep liquor concentrate (DSLC), 0.1 p.p.m. selenium and .03 and .06% streptomyces fermentation residue. The duration of the experiment was 12 28-day periods. Data were collected on egg production, feed conversion and mortality. Egg production and feed conversion were significantly increased when the hens were fed 10% DDGS. All other supplements had no effect on egg production, feed conversion or mortality. The above test was replicated. The second experiment showed increased egg production in hens fed 10% DDGS at the end of the fifth 28-day period.

SOME FACTORS AFFECTING YOLK POSITION IN HARD COOKED EGGS L. P. GRUNDEN, E. MULNIX, R. C. BAKER AND J. M.

DARFLER, Department of Poultry Science, 112 Rice Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850 Yolk position in hard cooked eggs as affected by strain of hen, storage time and egg position during cooking was examined. Eggs from 24 strains of hens were stored at 12° C. for 4 and 11 days. An equal number of eggs from each strain and storage time were divided into 3 observation groups: 1) raw, 2) cooked-on-side, and 3) cooked-

on-end. The raw eggs were evaluated for Haugh units, U.S.D.A. score, air cell size and position and yolk position. Analysis of variance revealed significant effects on all variables by strain of hen and age of egg. After cooking for 20 minutes at 90° C , the eggs were observed for air cell size, air cell position and yolk position. Analysis of variance of the hard cooked eggs showed significant effects on all variables by strain of hen and age of egg. Position at which the egg was cooked significantly affected yolk position. This study showed that there was no correlation between internal quality and yolk position in raw and hard cooked eggs. PREVENTION OF MAREK'S DISEASE (MD) USING A FILTERED AIR POSITIVE PRESSURE HOUSE A. A. GRUNDER AND J. S. GAVORA, Animal Research

Institute, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Canada, K1A OC6, J. L. SPENCER, Animal Disease Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, P.O. Box 1400, Hull, Canada, AND J. E. TURNBULL, Engineering Research Service, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Canada, K1A OC6 MD has been enzootic in a population of approximately 40,000 chickens that were maintained in 14 poultry houses on an 80 acre site. To obtain a facility for a small MD-free flock an end section of one of these houses was converted to filtered air positive pressure (FAPP). Centrifugal intake fans delivered air through coarse filters, then through bag-type filters (initial dust spot efficiency of 93 to 97% for 3 micron particles). Static pressure within, relative to outdoors, was maintained at a minimum of 0.2 inches of water column. Personnel showered when entering the building, disinfectants were applied to all articles taken in, and feed received 2.5 to 3.5 megarads of y irradiation. Six experimental strains of Leghorns varying widely in resistance to MD were hatched in the FAPP house from disinfected eggs. Based on tests for precipitins against MD virus and post-mortem examination, this population of 604 chickens and a replacement population now have been maintained free of MD for 741 days. On the other hand MD and antibodies against MD virus were routinely observed in chickens from nearby houses. Among females of the 6 strains in the first FAPP population, mortality from 36 days to the end of the first laying year (504 days) was 7.2%. In contrast, mortality for a corresponding period in a sib population vaccinated for MD and kept in a nearby

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a wet weight basis. Using the more automated Levine and Zak (1964) method in 1973, the mean cholesterol concentration was 1768 mg.%. In a special experiment it was found that a significant amount of the chloroform-methanol solvent used in the Zlatkis et al. (1953) method evaporated during the chloroform-methanol extraction procedure. Correcting for evaporation, the mean of 2759 mg.% reduced to 1697 mg.%. The rank order correlation between years of the line means was 0.62. The interpretation is that 62% of the variability between line means is genetic. However, the correlation was not statistically significant.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

conventional house was 13.4% including 2.5% from MD. SOME EFFECTS OF COPPER SULFATE, COPPER OXIDE AND 4-NITROPHENYLARSONIC ACID ON AORTIC RUPTURE AND GROWTH IN TURKEYS E. GUENTHNER AND C. W. CARLSON, Animal Science

A series of lysine and methionine supplemented low protein diets, with protein ranging from a 23% starter to a 12% finisher, was fed to 600 male and 200 female Large White poults. The experimental design provided 3 copper treatments, normal (8-12 p.p.m.) and 2 sources of copper (120 p.p.m.) from C u S 0 4 and Cu z O. Each copper treatment was fed with control diets and with the recommended level for blackhead treatment of 0.01875% of 4-nitrophenylarsonic acid. The hens were marketed at 15 weeks and the toms at 24 weeks of age. Adding copper increased market weights 0.362 kg. at 15 weeks and 0.489 kg. at 24 weeks of age. The source of copper (oxide or sulfate) did not affect gains. The blackhead treatment reduced gains 0.300 kg. at 15 weeks and 0.885 kg. at 24 weeks of age. The added dietary copper did not significantly increase the amount of copper found in the liver tissue. The copper values ranged from 13.69 to 15.18 p.p.m. at 15 weeks and 13.09 to 13.82 p.p.m. at 24 weeks, and were considered well within the normal range. In this test 4, 2 and 1 aortic ruptures were associated with the normal copper, C u 2 0 and C u S 0 4 treatments, respectively. The incidence of ruptures was considered very low, particularly when compared with previous tests in which higher protein diets had been included.

SHRINKAGE AND PROCESSING YIELDS OF BROILERS SUBJECTED TO DIFFERENT FEED AND WATER WITHDRAWAL TIMES K. K. HALE, J R . , AND K. W. WASHBURN, Poultry

Science Department, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 Commercial broiler strains grown in floor pens for 4 weeks were transferred to individual bird cages and weights measured periodically until the birds were 8 weeks of age. The birds were then subjected to 8, 16 or 24 hours of feed withdrawal and 4, 8, 12, 16 and 24 hours of water withdrawal.

After feed and water withdrawal, birds were held in coops at 15° C. Based on live weights obtained before feed withdrawal and after the holding period, it was found that live bird shrinkage could be reduced significantly with the shorter water withdrawal times. Dry eviscerated weights and wet-chilled weights reflected the loss in live bird weight with significantly lower processing yields for the longer feed and water withdrawal times. Processing yields (without neck and giblets) averaged 62.6, 61.9 and 60.8 before chilling and 68.6, 68.4 and 66.6 after chilling for the 8, 16 and 24 hour feed withdrawal times, respectively. No additional emptying of lower intestinal contents were noted after 16 hours of feed withdrawal. RESPONSE OF LAYING HENS TO T-2 TOXIN P. B. HAMILTON, R. D. WYATT, J. A. DOERR AND H.

R. BURMEISTER, Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607 T-2 toxin was reported previously to cause severe oral lesions and neural disturbances in young broiler chickens. Crystalline T-2 toxin incorporated into a commercial layer ration at the level of 20 (xg./g. was given to laying hens. The dietary toxin caused oral lesions but no abnormal neural symptoms were noted. T-2 caused decreased feed consumption and loss of body weight. There was no effect on hemoglobin, hematocrit values, erythrocyte count, plasma glucose, prothrombin times, or the sizes of the liver, spleen, pancreas, and heart. Lipid content of the liver was not altered but the total plasma lipid and protein concentrations were reduced as was the total white cell count. Most important from the viewpoint of the poultry industry was the lowered egg production and a thinner egg shell. The shells were so fragile that pressure from a grease pencil used to mark the eggs often caused cracks to appear. The timing of the symptoms suggest that T-2 toxin causes primary oral lesions which result in reduced feed consumption with a subsequent reduction in serum proteins and lipids which culminate in decreased egg production. The leucopenia and thinner egg shell may be independent systemic effects of T-2 toxin in laying hens.

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Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57006

1931

1932

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

THE EFFECT OF DIETARY AFLATOXIN ON OVARIAN FUNCTION IN THE LAYING HEN P. B. HAMILTON, R. D. WYATT, C. PARKHURST AND

J. D. GARLICH, Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607

A RED EGG SHELL MUTANT IN JAPANESE QUAIL J. W. HARDIMAN, W. M. COLLINS AND W. E. URBAN,

JR., Department of Animal Sciences, Kendall Hall, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 A red egg shell variant in Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica, was first observed in generation 29 (G 29 ) in control line 203 of a selection experiment for body weight. Inheritance of the trait was revealed in part by results of matings between red egg females from G 32 and males from another control line, 202, in which the red egg variant had not been observed. In these matings, and in others between brothers of red egg females (G32) and both red and non-red egg line 203 females from the same generation, the variant was observed to segregate as a dominant gene. In later generations, matings were made between red egg females, assumed heterozygous, and males, assumed either heterozygous or homozygous recessive. The ratio of red to non-red egg female offspring

ANALYSIS OF INBREEDING IN SELECTED AND CONTROL LINES OF JAPANESE QUAIL J. W. HARDIMAN, W. E. URBAN, JR. AND W. M. COL-

LINS, Department of Animal Sciences, Kendall Hall, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 Estimates of the degree of inbreeding were obtained for both selected and control lines in a selection experiment for three week body weight in Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica. Four lines, two selected and two controls, were derived from a base population of over 400 birds. Fifty pair matings were made per line per generation. Control lines were reproduced by mating at random one male and one female taken at random from each family. Selected lines were reproduced by family selection. No full sib matings were made. A computer program was written to calculate Wright's coefficient of inbreeding for a variable number of lines and generations in populations consisting of pair matings with non-overlapping generations. The program included variable data input and output, internal renumbering of breeders and specific error messages. Output per generation included inbreeding values for each individual, generation totals, a variance-covariance deck, and 10 estimates of statistical parameters and a histogram based on inbreeding values for both breeders and non-breeders. MAGNESIUM REQUIREMENT YOUNG JAPANESE QUAIL

OF

THE

B. F. HARLAND, M. R. S. Fox AND B. E. FRY, J R . ,

Division of Nutrition, HFF-268, Food and Drug Administration, 200 C Street, S.W., Washington, DC 20204 It is important to know precise mineral requirements of experimental animals when studying essential mineral interactions or manifestations of toxic elements. To establish the young quail's dietary requirement for Mg, 6 experiments were conducted. Day-old birds (Coturnix cotumix japonica) were fed an adequate purified diet containing 35% soy protein to 2 wk. Contaminating

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Earlier studies showed that egg production by laying hens is not reduced until about 10 to 14 days after aflatoxin feeding is commenced and that the reduction will occur even if aflatoxin is removed from the diet prior to the reduction in production. It was hypothesized that aflatoxin affected the committment of ova to maturation and not the maturation process itself. Laying hens were fed graded doses of dietary aflatoxin (0, 2.5, 5.0, 10, and 20 |xg. /g.) for 25 days before they were killed and necropsied. Ovary weight was reduced from 41.7 g. in the controls to 6.3 g. in hens fed the highest level of aflatoxin. The number of follicles 1.0 mm. in diameter or larger per ovary was not affected by the dietary aflatoxin. The mean size of the largest ovum was reduced from 12.2 g. in the controls to 1.3 g. in the hens fed the highest levels of aflatoxin. This confirms the visual impression that the normal heirarchial sequence of maturation is interrupted by aflatoxin. These data support the hypothesis that aflatoxin affects egg production primarily by inhibiting the committment of ova to maturation.

from four types of matings were tested by Chisquare analysis under the assumption of a dominant autosomal gene for red egg shell color. Departures of observed from expected ratios were not significant (P s 0.05). Results thus far indicate red egg shell color is inherited as a dominant autosomal gene.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

RECOVERY OF EGG SOLIDS FROM WASTEWATER FROM EGG GRADING AND BREAKING PLANTS C. E. HARRIS AND W. A. MOATS, Dairy & Poultry

Products Marketing Laboratory, A.M.R.I., A.R.S., U.S. Department of Agriculture, Room 117, Bldg. 307, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705 Wastewater from egg grading and breaking plants commonly has a very high biochemical oxygen demand (B.O.D.). These wastewaters are difficult to treat by conventional means. They may overload small municipal treatment plants if they are introduced into city sewer systems. Odors are likely to be a problem in treatment systems using biological degradation. Furthermore, the periodic introduction of large slugs of highly alkaline water containing sanitizers from egg washers may interfere with biological degradation. Wastewater from egg grading and breaking plants was treated by adjusting the pH and heating to precipitate proteins. The proteins together with lipids were removed by centrifugation. This process was demonstrated to reduce the B.O.D. of the wastewater by 78-90 percent. The recovered protein-lipid fraction should be suitable for use as livestock feed. The process appears feasible for treatment of wastewater from egg processing plants on a commercial scale.

THE INFLUENCE OF HUMIDITY, ENERGY AND AMINO ACID STATUS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF BROILERS G. C. HARRIS, J R . , P. W. WALDROUP, R. L. SEAY AND

G. S. NELSON,' Departments of Animal Sciences and Agricultural Engineering, 1 University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 Three 8-week broiler experiments were conducted in the environmental chambers at a constant temperature of 29.4° C. This temperature was chosen to simulate the approximate average summer temperature in Arkansas. In a factorial design 3 relative humidities (30%, 50% and 70%) x 3 dietary energy levels (2970, 3190 and 3410 M.E./kg.) x 2 essential amino acid levels (100% and 110% on a least cost basis) x 2 replicate chambers were examined. Highest body weight gain was attained with either the lowest humidity (30%), highest energy level (3410 M.E./kg.) or the 110% amino acid level. No differences in livability due to treatments were observed. No significant interaction between humidity and the dietary factors for body weight gain or feed efficiency was noted. A significant linear decrease in body weight gain and feed consumed occurred as the relative humidity was increased from 30 to 70%. THE PERFORMANCE OF CHICK BROODERS FREDERICK W. HARWOOD AND FLOYD N . REECE, South

Central Poultry Research Laboratory, A.R.S., U.S. Department of Agriculture, Box 5367, Mississippi State, MS 39762 Research was conducted to determine the cyclic patterns and LP fuel consumption of brooders. A standard pancake (warm room) brooder was modified by converting the canopy into a surface that would absorb and reradiate more heat than the standard canopy. The conversion was accomplished by placing between two standard canopies a 1.9 cm. thick cone of concrete and a layer of fiberglass insulation 1.9 cm. thick. The underside of this composite canopy was painted black. A standard pancake brooder as described above, and a catalytic brooder were evaluated.

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Mg was 21 mg./kg. of diet. Mg was supplied by graded amounts of MgS0 4 to a total of 16 levels between 75 and 2000 p.p.m. in the diet. Growth, tibia ash, hemoglobin and hematocrit were normal with 300-1500 p.p.m. Mg. With 75, 150, 200 and 250 p.p.m. Mg, mortality was 95, 100, 67 and 14%, respectively. With 2000 p.p.m. Mg mortality was 42%. Between 250 and 1000 p.p.m. Mg, there was a linear relationship between Mg in the tibia and the log concentration of dietary Mg. These data suggest that tibia Mg concentration might be useful for bioassays of Mg. The Mg requirement under our conditions is approximately 300 mg./kg. of diet. We have no explanation for the difference in Mg requirement and toxicity that we observed as compared with those of Vohra (Poultry Sci. 51: 2103, 1972).

1933

1934

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TOCOPHEROL IN CONTROLLING OXIDATIVE RANCIDITY IN TURKEY PRESTON L. HAYSE, WILLIAM W. MARION AND ROBERT

J. PAULSON, Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010

THE EFFECT OF SCALDING AT ELEVATED pHs ON BROILER SKIN COLOR

BROILER CONDEMNATION TION. 5. ANALYSIS WILLIAM

L.

INVESTIGA-

HENSON, Agricultural

Economist,

U.S.D.A., The Pennsylvania State University, Weaver Bldg., University Park, PA 16802 There are variations among flocks of broilers included in the condemnation study in incidences of disease, and downgraded carcasses. The variations may be related to differences in 1) management practices among growers, 2) hauling distances, 3) catching crews and other variables. Preliminary statistical analysis results suggest, for example, that the incidence of trimmed carcasses may be related to the number of flocks raised on the same litter and to the lighting and ventilation programs followed. A more detailed analysis is being performed to possibly provide basic data to aid managers and growers when deciding among alternative production practices. Multiple regression, Chi square and ANOV techniques are being used for the analysis. BROILER CONDEMNATION TION. 1. TEAM APPROACH

INVESTIGA-

F. W. HICKS, A. K. BIRTH, O. D. KEENE, M. G. MAST

Poultry Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742

AND L. D. SCHWARTZ, Agricultural Extension, The Pennsylvania State University, 220 Animal Industries Building, University Park, PA 16802

Eight week old broilers were used to determine the influence of scald water pH on xanthophyll content and yellowness of skin. Xanthophyll content was determined using acetone extraction and spectrophotometry. Color was measured with a color difference meter. Xanthophyll retention and yellow color was increased by 0.8 mcg./g. and 2.2 b values respectively when the pH of the scald water was increased from 6.5 to 8.5 and 10.5. When the temperature was increased from 50-52-54° C. more xanthophyll and yellow color was retained by increasing pH.

Two years ago Pennsylvania broiler condemnation rates were running at 5.3%, compared to a national average of 3.7%. The Pennsylvania Poultry Processors Association asked that The Pennsylvania State University investigate the causes and recommend solutions for the improvement of the situation. It was suggested that the most practical way of studying the problem was to consider one firm which did exercise control throughout the entire cycle from production through processing. Therefore, a team approach was developed to study,

J. L. HEATH AND C. J. WABECK, Department of

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The need for protection of turkey against the onset of oxidative rancidity has risen steadily as the amount of specialized processing has increased. Although phosphates offer some protection to turkey lipids, the poultry industry can not routinely use antioxidants to inhibit oxidative changes. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of tocopherol as a natural antioxidant. Experiments were designed to determine the optimum time of administration and amount of tocopherol required to significantly delay oxidative change. Four weeks of oral administration of 100 I.U. of alpha-tocopheryl acetate/lb. ration was necessary to significantly delay the development of TBA-reactive compounds in mechanically deboned turkey meat at refrigerator temperature. An additional benefit observed after 6 wk. was similar to that observed after 8 wk. In another experiment, tocopherol administered orally at 0, 25, 50, 75 or 100 I . U . / l b . feed for 8 wk. had no significant effects on flavor, off-flavor or off-odor of precooked breast and thigh meat stored for 7 months at -15° C. The results from another experiment indicated, however, that treatments of 100 or 500 I.U. of tocopherol resulted in increased tissue tocopherol compared with the control. The use of tocopherol may therefore be a partial answer to improved flavor stability in turkey.

At 54° C , 6.0 mcg./g. xanthophyll was retained compared to 10.2 mcg./g. at pH 9.5. NaOH and a commercial additive resulted in more xanthophyll and yellow color retention, 14.6 mcg./g. and 26.5 b value, than NaOH, 11.7 mcg./g. and 24.0 b value, only at pH 9.9. Cuticle remained attached to the skin and only small changes in xanthophyll content and yellowness were found. pH had little direct influence on either xanthophyll content or color of the skin. The level of or pH at which the commercial additive was most effective was the important factor.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

by computer and analysis, the firm's operations from every conceivable angle. The following phases were designed to separate problems and possible study areas: 1—Environmental Relationships 2—Managerial Skills Relationships 3, 6, 7—Flock Data Summaries 4—Processing Data 5—Price, Weather, Processing Costs, etc. 8—Health Control Relationships 9—Education

For example, for Phase 1 an inventory of all production facilities was made. The computerized results were related to the gradeout, in order to discover which combinations of housing and equipment were resulting in better performance. Although only one firm was involved directly, the whole Pennsylvania industry has benefited from the information and techniques developed as a result of decreased broiler condemnation rates. BROILER CONDEMNATION INVESTIGATION. 4. ENVIRONMENTAL RELATIONSHIPS F. W. HICKS, A. K. BIRTH, O. D. KEENE, M. G. MAST

AND L. D. ScHWART2,Agricultural Extension, The Pennsylvania State University, 220 Animal Industries Building, University Park, PA 16802 The major objective of studying environmental relationships was to inventory all broiler production facilities of the test corporation and possibly relate these findings to subsequent product gradeout. The inventory should provide a basis for an analysis of certain physical production items versus gradeout. A secondary objective was to relate these findings to an educational and demonstration program. As a result of comparing flock summaries, field investigation of selected flocks and facilities indicated that ventilation could be a major contributing environmental factor to downgrading. Demonstrations of ventilation manipulation were conducted for the servicemen and the growers. It was demonstrated that present ventilation management practices were not delivering the required quality and quantity of air. Suggestions were made for the improvement of the broiler environment, as it was being affected by improper ventilation, e.g. litter management and noxious gas control. In most cases interior circulation fans could be utilized to an advantage—resulting in a better broiler environment and energy savings. It was

also demonstrated that gravity shutters on fans were inefficient in that air was restricted unnecessarily. Improper static pressure was also demonstrated to be a problem in the houses studied. Permanently installed manometers, located at the central inlet adjusting site, were recommended. REPRODUCTIVE RESPONSES OF WHITE LEGHORN HENS TO GRADED CONCENTRATIONS OF MERCURIC CHLORIDE E. F. HILL, Division of Wildlife Research, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD 20810, AND C. S. SHAFFNER, Department of Poultry Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 White Leghorn hens were maintained on diets containing 0, 4, 12 or 36 p.p.m. Hg as HgCl 2 from hatching in an effort to confirm (with a second species) our previously reported effects on Japanese quail reproduction. In the quail study both onset of laying and rate of egg production were accelerated by 16 and 32 p.p.m. Hg as HgCl 2 , but fertility was depressed. After 1 year on diets containing HgCl2 none of the Leghorn hens manifested any observed signs of Hg poisoning. Hens fed 4 or 12 p.p.m. Hg began ovipositing an average of 10 days earlier than the controls (P < 0.05). Young hens (< 9 months old) fed 4 or 12 p.p.m. Hg laid significantly more eggs per hen-day than did either controls or those fed 36 p.p.m. Hg. Beyond 9 months of age there were no perceptible differences in rate of egg production among the treatments. These findings support our quail results. When the hens were inseminated with pooled semen from untreated roosters fertility, embryonic development and hatchability appeared to be unaffected by the treatments. This contrasts with our previous experiment with quail in which both sexes were fed HgCl 2 . SOME FACTORS AFFECTING CHICKS RESPONSE TO DEFATTED FISH MEAL S. W. HINNERSANDC. W. MCKINNEY, Animal Indus-

tries Department, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901 A comparison of chick growth as affected by supplementation of practical (corn-soybean meal) and purified (isolated soy protein and cerelose) isonitrogenous 25% crude protein diet with selected levels (0, 5, 10, 15%, sole protein source) of fish meal was made. Fish meal supplementation significantly improved response over each basal. No

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Phase Phase Phase Phase Phase Phase Phase

1935

1936

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

THE ABILITY OF HENS TO ADJUST CALCIUM OR PHOSPHORUS INTAKE WHEN GIVEN A CHOICE OF DIETS CONTAINING DIFFERENT LEVELS OF EITHER CALCIUM OR PHOSPHORUS D. J . H O L C O M B , D . A. ROLAND, SR. ANDR. H. HARMS,

Department of Poultry Science, University of Florida, S.W. Archer Road, Gainesville, FL 32611 Experiments were conducted to determine the ability of hens to adjust feed intake when offered a choice of two levels of calcium (Ca) or phosphorus (P). Treatments in the Ca trials included 3.0% Ca in each of two cups, 6.0% Ca vs. 0.7% Ca, or 3.0% Ca vs. 0.7% Ca. Young hens greatly increased their consumption of the 3.0% Ca diet over the 0.7% Ca diet. They maintained egg production, but not shell quality. Older hens avoided the 6.0% Ca diet in preference for the 0.7% Ca diet. When Ca intake was measured in young hens at two hour intervals, the hens adjusted their intake on an hour-to-hour basis. The dietary treatments in the phosphorus trials included 0.75% P in each of two cups, 0.192% P vs. 0.46% P, 1.00% P vs. 2.43% P, or 0.192% P vs. 2.43% P. Hens increased their consumption of the 0.46% P over the 0.192% P diet. When hens were offered 2.43% P and the lower levels of P, they consumed approximately 80% of the lower phosphorus diet. Egg production and specific gravity were not influenced by treatment.

COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF FREEZE DRIED AND DEHYDRATED ALFALFA IN TURKEY STARTER DIETS D. P. HOLDER AND T. W. SULLIVAN, Department of

Poultry .and Wildlife Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NB 68503, AND A. L. LIVINGSTON AND G. O. KOHLER, Western Regional Re-

search Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Berkeley, CA 94710 Two experiments were conducted to evaluate freeze dried and dehydrated alfalfa as protein sources for starting turkeys to four weeks of age. The two alfalfa meals were each fed at graded levels of 2.5 to 10.0 percent in corn-soybean diets. Body weight gain was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced when levels of dehydrated alfalfa exceeded 5.0 percent in the first experiment. With 10.0 percent of dehydrated alfalfa the average fourweek body weight was 694 grams as compared to 773 grams for turkeys fed the control diet. All levels of freeze dried alfalfa significantly (P < 0.05) reduced body weight gain. The average fourweek body weight of poults fed 10.0 percent of freeze dried alfalfa was 666 grams. Feed efficiency data followed similar trends relative to treatments. Dietary treatments in the second experiment were fed both unpelleted and pelleted to determine if physical form (fluffiness) of the freeze dried alfalfa diets was limiting or reducing feed consumption. Freeze dried alfalfa at 10.0 percent of the diet reduced the four-week body weight from 658 grams (control diet) to 555 grams. Pelleting the freeze dried alfalfa diets did not influence body weight gain. Dehydrated alfalfa also reduced body weight gain but to a lesser extent than freeze dried alfalfa. Pelleting the control and dehydrated alfalfa diets did tend to improve the feed efficiency of turkeys.

A CASE FOR THE COUNTY AGENT K. A. HOLLEMAN, Poultry Science Department, Clemson University, 132 P & AS Bldg., Clemson, SC 29631 The county agent has been much maligned regarding his inability to be effective in a poultry extension program. In many counties, industry does not cooperate with county extension personnel and vice versa. State specialists often by-pass county personnel in these instances. The net result has been an outcry to change an obviously untenable situation. Granted many of these situations show how county extension generalists, state specialists, and a sophisticated industry do not work

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significant increase was observed by increasing fish meal supplementation beyond the five percent level. Although growth rate was better on the corn-soybean meal ration the percentage increase over corresponding basal was greatest with fish meal supplementation in the purified diet. In another trial ten percent intact defatted fish meal added to a purified cerelose and isolated soybean basal improved growth response more than the addition of two percent. Addition of dried residue after removing the water soluble fraction from the equivalence of 10% fish meal improved net gain but less than the intact fish meal. The ash equivalence improved response slightly over basal. Dried residue of acid hydrolyzed defatted fish meal equivalent to 10% intact fish meal failed to enhance growth. The addition of 0.1% tryptophan failed to improve either the original purified basal or the diet containing hydrolyzed fish meal residue.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

VOLUME REDUCTION AND VARIOUS COOKING TREATMENT EFFECTS ON PEELABILITY OF EGGS K. A. HOLLEMAN, Poultry Science Department, Clemson University, 132 P & AS Bldg., Clemson, SC 29631 In a series of trials utilizing eggs from 25 to 31 week old pullets, it was found that eggs three days old, non-oiled and refrigerated at 5° C. were slightly difficult to peel making them good for peelability testing. In succeeding tests, peelability was tested by peeling time and appearance of peeled eggs. Piercing, dipping in boiling H 2 0 for 10 seconds prior to peeling, NaCl treatment, vinegar treatment and washing soda treatment of the cooking water were evaluated as to their effects on peelability of hard cooked eggs. Results showed that hot dipping for 10 seconds aids the peeling process, and that NaCl treatment speeds the process but doesn't improve appearance. All other treatments failed to improve peelability. Pricking of hot dipped eggs was found to reduce quality and increase peeling time. Oiled eggs allowed to stand at 21° C. for 48 hours failed to peel readily while non-oiled eggs at 21° C. peeled easily after 24 hours. Since alkaline treated water failed to produce good peelability, it was hypothesized that H 2 0 loss instead of C 0 2 loss could be responsible for improved peelability of aged eggs. To mimic dehydration, 2 mis. thin albumen were removed from eggs prior to hard cooking. Results showed better peelability in both time and quality than for controls.

EFFECTS OF DIETARY AFLATOXIN ON CERTAIN EGG YOLK PARAMETERS W. E. HUFF AND P. B. HAMILTON, Department of

Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607 Aflatoxin causes in broilers a severe drop in plasma carotenoids which are correlated with carcass pigmentation. These compounds are also responsible for egg yolk color. The purpose of the present experiment was to determine the effect of dietary aflatoxin on egg yolk and associated parameters. Aflatoxicosis was induced in laying hens by incorporating graded amounts of aflatoxin (0, 1.25, 2.5, 5, and 10 n-g./g.) into a commercial layer ration. After four weeks egg production was decreased significantly at 10 ng./g. The liver lipid was increased by doses as small as 2.5 (xg./g. and the liver carotenoids were unaffected although the amounts were extremely variable. Plasma total lipids were decreased at 5 and 10 u.g./g. while the plasma carotenoids were unexpectedly increased at 10 (j.g./g. Total yolk weight was decreased at 5 and 10 M-g/g. and the yolk as a percent of total egg weight was lowered at 10 (xg/gHowever, yolk dry weight was not altered from control values and the yolks appeared more viscous at the higher aflatoxin levels. Yolk carotenoids were elevated at 5 and 10 p.g./g. while yolk lipid concentration was unaltered. The data suggest that plasma and yolk lipids respond to the inhibition of lipid synthesis and transport from the liver caused by aflatoxin but that plasma and yolk carotenoids which are dietary in origin necessarily increase as the egg production drops. NEPHROTOXICITY OF OCHRATOXIN A IN BROILER CHICKS W. E. HUFF AND P. B. HAMILTON, Department of

Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607 Ochratoxin A, based on acute oral LD 50 and minimal growth inhibitory concentration, is the most potent mycotoxin studied in chickens, but the mechanism of its toxicity is not known as yet. Graded doses of pure ochratoxin A (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 jxg./g.) were incorporated into a commercial diet which was fed to chicks from hatching until three weeks of age when the experiment was terminated. Growth was inhibited at 2, 4, and 8 M-g./g. while the kidneys which were the most sensitive organ were enlarged by doses of 1 \x,g. / g . and above. Renal function as measured by clearance of phenol red was decreased 15 and 31%

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well together. There are some good reasons too. Large industry with its educated servicemen and paid consultants does not feel county agents can help them. Maybe they can't in their poultry operations per se, but mutual help is possible in such areas as leisure time activities, programs for laborers, and county-wide planning. Poultry specialists should promote such activities to bring industry and county people together. It is felt that 4-H and consumer projects must be pushed at the local level. So must the hobbyist, the backyard flockowner, and the young farmer who is a potential producer. Another important person that is often neglected by everyone, the contract grower, can be aided by the county agent. This grower has a basic mistrust of contractors and those who seemingly serve only him. A county agent-specialist team should become the small man's consultants. It just may pay big dividends.

1937

1938

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

PREPOTENCY FOR MALES IN ONE STRAIN OF WHITE PLYMOUTH ROCKS B. L. HUGHES AND M. A. BOONE, Department of

Poultry Science, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631 Six female families (groups) of a Clemson egg production strain of White Plymouth Rocks were checked for sex ratios. All females in each family were full or half sibs with little or no inbreeding. A total of 3530 chicks or embryos were examined. Sex was determined at 8 weeks on hatched chicks and by autopsy of dead embryos which had developed for 9 or more days. Statistical results were recorded on the basis of chicks hatched, dead and the total of in the shell and chicks hatched. The following results were found. 1. All families were prepotent for males (P = <5%). 2. There was no significant difference in sex ratio by groups (P = >25%). There were more total males than females overall. 3. There was a difference in the sex ratio of hatched and total chicks by hatches (P = <1%). 4. There were more dead female embryos than dead male embryos in all groups (P = <10%). 5. Proportion of dead females was dependent on groups (P = <1%). 6. Hatchability of fertile eggs was dependent on family groups (P = <1%). A METHOD OF TEACHING THE PHYSIOLOGY AND ENDOCRINOLOGY OF EGG PRODUCTION E. C. HUNT, AND L. RICHARDS, Department of

Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont., Canada, NIG 2W1 It is a challenge to teach a technical and complicated biological subject such as the Physiology and Endocrinology of Egg Production in a one hour period to Sophomore classes. Classes of three

to four hundred in size, composed not only of agricultural and pre-veterinary students, but also of pure arts, science and engineering students make it doubly difficult to anticipate problems in understanding and to maintain interest. Handouts and overhead projectuals used were constantly modified through successive years but the instructor still noted the class was lost at different points. After discussion with personnel of the Audio Visual Department arrangements were made for two of their people, one a graphic artist, to attend the next lecture. In class they could hear student comment and readily observe any reaction indicating loss of interest, as well as determine areas of discussion where they personally needed more information for continuity of thought and learning. The three persons involved (A.V. plus instructor) analyzed what was observed and weighed changes thought to be desired against the one hour time limit, the course objectives and the diversity of enrollment. Subsequently, the graphic artist composed a number of drawings, breaking down the hand outs and pictorially depicted areas requiring more expansion. Colour slides were taken to add authenticity as well as to explain the various sections of the oviduct and egg formation. The slide series has been modified many times to produce its present format and has assisted in a marked improvement in the learning process. METABOLISM OF THE MAJOR PHOSPHATE COMPOUNDS IN AVIAN ERYTHROCYTES R. E. ISAACKS AND D. R. HARKNESS, Research

Laboratories, Veterans Administration Hospital, Veterans Administration Hospital & Department of Medicine, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33125 The aqueous-soluble phosphates were extracted from washed erythrocytes (WE) from chicks, of 1, 3, 5, 8, 15, 22, 29, and 36 days of age with trichloroacetic acid and fractionated on anion exchange columns using a linear ammonium formate gradient (5.0M). The major phosphate compounds have been identified from the column fractions as adenosine monophosphate (AMP), inorganic phosphate (Pi), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and inositol pentaphosphate (IPP). The quantity of each component per ml. of red blood cells (RBC) was determined. The quantity per ml. of RBC of AMP, Pi, ADP, and ATP decreased with increasing age of the chick while the content of IPP per ml. of RBC increased with increasing age. The concentration of IPP per

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by 4 and 8 jj-g./g., respectively. Uric acid, the primary nitrogenous excretory product, was increased 38 to 48% over the control values by doses of 4 and 8 (xg. / g . respectively. The plasma electrolytes, Na, CI, Ca, and K, were measured and K was decreased significantly (P < 0.05) by 4 and 8 n-g./g. Histological examination of kidney sections gave the impression of intercellular edema and a tubular necrosis that appeared to be in its early stages. These data demonstrate that ochratoxin A is a severe nephrotoxin in young broiler chickens.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1939

ml. of RBC more than doubled from 1 day to 8 days of age and appeared to remain at about 3.5 junoles/ml. RBC. The increased content of IPP in the RBC also coincides with the disappearance of the embryonic hemoglobin and therefore may account for the increased P 50 of the RBC subsequent to hatching.

AVAILABILITY AND TOXICITY OF FERTILIZER PHOSPHATES IN THE RAT

THE INFLUENCE OF OVULATION, OVIPOSITION, TIME OF DAY, AND SUPPLEMENTAL CALCIUM UPON FEED AND CALCIUM INTAKE PATTERNS

Ninety, crossbred, four-week old, individually caged rats were randomly assigned to nine treatment combinations. Treatments were composed of all combinations of three dietary levels of total phosphorus (0.5, 0.7 and 0.9%), and three phosphorus sources [triple-super phosphate (0-46-0), diammonium phosphate (18-46-0) and N a H 2 P 0 4 H 2 0 , the reference standard]. The fertilizer phosphates and reference standard were each fed in a 16.0% corn-soybean ration, and levels of 0.2, 0.4 and 0.5% were added to achieve the desired P levels. Fluorine levels provided by each level of the fertilizer phosphates were: 200, 400 and 600 p.p.m. The two higher levels of fertilizer phosphates, which provided 400 and 600 p.p.m. fluorine, significantly (P < .01) reduced average body weight and percent femur ash. Average 70-day body weights were 173, 176 and 183 grams (reference standard), 162, 121 and 99 grams (diammonium phosphate) and 159, 119, and 104 grams (triple super phosphate) respectively, when each product was added to provide 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6% added P. Percent femur ash values were 54.8, 56.8 and 57.3% (reference standard), 55.1, 54.4 and 53.5% (diammonium phosphate) and 55.8,54.3 and 52.9% (triple super phosphate). Triple super and diammonium phosphates both appear to be available sources of phosphorus. However, the levels at which these fertilizer phosphates can be fed would be limited somewhat by their fluorine content. Development of teeth was apparently more favorable among rats fed the lowest level of fertilizer phosphates.

of Poultry and Wildlife Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NB 68503 A total of forty Hy-Line 934 E individually caged hens (50 weeks of age) were used to study the influence of ovulation, oviposition, time of day and supplemental calcium upon calcium and feed intake patterns. Treatments consisted of three groups of layers (average of 72% production) fed separate diets containing 0.5%, calcium with ad libitum oyster shell, 4.0% calcium with ad libitum oyster shell, and 4.0% calcium without oyster shell and a group of non-layers fed 0.5% calcium with ad libitum oyster shell. The experiment was conducted 21 days. Each day was further designated as laying plus ovulation (LO), laying only (L), and ovulation only (O). The birds were on a 14 hour light period with individual feed and oyster shell consumption measured hourly during daylight hours. Times of oviposition were recorded to the nearest half hour. Feed and calcium intake was significantly lower (P < .01) in the non-layers. There was no significant difference in feed and calcium intake between LO days and O days. However, both LO and O days were significantly different (P < .01) from L days. Feed and calcium consumption was higher on the LO and O days, indicating a stronger "calcium intake drive" on these days. Feed and calcium intake was consistently depressed 1-2 hours before oviposition and elevated for 1 hour after oviposition. This elevation may have been due to the need to replenish energy supply or to ovulation. Time of day and shell formation had the greatest influence upon feed and calcium intake patterns.

Poultry & Wildlife Sciences, AND W. J. GOLDNER, C. R. GRAFF AND E. R. PEO, J R . , Department of

Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NB 68503

OHIO'S APPROACH TO INSTRUCTION IN AVIAN REPRODUCTION AND GROWTH R. GEORGE JAAP, Department of Poultry Science, Ohio State University, 674 West Lane Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 Ohio State University now has interdepartmental instruction in animal genetics, nutrition and physiology. Avian idiosyncrasies in reproduction and body growth have been grossly neglected in the interdepartmental physiology program. Since reproduction and growth form the basis of our

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RICHARD E. IVY AND EARL W. GLEAVES, Department

R. E. IVY AND T. W. SULLIVAN, Department of

1940

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

PROTEIN AND ENERGY INTAKE REQUIREMENTS OF CAGED TURKEY BREEDER HENS C. DEAN JACKSON, ROLLINH. THAYER, G. G. WALKER, H. L. BURRUS, R. D. MORRISON, E. C. NELSON AND

A. L. MALLE, Departments of Animal Sciences and Industry, Statistics, Biochemistry, and Veterinary Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74074 Three feeding trials were conducted with turkey breeder hens housed in individual cages. The hens were Small Broad Breasted Whites. There were 24 hens per treatment with a total of 144 hens per feeding trial. The turkey breeder hens were fed graded intake levels of protein on an ad libitum feeding basis. Actual protein intake levels ranged from 26 through 39 grams of protein per hen per day. Energy intake per hen per day in each of the three trials was 346, 351, and 361 kilocalories of metabolizable energy, respectively. Length of feeding period was 14-20 wks. Feed consumption, body weight, and egg production measurements were made at four-week intervals; and fertility and hatchability determined at one-week intervals. There were no statistically significant differences in reproductive performance or body weight change over the range of actual protein intakes obtained in the three studies. Data from the three-year study indicates that between 350 and 355 kilocalories of metabolizable energy are required per hen per day. An intake

level of 26 grams of protein per hen per day was equivalent to all other intake levels of protein up to 39 grams per hen per day in supporting reproductive performance. FACTORS AFFECTING CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF HEME AND LIPID COMPONENTS IN MECHANICALLY DEBONED TURKEY MEAT D. M. JANKY1 AND G. W. FRONING Department of

Poultry and Wildlife Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NB 68503 The effect of temperature on the oxidation rates of heme proteins in mechanically deboned turkey meat were measured using reflectance spectrophotometry. Myoglobin from this meat source was purified and its isoelectric points determined. Microheterogeneity of myoglobin was determined by electrophoretic procedures. Lipid oxidation during storage at various temperatures was measured by TBA analysis. Heme oxidation rate decreased as storage temperatures were reduced from 30° C. to —10° C. The oxidation rate constant for heme at 30° C. was 0.047 hr. _ 1 . The rate constant of lipid oxidation was the same (0.23 mg. malonaldehyde/kg. meat hr." 1 ) at temperatures above 20° C. At 20° C. to 10° C. lipid oxidation rate decreased. The lipid oxidation rate remained stable from 10° C. to 0° C , corresponding to a similar heme oxidation rate stabilization noted at these temperatures. It may be possible to correlate heme oxidation with rancidity development below -10° C. Electrophoretic patterns showed three distinct fractions for myoglobin extracted from mechanically deboned turkey meat which was similar to that previously described by other workers for myoglobin extracted from gizzard tissue. The isoelectric points of the six fractions derived from the myoglobin sample were lower than those obtained for similar fractions of myoglobin extracted from gizzard tissue. 1. Present address: Department of Poultry Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611

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poultry industry, two courses were initiated in 1966 to obviate this deficiency for poultry science majors. They are taught in alternate years and presently required for all of our majors. Prerequisites have been junior standing, a 5 quarter—credit hour course in general animal science and a 5 credit survey of poultry science and industry. During 1973, the course entitled Avian Reproduction and Egg Production utilized Bell and Freeman's 1971 review book "Physiology and Biochemistry of the Domestic Fowl, Volume 3 " as a text for the first part. Later, additional endocrine and immunological aspects were reviewed in connection with commercial egg production practices. Avian Growth and Meat Production is the subject for the 1974 alternating course. Topics planned are biological and physical attributes of growth, egg and embryonic environment, newly hatched chick and early post hatching growth of tissues and biological systems, endocrine aspects of growth, species differences, and economic aspects peculiar to each species used for meat production.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

USE OF GLUTARALDEHYDE FOR SANITIZING DUCK HATCHING EGGS W. H. JAYNES AND J. M. VANDEPOPUUERE, Depart-

ment of Poultry Husbandry, University of Missouri-Columbia, Building T-14, Columbia, MO 65201

1941

DECREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY OF CHICKS FED LINSEED MEAL TO SELENIUM TOXICITY L. S. JENSEN AND C. H. CHANG, Department of

Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602

METHANE GAS PRODUCTION Moderator W. R. JENKINS, Extension Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC 20250 Discussants R. YECK, A.R.S., U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC 20250, AND J. T. KIKER, Extension Poultry Science Department, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30601 (No abstracts submitted)

FAYE C. JOHNSON AND G. W. FRONING, Department

of Poultry and Wildlife Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NB 68503 Leghorn fowl (120), at 22 weeks of age, were randomly divided into six dietary treatments consisting of basal diet; 150 and 300 p.p.m. of sodium nitrate; 25 and 50p.p.m. sodium nitrite;88 mg./Kg. of niacin; and 88 mg./Kg. of riboflavin. The effect of canning water nitrite (0, .2, .4 and .8 p.p.m.) on color of meat from these various diets was also investigated. Color was evaluated using a Gardner color difference meter and a subjective panel evaluation. Dietary nitrates and nitrites were found to slightly but significantly increase redness of cooked meat. Added dietary niacin and riboflavin was also observed to produce fowl meat with a greater redness than the other dietary treatments. Meat was found to become darker, more red and more yellow

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Growth rate of S.C.W.L. cockerels fed a caseinHatching eggs for one day from two flocks (775 gelatin-cerelose diet was significantly depressed at and 1330 birds) of White Pekin ducks (age 80 and two weeks when 10 p.p.m. or more selenium (Se) 36 weeks) were treated on February 7, 1974, and was included in the diet. Growth was not reduced another single days production two weeks later with 10 p.p.m. Se and only slightly reduced with were taken to evaluate the effectiveness of on-farm 20 p.p.m. Se when 20% linseed meal was included fumigation and/or dipping in a 2% solution of in the diet. Including 20% soybean meal failed to glutaraldehyde ("Sonacide"). Within each flock modify the toxicity. Levels of 5 and 10% linseed the eggs were divided at random into 4 groups. Two of the groups were fumigated and two not meal were less effective in counteracting Se toxicity than was 20%. fumigated; and, within each of these groups one was immersed in the glutaraldehyde solution for Fractionation studies showed that the factor in 15 seconds and the other group not dipped. linseed meal was extracted by methanol and ethanol Ten eggs selected at random from each of the and was not destroyed by autoclaving. Ashing the ethanol extract destroyed its activity. The factor 8 groups were individually plated on Rodac plates was readily extracted by chlorof orm-methanol (2:1) for gross bacteria counts. Each group of eggs were but less effectively by acetone. A diethyl ester incubated two days after treatment. extract gave only a slight response. Washed chloEggs dipped in the glutaraldehyde solution had roform-methanol extract was inactive but the significantly fewer bacteria on the shell surface washings contained the factor. Concentrates of the in both the fumigated and untreated controls. factor were active at less than 1% of the dry matter Fumigating or dipping eggs in the glutaraldehyde of the diet. solution had no significant effect on either fertility or hatchability. The hatchability of total eggs set The results of these studies show that linseed for the two hatches averaged 66.1, 63.0, 65.1 and meal contains a heat stable, organic, polar factor 63.0% for fumigated-glutaraldehyde, fumigatedthat modifies Se toxicity in the chick. non-dipped, non-fumigated-glutaraldehyde and non-fumigated-non dipped eggs, respectively. THE EFFECT OF DIETARY CONSTITUENTS AND CANNING WATER NITRITE ON THE COLOR OF COOKED FOWL MEAT PANEL DISCUSSION

1942

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

A COMPARISON BETWEEN 3 AND 4 BIRDS HOUSED IN STAIR-STEP LAYING CAGES H. S. JOHNSON, S. F. RIDLEN, D. J. BRAY AND R.

D. ROWLAND, Department of Animal Science, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 A total of 3808 S.C.W.L. pullets were housed in 30 x 46 cm. (12" x 18") stair-step cages at densities of 3 and 4 birds per cage. The laying house, of modern design and construction, contained 4 banks of cages with 4 rows per bank. Each bank had either 3 or 4 birds per cage with half of the bank containing pullets 2 weeks older than the other half. Data were collected for 52 weeks starting when the older birds reached 21 weeks of age and the younger birds 19 weeks. Egg production and mortality were recorded daily. All eggs were shipped in two groups—one from the 4-bird cages and the other from the 3-bird cages—to a U.S.D.A. plant and graded according to quality and size. The feeding pattern was arranged so that all 3-bird cages were fed from one feed bin and all 4-bird cages from another bin. Egg production was higher on a hen-day and hen-housed basis for the birds housed 3 to a cage, and mortality was less.

EFFECT OF TRITICALE ON CHICK PERFORMANCE AS COMPARED TO OTHER FEED GRAINS N.

PAUL JOHNSTON AND L.

R.

ROBISON, Animal

Science Department, Brigham Young University, 385 WIDB, Provo, UT 84602 Three 28-day trials were conducted with White Leghorn cockerels to evaluate the feeding value of triticale. Experimental treatments consisted of 3 replicate groups of 10 chicks each. Body weight, feed conversion and nitrogen retention were observed in each trial. In the first trial chicks were fed diets of triticale, barley, white wheat, red wheat, milo or corn

supplemented only with a vitamin-mineral mix. Triticale-fed chicks were significantly heavier than all other groups. Their feed conversion was significantly less than those fed white or red wheat but significantly greater than barley-fed chicks. Triticale-fed chicks retained significantly less nitrogen than the barley group during the second week, but there were no differences in retention during the fourth week. Chemical determinations were made of essential amino acids in each grain. Six of the acid levels were highest in triticale. In trial 2 each grain treatment of trial 1 formed the base of one of six 20% protein diets. The triticale group was significantly smaller than the corn group and their feed conversion was significantly lower than the barley group. There were no differences in nitrogen retention during either the second or fourth week. Supplementing the 20% protein triticale diet with lysine and, or methionine did not improve chick performance in trial 3. In this trial the unsupplemented triticale chicks performed as well as the corn-fed group in terms of body weight, feed conversion and nitrogen retention. EFFECT OF ABRUPTLY CHANGING DIETARY ENERGY LEVELS AND ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE ON FEED CONSUMPTION AND EGG PRODUCTION OF S.C. WHITE LEGHORNS J. E. JONES, B. L. HUGHES AND B. D.

BARNETT,

Department of Poultry Science, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631 Forty-five S.C. White Leghorn hens 72 weeks of age were individually caged in 3 environmental chambers. The hens were allowed to acclimatize to the chambers for 7 days at 21 ± 1° C. environmental temperature and 60 ± 2% relative humidity. All hens were fed a diet calculated to contain 2853 (Kcal./M.E./Kg.) during this period. At the end of 7 days, 5 hens per chamber were fed one of 3 diets calculated to contain 2671, 2853, and 2992 K c a l . / M . E . / K g . The chamber temperatures were changed to 35 ± 1° C. in one unit, 4.5 ± 1°C. in another with the third chamber maintained at 21 ± 1° C. Relative humidity was held at 60 ± 2%. The hens received these treatments for 15 days. Changes in dietary energy and environmental temperature had no effect on egg production. Level of dietary energy had no significant effect on feed consumption. Body weight was significantly reduced (P < .01) for hens maintained in the 35

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following storage and canning. Higher nitrite in canning water did not consistently increase meat redness. Canning water nitrite at the 0.8 p.p.m. appeared to increase redness of chicken meat from the riboflavin and niacin diets. Dietary constituents did not influence nitrite content of the tissue. Tissue nitrates were increased by higher levels of nitrates in the diet. Riboflavin and niacin supplementation exhibited no influence of tissue levels of these two vitamins.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

± 1° C. temperature as compared to hens housed in 21 ± 1° C. or 4.5 ± 1° C. chambers. Hens housed in the 35 ± 1° C. environment consumed significantly less feed (P < .01) than those maintained at 21 ± 1° C. or 4.5 ± 1° C. Feed consumption was stabilized within two days after increasing the temperature to 35 ± 1° C. and within five days after decreasing the environmental temperature to 4.5 ± 1° C.

R. S. KATZANDD. H. BAKER, Department of Animal

Science, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 A study employing young chicks from the cross of Columbian females and New Hampshire males was initiated to investigate the utilization of methionine hydroxy analogue (MHA) as a precursor of methionine (M), cystine (C) or total sulfur-bearing amino acids (SAA) using a purified crystalline amino acid diet. The calcium salt of MHA was used and was considered to have 88.15% methionine activity. When MHA was fed as the sole source of dietary SAA, weight gain was much lower than was the case when either M alone or a combination of M and C was fed. Supplementing the MHA-containing diet with a mixture of the aliphatic amino acids, leucine, isoleucine and valine (proposed to be the most active amino donors in the conversion of MHA to M) was without benefit. With SAA activity set at 0.60% of the diet, gain responses relative to a 50:50 mixture of M and C (i.e., 100%) were: 1) 1/4 M, 1/4 C, 1/2 MHA = 98%, 2) All M = 85%, 3) 1/2 M, 1/2 MHA = 85%, 4) All MHA = 55% and 5) 1/2 C, 1/2 MHA = 50%. Additional dietary sulfate in the form of K 2 S0 4 (the basal diet contained 1744 p.p.m. SO^) had no bearing on the above comparisons. It appeared clear that MHA was most effective when fed in combination with both methionine and cystine.

E.W.

FOR

KIENHOLZ.WILLARDDOWNSANDR.I.HILLMAN,

Department of Animal Sciences, Department of Agricultural Engineering, and Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521 A food pump system was described previously (Poultry Sci. 45: 1097) explaining the developments to that point. An improved food pump system has been developed that functions with few problems, that is cheaper to build, that is more accurate in feeding the birds. Variation in weight gains has been very small with the new system. In a recent test the average standard deviation of daily weight gain was 0.60, 0.81 and 2.56 grams for four birds on food pumps, 40 birds fed ad libitum and four birds fed ad libitum, respectively. Thus, better reliability or repeatability was experienced with four birds on food pumps than with 10 times that many birds fed the widely used traditional ad libitum method. This means that in some research situations a researcher could get better results with only 1/ 10th the number of birds formerly used in his research, if the food pump system were used. A 17 minute color TV tape has been produced and shows the installation of esophageal cannulas in chicks as well as the operation of and description of the new pump system. This tape will be presented at the meeting as the paper. LEVELS OF COPPER AND ARSENIC IN THE LITTER AND LIVERS OF BROILER CHICKENS J. T. KIKER, Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, J. M. CASEY, Department of Poultry Science, Box 148, Oakwood, GA 30566, AND R. A. ISAAC, Soil Testing & Plant Analysis Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 A state wide survey involving 11 poultry firms was conducted to determine the amount of copper and arsenic in the litter of broiler houses and the corresponding level in the livers of the broilers grown in the respective houses. Litter and liver samples were systematically collected from two houses in each firm. Data were also obtained for date and number of broods since the houses were cleaned out, level and total amount of copper sulfate and arsenicals fed, type of litter and litter treatments between broods. A significant correlation was found between the

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EFFICACY OF METHIONINE HYDROXY ANALOGUE AS A SOURCE OF SULFUR AMINO ACIDS FOR YOUNG CHICKS

IMPROVED FOOD PUMP SYSTEM FEEDING EXPERIMENTAL BIRDS

1943

1944

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

EFFECT OF SPECTINOMYCIN ALONE OR IN COMBINATION WITH LINCOMYCIN ON EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED AIRSACCULITIS ASSOCIATED WITH MYCOPLASMA GALLISEPTICUM OR ESCHERICHIA COLI IN CHICKENS R. W . KlNCANNON, D . E . POLEWACZYK AND Z . ZOLLI,

JR. Agricultural and Veterinary Products Division, Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, IL 60064 Two day old chicks were infected intra-thoracically with a broth culture of Mycoplasma gallisepticum or Escherichia coli. A combination of spectinomycin and lincomycin was added to the drinking water so that each 3.8 liters contained 1.33 grams of spectinomycin activity and 0.67 grams of lincomycin activity. For comparison, lincomycin alone was added to the water at 0.67 g./3.8 1. activity and spectinomycin alone was added to the water at either 1.33 or 2.0 g./3.8 1. activity. Medication was started when the chicks were one day of age and continued for three or seven days. Mortality due to the disease was measured throughout the trial period. At four weeks of age, all survivors were weighed, killed and examined for severity of air sac lesions. At the levels tested, spectinomycin alone or in combination with lincomycin was effective in controlling both infectious systems. However, no synergistic or additive effect was noted with the combination of antibiotics when compared to the activity of either antibiotic alone. In fact, the activity of the combination appeared to be solely due to spectinomycin.

RELATIONSHIPS AMONG SHELL THICKNESS MEASUREMENTS AND EGG SHELL BREAKAGE SHARON KLINGER, D. A. PAGE, G. A. SHEMWELL, M. R. MOHLER, C. G. HAUGH, P. C. LOWE, V.

A.

GARWOOD AND W. J. STADELMAN, Department of

Animal Sciences and Agricultural Engineering, and A.R.S., U.S.D.A., Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 A shaker was designed to simulate impact loading of eggs during mechanical handling. In the first study two sets of 30 eggs from each of 48 sire families were candled to assure no cracked eggs were among the 25 eggs placed on the shaker. The shaker was operated with a 7.5 cm. stroke at 60 strokes/minute for 2 minutes with each group of 25 eggs. The eggs were then candled to identify all cracked eggs. These were broken to remove the contents and the shells were dried for measurement of thickness with a convex anvil paper thickness gauge. From each family's lot of eggs, an equal number of non-cracked eggs were also broken and shell thickness measured. In a second study 25 eggs from each sire family were collected at two different times. Relative shell thickness was determined using a beta ray backscatter procedure. All eggs were then given similar treatment to eggs in the first study with the exception that all eggs were broken for shell thickness measurement. A close relationship was found between shell thickness and incidence of egg shell damage. GENETIC DIFFERENCES IN AGGRESSIVENESS AND BODY FLESHING WITHIN AN EGG STOCK W. F. KRUEGER, J. W. BRADLEY A N D C . R. CREGER,

Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 A total of 360 commercial egg-type pullets were grouped into three grades based on body fleshing at 22 weeks of age. The three fleshing grades approximated U.S. Grades A, B and C, with the requirement that all birds have yellow shanks and skin. Forty pullets from each grade were placed on either a 15%, 17% or 18% protein diet and subsequently protein phase fed. Each diet was formulated to contain 2640 M.E. Cal./kg. of feed, 0.28% methionine, 0.74% or more lysine, 3.73% calcium and 0.54% phosphorus. All birds were housed in individual laying cages in an open-type house. Performance measurements following grouping into fleshing grades suggests considerable variation

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amount of copper fed, copper level in the litter and also in the liver. The highest level of copper in the litter was 527 p.p.m. while in the liver it was only 7.1 p.p.m. The mean concentration in the litter and liver were 276.5 and 4.9 p.p.m., respectively. No relationship was found between the levels of arsenic in the litter and in the liver, with the highest level being 43.00 and 1.56 p.p.m., respectively. The mean concentration of arsenic in the litter was 22.60 p.p.m. and 0.91 p.p.m. in the liver.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

PROTEIN, SUPPLEMENTAL METHIONINE AND INORGANIC SULFATE LEVELS FOR STARTING TURKEYS H. J. KUHL, JR. AND T. W. SULLIVAN, Department

of Poultry and Wildlife Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NB 68503 Two experiments were conducted in electrically heated batteries with Large White turkeys to 28 days of age. Six dietary treatments consisting of all combinations of three levels (0,0.05 and 0.075%) of methionine hydroxy analog (m.h.a.) and two levels (0 and 0.25%) of supplemental N a 2 S 0 4 were evaluated in the first experiment. The corn-soybean meal, basal diet contained 28% protein. A slight increase in body weight gain (4-21 grams) occurred with each level of m.h.a. and the N a 2 S 0 4 fed singly. Four-week body weights were significantly (P < 0.05) greater when N a 2 S 0 4 was fed with 0.05% (585 grams) and 0.075% m.h.a. (616 grams), as compared to poults fed the unsupplemented basal diet (536 grams). The second experiment involved a four by three factorial arrangement of the following dietary main effects: 0,0.050,0.075, and 0.100% m.h.a.; 0,0.075 and 0.15% of N a 2 S 0 4 . Calculated protein level was 26% in the corn-soybean meal, basal diet. Each increment of m.h.a. through 0.075% significantly (P < 0.05) increased body weight gain. A significant interaction occurred between m.h.a. and N a 2 S 0 4 . Addition of 0.075% N a 2 S 0 4 with 0.050 or 0.075% m.h.a. resulted in significant increases in body weight gain over those obtained with m.h.a. supplementation alone.

AVAILABILITY OF OXIDIZED SULFUR AMINO ACIDS FOR THE GROWING CHICK D. D. KUZMICKY, G. O. KOHLER, H. G. WALKER,

JR. AND B. E. MACKEY, U.S. Department of

Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Berkeley, CA 94710 In four trials, experimental diets were fed to 7-day old broiler cockerels for a period of 14 days to compare the availability of oxidized sulfur amino acids to DL-methionine. The data were analyzed by the slope-ratio technique. Chick weight gain per unit of feed consumed was the dependent variable and dietary level of supplemental amino acid was the independent variable. There were no significant differences in availability of DL, L, and D-methionine. DL, L, and D-methionine sulfoxide were all significantly less available then DLmethionine. Both the DLand D-methionine sulfoxide were significantly less available than the Lmethionine sulfoxide. No response was obtained from L-cysteic acid or DL-methionine sulfone. DETERMINING THE LYSINE MENT OF THE LAYING HEN

REQUIRE-

J. D. LATSHAW, Department of Poultry Science, Ohio State University, 674 West Lane Ave., Columbus, OH 43210 Practical ingredients were used to formulate laying diets at two different protein levels which were low in lysine. A low protein diet (14.1%) was formulated from 5% expeller processed cottonseed meal, 5% corn gluten meal (60%), and corn soybean meal for a calculated lysine content of 0.46%. A higher protein diet (16.5%) also contained 5% cottonseed meal, 5% corn gluten meal, plus 5% peanut meal, in addition to corn and soybean meal. The calculated lysine content of this diet was 0.56%. Each diet was also supplemented with 0.05, 0.10, or 0.15% lysine and fed to 32-week old hens. At the end of the fourth month of the experiment, no significant differences were found in egg production or egg weight. Treatment averages for egg production during the fourth month ranged from 74.0% to 76.8% for the eight treatments, with the production from the 0.46% lysine diet being 74.3%. Eggs laid by hens fed the 0.46% lysine diet were approximately 1.4 grams lighter than eggs from any other treatment, but the difference only approached statistical significance. With the feed consumption found in this experiment, these data would agree with the lysine

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in aggressiveness during the rearing period within the stock. At 22 weeks of age grade A pullets weighed 1441 gms., B pullets 1304 gms. and C 1196 gms. After 7 periods of production, 59 gms. separate the body weights of the A and C grade birds. Evaluating production periods 4 through 7, A grade pullets have 4% higher production than B grade pullets, and C grade pullets 1.5% greater production than B grade pullets with the difference narrowing. It is suggested that the B and C grade pullets lack the genotype for aggressiveness.

1945

1946

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

requirement for laying hens listed by the N.R.C. (0.5%). STUDIES ON THE QUANTITATION AND LOCALIZATION OF THE UTERINE CALCIUM BINDING PROTEIN R. M. LEACH, JR. AND SHARON J. SUAREZ, Depart-

ment of Poultry Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802

EFFECT OF FEEDING REGIMEN AND ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE ON LIVER FAT ACCUMULATION AND INCIDENCE OF FATTY LIVER-HEMORRHAGIC SYNDROME (FLHS) K. LEE, Department of Agriculture, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, Pine Bluff, AR 71601, AND C. J. FLEGAL AND J. H. WOLFORD, Department

of Poultry Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823 Two experiments were conducted with a commercial strain of S.C.W.L. pullets. In experiment 1, birds in treatment groups were fed a restricted amount of feed (70% rate of the control group) during either 14-20, 20-28 or 14-28

THE EFFECT OF MAREK'S DISEASE VACCINATION AND DEBEAKING ON CHICK GROWTH K. LEE AND I. S. REID, Department of Agriculture, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, Pine Bluff, AR 71606 In a 2 x 2 completely randomized factorial design, four-hundred day-old S.C.W.L. female chicks were placed in treatment combinations of Marek's disease vaccinated or non-vaccinated and debeaked or non-debeaked. Each treatment was replicated 4 times with 25 birds per replication. Chicks were reared in battery brooders with raised wire floors for a period of 4 weeks. Body weight and feed consumption were measured weekly. The immediate effect of vaccination was a significant (P < 0.05) reduction of feed intake which lasted for 2 weeks. Final body weight (4 weeks of age) was also significantly (P < 0.05) lower than non-vaccinated birds. This result may have been due to the reduction of feed intake during the early stage of life. Debeaked birds consumed significantly (P < 0.01) less feed and were significantly (P < 0.01) lower in final body weight. During the first two weeks of age, the effect of vaccination showed no significant difference from that of debeaking on body weight and feed consumption. However, debeaked birds consumed significantly (P < 0.05) less feed and were slightly lower in

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Several investigators have demonstrated that the hen's oviduct contains a vitamin D-dependent calcium binding protein similar to that found in intestinal tissue. Our interest in the uterine calcium binding protein (CaBP) was stimulated by the observation that the CaBP had electrophoretic properties similar to one of the proteins found in uterine fluid. Studies were initiated to localize and quantitate the CaBP in uterine tissue and fluids. Results showed that the uterus accounted for most of the CaBP found in the oviduct and that the activity was highest in laying hens. However, the quantity present did not appear to fluctuate according to the position of the egg in the oviduct. It was also found that tissue from two strains of hens selected for divergent shell thickness did not differ in CaBP content. The uterine CaBP was isolated and purified and antibodies prepared. Use of the fluorescent antibody technique demonstrated that the calcium binding protein was present in the mucosal epiphelial cells. The protein did not appear to be present in the tubular gland cells. Little evidence has been found to support the hypothesis that the CaBP might function in shell formation by serving as a precursor of the shell matrix as a component of uterine fluid.

weeks of age at an environmental temperature of 15.9° C. In experiment 2, birds received a restricted (no feed every third day) or an ad libitum feeding treatment with a diet containing a marginal level of lipotropic vitamins from 32-36 weeks of age at a temperature of either 22.2° C. or 30.6° C. Ad libitum feeding was practiced during 28-40 weeks (30.6° C.) and during 36-40 weeks of age (22.2° C. or 30.6° C.) in experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Restricted feeding schedules resulted in significantly (p < 0.01) lower 40-week liver wet weights and total liver fat when applied during 14-20 weeks, and during 20-28 weeks of age. Although FLHS occurred in all groups of experiment 2, changing the environmental temperature did not significantly alter total liver fat or liver wet weight. The greatest incidence of FLHS occurred in birds which were restricted fed and exposed to a temperature of 30.6° C. from 32-36 weeks of age followed by an ad libitum feeding at a temperature of 22.2° C. from 36-40 weeks of age.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

body weights at 3 and 4 weeks. Birds subjected to both vaccination and debeaking consumed the least amount of feed and were lowest in final body weight. Feed efficiency (1-28 days) was not impared by either debeaking, vaccination or debeaking plus vaccination.

W. E. LENTZ AND R. S. GOWE, Division of Animal

and Poultry Genetics, Animal Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont., Canada K1A OC6 One strain, Strain 3, was considered to have a narrow genetic base and was put under selection in 1950. The other, Strain4, originated from crosses between seven unrelated lines in 1950 and selection began among the F l ' s . The primary selection criterion in both strains was hen-housed egg numbers from housing to 273 days of age. Other selection criteria were added in later years. Initial heritability estimates were very low in Strain 4 for traits involving egg production from 386 to 497 days of age, but later estimates increased as the nonadditive variance diminished. With this exception, there were no appreciable trends in heritability estimates. Genetic correlations have shown some trends, but these too have not been dramatic. EFFECT OF DUBBING ON LAYING HOUSE PERFORMANCE IN SEVERAL STRAINS OF WHITE LEGHORNS W. E. LENTZ AND R. S. GOWE, Division of Animal

and Poultry Genetics, Animal Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont., Canada KLA OC6 Approximately half the birds from each strain in a long-term selection study had their combs removed shortly after being housed in individual cages at 147 days of age. The various strains did not respond uniformly to this treatment, but the dubbed birds tended to lay at a higher rate from 147 to 273 days, with their advantage diminishing by the end of the test period. The 225 day egg weight tended to be lower for dubbed birds, but their 350 day body weight was somewhat greater.

RELEASE OF TRYPSIN-LIKE ENZYME ACTIVITY FROM FROZEN CHICKEN SPERMATOZOA AS AN INDICATION O F ACROSOMAL DAMAGE B. A. LESSLEY AND K. I. BROWN, Department of

Poultry Science, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 674 West Lane Ave., Columbus, OH 43210 Recent ultrastructural studies on frozen spermatozoa revealing acrosomal disruption prompted investigation into the possibility of a freeze damage assay based on the release of acrosomal trypsin-like enzyme (TLE) into the seminal plasma. The procedure adopted involved freezing semen at a controlled rate to - 80° C., folio wed by transfer to liquid nitrogen. The samples were thawed and then incubated at 40° C. for three hours. Aliquots were withdrawn from the semen during the incubation, subjected to differential centrifugation, and the seminal plasma diluted in acetate buffer for storage. TLE activity was assayed using BAEE as a substrate. No difference in TLE release was observed between frozen and non-frozen samples immediately after thawing, but after three hours incubation, TLE activity in the frozen samples was 30-40 times the value for the controls. Comparison of 1.0 M levels of three cryophylactics with this technique indicated that the protection provided by DMSO and ethylene glycol was about equal, with glycerol superior to both. All were superior to no protection. Experiments with 0 to 4.0 M levels of the same cryophylactic indicated optimum protection at 2.5 M, 1.5 M, and 2.5 M for glycerol, DMSO, and ethylene glycol, respectively. Studies employing freezing rates of 10° C./min. to 200° C./min. indicated moderate decreases in damage as the rate increased toward 100° C./min., but a threshold of tolerance was reached between 100° C. and 200° C./min., with severe damage occuring at the higher rate. IDENTIFICATION AND PURIFICATION OF A TRYPSIN INHIBITOR FROM CHICKEN SEMINAL PLASMA B. A. LESSLEY AND K. I. BROWN, Department of

Poultry Science, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 674 West Lane Ave., Columbus, OH 43210 An inhibitor assay was developed based on the reduction in activity of a standard solution of pancreatic trypsin, and seminal plasma was examined for the presence of trypsin inhibitors similar

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CHANGES IN GENETIC PARAMETERS O F WHITE LEGHORN STRAINS UNDER LONG-TERM SELECTION

1947

1948

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

RELEASE OF MULTIPLE MOLECULAR WEIGHT FORMS OF TRYPSIN-LIKE ENZYME FROM FROZEN-THAWED CHICKEN SPERMATOZOA B. A. LESSLEY AND K. I. BROWN, Department of

Poultry Science, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 674 West Lane Ave., Columbus, OH 43210 Changes in the gross composition, trypsin-like enzyme (TLE) activity, and trypsin inhibitor activity of seminal plasma was examined before and after freezing by chromatography on Sephadex G-100. Analysis of the fractions produced by the separation of fresh seminal plasma indicated a peak of low molecular weight trypsin inhibitor activity and no detectable TLE activity. Fractionation of seminal plasma obtained from frozen semen immediately after thawing produced essentially the same elution profile and pattern of proteinase and inhibitor activity. Chromatography of seminal plasma from semen that had been frozen and incubated at 40° C. for 10 minutes after thawing, however, resulted in the appearance of a new protein peak with a molecular weight of about 30,000, disappearance of the trypsin inhibitor activity peak, and appearance of a TLE activity peak at a position corresponding to a molecular weight of about 130,000. Separations

performed after incremental increases in the duration of the post-thaw incubation period resulted in the sequential appearance of progressively lower molecular weight peaks of TLE activity. After one hour of incubation post thawing, four peaks were present ranging from approximately 130,000 to 30,000 in molecular weight. Longer incubations increased the amount of activity associated with these peaks, but no additional peaks appeared. EFFECT OF ADENOSINE 3', 5'-MONOPHOSPHATE ON SERINE METABOLISM IN CHICK TISSUE L. W. LUTHER AND J. R. COUCH, Department of

Biochemistry-Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, AND CRAIG N. COON, Department of Poultry Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 Day old chicks were fed an amino acid (AA) diet w / o glycine and serine alone and supplemented with 2% glycine for a period of 5 days. Chicks were injected with either .9% NaCl, 2.5 mg. cyclic 3', 5'-AMP, 5 |j.g. Actinomycin D and 2 mg. cyclic 3', 5'-AMP, fed .2% glycine and injected with .9% NaCl, or 2% glycine and 5 |xg. Actinomycin D. The injection of 2.5 mg. cyclic 3',5'-AMP and the addition of 2% glycine to the AA diet without glycine and serine increased the D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase activity in liver tissue almost 100%. This increase in activity was inhibited by Actinomycin D. Almost identical results were obtained for phosphoserine phosphatase activity and liver tissue. None of the treatments had any effect on the specific activity of glycerate dehydrogenase or serine dehydratase activity in chick liver tissue. The data suggests that there may be a de novo synthesis of D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase and phosphoserine phosphatase. The data further suggests that there may be a correlated control between glycine and cyclic 3',5'-AMP for the synthesis of serine biosynthetic enzymes in chick tissue. PROTEIN SOURCES FOR LOW LYSINE PULLET DEVELOPER RATIONS L. W. LUTHER, K. R. HAZEN AND J. R. COUCH,

Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, College Station, TX 77843 Poultry by-product meal (Treatment 2), distillers dried grains with solubles (Treatment 3) and fish meal (Treatment 4) were used in low lysine developer rations and fed to 800 autumn reared Cobb

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to those found in mammalian species. Preliminary fractionation of seminal plasma on Sephadex G-100 produced two inhibitory peaks; a weak one with molecular weight greater than 100,000, and a strong peak with molecular weight less than 10,000. Fractionation of seminal plasma on a Sephadex G-50 column calibrated with proteins of known molecular weight indicated that the low molecular weight inhibitor was a single peak with a molecular weight of about 6,000. No inhibitory activity was found in the 10,000-15,000 molecular weight range. Purification of this inhibitor from seminal plasma was carried out with an affinity chromatography technique utilizing trypsin immobilized on polyacrylamide gel, followed by gel filtration to remove minor impurities. The high molecular weight peak was further purified by anion-exchange chromatography. Rechromatography of this peak on Sephadex G-100 in an acidic buffer resulted in dissociation into free trypsin-like enzyme and the low molecular weight inhibitor, indicating that this material was a TLE-inhibitor complex with only residual inhibitory activity.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

EFFECT OF SELECTED LIGHT ENVIRONMENTS AND DEHYDRATION ON THE CHICK SUBCOMMISSURAL ORGAN R. H. MACHEMER, JR., D. C. FOSS AND L. B. CAREW,

JR., Department of Animal Sciences Bioresearch Laboratory, University of Vermont, 655 Spear Street, Burlington, VT 05401 The effects of wavelength of light and tissue dehydration (high salt intake) on the morphology and secretory activity of the subcommissural organ (SCO) were studied in broiler cockerels. Twelve birds in each light chamber were subjected to narrow band wavelengths of green (545 mm.) and red (650 mm.) light at equal energy levels. Cool white light, darkness, and a dehydrated group under cool white light were the 3 other treatments. Birds were sacrificed after 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks, the brains removed and fixed for 48 hours in Bouin's solution. Six-micron, serial, saggital sections were stained with hemotoxylin and eosin, periodic acid Schiff, or aldehyde fuchsin. PAS positive secretory material was almost entirely lacking in the SCO from the dehydrated birds. Secretory material was reduced in the SCO from chicks exposed to red light. The cellular distribution of this material was markedly altered in birds under green light. Cockerels in darkness showed a reduction in amount and rearrangement in cellular distribution of the PAS positive material. These data suggest that environmental light plays a role in the functioning of the subcommissural organ in the male chick up to ten weeks of age.

EFFECT OF INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS LEVEL ON GROWING PULLETS AND ITS SUBSEQUENT INFLUENCE DURING LAY N. D. MAGRUDER AND F. L. COUNE, Poultry Re-

search Division, Cargill Research Farm, 10383 165th Ave. N.W., Elk River, MN 55330 A total of 3800 S.C.W.L. day-old pullet chicks were housed in growing cages at a density of 17 cm./chick. All were fed a 20% protein diet until 6 weeks of age and then divided at random into a feeding regime of 4 pullet grower diets containing different levels of inorganic phosphorus; (1) 0.96%, (2) 0.45%, (3) 0.35% and (4) 0.24%. These diets were iso-protein and iso-caloric and were fed to the growing pullets from 7-20 weeks. At 20 weeks of age they were housed into layer cages at a density of 25 cm./bird and fed a 16% protein layer diet with a level of 0.45% inorganic phosphorus irrespective of former program. At the end of 20 weeks the body weight and total diet consumed/pullet, respectively, in kg. were: (1) 1.21, 5.75; (2) 1.25, 5.80; (3) 1.20, 5.71 and (4) 1.23, 5.57. Between 33-37 weeks of age, the pullets attained the following hen-day, hen-housed egg production and feed efficiency: (1) 76.0%, 73.5%, 3.36 kg.; (2)77.1%, 73.5%, 3.48 kg.; (3) 81.6%, 78.2%, 3.52 kg. and (4) 82.1%, 79.7%, 3.14 kg. In these days of ingredient shortages the data from this particular experiment demonstrate the parameters that can be used as far as inorganic phosphorus levels are concerned. EFFECT OF FEEDING SYSTEMS FOR BROILER BREEDERS ON FEED CONSUMPTION, EGG PRODUCTION, WEIGHT GAINS AND HATCHABILITY BRUCE MANNING AND JAMES MCGINNIS, Department

of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163 Two experiments were conducted with broiler breeders using different feeding systems involving daily limited feeding time and daily weighed feed. Results of the first experiment showed that reducing the feed intake of hens by limiting the feeding time to four hours per day increased egg production in comparison with an ad libitum system and decreased feed consumption approximately 8%. Essentially no differences were observed in fertility and hatchability of fertile eggs in trial 1. In trial 2, three feeding systems were employed, one involving weighed quantities of feed daily and the other involving two different timed feedings of

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Silver pullets from 43 to 168 days of age. Lysine levels were varied from .37 to .45 within each treatment in order to maintain breeders' recommended body weights. A 20% random sample of pullets was weighed at 2 week intervals to determine body weight gains. The skip-a-day program (Treatment 1) restricted to 80% normal consumption of a 17.75% protein (2857 Kcal. M.E./kg.) diet was used as the control. The pullets were hatched July 8th and were placed in the laying house November 24th. Average body weights at 22 weeks were 2355, 2508, 2232 and 2411 g. for treatments 1-4, respectively. Average egg weights were 62.9, 62.0, 61.7 and 61.2 g., respectively. Age at 25% production was 183, 179, 180.5 and 182.5 days and age at 50% production was 189, 186, 188.5 and 190 days, respectively. Average egg production was 58.18, 50.83,55.89 and 53.97% and feed conversion was 274, 328, 297 and 297 g. per egg, respectively.

1949

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1950

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF TURKEY EGGS WILLIAM W.

MARION,

Department

of

Animal

Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010 Eggs (181) were taken from three flocks of Nicholas Large White turkeys of different ages. Washed eggs, held less than 24 hr., were weighed to the nearest 0.1 g., broken and separated into component parts. Separated yolks were rolled on paper towel to remove adhering albumen. The shells were rinsed in a stream of tap water, dried in a forced air oven at 90° C. for 2 hr., cooled and weighed. Albumen weight was determined by difference. Moisture content of yolk and albumen was determined by drying duplicate 10-g. samples at 95° C. without vacuum for 1 hr., followed by vacuum at 95° C. for an additional 4 hr. for albumen, and 7 hr. for yolk. Nitrogen was determined by micro-Kjeldahl, ether extract by Goldfisch extraction using Skellysolv B. The eggs tested in this study had an average weight of 89.3 g. and consisted of 9.1% shell, 28.9% yolk and 61.9% albumen. Eggs from the University flock of yearling hens were relatively small (81.1 to 83.6 g.) and correspondingly had high proportions of yolk (33.0%). At 35 wks., the commercial flock produced eggs of 82.4 g., 9.8% shell, 26.4% yolk and 63.8% albumen. At 51 wk., or 16 wk. later, the parameters had changed to 97.6 g., 8.4%, 30.3% and 61.1%, respectively. Yolk contained 46.60% moisture, 16.33% protein and 36.17% ether extract. Albumen contained 87.30% moisture and 9.49% protein.

RELATIONSHIP OF EGG, EMBRYO, AND HATCHING WEIGHTS IN JAPANESE QUAIL H. L. MARKS, U.S.D.A., A.R.S., Southern Regional Poultry Breeding Project, University of Georgia, 107 Livestock-Poultry Bldg., Athens, GA 30601 Relationships between egg, embryo, and hatching weights of three quail lines differing in growth rate were investigated. Two of the quail lines had undergone selection for four-week body weight, while the third was a nonselected control line. Differences were present between lines for egg, embryo, and hatching weights. Chick weight as a percentage of egg weight (percent hatch weight) was 68-69 percent for the growth selected lines while only 65 percent for the nonselected control line. Phenotypic correlations between egg weight and embryo weight were of low magnitude and negative between egg weight and percent embryo weight. Large correlations were noted between egg weight and hatching weight (.7 to .8) whereas correlations between embryo weight and hatching weight were small. Although there were discrepancies between lines for relationships between egg, embryo, and hatching weights, these values were similar to those observed in the domestic fowl.

THE EFFECT OF EGG SIZE ON GROWTH RATE IN JAPANESE QUAIL H. L. MARKS, U.S.D.A., A.R.S., Southern Regional Poultry Breeding Project, University of Georgia, 107 Livestock-Poultry Bldg., Athens, GA 30601 The influence of egg size on growth in Japanese quail was investigated using quail from twenty families in each of three lines (two selected for growth rate and a nonselected control). Mean four-week body weights of the lines were 158, 130, and 82 g. with a 2.6 g. difference in egg size between the two most extreme lines. Phenotypic correlations between egg weight and two- and four-week body weight ranged from .1 to .5. Correlations between hatch weight and body weight were slightly lower (.1 to .4) while correlations between embryo weight and body weight were small. The magnitude of correlations tended to decrease with age. There was a trend for correlations in one of the growth selected lines to differ in magnitude from the other selected line and the nonselected control line.

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four and three hours daily divided into two equal periods. In this trial only slight differences were observed in egg production rate, favoring the limited time feeding systems. Fertility and hatchability of eggs were essentially the same for all treatments. A marked reduction of feed consumption was obtained with the hens given a weighed amount of feed each day in comparison with the hens fed by the limited time feeding systems. Marked differences in body weight gains were also observed in this trial with the hens receiving the weighed amount of feed per day gaining the least.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

STUDIES OF TURKEY SEMEN USING THE SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE* B. J. MARQUEZ AND F. X. OGASAWARA, Department

of Avian Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616

*This investigation was supported in part by funds from the California Turkey Federation.

POULTRY CONTRACT SETTLEMENT REPORTS AS AN AID IN TEACHING BASIC POULTRY SCIENCE G. A. MARSH, Department of Poultry Science, The Ohio State University, 674 West Lane Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 Discussion of contract settlement reports obtained from commercial sources has been found to be an effective teaching procedure in the basic course in Poultry Science at The Ohio State University. Study of these reports has been found to create interest by the introduction of an element of realism and practical application. Recently completed settlement statements have been most useful. Comparison of recent reports with those from an earlier period has been useful in demonstrating changes in the poultry industry. Study of settlement reports familiarizes the student with many industry practices such as medication, nutrient supplementation, utilization of insurance and selling by grade. It provides information of performance levels such as rate of lay, feed conversion, and distribution of egg size. Most reports demonstrate the economic value of management incentives. No difficulty has been experienced in obtaining sample settlement reports. Students are provided

copies that are duplicated with the identification of the principal parties masked. The student is required to prepare a short written evaluation of the production enterprise based on his individual study of the settlement sheet. A performance prediction for the next flock is part of this evaluation. Class discussion is centered around these predictions. EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTAL VITAMIN E IN CONTROL O F RANCIDITY IN POULTRY MEAT W. L. MARUSICH, E. D E RITTER, E. F. OGRINZ, J. KEATING, M. MITROVIC AND R. H. BUNNELL,

Animal Health Research Department and Product Development Department, Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Nutley, NJ 07110 The effect of feeding graded concentrations of dl-a-tocopheryl acetate on development of rancidity in breast muscle was studied after slaughter and storage of market weight broilers and turkeys. Malonaldehyde content, determined by the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) method, was used as the index of rancidity development during refrigerated storage at 1° C. The a-tocopherol content of both breast muscle and liver and the lipid content of breast muscle were measured to establish a correlation with the dietary vitamin E intake and the TBA value. Vitamin E was fed to broiler chickens continuously for 8 weeks at 20, 30, 40 and 60 I.U./kg. of feed starting with day-old chicks and at 80, 160, 200 and 240 I.U./kg. of feed for only the last 5 days before slaughter. All supplemental levels of vitamin E delayed the onset of rancidity with the 40 I.U./kg. fed for 8 weeks or 160 I.U./kg. fed for 5 days producing optimal effects based on TBA values. In turkeys, vitamin E was fed at 100, 200 and 400 I.U./kg. of feed to both hens and toms for 1 to 4 weeks prior to the slaughter of the hens at 20 weeks and the toms at 24 weeks. All supplemental levels of vitamin E delayed the onset of rancidity with the 200 I.U./kg. for 4 weeks or 400 I.U./kg. fed for 3 weeks yielding the optimal effects based on TBA values. Turkeys required markedly higher levels of supplemental vitamin E than broiler chickens to delay the onset of rancidity. Good correlation was found between TBA values and the a-tocopherol content of breast muscle for both broilers and turkeys.

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Turkey spermatozoa were examined morphologically with the aid of a Cambridge Stereoscan electron microscope. Mean dimensions, in microns, of normal spermatozoa were: acrosome, 1.8; head, 9.1; midpiece, 4.8; tail, 61.0; and total length, 76.7. The diameter of the head at its widest region was 0.8 microns. There was an increase in abnormal spermatozoa in yellowish semen, with coiled spermatozoa being the most prevalent abnormality. The sphericalshaped cells with a granular appearance, also present in the yellowish semen, were presumed to be large macrophages. Occasionally, macrophages filled with phagocytized spermatozoa were evident. Hens inseminated with yellowish semen had 58.8 percent fertility compared to 91.3 percent for hens inseminated with control semen.

1951

1952

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

IMPROVEMENTS IN PROTEIN QUALITY AND QUANTITY OF OATS GROATS K. MARUYAMA AND A. E. HARPER, Department of

Nutritional Science, H. L. SHANDS, Department of Agronomy, AND M. L. SUNDE, Department of Poultry Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706

%

%

%

%

Protein

Lysine

Leucine

Arginine

16 18 20

0.60 0.66 0.72

0.96 1.10 1.18

0.91 1.02 1.19

When amino acids were added to meet the N.R.C. requirement the oats diets produced growth comparable to the practical diet up to two weeks. To correct the amino acid deficiency the Goodland oats diet was supplemented with 0.55% lysine, 0.46% leucine, and 2.75% other amino acids, while the Lodi oats diet was supplemented with 0.65% lysine, 0.64% leucine, and5.95% other amino acids. Without lysine supplementation two week weights were 77.6 g. for Dal oats and 59.7 g. for Lodi oats and with the supplementation 130.5 g. for Dal oats and 123.0 g. for Lodi. When lysine deficiency was not corrected plasma lysine concentration was markedly reduced and plasma arginine moderately elevated. Supplementation of only lysine and methionine was insufficient, however Goodland oats produced the best growth followed by Dal and Lodi.

PROGESTERONE AND 17 BETA-ESTRADIOL LEVELS IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD DURING THE OVULATORY CYCLE OF THE TURKEY HEN M. M. MASHALY, M. EL-BEGEARMI AND B. C. WENT-

WORTH, Department of Poultry Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 This study was carried out to determine the relationship between plasma levels of progesterone and 17 beta-estradiol and ovulation in turkey hens. The radioimmunoassay procedure was used for the measurement of the plasma progesterone and 17 beta-estradiol and the assays were validated in our laboratory. Large White turkey hens were used. Blood samples were collected from the individuals every

EVALUATION O F PROPER HEATING O F SOYBEAN MEAL WITH THE CRESOL RED TECHNIQUE OPES MATANMI AND M. L. SUNDE, Department of

Poultry Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, AND D. D. FORSYTH, Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, 801W. Badger Road, Madison, WI 53701 Occasional problems with improperly heated soybean meal persist even though methods and rather good evaluation procedures are available. The technique of Olomucki and Bornstein will evaluate overheated as well as underheated soybean meal. Attempts have been made to determine if the 3.8 (mgs. cresol red absorbed per gm. meal) reported was the lowest safe level. The test involves absorption of cresol red during a shaking process of a specific grind on soybean meal. Samples have been furnished by State inspectors from various parts of the state for three years during the fall months. In 1973, those collected in November and December averaged 3.51 and those in January, 1974 averaged 3.64. Samples collected in 1972 and early 1973 averaged 3.66. Unheated soybean meal averaged 2.55. Chicks fed a sample testing 3.3 averaged 61.9 at one week compared with 68.3 g. for soybean meal testing 3.6. Turkeys fed the same meals averaged 129 and 138, respectively, at one week. In both tests at two weeks these differences had decreased to only a 1260 vs. 1325 and 266 vs. 271. Effects on pancreas weights were not significant except with raw soybean meal. Tentatively it appears that cresol red absorption values less than 3.55 and 3.5 are questionable for turkey poults and chicks, respectively. The test is rapid and required only modest laboratory equipment.

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The following established variety and two new high protein varieties were evaluated using chicks. Oats groats at the 80% level provided all the protein in the diet.

8 hours. Steroid levels were quantitated for each individual and expressed in relation to the time of ovulation whether they were from the same ovulatory cycle or from the subsequent cycles. The time of ovulation was considered to occur 30 minutes after oviposition. During the ovulatory cycle progesterone levels in the plasma reached a peak 3-8 hours before ovulation. The 17 beta-estradiol levels fluctuated throughout the cycle. However, when the hen did not ovulate, the levels of progesterone remained low while 17 beta-estradiol levels were higher than found in the ovulatory cycles, reaching a peak 6 hours prior to oviposition.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1953

ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS FRESENIUS VAR. ELLIPTICUS RAPER & FENNELL AS A COMMON CAUSE OF AVIAN MYCOSIS IN WASHINGTON

REFRIGERATED EGG STORAGE IN TWO LOCATIONS WITHIN A REFRIGERATOR

W. J. MATHEY, Department of Veterinary Science, Washington State University, Western Washington Research & Extension Center, Puyallup, WA 98371

Eggs were stored for five weeks either on a conventional refrigerator door or on the shelves. Half the 2 x 6 molded pulp cartons were closed and half were open. Egg weights, air cell depths, specific gravities, albumen heights, Haugh units, and U.S.D.A. interior quality scores were recorded. Egg quality loss was gradual and similar for both storage sites. Approximately 0.3 g. of weight loss per egg per week of storage was observed. Air cell size increased from initial depths of 2 cm. to 5 cm. after five weeks of refrigeration. Specific gravity decreased almost 0.03 unit, Haugh units dropped from Grade A A to low Grade A, and U.S.D.A. interior quality scores increased 2 units. Both closed and open cartons allowed similar egg quality decline.

HARD-COOKING AND PICKLING EGGS AS TEACHING AIDS A. J. MAURER, Department of Poultry Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 A single lab experiment was used to teach several egg-use and preservation practices. Students in a poultry products technology class were asked to hard-cook eggs properly, observing the effect of egg temperature, water temperature, and pierced shells on cracked shells after cooking. The eggs were than cooled at several different rates to demonstrate the effect of improper cooling on discoloration around the yolk. After the eggs were peeled, they were placed loosely into glass jars. Several pickling solutions were prepared by the students based on available recipes. The effect and role of the individual ingredients were discussed during preparation of the solutions. The heated pickling solutions were then poured over the eggs for seasoning. A final requirement of the class was that of formulating their own pickling solution based on what had been learned in the class. The students were evaluated on their interest, participation, and knowledge of the cooking and preservation practices in an exam.

ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE EFFECT ON CARDIOVASCULAR DEVELOPMENT J. D. MAY, J. W. DEATON AND L. F. KUBENA,

U.S.

Department of Agriculture, A.R.S., South Central Poultry Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 5367, Mississippi State, MS 39762 Broilers were reared in environmental chambers at 7.2, 20.0, and 32.2° C. Heart weight, plasma volume, and blood volume were determined at weekly intervals through 7 weeks and were all inversely related to environmental temperature. Allometric equations for heart weight calculated for chicks reared at 7.2 and 32.3° C. verified the greater heart/body weight ratio of chicks reared at low temperatures. Heart ventricle weights were determined when the broilers were 4 weeks old. The right and left ventricles were separated and weighed. Right ventricle weight was not always significantly affected by environmental temperature, but there was a trend to greater right ventricle weight at lower temperatures. This suggests a right ventricular hypertrophy, after rearing in the cold, that is comparable to the effect of rearing at high altitudes.

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Aspergillus fumigatus Fresenius is characterized, among other things, by conidia which are echinulate, globose to subglobose, and mostly 2.5 to 3.0 microns in diameter (range 2.0 to 3.5). The variety ellipticus differs in having conidia which are smooth or nearly so, elliptical, mostly 3.5 to 4.5 by 2.2 to 2.8 microns, but occasionally up to 5.5 by 3.0 microns. The original isolate was reported from a pus specimen from a human being. In a series of isolations from commercial poultry, fancy pheasants, and zoo specimens, the variety ellipticus was found. Judging from illustrations accompanying descriptions of the fungus in standard avian disease textbooks, the variety ellipticus is pictured, although the description given of the conidia is that of the type species.

A. J. MAURER, Department of Poultry Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706

1954

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

THE PRODUCTION OF BROILER HATCHING EGGS IN CAGES G. R. MCDANIEL, Department of Poultry Science, Agricultural Experiment Station of Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36830

MONOAMMONIUM PHOSPHATE AS A PHOSPHORUS SOURCE FOR POULTRY J. J. MCGILLIVRAY AND M. J. SMIDT, Research and

Development Division, International Minerals and Chemical Corporation, IMC Plaza, Liberty ville, IL 60048 Broiler chicks were used in eight experiments to determine the efficacy and toxicity of feed grade (FMAP) and analytical reagent grade monoammonium phosphate (AMAP) on weight gain and the efficiency of feed utilization. In three week tests using typical broiler starting diets, FMAP was 93% to 100% as effective as monobasic sodium phosphate (MSP) when fed to provide required levels of phosphorus. In a seven-week floor pen study, weight gains, feed efficiency ratios and bone ash values were similar when FMAP and feed grade dicalcium or monocalcium phosphates were fed. Weight gain and the efficiency of feed utilization were not depressed until FMAP or AMAP provided two to three times as much supplemental phosphorus as required. To determine if ammonia

EFFECT OF AGE AND INJECTION OF LYMPHOID CELLS ON THE IMMUNOLOGICAL RESPONSE OF THE CHICK J. J. MCGILLIVRAY AND M. J. SMIDT, Division of

Research and Development, International Minerals and Chemical Corporation, IMC Plaza, Liberty ville, IL 60048 When broiler chicks were injected with porcine gamma globulin as an antigen, the number of birds responding and serum antibody concentrations increased as the birds aged from one day to two weeks. Antibody serum levels then plateaued but increased again during the seventh week of life. Antigen and thymus cells obtained from birds at least six weeks of age were injected subcutaneously or intravenously into chicks ranging from one day to four weeks of age. In six of seven experiments, serum antibody levels of chicks receiving the cells were increased compared with those of chicks receiving only antigen. Subcutaneous injection of cloacal bursa cells increased serum antibody concentrations in two of three experiments. Injecting chicks with bone marrow or spleen cells or combinations of the lymphoid cells resulted in serum antibody concentrations which were similar to those of chicks injected with antigen alone. It was concluded that antibody synthesis could be increased by injecting young chickens with thymus or bursa cells obtained from older birds.

PERFORMANCE OF CENTRIFUGED WHOLE EGG FRACTIONS IN FOOD PRODUCTS C . W . McKlNNEY, O . J. COTTERILL AND R. E .

BALDWIN, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65201 Four food products were used to compare the sensory and physical properties of centrifuged and plain whole egg. Supernatant and precipitate frac-

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Performance of broiler breeders maintained in cages and artificially inseminated (A.I.) was superior to breeders maintained in the conventional manner. This advantage was manifested in the total number of hatchable eggs produced and in number of chicks per hen housed. Cage birds also had a 270 gram advantage in pounds of feed required to produce a dozen eggs. Fertility was equal to that of floor flocks; however, hatchability was lower than some of the floor flocks. The lower hatchability in the A.I. birds was due to excessive early embryonic mortality (4-9%). Embryonic mortality after 7 days of incubation was lower than that of eggs from floor flocks. Development of inseminating equipment and refinement of inseminating techniques used have reduced overall labor required by approximately one half. A semen extender was developed allowing a dilution of one part semen to one part extender without reducing fertility or hatchability. Of significant importance was the improvement in body weight gain of approximately 67 grams more per bird at 8 wks. for the off spring from males selected for the A.I. program as compared with the offspring from non-selected males used in natural matings.

toxicity was the cause, MSP or feed grade monocalcium phosphate or these phosphate sources with dibasic ammonium citrate were fed at dietary phosphate and ammonia levels comparable to those of FMAP or AMAP. The depressed performance at excess dietary levels of FMAP or AMAP was caused primarily by excess phosphate and not by ammonia toxicity. It was concluded that monoammonium phosphate was a very good phosphate source for poultry and that ammonia toxicity was not evident at reasonable dietary supplementation levels.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

URIC ACID EXCRETION AS AN INDICATOR OF DIETARY PROTEIN QUALITY AND ADEQUACY OF SOYBEAN MEAL PROCESSING R. D. MILES AND W. R. FEATHERSTON, Department

of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 Studies were conducted to evaluate uric acid excretion as an indicator of dietary protein quality, amino acid balance and adequacy of processing of soybean meal. In the first study, 15% protein diets were formulated using either whole egg protein, soybean meal, safflower meal or casein, or the latter 3 proteins supplemented with methionine, lysine and arginine, respectively. Weight gain was measured from 7 to 14 days of age. Uric excretion was determined for the last 24 hrs. of this period and expressed as mg. uric acid excreted/gm. N consumed/g. weight gain. Chicks grew more rapidly and efficiently and excreted less uric acid when the diet was supplemented with the limiting amino acid. Good agreement was noted between uric acid excretion and protein efficiency ratio (PER) as indicators of protein quality. In the second study, chicks were fed diets containing raw soybean meal or meal that was autoclaved for 10, 20, 40 or 120 min., with and without supplemental methionine and lysine. Similar chick performance, uric acid excretion and PER were noted with chicks fed

the soybean meal which was autoclaved for 20, 40 or 120 min. Poorer chick performance and PER and higher uric acid excretion was noted with chicks fed raw or 10 min. autoclaved soybean meal. Supplementation of the diets with methionine and lysine helped overcome the negative effects of inadequate heating of the soybean meal. In a third study with chicks fed lysine-arginine or leucineisoleucine imbalanced diets, uric acid excretion proved ineffective in detecting the imbalances. INFLUENCE OF HIGH FAT DIETS ON CAGED LAYERS R. I. MILLAR AND M. I. KATSOULIS, Department

of Animal Science, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881 Four experimental diets, diet 1 having no added fat, diets 2, 3 & 4 containing 5.88, 13.06 and 20.44 percent added stabilized yellow grease, respectively, were fed to S.C.W.L. pullets housed in individual cages for ten 28-day periods the first year and seven 28-day periods the second year. One-hundred sixty birds were used each year. Two replications of 20 birds per diet were evaluated on each of the diets. Vitamins, minerals and essential amino acids (methionine and lysine) in the fat supplemented diets were increased linearly to compensate for the decrease in feed intake due to their higher energy levels. Egg production of the hens was not significantly affected by the addition of fat in the diets. The inclusion of fat in the diets significantly (P < 0.01) lowered feed consumption in both experiments. Diets containing fat did not enhance body weight gains of the hens. The amount of liver and abdominal fat in the hens was not influenced by the dietary treatments. There was no significant differences in blood serum and egg yolk cholesterol concentrations between the birds on the four dietary regimes. CONSUMER RESPONSE TO GROUND TURKEY B.

F. MILLER AND H. L. ENOS, Department of

Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521 Questionnaires were distributed to cooperating families through the extension offices at three counties. A total of 174 responses were returned. A majority (61%) of the respondents had tried ground turkey. Fifteen percent of the respondents were using one pound per week while 36 percent were using none. A small number were using two

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tions were prepared by centrifugation of milled liquid whole egg. No significant differences in volume, flavor, moisture, or tenderness were found between shortened cakes made from either the fractions or the whole egg. The precipitate produced a better textured cake than whole egg or supernatant. Flavor and volume were the same for pound cakes made from all three forms of egg, but the precipitate ranked lower than whole egg or supernatant for texture, moisture, and desirability. The precipitate fraction did not contain enough heat coagulable protein to make a firm custard or acceptable cream puff shell. Supernatant produced a firmer less flavorful custard than whole egg, with no difference in smoothness or desirability. Cream puff shells made with supernatant were larger than those made with whole egg. The flavor of the centrifuged fractions was compared with whole egg in custards and a drink prepared from egg, milk and sugar. The drink and custards containing the supernatant had less flavor than whole egg. Flavor differences were not detected between the precipitate and whole egg.

1955

1956

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

CONSIDERATIONS IN THE STATISTICAL DESIGN & ANALYSIS OF BROILER PERFORMANCE TRIALS C. C. MILLER AND B. W. MAXEY, The

Upjohn

Company, Kalamazoo, MI 49001, AND ELBERT J. DAY, Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, State College, MS 39762 A discussion of the relative efficiencies of partially hierarchial and complete factorial designs in the evaluation of poultry growth promotants will be presented. Precision of measurements as affected by the design will be examined in light of growth data acquired in 19 different trials involving lincomycin hydrochloride and various coccidiostats from several locations over a period of five years. Relevant to this discussion is the required number of birds of each sex and their assignment to pens among each of several treatments. Specifically, results from designs in which equal numbers of birds per sex are housed in a single pen are compared with results obtained from designs in which birds of each sex are housed in separate pens. In order to measure consistent 2% performance differences between treatments, it will be shown that as few as three 50-bird pens per treatment and as few as three locations are required. In support of the statistical considerations, data will be offered from a total of 19 performance

trials, at six geographic locations involving 20,000 birds. THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS PARTICLE SIZES OF OYSTER SHELL AND LIMESTONE ON LAY PERFORMANCE IN LEGHORN PULLETS P. C. MILLER AND M. L. SUNDE, Department of

Poultry Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 Leghorn type pullets were fed a basal diet and either limestone flour, oyster shell flour, screened pullet size oyster shell, screened hen size oyster shell or screened coarse limestone. All 1272 birds were fed 2.5% calcium from 20 to 60 weeks of age then some were placed on a 3.5% calcium diet to 68 weeks. Egg shell rigidity was greatest from birds supplied non-flour calcium sources as compared to the flour calcium sources. Shell deformation means over the first two years were 17.1, 16.6, 16.2, 16.0, 15.2 (.001 mm.) for the cage and 17.1, 17.2, 17.1, 16.0, 15.2 for the floor treatments respectively. The various particle sizes did not consistantly influence egg weight, egg production (average 78%), feed consumption, livability, body weight, bone mineralization or egg breakage at point of lay. Increasing the calcium level near the end of the experimental period which terminated in August of three successive years did not appreciably increase shell rigidity over the lower calcium levels. Following the processing of sound eggs through a washer-grader, the observed breakage was greater than the expected breakage for deformation values above 18 (.001 mm.) indicating that rigid egg shells resist breakage. AN INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH TO POLLUTION ABATEMENT W . C . MILLS, JR., Extension Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, P.O. Box 5307, Raleigh, NC 27607 This program incorporates fly and odor control, drainage, road stabilization, bird management, waste management and beautification. The two major objectives were to: (1) control air and water pollution to an acceptable level, and (2) improve the image of the poultry farm. The second objective was to observe the effect of improved image on workers, customers and neighbors. A commercial retail egg farm was selected on a high traffic road for the initial demonstration.

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or more pounds per week. Ground turkey was used primarily as a meat patty and as a meat loaf. All members of the family enjoyed ground turkey; however, when individual family members were considered, the wife was a very good supporter of ground turkey with the husband and children showing less preference to the product. Low price, compared to ground beef, high quality and low fat were important factors in encouraging the homemaker to purchase ground turkey. Curiosity accounted for 18 to 29 percent of the first purchase of ground turkey. Demonstrations to groups concerning the use of ground turkey stimulated interest in using it and doubled the homemaker's desire to continue to use ground turkey. These presentations improved the image of ground turkey as a substitute for ground beef, decreasing the problems of using it and showing how it can help extend the food budget. These demonstrations resulted in a greater range of use of ground turkey in dishes such as chili, sausage, stroganoff, meat balls and other entrees.

1957

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

PANEL

DISCUSSION

A CASE STUDY OF EXTENSION'S ROLE IN MANAGEMENT TRAINING Moderator W. C. MILLS, JR., Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607 Discussants G. LANKFORD, Personnel Director, Holly Farms Poultry Industry, Raleigh, NC 27604 AND J. WILLIAMS, General Manager, Mid-State Farms Cooperative Co., Staley, NC 27355 (No abstracts submitted)

LASALOCID: RESISTANCE AND CROSS-RESISTANCE STUDIES IN EIMERIA TENELLA INFECTED CHICKS M.

MITROVIC AND E. G.

SCHILDKNECHT, Animal

Health Research Department, Roche Inc., Nutley, NJ 07110

Hoffmann-La

Eimeria tenella was passaged in the presence of suboptimal and optimal concentrations of lasalocid (X-537A, sodium salt) in feed. Lasalocid was equally active at concentrations of 0.006 and 0.0075% against the 10th and 20th passage of an E. tenella lasalocid exposed strain. Resistance to lasalocid could not be induced. Lasalocid administered in the feed at 0.0075% was tested in controlled battery experiments against E. tenella strains resistant to known coccidiostats in chicks. These studies demonstrated that lasalocid, at the optimal feed concentration of 0.0075%, was highly effective against sulfaquinoxaline, nicarbazin, zoalene, amprolium, clopidol and 4-hydroxyquinoline resistant E.tenella strains in chicks. Lasalocid medicated infected chicks were heavier,

converted feed more efficiently and showed less pathology and lower mortality (P s .025) than the infected unmedicated controls. Cross-resistance to lasalocid could not be demonstrated. COMPARATIVE ANTICOCCIDIAL ACTIVITY AND COMPATIBILITY OF LASALOCID IN BROILER CHICKENS M.

MITROVIC, E.

G.

SCHILDKNECHT AND W.

L.

MARUSICH, Animal Health Research Department, Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Nutley, NJ 07110 Anticoccidial activity of lasalocid (X-537A, sodium salt) at the concentration of 0.0075% in feed was compared to other commercial coccidiostats, namely nicarbazin 0.0125%, zoalene 0.0125%, amprolium and ethopabate 0.0129%, buquinolate 0.00825%, clopidol 0.0125%, sulfadimethoxine and ormetoprim 0.02% monensin sodium 0.012%, and robenidine hydrochloride 0.003%, against a mixed Eimeria infection in chickens. Efficacy wise lasalocid was equally active or superior to other anticoccidials. Lasalocid at the concentration of 0.0075% fed alone or in combination with the growth promotants (roxarsone 50g./ton, procaine penicillin 50 g./ton, zinc bacitracin 50 g./ton, lincomycin 4 g./ton, and bambermycin 10 g./ton), exhibited a high degree of anticoccidial activity against a mixed Eimeria infection in chicks. It appeared that lasalocid-growth promotant combinations are therapeutically compatible. No interference with anticoccidial activity of lasalocid could be detected. Lasalocid fed to chicks at 0.0075% in combination with the above cited growth promotants, at their respective concentrations, in the absence of infection, did not interfere with the increased growth and improved feed conversion performance elicited by the growth promotant additives. COMPARISON OF CHICKEN FLAVOR MARCIA MOHLER, SHARON KLINGER, GALE SHEMWELL,

D. E. PRATT AND W. J. STADELMAN, Food Science

Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 A study was conducted to compare flavor of control broilers with others that had been fed an anticoccidial agent, monensin, at the recommended level for the prescribed time with a 72-hour withdrawal prior to slaughter. A total of 42 birds from each treatment group were compared using a duotrio test with white meat, dark meat and liver. Extra livers from each treatment group were used. Comparisons were made with the products served

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Before any work began, on-site visits and color slides were made for the committee to make recommendations for improvement. A written work plan was provided to the client and local Extension poultry agent. He and the local horticultural agent who had experience in landscape design drew scale drawings of the areas to be improved, expanded the work plan and color coded all improvements. They supervised all work. All material and labor costs were borne by the poultryman. Results today are most encouraging. The owners are well pleased with the results. The workers appear to have more pride in their work and the retail customers are amazed at the image improvement.

1958

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

hot immediately after cooking in a pressure deep fat fryer, or with products chilled and reheated. No change in flavor was detected as a result of including the anticoccidial agent in the diet of broilers. TOXIC EFFECT OF A RADIOPROTECTANT (DMSO) ON YOUNG CHICKEN EMBRYOS

Two phases of radioprotection are underway at this station. In each, the 3 and 4-day-old embryos are treated. The first study involves selection of the resistant stocks and is a genetic study. The second is concerned with the use of radioprotectants. One radioprotectant, 2-|3-aminoethylisothiouronium-Br-HBr (AET), when administered after seven days of incubation has been shown to adversely effect the central nervous system by inducing unstable equilibrium in hatched chicks. (Morgan et al., 1969). In the present experiment, hatching eggs were used from selected radio-resistant lines of White Leghorns. One-hundred-and-forty eggs were injected with dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO): 70 at the 3-day age and 70 with 4-day embryos. In each age group were 20 with 0.02 ml. saline, 20 with 0.02 ml. of 0.9% DMSO solution, 15 with 0.05 ml. of the DMSO and 15 with 0.08 ml. of the DMSO. Survival of the saline injected eggs was good at both age levels. However, the survival of embryos from the DMSO injected eggs was very low with the two large dosages and was moderately toxic at the 0.02 level. EFFECT OF DIETARY ENERGY ON HEPATIC LIPOGENIC ENZYME ACTIVITY IN THREE STRAINS OF CHICKENS FROM DAY OF AGE TO 20 WEEKS OF AGE W. D. MORRISON AND D. C. CUNNINGHAM, Depart-

ment of Animal and Poultry Science, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont, Canada NIG 2W1 Utilizing a factorial design, 600 commercial S.C.W.L. chicks of two strains and 100 commercial broiler breeder chicks were reared on two dietary programs (replacement pullet vs. broiler diets) that differed in energy content by 441 kcal. of M.E. /kg. for the starting diet and 474 kcal. of M.E./kg. for the growing diet. Feed consumption, live weight, wet liver weight, hepatic citrate cleavage

ANTIBODY RESPONSE OF TWO INBRED LINES TO RAV-0 AND RAV-1 J. V. MOTTA AND L. B. CRITTENDEN, Animal Physi-

ology and Genetics Institute, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705 Embryos from line 100, a spontaneous producer of Rous associated virus-0 (RAV-0), and line 15, free of spontaneous RAV-0 production, were inoculated with RAV-1 and/or RAV-0. Two hatches of three experimental groups each were raised in separate but adjacent floor pens. Plasma was collected for antibody assay when the birds were sixteen weeks old. In line 100 only one of thirty-nine birds was antibody positive to RAV-0 and none produced antibody against RAV-1. Antibody production to RAV-0 in line 15 with no virus inoculation occurred in two of seventeen birds with none of the birds producing antibody to RAV-1. Inline 15 inoculated with RAV-0 seventeen of nineteen birds produced antibody against RAV-0 and none were antibody positive to RAV-1. Line 15 inoculated with RAV-1 produced antibody against it in eight of twelve birds and three of twelve had antibody to RAV-0. Line 15 inoculated with RAV-0 and RAV-1 produced antibody to RAV-1 in seven of twelve birds and two of twelve had antibody to RAV-0. Following embryo inoculation, line 100 rarely produced antibody to RAV-0 or RAV-1 indicating that this line was naturally tolerant to the endogenous RAV-0 and was made tolerant to the exogenous RAV-1, or was a poor antibody producer. Line 15 was readily infected by both viruses and pro-

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WALTER MORGAN, Animal Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57006

and malic enzyme activity were determined for two randomly chosen chicks from each strain x diet combination on the following days, 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84, 98, 112, 126, 140 and 154. Body weight (g.), average daily feed (g.), calorie (kcal./day) and protein (g.) intake were not influenced by diet but significant strain differences were apparent. Citrate cleavage and malic enzyme activity showed significant diet x strain interaction. While the high energy ration lowered the activity of the two enzymes studied, the magnitude of the change varied for each of the three strains. The lack of a significant effect of dietary energy on body weight of S.C.W.L. pullets coupled with the finding of lowered hepatic lipogenesis in those birds receiving the high energy diet has important implications for replacement pullet rations and feeding programs.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

duced antibody against them. There was also some evidence of contact transmission of RAV-0 among the birds. PERFORMANCE OF SEX-LINKED FEMALES IN REVERSE AND CONVENTIONAL LAYING CAGES F. V. MUIR AND H. C. WHELDEN, J R . , Department

One hundred and eighty 22-week-old sex-linked females were housed 3 birds per cage in 45.7 x 30.5 cm. (reverse) cages and 300 were housed at a similar density in cages measuring 30.5 x 45.7 cm. One half of the reverse and conventional cages were 35.5 cm. in height; the remainder in each case measured 30.5 cm. in height. The cage height was measured at the back of the cage. At 40 and 73 weeks of age the birds in the reversed cages were significantly heavier than those in the conventional cages. Feed consumption of the birds in the reverse cages with a height of 35.5 cm. was significantly greater than for the birds in conventional cages or reverse cages with a height of 30.5 cm. Although average egg production was higher for birds housed in reversed cages with a height of 35.5 cm., feed efficiency was reduced due to the increased feed consumption. Mortality was not significantly influenced by cage arrangement or cage height.

print and carbonless carbon paper treatments was 66.9%, 74.3% and 75.7%, respectively. PCBs were not detected (limit 0.05 p.p.m.) in any egg contents, regardless of treatment. Shells of 2, 4 and 8 day carbonless carbon paper treated eggs contained 1.66, 0.67 and 0.69 p.p.m. of PCB,* respectively. Preincubation exposure of uncontaminated hatching eggs to 24,877 p.p.m. or less of exogenous PCB,* for up to 8 days, failed to elicit any depression of hatchability. *Aroclor 1242. RELATIONSHIP OF METHIONINE LEVEL TO DERMATITIS IN TURKEY POULTS M. MURILLO AND L. S. JENSEN, Department of

Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602

Large White male poults were fed either a corn starch-soy or a corn-soy diet with varying levels of added DL methionine to four weeks of age. Growth rate and feed efficiency of poults fed the corn starch-soy diet which contained a calculated level of 0.84% total sulfur amino acids (TSSA) were significantly improved by 0.1% added methionine. Higher levels (0.2 and 0.3%) depressed body weight gain. Body weight of poults fed the corn-soy diet (0.90% TSSA) with levels of 0, 0.1 and 0.3% added methionine was 719, 869 and 914 g. and feed/gain ratios were 1.52, 1.44 and 1.38, respectively. At two weeks of age both the incidence and severity of foot-pad dermatitis was high for RESPONSE O F HATCHING EGGS TO EXpoults fed the unsupplemented basal diets. Adding OGENOUS PCB EXPOSURE methionine significantly reduced the incidence. A H. D. MULLER, Extension Poultry Science Departdermatitis on the beak associated with methionine ment, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 deficiency was also observed. Incidence of footpad dermatitis in poults fed diets supplemented When shredded carbonless carbon paper was with methionine increased with age suggesting that used as nesting material for commercial broiler factors other than methionine deficiency were breeders depressed hatchability was observed. A affecting the expression of this condition. The trial was conducted to determine the ability of results show that the current N.R.C. recommenexogenous PCB exposure to affect hatchability. dation for TSSA (0.87%) for turkey poults is too Commercial broiler type hatching eggs were low for optimum performance. exposed to shredded carbonless carbon paper containing 24,877 p.p.m. of PCB* or newsprint containing 1.36 p.p.m. PCB* for 2, 4 and 8 days. THE CHOLESTEROL PROBLEM, T H E EGG Each treatment consisting of 40 eggs, was sealed AND LIPID METABOLISM IN THE LAYING in a plastic utility bag, and held at 20° C , for the HEN duration of the treatment. Prior to incubation EDWARD C. NABER, Department of Poultry Science, samples of albumen, yolk and shell from each The Ohio State University, 674 West Lane Ave., treatment were analyzed for PCB.* At hatch, yolk Columbus, OH 43210 sacs, chicks and unhatched embryos were analyzed High blood lipid levels are positively related to for PCB.* a higher incidence of atherosclerotic disease in Hatchability of fertile eggs from control, news-

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of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Hitchner Hall, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04473

1959

1960

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

EFFECT OF PROBUCOL ON REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE AND LIVER LIPID METABOLISM IN THE LAYING HEN EDWARD C. NABER, JEREMY F. ELLIOT AND THOMAS

L. SMITH, Department of Poultry Science, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 674 West Lane Ave., Columbus, OH 43210 Studies were undertaken to study the effect of Probucol [4,4'-(Isopropylidenedithio)-Bis(2,6-di-tButylphenol] on egg production, body weight and liver lipid metabolism. When Probucol was fed to egg production type pullets at 0.05% or 0.20% of a standard breeder ration for 3 weeks, it permitted high levels of egg production (86 to 94%) and gains in body weight of 90 to 135 grams per bird. No evidence of drug toxicity was observed. Birds were sacrificed after 1,2 or 3 weeks of drug feeding, livers were quickly removed and liver slices were prepared. Lipogenesis was evaluated by observing the absolute and relative incorporation of acetate-1 ~ l4 C by the liver slices into the major lipid classes isolated by thin layer chromatography following incubation. Absolute incorporation of 14 C-acetate into total liver lipids was significantly decreased by drug

feeding. Most of the observed decrease was in incorporation into triglycerides, although some reduction was also observed in incorporation into phospholipids and cholesterol. When relative incorporation into various lipid fractions was examined, Probucol decreased 14 C-acetate incorporation into triglycerides while increased incorporation was noted in diglycerides and cholesterol. No significant changes in fatty acid and monoglyceride incorporation were observed. The data suggest that Probucol has a marked effect in limiting triglyceride synthesis in the liver without impairing ova formation of egg production in short term studies. BIOCHEMICAL BASIS OF EASE OF PEELING AND PREVENTION OF EXUDATION OF COOKED EGGS K. R. NATH, S. ANGEL AND R. C. BAKER, Department

of Poultry Science, 112 Rice Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850 Since freshly laid eggs when cooked peel with difficulty and produce a large amount of exudate, a study was undertaken to elucidate the mechanism of the cause of ease of peelability and prevention of exudation. Both the prevention of exudation and ease of peeling appeared to relate to age a n d / o r pH of egg albumen. Eggs at different ages and pH were cooked at 93° C. for 20 min. The cooked egg albumen was analyzed for free water with a modified spectrophotometer. It appeared that with an increase in pH or age of the egg, the free water in egg albumen was transformed into bound water which was not lost as exudate. The cooked albumen was in layers which came off easily. Simultaneously, thin sections (4-6 u..) of the egg albumen were examined appeared very open with a network of fibres. As the egg aged these layers and the interstitial water along with open stranded structure disappeared. However, when aged cooked eggs were exudated there were some open structures toward the periphery. The mineral composition of egg shell membranes was also examined with respect to age and pH of egg.

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humans. Intervention by low cholesterol—unsaturated fat diets usually reduces blood lipid levels. Diet studies of this type have suggested that a small reduction in occurrence of cardiovascular disease results but that no reduction in total mortality results. Considerable variation exists in the human population with regard to patterns of lipid metabolism. Normal subjects regulate body production of cholesterol in response to dietary cholesterol content with the result that dietary input plus body synthesis tends to be constant. Consumption of one or two eggs per day provides no problem for persons exhibiting normal feed back control on their own cholesterol biosynthesis. Regulation of dietary cholesterol and/or drug control of excessive cholesterol biosynthesis may be desirable for certain persons with abnormal lipid metabolism. Egg cholesterol content can be altered by various dietary and drug treatments of the hen. Cholesterol and other lipids are synthesized in the liver and transparted as lipoproteins to the ovary where they are transferred to the developing ova. As a result alteration of liver metabolism usually results in changes in egg yolk lipid composition. Whether or not eggs of altered lipid composition will be useful as food for persons with abnormal lipid metabolism remains to be demonstrated.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

RESPONSE OF LAYING HENS TO A LOW SALT DIET W. G. NESBETH, C. R. DOUGLAS AND R. H. HARMS,

1961

FEASIBILITY STUDIES ON LOWERING CHOLESTEROL IN FOODS CONTAINING EGG YOLK

Department of Poultry Science, University of Florida, S.W. Archer Road, Gainesville, FL 32611

M. W. NEWBOLD, K. R. NATH AND R. C. BAKER,

Two hundred Single Comb White Leghorn hens in advanced state of production (16 and 17 months of age) were used in individual cages in two experiments to determine response to a 16% protein all vegetable diet with no added salt. The control diet contained 0.25% added salt. The birds were kept on the low salt diet through 21 days. There was an immediate and significant decline in feed consumption which leveled off by the 9th day at approximately 50 grams per bird per day. Body weight decreased by 324 grams (20.1%) in 21 days accompanied by a significant regression of the reproductive system. Pre-experimental production was 68%, and ceased in 17 days. When birds were returned to the control diet, 79% production was obtained in 16 days. The feeding of the low salt diet significantly reduced specific gravity of eggs after the 5th day, but did not significantly affect egg weight or mortality. Feather molt occurred in a few birds on low salt in the second experiment but did not occur in the first.

The possible involvement of dietary cholesterol in atherosclerosis is a much debated issue. Eggs, because of their high level of cholesterol in the yolk, have been frequently attacked. This study was undertaken to determine the feasibility of reducing cholesterol levels in food products containing yolk. Untreated egg yolk was fractionated into three fractions by high speed centrifugation for 24 hours. Analysis of the fractions revealed that the top layer •contained almost 45% of the total cholesterol on a weight basis. The cholesterol-rich fraction was then identified with respect to iron, carbohydrate, total lipid, phosphorus and ash. This study shows that a large portion of cholesterol is found in one fraction. With this knowledge it may be possible to develop a process to lower cholesterol in liquid eggs.

N. W. NEWBOLD, R. C. BAKER AND E. J. MULNIX,

Department of Poultry Science, 112 Rice Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850 Liquid egg obtained from a commercial breaking plant was used to study the effect of degree of mixing and homogenization on some of its functional and physical properties. All eggs were commercially pasteurized. The treatments were normal plant run, mixing in a blender, and homogenization at 1500 and 2500 p.s.i. The functional properties, as determined by custard gel strength and scrambled egg texture, were not affected by the treatments. Sponge cake volume, as measured by rapeseed displacement, increased in the samples homogenized at 1500 and 2500 p.s.i. as compared to other treatments. There was a decrease in viscosity as the degree of mixing and homogenization was increased. It appears that the treatments did not alter the state of liquid egg components as polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed no differences among treatments.

THE COMBINATION LEVEL OF CHOLINE CHLORIDE AND GLYCINE FOR OPTIMUM CHICK GROWTH AXUANNGOANDC. N. COON, Department of Poultry

Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 Three experiments were conducted to determine the level of choline chloride and glycine for optimum chick growth. Day-old male broiler chicks were fed a corn-casein basal (calc. 21% protein, .04% choline, and .9% glycine plus serine) supplemented with various combinations of supplemental choline chloride and glycine for a period of eighteen days. The first experiment was a 4 x 4 factorial with zero, .14, .21, and .28% added choline chloride and zero, .9, 1.8, and 2.7% added glycine. The results from the experiment indicated that the basal diet supplemented with . 14% choline chloride and .9% glycine gave the optimum chick growth (12.07 gm. /chick/day). In the second experiment, glycine was added to the basal diet at the levels of zero, .3, .6, .9, 1.2, 1.5, and 1.8% with .14% added choline choride. The combination of .14% added choline chloride and .9% added glycine also gave the optimum growth. In the final experiment, the dietary glycine plus serine was 1.8% by adding .9% glycine to the basal diet and the choline chloride

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EFFECT OF VARIOUS TREATMENTS ON FUNCTIONAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF LIQUID WHOLE EGG

Department of Poultry Science, 112 Rice Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850

1962

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

was supplemented at levels of zero, .05, .10, .15, .20, and .25%. The experimental results indicated that the level of .05% supplemental choline chloride to a basal containing 1.8% glycine plus serine was optimum for chick growth. CIRCULATORY EFFECTS OF ACUTE ANEMIA IN THE CHICKEN

Cardiovascular changes in acute anemia were studied in 8 anesthetized, adult, Leghorn cocks by serial isovolemic exchange tranfusions of 6% dextran-70 in volumes equal to 1% of the bird's body weight. Aortic and right atrial pressures and heart rates were continuously recorded on a multichannel pen recorder. Cardiac output determinations with Indocyanine green, along with hematocrit, hemoglobin, and blood-gas analyses were made during a control period and 20 minutes after each infusion. No changes were noted until hematocrit and hemoglobin were reduced by 50% (33 to 16.3 vols. % and 10.3 to 5.4 gms. % respectively), at which time aortic blood pressure and vascular resistance were reduced, while cardiac output and pulse pressure rose. Another exchange resulted in hematocrit and hemoglobin values of 10.8 vols. % and 3.7 gms. %, and a further decrease in aortic pressure, along with increased pulse pressure and vascular resistance, although cardiac output fell to control levels. Heart rate and right atrial pressure were unchanged throughout the trials. This study indicates that cardiovascular changes in the acutely anemic chicken are an increased cardiac output and peripheral vasodilation which are sufficient to maintain oxygenation when hemoglobin levels are as low as 50% of control. REFRACTIVITY OF SELECTION FOR MULTITRAITS IN EGG-TYPE CHICKENS A. W. NORDSKOG, Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010 The important question is whether egg-type strains of chickens are reaching a plateau of production. Data from our single-trait selection experiments suggest that when selection is focused on a single highly heritable trait, as body weight or egg weight, negative genetic correlations with rate of production develop. If, subsequently, such "parameter-distorted" populations are then used

THE EMPIRICAL CAUSE OF THE DIFFERENCE IN MORTALITY BETWEEN LEGHORN BY HEAVY-BREED RECIPROCAL CROSSES A. W. NORDSKOG AND IGAL PEVZNER, Department of

Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010 When Leghorn males are crossed with heavybreed females, the pullet progeny have consistently higher adult mortality than the reciprocal cross. This is well known. Empirically, the difference is thought to be due to sex chromosomes or to a maternal effect. From 4 years of autopsy records we have not been able to find a clear difference in disease syndromes although leukosis was relatively higher in the posted birds of the Leghorn sired crosses. Recent studies showing no difference in mortality between reciprocal cross male progeny seem to rule out a simply maternal effect (Morgan et al, 1973, Poultry Sci. 51:1840). On the other hand, from two years results of a special sex chromosome segregating population developed at Iowa State, we are unable to demonstrate a simple Z chromosome effect. Tentatively, the Leghorn Z a n d / o r the heavy-breed W sex chromosome interacts in some yet unknown way with the heterotic effect generated by the breed cross which, in turn, lowers general disease resistance.

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T. E. NIGHTINGALE, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture Poultry Research Laboratory, RD 2 Box 600, Georgetown, DE 19947

as the basis for constructing an index of total performance, the heritability of the index will be low and, as a result, selection on the index will be proportionately reduced. A total performance index (I) which included body size, egg size and rate of production was constructed using the parameters estimated for each of several Leghorn lines previously selected for one or two traits. The heritability of I was highest in a randombred population (h 2 = 0.60), lowest in the lines selected for large egg size (h 2 = 0.24), and intermediate in lines selected for low body weight (0.33) and high egg rate (0.40). Selection for small body size or large egg size alone reduced the genetic variance of the index by 75 to 90 percent. These reductions are attributed to changes in gene frequencies resulting from selection or random genetic drift. If high economic importance is placed on a highly heritable trait, genetic correlations with production might become negative even after only a few generations of selection.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF TURKEY UTEROVAGINAL SPERMSTORAGE TUBULES* F. X. OGASAWARA AND B. J. MARQUEZ, Department

of Avian Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616

"This investigation was supported in part by funds from the United States Public Health Service (U.S.P.H.S. Grant FR 06138). THE INTERRELATIONSHIP OF IRON AND COBALT IN THE DIETS OF CHICKS J. D. OLSON, J. D. GARLICH, C. H. HILL AND W. M.

COLWELL, Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607 Newly hatched chicks were fed a semipurified diet containing 10 p.p.m. Fe for the first week of life. At the end of this period, a 2 x 3 factorial design was started with two levels of supplemental ferrous sulfate providing 30 p.p.m. and 100 p.p.m. Fe, with no cobalt, or 100 p.p.m. Co II andCoCl 2 , or 100 p.p.m. Co III as Co(NH 3 ) 6 Cl. These diets were fed for the subsequent three weeks. A single degree of freedom analysis revealed that lOOp.p.m. Fe produced higher hemoglobins, hematocrits, and body weights than 30 p.p.m. Fe. With both levels of Fe, Co III produced higher red blood cell counts, hematocrits, and smaller relative liver weights than did Co II. In the second experiment, chicks were fed 100 p.p.m. supplemental Fe as ferrous sulfate for the first two weeks post hatching. A 2 x 3 factorial design consisting of the following diets: the basal

diet (10 p.p.m. Fe), 100 p.p.m. supplemental Fe, with no cobalt, or 100 p.p.m. Co II, or Co HI were fed for the subsequent two weeks. With the Fe deficient and Fe adequate diets, both Co II and Co III depressed body weight gains, and increased red blood cell counts. Co III produced higher hemoglobins and hematocrits than did Co II, regardless of the level of dietary iron. It was concluded that Co III produced a greater polycythemic effect, higher hemoglobins and red blood cell counts than Co II. BIOLOGICAL POTENCY O F SELENIUM FROM ORGANIC AND INORGANIC SOURCES M. OSMAN AND J. D. LATSHAW, Department of

Poultry Science, Ohio State University, 674 West Lane Ave., Columbus, OH 43210 The relative effectiveness of selenium from sodium selenite ( N a 2 S e 0 3 ) , selenomethionine (SeMet), or selenocystine (Se-Cys) was measured by a chick assay. Chicks hatched from eggs low in selenium were fed a basal diet consisting mostly of low selenium corn and torula yeast. To the basal diet was added 10 p.p.b., 20 p.p.b., 40 p.p.b., or 60 p.p.b. of selenium from either N a 2 S e 0 3 , Se-Met, or Se-Cys. The criteria used to evaluate the effectiveness were weight gain, feed efficiency, incidence of exudative diathesis, mortality and plasma GOT levels. Additions of selenium to the basal diet significantly increased body weight at 4 weeks by about 60%. A maximum response in weight gain was achieved by the addition of only 10 p.p.b. of selenium from Na 2 Se0 3 or Se-Cys. Twenty p.p.b. of selenium from Se-Met was required for a maximum growth response. Other criteria examined supported the growth data. A moderate degree of exudative diathesis was visible on chicks of most treatments at 2 weeks of age but had disappeared by 4 weeks of age in all treatments except where fed the basal diet or the one containing 10 p.p.b. of selenium from Se-Met. The only mortality which occurred was also in these two treatments. Data will also be presented showing the selenium content of liver, breast muscle, kidney, heart, and pancreas from chicks fed the various selenium compounds.

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Turkey hens inseminated three times within a 6-day period were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital and the oviduct removed. Immediately afterward the hens were overdosed with the barbiturate, and the uterovaginal region was dissected. The tissue was pinned to a dental wax base plate and rinsed with cold 1 percent NaCl. After fixation with Karnovsky's fluid, the tissue was freeze-dried to remove the cilia. Small sections of uterovaginal tissue were mounted on aluminum stubs, coated with silver and gold, and observed with a scanning electron microscope (Cambridge Stereoscan Mark IIA). The surface of the deciliated uterovaginal area contained a network of grooves associated with pits. Contained at the bottom of the pits were the openings of sperm-storage tubules. Thirty openings were counted in a 1-mm.2 area. Diameters of the openings ranged from 10 to 20 p,. with a mean diameter of 13.5 JJU

1963

1964

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

PENICILLIN AND ROXARSONE FOR GROWTH, FEED EFFICIENCY AND PIGMENTATION IN BROILER CHICKENS W. H. OTT, W. R. COBB, A. D. MCMANUS,

G.

OLSON AND A. VAN IDERSTINE, Merck Sharp &

Dohme Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065

EFFECT OF PHASE FEEDING ISOCALORIC, NON-ISONITROGENOUS DIETS ON PERFORMANCE OF S.C. WHITE LEGHORN PULLETS A. L. PALAFOX, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii, 1825 Edmondson Road, Honolulu, HI 96822 Two hundred fifty 24-week-old S.C. White Leghorn pullets were randomized into 25 groups, 10 birds each. Each bird occupied an all-wire 25.40 cm. x 45.72 cm. laying cage in a 731.52 cm. x 1219.20 cm. building with open sides enclosed with 1.27 cm. x 1.27 cm. wire mesh cloth. A minimum of 14 hours of light daily was provided. There were five treatments, five groups each. The birds were fed isocaloric, non-isonitrogenous diets containing 15% to 18% protein from 24 to 72 weeks of age. The data showed that dietary protein level

A COMPARISON OF BROILERS GROWN IN ENVIRONMENTALLY MODIFIED AND CONVENTIONAL HOUSES AT DIFFERING POPULATION DENSITIES C. R. PARKHURST, G. R. BAUGHMAN, P. THAXTON, J. D. GARLICH AND F. W. EDENS, Department

of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607 Commercial broilers were reared in both an environmentally modified and a conventional broiler house. The houses each measured approximately 11 meters wide and 29 meters long. The environmentally modified house was light controlled, fan ventilated and insulated in the ceiling and side walls. The conventional house had side curtains and was not insulated in the ceiling. The number of birds placed within pens allowed for population densities of .07 or .08 sq. meter per bird. Two separate eight week trials were conducted each utilizing 9200 birds. A 2 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement was used in each trial. The following parameters were determined: body weight, feed conversion, mortality, feathering and brooder fuel consumption. Population densities were not as effectual as housing type. Body weights were not greatly affected by density or housing. Feed conversion, mortality, feathering and brooder fuel consumption favored the environmentally modified house.

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Twenty-two trials were conducted over a period of 12 months to evaluate the effectiveness of additions of 2.6-55 p.p.m. penicillin (as procaine penicillin) and 0.005% roxarsone to feed medicated with AMPROL Hi-E (125 p.p.m. amprolium plus 40 p.p.m. ethopabate) for increasing weight gains and for improving feed efficiency and pigmentation in commercial broiler chickens grown to 8 weeks of age at a research farm in New Jersey. Each trial was run in a masonry poultry house with peanut hull litter and approximately 0.093 m.2 floor space per bird. Each treatment in a trial was fed to at least one group of 100 birds of one sex. At 3 weeks of age the birds were inoculated via feed with a mixed culture of Eimeria acervulina, E. brunetti, E. maxima, E. necatrix and E. tenella expected to cause subclinical disease but no mortality. Addition of 2.6 p.p.m. penicillin to the AMPROL Hi-E-medicated feed significantly increased weight gains (+1.6%, P < 0.01) but not feed efficiency (+0.5%, P ~ 0.2). Addition of 55 p.p.m. penicillin to the AMPROL Hi-E-medicated feed significantly increased weight gains (+2.0%, P < 0.01) and feed efficiency (+1.6%, P < 0.01) above the performances of the birds fed 2.6 p.p.m. penicillin and AMPROL Hi-E. Pigmentation was significantly improved by addition of roxarsone.

significantly affected egg production. From 24 to 32 weeks, pullets fed 18% protein significantly produced more eggs than those fed 16% and 17% protein. Pullets fed 16% and 17% protein were similar in egg production. From 32 to 40 weeks, pullets fed 17% protein produced significantly more eggs than those fed 16% protein. From 40 to 64 weeks, those fed 15% and 16% protein did not significantly differ in egg production. From 64 to 72 weeks, pullets fed 16% protein produced as well as those fed 17% and 18% protein. Protein level did not significantly affect feed consumption, body weight and livability. Phase feeding protein did not significantly affect feed per egg produced from 24 to 40 weeks, but phase feeding protein significantly affected feed per egg produced from 40 to 72 weeks of age.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

HONORS RESEARCH AS A RECRUITING TOOL FOR POULTRY SCIENCE C. R. PARKHURST AND R. E. COOK, Department of

Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Box 5307, Raleigh, NC 27607

A MODEL CLASSROOM FOR TEACHING POULTRY SCIENCE C. R. PARKHURST AND D. M. JENKINS, Departments

of Poultry Science and Agricultural Information, North Carolina State University, Box 5307, Raleigh, NC 27607 A conventional classroom was renovated to meet the needs of teaching Poultry Science courses. The seating in the classroom has been placed in a U-shaped arrangement with double rows of seats around the U. Both rows of seats are on risers to improve the view. The room was carpeted and the windows were draped with acoustical drapes, The open seating design allows for demonstrational equipment such as a physiograph to be used in conjunction with the lecture. The lecturer can move freely about the room and be in view of the students when demonstrating or emphasizing certain aspects of Poultry Science. The room was designed so that a movie projector and two slide projectors are located in the back of the room. These can be operated from the speakers podium. Two ceiling mounted corner screens accommodate

the slide projectors. A ceiling mounted electric screen complements the movie and overhead projectors. This classroom was designed as a model for renovation of classrooms in the School of Agriculture and Life Sciences at North Carolina State University. IMMUNOLOGICAL MATURATION IN T H E CHICKEN L. T. PATTERSON, M. J. BLYTHE AND C. S. HOUSE,

Department of Animal Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 The ability of chickens to mount an immune response at different ages was studied using several antigenic stimuli. Chickens, 5 to 33 days of age, were injected with the appropriate antigen, and responses were measured one weekafter challenge. Antigen groups, including Salmonella pullorum, rabbit red blood cells, and bovine serum albumin, contained at least 6 birds. The immune responses measured included testing serum for agglutinins against salmonella, rabbit RBC, and the production of anaphylaxis with BSA. Chicks 1 week of age or less responded to S. pullorum with a mean titer of 1:10; two week old birds had a mean titer of 1:50. This gradual increase continued until the 4th week and levelled off. Rabbit RBC produced closely parallel results. Induction of anaphylactic shock suggested a different maturation rate. Chicks less than 1 week of age produced no appreciable reactions. Approximately 30% of those 2 weeks of age and 75% of those 3 and 4 weeks of age reacted moderately. Five week old birds experienced severe reactions in 15% of cases and moderate in 60%. On the basis of these data it appears that the ability of chicks to respond to these types of antigens is minimal at hatching and for at least 1 week. A small percentage of birds respond by 2 weeks; the percentage responding and maximum antibody level continues to increase until the fourth week. In the anaphylactic response complete maturation was not demonstrated in these tests. FACTORS INFLUENCING SPECIFIC GRAVITY TECHNIQUE AS A MEASUREMENT OF SHELL QUALITY C. F. PETERSEN, HAU LEI AND E. A.

SAUTER,

Department of Animal Industries, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83843 Room temperature, solution temperature and volume of salt solutions were studied in an experiment with groups of eggs of four previously deter-

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The School of Agriculture and Life Sciences at North Carolina State University has developed a strong program in undergraduate Honors Research. This program is limited to Juniors and Seniors who have scholastic averages of 3.0 or better on a 4.0 scale. The program has grown to the point where approximately 75 students per year do individual research projects with cooperating faculty. The Poultry Science Department has been one of the most popular areas with Honors Research students. Poultry Science lends itself well to these projects because of the rapid growth rate and generation time of poultry species. Limited research budgets are made available to the cooperating faculty for these projects. Students from Animal Science, Agricultural Engineering, Microbiology, Zoology, Wildlife, Food Science and Poultry Science have participated in these projects. The Honors Research program has given Poultry Science wide exposure to students of other areas and we have gained a good portion of these students as either undergraduate or graduate students.

1965

1966

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

FURTHER STUDIES CHICKENS

ON SYNOVITIS

IN

E. H. PETERSON, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 Peterson (Poultry Sci. 52: 2073, 1973) presented evidence that an unidentified organism may be associated with Mycoplasma synoviae infections, and cause interference with testing of chickens with M. synoviae antigens. The said organism may since have been isolated, and if so, is a Gram-negative bacillus tentatively classified as an Alcaligenes. Isolation was first made from yolk embryo cultures from tracheas and spleens. Development may occur in living embryos without mortality. Embryonic hemorrhages are present. Isolation was made from 3/64 uninoculated embryos indicating vertical transmission. While growth is vigorous under optimum conditions, isolation is most difficult from tissues. The bacillus possesses extreme aerobic growth requirements. Smeared agar surfaces from clinical material are usually negative, and growth in broths is severely repressed by the presence of added tissue. Surface agar colonies are vigorous; subsurface colonies do not form. There may be in- vitro resistance to all antibiotics. Dual infections with M. synoviae via the foot pads in a small number of birds induced a synovitis-tendonitis syndrome not described in the literature, but typical of lesions seen in commercial birds. Atypical reactions were observed with M. synoviae antigens.

USING THE COMPUTER AS AN INSTRUCTIONAL TOOL PHILLIP

E.

PLUMART,

Department

of

Animal

Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57006 South Dakota State University is utilizing the computer in several ways as a tool to assist in instruction and problem solving in classes on campus and in County Extension offices. The cathode ray tube terminal is used extensively in computer augmented instruction in biology. A mini-module on Sex Determination in the Domestic Fowl is used as a demonstration to inform students and the public on the basic technique and capabilities of utilizing a conversational mode with the computer to learn, review, or test one's self in a subject matter area. A touch-tone telephone terminal is used in poultry and feed technology classes to demonstrate least-cost ration formulation and to show how the change in variables such as ingredient availability, price, etc. alter the ration formulation. Typewriter terminals are used in poultry classes to demonstrate how variables in flock performance, egg income, or cost of feed affect the cost of production or profit. Typewriter terminals are also used in county extension offices for layer flock production summaries, layer flock business analysis, least-cost ration formulation and gain and cost of gain projections for feedlot cattle, simulation of cattle cross-breeding systems and several other problem solving areas. TOXICITY AND WITHDRAWAL RATES OF DDT FROM CHICKENS TREATED WITH DIPHENYLHYDANTOIN D. POLIN AND R. K. RINGER, Poultry

Science

Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 Two experiments were conducted using sexseparated broiler-type chickens to determine the toxic effects of feeding diphenylhydantoin (DPH), a reported microsomal enzyme inducer and clinical drug. Levels of 10 and 100 p.p.m. DPH in the diet had no effect on feed intake, body weight gain, or appearance when fed to chickens 6 to 9 weeks of age. Birds fed 1000 or 2500 p.p.m. DPH manifested a hemorrhagic syndrome, marked excitability, and a condition mimicking the stance of encephalomalcia. Packed cell volume, rbc and hemoglobin values were also significantly reduced. Subsequently, a no-effect (100 p.p.m. level) and borderline-effect (250 p.p.m. level) dose were se-

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mined specific gravity values. Room and solution temperatures did not affect specific gravity readings when prepared and stored at a given temperature. Solutions prepared at one temperature and stored and used at a different temperature did affect specific gravity values of eggs. A small but significant difference was also found between solution volumes of 1000 and 3000 ml. The influence of egg washing, storage temperature and days of storage upon specific gravity readings was investigated in a second series of experiments. Washing did not affect specific gravity of eggs on the day of production but did result in a more rapid decrease in values with increasing age of eggs stored at four different temperatures. Eggs stored at 0 and 20° C. had higher decreasing rates of specific gravity by day than eggs stored at 5 and 10° C. Humidity as well as temperature influenced both specific gravity readings and egg weight loss. The average decrease in specific gravity for all treatments was 0.001 unit per day.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

lected to determine the withdrawal rate of DDT in chickens fed 2.5 or 15.0 p.p.m. of the pesticide. DDT and DDE levels in adipose tissue did not decline faster in DPH-treated chickens previously fed 2.5 or 15.0 p.p.m. DDT for 5 weeks. However, livers from DPH-treated chickens showed faster withdrawal rates of DDD from livers of chickens fed 15.0 p.p.m. DDT, and the response was related to DPH levels in the diet.

L. M. POTTER, W. L. BEANE, J. A. CHERRY AND

J. R. SHELTON, Department of Poultry Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061 An experiment involving 1600 Cobb x Shaver broiler chickens divided into 32 pens and fed 16 diets in a 2 x 2 x 4 factorial design was conducted. A commercial zinc-methionine complex (Zinpro40) added to the diets failed to significantly affect body weights and feed efficiencies. The broilers were fed starter diets containing 20.5, 22.5, 24.5 and 26.5% protein and finisher diets containing 17.5, 19.5, 21.5 and 23.5% protein. Corresponding body weights were 694, 713, 719 and 717 g. (P .05 = 12 g.) at 4 weeks and 1715, 1775, 1796 and 1783 g. (P .05 = 42 g.) at 8 weeks. The lowest protein levels also produced significantly reduced feed efficiencies. The addition of 0.15% methionine to the diets significantly increased body weights at 2 and 4 weeks and feed efficiencies at 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks of age. Methionine failed to significantly increase body weights at 6 and 8 weeks. Four-week body weights of broilers in two previous experiments and in this experiment were related with the percentage of protein, lysine, methionine or sulfur amino acids in the diet. Plots of body weights against percent of sulfur amino acids indicated that the requirement of sulfur amino acids for broilers to 4 weeks of age is between 0.87 and 0.92%.

DRIED WHEY PRODUCT, MENHADEN FISH MEAL, METHIONINE AND ERYTHROMYCIN IN DIETS OF YOUNG TURKEYS L. M. POTTER AND J. R. SHELTON, Department of

Poultry Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061 In each of two identical experiments, 432 poults of a medium size strain were divided into 48 pens and fed 24 diets in a 2 x 2 x 3 x 2 factorial design to eight weeks of age. Eight-week body weights of turkeys were increased 2.6% from 5% added dried whey product, 9.3% from 5% added menhaden fish meal, and 6.2 and 7.3% from 0.2 and 0.4% added methionine, respectively. Erythromycin added at 10 grams per ton failed to increase body weights. Eight-week body weights increased 5.4 and 0.2% from 5% added dried whey product when diets contained 0 and 5% menhaden fish meal, 12.1 and 6.6% from 5% added menhaden fish meal when added to diets containing 0 and 5% dried whey product, respectively. These data indicate that a common growth factor is present in these two ingredients and is about twice as concentrated in menhaden fish meal as it is in dried whey product. Although an interaction between methionine and dried whey product or fish meal was observed, the amount of methionine or of sulfur amino acids in the dried whey product or in the menhaden fish meal does not logically explain the observed increase in body weight observed from the dried whey product or the menhaden fish meal. METHIONINE AND PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS OF YOUNG TURKEYS L. M. POTTER AND J. R. SHELTON, Department of

Poultry Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061 Body weights and feed consumptions of medium size turkeys fed diets varying in protein and added DL-methionine were measured in seven trials each involving 24 diets. All diets contained 5% fish meal, 2.5% meat and bone meal, 1.5% corn distillers dried grains with solubles, 2.74% mineral ingredients and 0.2% vitamin premix, but varied in amounts of ground yellow corn and dehulled soybean meal. In two trials, each with 432 sexed poults, 4-week body weights increased an average of 11.0% per 3% added protein between 21 to 30%, and 4.6% per 0.05% added DL-methionine between 0 to 0.25%. Four-week body weights appeared to be a function

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ZINPRO, METHIONINE AND PROTEIN AS VARIABLES IN DIETS O F BROILERS RAISED

1967

1968

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

EFFECTS OF DIETARY TRYPTOPHAN LEVELS ON BODY WEIGHTS AND BODY COMPOSITION OF BROILER BREEDER PULLETS T. S. POWELL AND M. H. GEHLE, Department of

Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Box 5307, Raleigh, NC 27607 An experiment was conducted to determine if the limiting of tryptophan in a broiler breeder pullet diet would reduce body weight prior to moving birds into the breeder house. All diets contained 15% protein and 2800 kcal. of metabolizable energy per kg. Treatments employed were as follows: (1) 0.150% tryptophan, no supplemental niacin; (2) 0.150% tryptophan with supplemental niacin, diet was limit fed daily; (3) 0.150% tryptophan with supplemental niacin; (4) 0.125% tryptophan with supplemental niacin; and (5) 0.100% tryptophan with supplemental niacin. The pullets were put on experimental diets at two weeks of age. Body composition was determined at 13 and 22 weeks of age. At five, eight, 13 and 22 weeks of age, the birds on limited feed weighed significantly less than all other birds. Birds fed the diet containing .150% tryptophan with no added niacin were the heaviest at each weigh period. Lowering the tryptophan level lowered body weight. Feed consumed per bird was also lowered with lower tryptophan levels. However, feed per gain was increased with each decrease in tryptophan level. Body composition determinations indicated that lower tryptophan

levels resulted in an increase in total lipid content of the bird. INCREASED AIR PRESSURE BEFORE INCUBATION AND HATCHABILITY O F CHICKEN EGGS GHAZI QADOUMI, J. M. VANDEPOPULIERE AND A. B.

STEPHENSON, Department of Poultry Husbandry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65210 Prior to incubation, 2850 eggs from 8-10 monthold Arbor Acre pullets mated with Ledbreast cockerels were held without turning at 13° C. (55° F.) and 75% relative humidity, except during pressure treatment when the room temperature was 20° C. (68° F.). These eggs were distributed over 3 hatches. Within each storage period the eggs were divided into three groups with ages at setting time of 3-7, 10-14, and 17-21 days. Eggs were assigned at random to a control or treatment group. The treatment consisted of an environment of 15 p.s.i. air pressure in a modified autoclave for a period of 2 days immediately before incubation. Within the 3-7 day age group, eggs held under pressure had a mean hatchability over 3 hatches of 86% based on total eggs set which was 3% greater than the control. The treated eggs had 4% fewer cull chicks. The 10-14 day group showed little influence from the pressure treatment. The 17-21 day group had 5% lower hatchability than the controls. With the number of replications and within lot variation in this experiment, these differences were not statistically significant at the 5% level. In all age groups the treated eggs had a shorter incubation time. DIETARY AIDS TO LAYING HOUSE RECOVERY OF ECONOMY-REARED PULLETS JOHN H. QUINSENBERRY, HECTOR BENITEZ, CYNTHIA A. BROWN AND DORA M. BROWN, Department of

Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 Because of the phenomenal rise in costs of feed and dietary additives in 1973 many pullets, including those of the Texas A&M Poultry Department, were raised on a low-cost basis. Because of the continued high feed and additive costs for the layers most egg producers were concerned with the potential use of low-cost but high-performing laying diets. To obtain some data in this area which would continue to be of value to egg producers the current experiment was designed. Four diets were formulated, a so-called economy feed; a positive control diet previously used with good results in this

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of total sulfur amino acids in the diets. In three additional trials, 4-week body weights appeared to plateau when diets contained 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5% added DL-methionine at each level of protein, i.e., 21, 24, 27, and 30%. However, body weights increased 14.7% per 3% added protein between 21 and 27%, and 11.9% per 0.1% added DL-methionine between 0 to 0.2%. Maximum body weights were obtained with about 0.83, 0.95 and 1.03% sulfur amino acids in the 21, 24 and 27 (or 30)% protein diets, respectively. In two trials, each with about 356 sexed poults divided into 48 pens, 4 to 8-week body weight gains were increased about 6.3% per 3% protein between 18 and 24%, and 8.9% for the first 0.1% added DL-methionine and tend to plateau with 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5% added DL-methionine. Maximum body weight gains were obtained with about 0.70, 0.82 and 0.90% sulfur amino acids in the 18, 21 and 24 (or 27)% protein diets, respectively.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

ANTICOCCIDIAL GUIDELINES T. V. RAINES AND A. R. GABUTEN, Bureau of

Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD 20852 Anticoccidial efficacy and safety documentation in chickens requires controlled battery and floor pen experiments and limited commercial use under an approved investigational new animal drug application. In batteries, single and mixed Eimeria sp. infections should cause sufficient control mortality and/or morbidity to "put the drug to the test." Recent isolates of claimed species exposed to modern coccidiostats are required inocula. If for control of outbreaks, time titration experiments must demonstrate efficacy when chickens are medicated 48-72 hours after oocyst inoculation. Floor pen experiments should demonstrate claimed efficacy against the mixture of coccidia under simulated use. Extramural confirmation is required on battery and floor pen data. Drug must be anticoccidial and stable in finished feed. Feed and/or water must be assayed for drug content. Proportioners, if recommended, must be shown to deliver correct dosages. Commercial trials are necessary in at least three geographic areas. Safety data are required in classes of chickens indicated, i.e. broilers, replacements and/or breeders. Laboratory animal, tissue and/or egg residue data must demonstrate human safety of edible poultry products. Detailed guidelines are available from the authors.

INVESTIGATING REPORTED ANTICOCCIDIAL FAILURES T. V. RAINES, A. R. GABUTEN AND W. L. GRAVES,

Bureau of Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD 20854 Reported anticoccidial failures should be promptly investigated and complete flock history obtained. Determining the flock problem, which may not be coccidiosis, is important. Concomitant infections may reduce anticoccidial ingestion by reducing feed consumption. Dead chickens and those showing signs typical of flock condition should be necropsied. Macroscopic and microscopic examinations of lesions are important. Differentiation between coccidiosis and coccidiasis may resolve misunderstandings but making this distinction with Eimeria acervulina is difficult. Attempts to speciate the coccidia are useful. Oocysts should be shipped to the laboratory in 2% potassium dichromate. Air space should be provided in specimen jars. Feed for drug assay should be obtained from feeders. Determining when change to this feed lot was made may be relevant. Ascertaining whether pellet binders were used could be significant. In the laboratory, oocyst passage through susceptible chickens and subsequent battery studies are indicated to determine drug susceptibility or tolerance. Reports of these investigations must be filed with this agency in accordance with 135.14a of the Code of Federal Regulations. MINIMUM VITAMIN REQUIREMENTS AND APPARENT VITAMIN INTERRELATIONSHIPS FOR GROWTH IN JAPANESE QUAIL (COTURNIX COTURN1X JAPONIC A) VAMA RAMACHANDRAN AND G. H. ARSCOTT, Depart-

ment of Poultry Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 Experiments were conducted to determine the minimum vitamin requirements (MVR) and vitamin interrelationships for growth of quail (0-2 weeks) using a glucose monohydrate-isolated soybean protein diet. The first trial evaluated previously established MVR from our laboratory. A mixture of these vitamins did not support adequate growth and livability in the absence of high levels of the non-required vitamins (NVR). Accordingly experiments were conducted to re-evaluate the MVR for the required vitamins (RV) in the absence of the

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Department; a protein phase-feeding program and an energy phase feeding program. The economy feed gave the poorest egg production and poorest feed efficiency. The positive control diet gave intermediate egg production and feed efficiency but the largest egg size. Both phase feeding programs were tops in egg production and feed efficiency but minutely lower in egg size. Results of this experiment corroborate previous reports from this Department that phase feeding, if properly designed, results in the lowest cost of production and may help to offset possible deleterious carryover effects of low-cost pullet rearing practices.

1969

1970

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

EFFECTS OF TWO ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURES ON PERFORMANCE OF CAGE LAYERS J. A. RANSON, C. L. QUARLES AND H. F.

KUNG,

Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521 Using four lines of Leghorn layers an experiment was conducted to compare productive performance at environmental temperatures of 16 and 29 degrees centigrade ( C ) . Body weights, egg production, feed intake, egg weights, specific gravity and grams of feed per gram of eggs were determined. Layers kept in the cooler chamber produced an average of 4 percent more eggs than the layers in the warmer chamber. Egg weights in the 29° C. chamber averaged 4.7 grams smaller. A temperature by time interaction occurred, thus indicating that the layers in the warmer chamber may have adjusted to the higher temperatures later in the production cycle. Layers in the cooler chamber laid more eggs; however, it took significantly less feed to produce a dozen eggs in the warmer chamber. Specific gravity was consistently lower in the warmer chamber.

EFFECTS OF POLYPHOSPHATES ON THE FLAVOR VOLATILES OF POULTRY MEAT CH. S. RAO, T. C. CHEN, B. C. DILWORTH AND E.

J. DAY, Poultry Science Department, Mississippi State University, P.O. Box 5188, Mississippi State, MS 39762 Addition of polyphosphates enhanced the meaty aroma of canned poultry meat. Hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan concentrations were found to be higher for the polyphosphates treated samples and were proportional to the amount of polyphosphates added. The reverse situation was observed for both the saturated and the unsaturated carbonyl volatiles. Ammonia and malonaldehydes were also lower for the treated samples than for the control samples. A similar but a much greater effect for the polyphosphates on the flavor volatile production was obtained during the cooking process. Polyphosphates significantly increased the yields of sulfur containing volatiles and decreased the carbonyls. The reduction in yields of 2,4 dinitrophenyl-hydrazones (2,4 DNP'S) was greater in meat than in depot fat samples. No sulfur containing volatile derivatives was detected for both the treated and the controlled depot fat samples. The change in volatile production during cooking was not due to the slight alteration of pH which resulted from adding polyphosphates to the samples. The color of the 2,4 DNP'S obtained from the treated samples were different from those of the control samples. This difference in color suggested a possible qualitative difference for the carbonyls. GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION OF DWARF AND NORMAL SIBS IN DIVERSE GENETIC BACKGROUNDS P. R. K. REDDY, R. W. UDALE AND P. B. SIEGEL,

Poultry Science Department, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061 Meat-type Dwdw males were mated to White Rock females from lines selected for high (HW) and low (LW) juvenile body weight. Two successive backcrosses of Dwdw males with pullets from the selected lines gave progeny that were 75 and 87.5% of the selected line. Comparisons, within each generation, were made between dwarf and normal sisters. Although the depressive effect of dw on growth (body weight and shank length) was cumulative in both lines to 12 weeks of age, the relative total effect of dw was about 10% greater in the LW than in the HW line. While dw did

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NVR. MVR/kg. of diet for the added RV were: vitamin A (I.U.) 825, vitamin D 3 (I.C.U.) 750, thiamine HCl (mg.) 6, riboflavin (mg.) 8, d-Ca-pantothenate (mg.) 25, pyridoxine HCl (mg.) 6, niacin (mg.) 40, choline (mg.) 1302. When the newly established MVR were compared with our earlier findings in the presence or absence of the NVR the following was observed: Vitamins C (20 mg./kg.) and B 12 (100 mcg./kg.) improved growth and livability when supplemented with thiamine HCl (2 mg./kg.), riboflavin (4 mg./kg.), d-Ca-pantothenate (15 mg./kg.), pyridoxine HCl (0.5 mg./kg.). Folic acid (10 mg./kg.) and vitamin B 12 (100 mg./kg.) seemed to spare choline (870 mg./kg.). The NVR exerted no effect on niacin. It appears therefore that vitamins not normally required may markedly influence the performance of quail in the presence of low levels of RV.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

THE FEEDING VALUE OF BIRD RESISTANT SORGHUM GRAINS K. E. RrNEHART, R. A. ZIMMERMAN, D. C. SNET-

SINGER AND D. E. GREENE, Poultry Research

Department, Ralston Purina Company, 835 South Eighth Street, St. Louis, MO 63188 Bird resistant sorghum grains have been reported inferior to regular hybrids for monogastric feeding due to higher tannic acid content. Studies were conducted at the Purina Research Farm to determine if amino acid and energy content are different between bird resistant and regular hybrids. Classical metabolizable energy studies with broilers showed bird resistant to contain 7-8% less calories than regular hybrids. Available lysine content, as measured by a broiler growth assay, ranged from 10-20% below regular hybrids. Performance comparisons with layers confirmed that both amino acid and energy values for bird resistant were below that for normal sorghum hybrids. Both broiler and layer evaluations indicated that a commercial source of tannic acid added to the ration affected performance differently than an equal tannic acid contribution from sorghum grain. The commercial source of tannic acid reduced consumption and subsequent performance while higher tannic acid sorghums caused increased consumption. Our work confirmed an average of 10% lower feeding value for bird resistant as compared to regular sorghum hybrids. This may be due to a reduced nutrient availability or digestibility rather than to tannic acid per se. This and other reports on bird resistant sorghums suggest a need for coordination between plant geneticists and animal nutritionists in the development of mutually beneficial feed ingredients.

STUDIES ON T H E CAUSE, PREVENTION AND ARTIFICIAL CREATION OF PIMPLED EGG SHELLS D. A. ROLAND, S R . , J. B. THOMPSON, R. A. VOITLE

AND R. H. HARMS, Department of Poultry Science, University of Florida, S.W. Archer Road, Gainesville, FL 32611 Several experiments were conducted to determine the cause and prevention of, as well as the relation of the hen's age to pimpled egg shells. Studies indicate that there are at least two major types of pimpled shells. One in which the pimples attach only to the exterior surface of the shell and are easily removed and those in which pimples attach to the egg anywhere between the shell membrane and below the exterior surface of the shell. By carefully removing the outer shell from the top of the pimple a cavity can b e observed. In the cavity a brownish-white powder like substance is observed. This material contained approximately 30% calcium. The uterus and isthmus of birds laying pimpled eggs also contained material very similar to that in the cavity of pimples. It contained approximately 20% calcium. Douching the uterus of hens with 0. IN HC1 had no influence on the incidence or severity of pimples. Pimples were artificially created by dosing the uterus of hens with one and one-half grams of CaC0 3 . Results also indicate that the degree of pimpling in an individual hen remains fairly constant from day to day but the severity of pimpling increases as the bird ages. PRELIMINARY OZONE FUMIGATION STUDIES W. F. ROONEY AND W. D. MCKEEN, Agricultural

Extension, University of California, San Bernardino, CA 92415, ELLSWORTH KERR, Poultry Antigen Laboratory, Ontario, CA 91761, AND JOSEPH EGNOTO, Scientific Industries of California, Garden Grove, CA 92643 Ozone was tested in a chicken incubator with cultures of E. coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Staphylococcus albus swabbed on replicated agar plates. Thirty minutes of 0 3 at 53,57, and 62 p.p.m. destroyed all test microorganisms, as did 45 minutes of 0 3 at 32 p.p.m. and above. Newcastle virus with an ELD 50 of more than 109 per ml. was placed on sterile gauze and suspended in a small incubator. Sixty minutes of 0 3 at 50 p.p.m. inactivated the virus. Shells of both clean and soiled hatching eggs ozonized once for 60 minutes at 50 p.p.m. were

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not influence initial egg weight, values at 35 weeks were lower for dwarf than for their normal sibs, with the relative depression greater in the LW than in the HW line. Dwarfs had a consistently higher percentage hen-day production than normal pullets in the HW line, and a lower percentage in the LW line. The HW line dwarfs laid fewer defective eggs than their normal sibs, while no difference was observed between dwarf and normal pullets in the LW line. We conclude that the effect of the sex-linked divgene on growth and reproduction may be different in diverse genetic backgrounds.

1971

1972

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

EFFECT OF LIPOTROPIC AGENT DEFICIENCES AND LIPID SOURCES ON LIVER LIPID PERCENT AND EGG PRODUCTION W. B. ROUSH AND N. P. JOHNSTON, Department

of Animal Science, Brigham Young University, 385 WIDB, Provo, UT 84602

CORN. 3. NUTRITIONAL EFFECT ON BROILER CHICKS OF NO-TILLAGE VERSUS CONVENTIONAL-TILLAGE CORN UTILIZING SEVERAL LEVELS OF NITROGEN FERTILIZATION MAX RUBIN AND DAVID SCHOONOVER, Department

of Poultry Science, AND V. A. BANDEL, Department of Agronomy, University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742 Corn produced on plots treated with 0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 lbs. of nitrogen per acre, in a preliminary experiment comparing no-tillage and conventional-tillage systems of agronomic practice respectively, were fed to broiler chicks to 4 weeks of age. This feeding trial resulted in small differences in weight gain, having no trend, that were statistically not significant at the 5% level of probability. However, there was a statistically significant correlation between the level of nitrogen applied to the land and the feed conversion value obtained from the corn produced at each level of nitrogen. The feed conversion factors on the notillage plots were respectively 1.89, 1.88, 1.87, 1.86 and 1.83. For the conventional-tillage plots, they were respectively 1.88, 1.86, 1.85, 1.84 and 1.83. As the level of nitrogen applied per acre increased, there was less feed used by the broiler, during this test, to produce a given weight of bird. The inverse relationship between the feed conversion figures and the nitrogen applications used were significantly different in both the no-tillage and conventional-tillage treatments between 0 and 160 lbs. of nitrogen per acre at the 5% level of probability. This work is being continued. Thus, it would appear that the level of nitrogen applied to a field of corn has a direct bearing on the feed efficiency of the diet in which the corn is mixed when fed to broilers during the early growth state; more nitrogen fertilization may be required per acre of corn produced on a no-tillage program than when conventional-tillage is used to produce corn with equal conversion capability.

Three trials were conducted to examine the effect of lipotropic agent deficiencies, lipid source and strain of hen on liver lipid content and egg production. In each trial 144 caged commercial White Leghorn laying hens were randomly assigned into four treatments with four replicates. The trials were of approximately 50 days duration during which birds were sacrificed at three intervals. Hens in trials 1 and 2 were fed diets deficient in choline, vitamin B 12 or methionine. Following the second sacrifice hens were restricted to a basal diet at 80% of normal consumption. In trial 2 two strains were observed. Trial 1 results indicated that choline, methionine and vitamin B 12 groups had significantly greater liver lipid accumulation than the basal diet hens. In trial 2, no significant differences in lipid content were noted among treatments. However, there was a significant difference between strains. There were no significant differences in egg production in either trial. In both trials, the restriction of feed consumption significantly lowered both lipid percent and egg production. Animal tallow, corn oil, safflower oil, or peanut oil were fed as lipid sources in trial 3. The liver LOWERED BLOOD CAROTENOID LEVELS lipid content of hens fed tallow or corn oil was IN CHICKENS INFECTED WITH COCCIDIA significantly greater than for hens fed peanut oil. M. D. RUFF, JOYCE JOHNSON AND W. M. REID, Peanut oil feeding also resulted in a significantly Department of Poultry Science, University of lowered egg production than that resulting from Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 all other sources. Liver lipid level and egg producChickens infected with any one of the six major tion appeared to be positively associated. species of chicken coccidia (Eimeria acervulina, E. mivati, E. maxima, E. necatrix, E. brunetti, or E. tenella) had lower levels of blood carotenoids

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practically sterile. Comparisons were made with formaldehyde gas and with a quaternary ammonium compound wash. An incubation study was conducted with 1,368 Hyline hatching eggs treated as follows: (1) 0 3 for one hour at 35-40 p.p.m. preincubation and at 7, 14, and 18 days incubation; (2) the same sequence but with an additional O s exposure at 74 hours of incubation; and (3) formaldehyde gas on the same schedule as treatment one. The hatch of fertile eggs was the same for treatment two and three and slightly higher for treatment one, but the difference was non-significant.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

USE OF CORN STRIPS FOR TURKEY SHADE W. D. RUSSELL AND A. B. STEPHENSON, Department

of Poultry Husbandry, University of MissouriColumbia, Building T-14, Columbia, MO 65201

before poults are hatched so it will be mature enough not to be injured. USE OF GLUTARALDEHYDE FOR SANITIZING TURKEY HATCHING EGGS W. D. RUSSELL AND J. M. VANDEPOPULIERE, Depart-

ment of Poultry Husbandry, AND 0 . J. COTTERILL, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Missouri-Columbia, Building T-14, Columbia, MO 65201 A field study with turkey eggs was conducted comparing glutaraldehyde, ("Sonacide") with an iodine-detergent sanitizer. Eggs from 2 pens of 1000 birds each were saved for test periods of one day each at two week intervals starting on January 21, 1974. Eggs were hand cleaned with sandpaper and placed in wire baskets for dipping. Eggs from pen 1 were dipped for two minutes in an iodine compound at 46.1° C. Eggs from pen 2 were dipped for 30 seconds in a 2% solution of glutaraldehyde. After dipping the eggs were allowed to dry, then placed on clean filter flats and incubated three days later. A 20 egg sample from each treatment plus 5 untreated eggs (controls) were individually plated on a Rodac plate for gross bacterial counts. Swabs were taken to test for presence of Salmonella and Proteus. All eggs were hatched in the same incubator. Eggs dipped in glutaraldehyde had significantly lower bacteria counts than eggs dipped in the iodine-detergent or non-dipped controls. The average colony count per plate was 23, 74 and 774, respectively. Salmonella was not observed in any cultures. There was no evidence that glutaraldehyde deteriorated in its germicidal effectiveness over the period of this study. There was no significant differences between the means of treatments based on three hatches. Hatchability of total eggs was 70.1 and 73.5 and infertility 17.6 and 17.0% for glutaraldehyde and iodine-detergent respectively.

To provide shade for turkeys, 8-row corn strips were planted using a "No-til" method and alternated with 80 feet of sod strip. The yields were 150, 30, 132 bu./acre from 1971-73 respectively. Approximately 2,000 and 1,500 unsexed birds were reared on sod range for the first two years respectively. The turkeys were from two hatches, each having 2 pens with shade provided by corn and 2 pens with 2 range shelters each. The males and females with corn shade were 0.38 kg. and 0.16 kg., respectively, lighter than those with range shelters at market age. An accurate measure of feed efficiency was not available due to predators and missing birds. There was no apparent differences in mortality, grade or other traits of economic importance that were related to the type of shade provided. The 1973 experiment was planned to determine if the lighter weight of the birds with shade from corn the previous years may have been due to THE EFFECT O F TOE-CLIPPING CAGE the feeders being further from the shade. This REARED PULLETS experiment had 100 males from the same hatch P. L. RUSZLER, Extension Poultry Science, Univerin each of 6 pens. All pens had corn and sod strips. sity of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 The feeders were either 10 or 70 feet from the east edge of the corn. There was no consistent A hot blade debeaker was used to remove the relation between market weight and distance of toe nails from the three front toes of a commercial feeders from shade. strain of W.L. pullets at one day of age. One-half These experiments demonstrate that corn strips of two consecutive 9200 bird hatches were toe can be used successfully to provide shade for clipped (TC) and compared with their hatch-mates turkeys. Corn should be planted at least 10 days in a total environment controlled cage rearing

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(plasma pigmentation) than did uninoculated control birds. Carotenoids decreased as early as 4 days postinoculation (PI) (E. acervulina), but returned to a normal level by 14 days PI (E. mivati, E. acervulina, and E. tenella). The maximum decrease occurred at 7 or 8 days PI in all species and was 49.8% with E. tenella and 62.4%-74.0% with the five intestinal species. Additional studies with E. tenella, E. acervulina, and E. brunetti indicated that the magnitude of the decrease was related to the number of oocysts given within any one species. Increasing oocyst number also resulted in a more rapid reduction of longer duration in carotenoid levels. E. brunetti infection in gnotobiotic and conventional birds showed that intestinal bacteria were essential for the maximum reduction in plasma carotenoids.

1973

1974

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

TESTES SIZE IN MODERATE VITAMIN A DEFICIENT COCKERELS REARED ON LONG VS. SHORT DAY LENGTHS P. H. SAMMELWITZ AND C. M. SLOUGH, Department

of Animal Science & Agricultural Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711 Golden Buff cockerels were fed with either a vitamin A adequate or a moderate vitamin A deficient ration (6,600 and 330 I.U. vitamin A palmatate added per kg. ration respectively) from one day to eight weeks of age. One half of each group was raised on a short day light schedule (6 hours light and 18 hours dark) while the other half of each group was exposed to a long day (18 hours light and 6 hours dark). At eight weeks of age the 120 birds in the experiment were necropsied and body, testes and comb weights were recorded. There was a slight improvement in growth rate in both groups raised on the long day while the moderate vitamin A deficient birds exhibited a reduction in body weight on both light regimes. Despite this reduction in body size, the testes weight in the moderately deficient group was significantly greater. The degree of testes response to the moderate vitamin A deficient ration was not significantly influenced by length of day. Comb weight was not significantly affected by the level of vitamin A in the diet nor by the duration of light exposure during the growing period. It is concluded that the influence of vitamin A

on testicular growth is not influenced photoperiods in excess of 6 hours of light.

by

PARTICLE SIZE OF CALCIUM FOR LAYING HENS PAUL E. SANFORD, Department of Dairy-Poultry

Science, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 Research has been conducted to compare the performance of floor-pen, laying hens fed 17% protein diets formulated with various combinations of pulverized calcium carbonate and hen-size oyster shell as sources of supplemental calcium. Diets were formulated to contain 3.0% calcium and 0.7% phosphorus. Five diets with 4 replicated lots per diet and 80 egg-strain laying pullets per lot were used in Experiment 1 and 60 birds per lot were used in Experiment 2. Criteria of measurement used were percent hen-day egg production, egg weight, egg shell quality, as determined by specific gravity, and feed utilization (amount of feed/dozen eggs produced). An analysis of variance of the data revealed nonsignificant differences for diets for percent egg production, egg weight, specific gravity and feed utilization, but there were highly significant differences for periods. Supplying at least one-half of the supplemental calcium as hen size oyster shell improved egg size and shell quality as compared with the use of all pulverized calcium. Slightly better feed utilization was obtained with the birds fed the diets where all the supplemented calcium was supplied as pulverized calcium carbonate. SUPPLEMENTING A 24% PROTEIN BROILER STARTER AND A 20% PROTEIN BROILER FINISHER WITH A NEW FEED ADDITIVE PAUL E. SANFORD, Department of Dairy-Poultry

Science, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 Several experiments have been conducted to compare the performance of meat-strain chicks fed a 24% protein broiler starter diet and a 20% protein finisher diet with and without Extrafac® and/or Zinpro® supplementation. Chicks were fed the starter diet 0-4 weeks of age, and the finisher diet 5-8 weeks of age. Chicks were reared in wire floored chick starting and finishing batteries. Various levels of the feed additives Extrafac® and Zinpro® were fed individually and in combina-

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house. A standard commercial rearing program was used. After two weeks of age the (TC) birds grew noticeably quieter in the cages while the normal (N) birds grew progressively wild and hysterical. No significant difference in feed consumed through 20 weeks or body weight through 16 weeks was observed. The (TC) birds were significantly heavier at 20 weeks and started production one week earlier than the (N) birds. The (TC) birds in the second hatch were not held in boxes overnight to heal and a significant number died from bleeding. The 20 week total mortality was 4.14% (N) and 6.18% (TC) while the total for the last 19 weeks only was 3.16% (N) and 2.66% (TC). The (TC) birds laid at a higher rate and produced 4.435 more eggs per hen housed than the (N) birds through 36 weeks of age. The difference in production was non-significant from 33 through 36 weeks. Mortality (primarily pick-outs) from 20 through 36 weeks was significantly different—6.6% for (N) and 5.2% for (TC) birds.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

NUTRITIVE VALUE OF VARIOUSLY PROCESSED FULL-FAT PEANUTS AND SOYBEANS AS SOURCES O F PROTEIN IN BROILER DIETS PAUL E. SANFORD AND A. O. ADUKU, Department of

Dairy-Poultry Science, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 Two experiments were conducted in which dayold broiler-strain chicks were fed infrared cooked, ground, full-fat peanuts and soybeans and extruded full-fat peanuts and soybeans as the main sources of supplementary protein. Combinations of the two vegetable protein sources were fed also to formulate a 24% protein starter diet and a 20% protein finisher diet for 0-4 and 5-8 weeks, respectively. A corn-sorghum grain-processed soybean meal diet was used as the control diet. Peanut meal as a single source of protein was deficient in lysine and methionine and full-fat peanuts were deficient in these and threonine. Weight gains and feed utilization were significantly poorer than the soybean meal control diet. Replacing one-half the soybean protein with peanut meal resulted in poorer weight gain and feed utilization. Replacing one-half of the full-fat soybean protein with full-fat peanut protein, resulted in weight gain and feed utilization equal to or better than the control diet. Similar favorable results were obtained with full-fat soybeans. Nonsignificant weight gains and feed utilization were obtained by supplementing with calculated levels of the deficient amino acid.

PERFORMANCE OF LAYING HENS F E D NEW CROP FIELD SPROUTED AND OLD CROP NONSPROUTED SORGHUM GRAIN PAUL E. SANFORD AND C. W. DEYOE, Departments

of Dairy-Poultry Science and Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 The extremely wet harvest season in Kansas last September and October caused the sprouting of sorghum grain in the field prior to harvest. We fed egg-strain caged laying hens a 17% protein layer diet to compare the performance when the two types of sorghum grain were used as the chief source of energy. The sprouted sorghum grain used was 90% damaged. Criteria of evaluation used were livability of the birds, % hen-day egg production, egg weight, interior quality as determined by Haugh units and feed utilization (feed required to produce a dozen eggs). Much to our surprise the field sprouted sorghum grain performed much better than we had anticipated. Based on % hen-day egg production, hens fed field sprouted sorghum grain diet performed better than those fed the nonsprouted sorghum grain diet. Egg weight and interior quality were slightly better for eggs produced by hens fed the old crop sorghum grain diets. The amount of feed required to produce a dozen eggs was slightly less for the old crop nonsprouted sorghum grain. High moisture content new crop 90% sprouted sorghum grain had equal feeding value to old crop nonsprouted sorghum grain for commercial egg production. COMPARISON O F TASTE PANEL SCORES AND INSTRON SHEAR COMPRESSION FORCE FOR EVALUATION O F ANGEL FOOD CAKES E. A. SAUTER AND C. F. PETERSEN, Department

of Animal Industries, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83843 Angel food cakes made with four qualities of egg white, resulting in a wide range of cake quality, were evaluated by taste panel and by the Instron Universal testing machine. Cakes were made according to the formula; egg white 41.4%, sugar 42.5%, cake flour 15.3%, cream of tartar 0.6% and NaCl 0.2%, using a Kitchen-Aid model K45 mixer. Sixty grams of batter was weighed into loaf type baking pans 7.5 cm. x 12 cm. x 5.5 cm. deep and baked at 170° C. for 27 minutes. One cake from each batter was cut into two 5 cm.

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tion. Supplementing the basal diet with Extrafac® or Zinpro® at levels of 2 lb. per ton resulted in superior rate of gain and feed utilization for the various levels used. A combination of 1 lb. per ton of Zinpro® and 1 lb. per ton of Extrafac® gave slightly better performance than use of a single source of either one. In one experiment the Extrafac® was added as a % of the diet rather than pounds per ton. The levels compared were 1, 2 and 3%. Rate of gain was superior from the 2% and 3 % levels of supplementation as compared with the nonsupplemented control diet or the 1% level of supplementation. Use of the feed additives Extrafac ® and Zinpro ® improves rate of gain, and feed utilization of broiler chicks.

1975

1976

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

x 5 cm. sections for Instron measurements and three cakes were evaluated by a 10 member taste panel. Scoring by the panel was on a basis of 0 to 6 for each of six characteristics; acceptability, color, flavor, moistness, tenderness and texture. Correlation coefficients between Instron force and taste panel scores ranged from r = .289 for moistness to r = .938 for acceptability. All correlations were statistically significant.

R. H. SAWYER AND U. K. ABBOTT, Department of

Avian Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 The back skin of birds with avian ichthyosis shows patches of white, scaly skin. Histologically, the epidermis of involved areas is thickened, a result of cellular hyperplasia as well as hypertrophy. Heavy cornif ication is also evident. At one week of age mutant epidermis is approximately four times as thick as that of normal epidermis. We have examined cell proliferation in one-week old ichthyotic chicks. At various intervals after the intraperitoneal injection of 3 H-thymidine, chicks were sacrificed and samples of back skin were immediately fixed in Carnoy's fluid and processed for radioautography. Comparison of involved and uninvolved areas showed that cell proliferation was altered in the involved areas. The synthetic index of the basal cells in the involved area is 15 to 20% greater than in uninvolved areas. In normal epidermis, cell division is restricted to the basal cell layer. Thickened regions of ichthyotic skin has 10 to 15% of their labeled nuclei above the basal cell layer in contrast to uninvolved areas where labeled nuclei were rarely found above the basal layer. THE EDUCATIONAL PURPOSE OF POULTRY SCIENCE PROJECTS EDWARD A.

SCHANO,

Department

of

Poultry

Science, Rice Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850 What is it we are trying to teach? . . . Is it subject matter? . . . Is it Poultry Science? . . . 1 don't think so. I believe we are teaching people while using Poultry Science as the educational tool. Certainly, as we provide learning opportunities, we use specific subject matter areas to achieve our educational purpose, but the gaining of factual information is only one of our objectives. Our primary educational objective is to provide people

abilities to . . . attitudes of . . . understandings that . . . appreciations of . . . knowledge of . . . Within this framework it seems there is no limit to the program flexibility and versatility available to educators. A teacher, regardless of the subject matter used as the educational tool or the age or ability level of the student, can weave stimulating relationships and exciting challenges into a Poultry Science program in which helping the individual gain the problem solving ability is the primary aim.

BROILER CONDEMNATION INVESTIGATION. 3. INTERPRETING CONDEMNATION DATA L. D. SCHWARTZ, KERMIT BIRTH, FLOYD HICKS, OWEN KEENE AND MORRIS MAST, Agricultural Extension,

The Pennsylvania State University, 115 Animal Industries Bldg., University Park, PA 16802 Accurate records with proper details as included in our program are vital to the investigation of the causes of broiler condemnation. There are many different ways that condemnation data can be given—by disease, farm related causes, number of carcasses, percent of total processed, or percent total condemmed. Thus, it is imperative to define the method used when discussing condemnations. The computer printout in this investigation gives condemnation data as 1) percent of total flock live weight for whole carcasses, parts and total of both; 2) percent of number processed by specific condemnation cause—leukosis, air sac, Sep-Tox, etc.; and 3) percent of total condemned by group category—disease and non-disease or plant causes. In this manner one can readily determine factors responsible for high or low condemnation. Flocks with low condemnations would be pertinent to study practices yielding low condemnations. Two noteworthy causes revealed by the investigation data have been studied. These were "high trim" resulting from fecal contamination and " n o viscera" carcasses. Both are considered non-disease causes. However, follow-up laboratory studies of high trim flocks revealed an infectious enteritis in several flocks. A separate and detailed

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AVIAN ICHTHYOSIS. ALTERED CELL PROLIFERATION

with the opportunity to achieve their potential and subject matter knowledge of itself does not achieve this purpose. Consequently, Poultry Science projects can and should be used to help people, at whatever age or ability level, gain:

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

study is planned to further study the significance of the "no viscera" entity. INFLUENCE OF EXTENDERS, DILUTION RATES AND HOLDING TEMPERATURES ON THE VIABILITY OF TURKEY SPERMATOZOA T. J. SEXTON, Avian Physiology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705

EFFECT OF FEEDING DIETS CONTAINING BRONOWSKI RAPESEED MEAL AND FABABEANS (VICIA FAB A L.) ON BROILER CHICK PERFORMANCE T. F. SHARBYANDJ. M. BELL, Department of Animal

Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask., Canada S7N OWO Two 28-day feeding trials, employing a total of 480 unsexed day-old commercial broiler chicks, were conducted to determine the nutritive value of wheat based diets containing varying combinations of Bronowski rapeseed meal (RSM) and either raw or autoclaved ground fababeans with and without methionine supplementation. Dietary com-

binations of RSM and fababeans (4:0, 0:4, 2:2, 1:3, 3:1) were made on a pound for pound replacement in trial 1 and on a protein equivalent basis in trial 2. All diets within each trial were calculated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous. In both trials, chick weight gain, efficiency of feed utilization and wet pancreas weight were adversely affected (P < 0.01) by including all of the dietary test protein as raw fababeans. No significant differences were observed between chicks fed the soybean meal control and the all RSM diets. Combining RSM and raw fababeans in the diet resulted in chick performance equal to or greater than that achieved with the soybean meal control, all RSM and all raw fababean diets. Supplementation of the all raw fababean diet with 0.3% DL-methionine improved chick performance on the all raw fababean diet to approximate that achieved with the soybean meal control diet. Inclusion of autoclaved fababeans in place of raw fababeans in the diet did not improve chick performance or significantly reduce pancreas weight. Methionine supplementation of the all autoclaved fababean diet improved chick performance compared to that achieved with the methionine supplemented all raw fababean diet. THE USE OF RAW PEANUTS AND PEANUT MEAL AS A PARTIAL PROTEIN SUPPLEMENT IN PULLET AND LAYING H E N RATIONS C. C. SHEPPARD, C. J. FLEGAL AND S. K. VAROHESE,

Poultry Science Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 An experiment was conducted to study the utilization of raw peanuts and peanut meal as a source of protein supplement in pullet and laying hen rations. A total of 180 day-old Single Comb, White Leghorn chicks were fed the following diets: corn soy (Trt-1), raw peanuts (Trt-2), raw peanuts plus dehydrated poultry anaphage (Trt-3), peanut meal plus additional methionine and lysine (Trt-4) and peanut meal plus additional methionine (Trt-5) as starter, developer and laying mash. Weight gain and egg production of the birds fed the various diets were compared. Average twenty (20) week weight gains were 1480, 1489, 1501, 1460 and 1566 grams, respectively, for treatments 1 to 5. Hen housed egg production of birds fed the various diets was 57.4, 62.2, 52.2, 55.2 and 49.2 percent, respectively, for treatments 1 through 5. Average weight of eggs from the different diets were 58.1, 60.5, 59.9, 59.0

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Semen samples from mature toms were used within 10 min. after collection to study the effect of extender, dilution rate and holding temperature on sperm viability. Spermatozoa were first exposed to each of the above mentioned treatments for 30 min. at 25° C. then respiration rate and fertilizing ability were determined by conventional methods. A dilution of 1:2(1 part semen, 2 parts extender) was made with any of 6 freshly prepared extenders. With the exception of milk, respiration rates were significantly higher in all extenders when compared to the undiluted control. However, only Lake's extender (J. Reprod. Fertil. 1:30, 1960) supported fertility comparable to undiluted semen while fertility was significantly lower in all other extenders. Sperm were initially diluted 1:2, 1:4, 1:8 and 1:12 with Lake's extender and reconstituted by centrif ugation to a final dilution rate 1:1. Regardless of dilution rate respiration was higher than the control before reconstitution however, after reconstitution a decrease in both respiration rate and fertilizing ability resulted only at the higher rates of 1:8 and 1:12. Semen was diluted (1:2) with Lake's extender and maintained at 41° C , 25° C. or 5° C. for 30 min. Respiration rate and fertility were higher when cells were maintained at 25° C. or 5° C. when compared to 41° C. while no significant difference was observed between 25° or 5°.

1977

1978

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

and 60.2 grams, respectively, from treatments 1 to 5. AN EXAMINATION OF BIAS DUE TO HATCH EFFECTS ON PARAMETER ESTIMATES IN TURKEYS J. N. B. SHRESTHA, R. N. SHOFFNER AND JACK OTIS,

Turkey data collected at the University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, Rosemount, during the years 1958 to 1963 were used to examine bias due to hatch effects on genetic parameter estimates. Records on turkeys involving long and short term light management to stimulate early maturity and to prolong period of lay were used in this study. The parameter estimates involved were heritability estimates as well as estimates of phenotypic, genetic and environmental correlations. Standard statistical procedures of analyses of variance and convariance for estimating heritability and correlations from paternal half-sib analyses were employed. Bias associated with hatch effects in turkeys appeared to be a component of the environmental variance and covariance causing the heritability, phenotypic and genetic correlations to be decreased and simultaneously causing the environmental correlation to be increased. Removal of bias from hatch effects appeared to increase the heritability, phenotypic and genetic correlations and at the same time to decrease the environmental correlation. The magnitude of hatch effects may be related to variations in age of female turkeys and variations in the length of darkening period in the first three years of the experiment. Results suggest the removal of hatch effects for obtaining reliable parameter estimates in turkeys, permitting one to predict the amount of gain expected from a given amount of selection in a population. EMBRYONIC PLASMA PROTEINS AND CORTICOSTERONE BINDING CAPACITY H . S. SlEGEL AND N . R. GOULD, U . S . D . A . - A . R . S .

Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30601 Plasma from White Leghorn embryos was collected every other day from the 4th day of incubation through hatch. Corticosteroid binding capacity (CBG BC ) was essentially zero before the 10th day, but rose rapidly between the 10th and 12th day. A peak was reached on the 16th day and then

TENDERNESS OF BROILERS AS AFFECTED BY PROCESSING PLANTS AND SEASONS OF THE YEAR M. D. SIMPSON AND T. L. GOODWIN, Department

of Animal Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 Broiler carcasses were obtained from four processing plants during one month of the four seasons. Carcasses were separated into split breasts and thighs and were cooked in a steam autoclave maintained at 101° C. and atmospheric pressure. Parts were cooked for 20 minutes, removed and wrapped in aluminum foil and placed in a refrigerator. After cooling the parts were prepared for Allo-Kramer shear press determinations. The iliotibialis muscle and two slices, per half, from the pectoralis major were removed for shearing. Each sample was weighed to the nearest 0.1 g. prior to being placed in the shear press with the outer most surface up. There were variations in tenderness among the plants tested during each season of the year. Sex influenced shear values of the second 3 mm. slice of the breast and thighs. Males were more tender in these measurements. Sex did not influence shear values of the first 3 mm. slice of the breast. The lowest shear values for both slices of the breast and for the thigh were obtained for carcasses produced in the fall. CONTROL OF SALMONELLA GALLINARUM IN CHICKS PREVIOUSLY FED CHLORTETRACYCLINE L. L. SLYTER, J. M. WEAVER AND D. L.

KERN,

U.S. Department of Agriculture, A.R.S., Nutrition Institute, Beltsville, MD 20705 Forty chicks were divided by weight into 2 equal groups. One group was fed chlortetracycline

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Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, 132 Peters Hall, St. Paul, MN 55101

values declined to lower levels just prior to hatch. The increase in CBGg,- after 10 days incubation was concurrent with the appearance of a-globulins which migrate similarly to purified adult corticosteroid binding globulin on acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Plasma corticosterone levels were relatively stable throughout the period sampled although a minimum between 12 and 14 days and a maximum just prior to hatch were observed. Total plasma protein declined from the 4th through the 8th day, then increased until hatch. The relatively high value at 4 days was due to the presence of an embryonic albumin which declined to low levels by the 8th day.

1979

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

BURSA OF FABRICIUS AND ROUS SARCOMA TUMOR DEVELOPMENT J. L. SMITH, L. T. PATTERSON AND N.

R. GYLES,

Department of Animal Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 A total of 442 chickens from two distinct breeding groups, with respect to genetic resistance to Rous sarcomas, were utilized to study the influence of bursal function on tumor development and regression. One breed was highly susceptible to Rous sarcomas (W.L.), while the other had been selected solely for the ability to regress tumors (R. x R.). Treatment groups included; (1) surgical bursectomy at 1 day of age, (2) bursectomy followed by cyclophosphamide injection, and (3) untreated controls. A portion of the birds from each breed and treatment were challenged with S. pullorum at six weeks of age to test the ability of each group to produce antibody. At eight weeks of age, all birds were challenged with Rous sarcoma virus. Beginning the tenth day following virus challenge,

birds were examined at regular intervals for tumor development and regression. Mean antibody titers for R. x R. birds to S. pullorum were 1:156, 1:87 and 1:31 for controls, bursectomy and bursectomy-cyclophosphamide treatments, respectively. Titers in the W.L. were 1:64, 1:28 and 1:2 for the same treatment groups. Birds which gave a negative antibody response (<1:10) yielded progressive tumors in 40% of the R. x R. birds and 75% of the W.L. Positive antibody producers gave progressive responses in 7.1% of the R. x R. group and 26.1% of the W.L. Treatment with cyclophosphamide after bursectomy increased the number of progressive responses in both breeds. THE EFFECT OF FOUR DIETS ON EGG PRODUCTION, FEED CONSUMPTION, MORTALITY, AND EGG QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS WITH ONE STRAIN O F COMMERCIAL LEGHORNS S.

B.

SMITH, J.

W.

DODGE AND N.

S.

COWEN,

Research & Development, Agway Inc., Box 1333, Syracuse, NY 13201 One thousand eighty pullets were housed in three-bird cages at 20 weeks of age. The birds were divided into four feeding treatments in such a fashion as to eliminate position effect. The feeding treatments applied for 52 weeks are: an 18% protein commercial-type ration as control; the control feed with oyster shell comprising two thirds of the calcium level; the control feed plus added limestone (1%), choline, and vitamin E; and a diet with additional additives designed to improve shell strength and shell smoothness. Effects of feeding treatment were measured every four weeks on the basis of total eggs produced, feed consumed per dozen of eggs, egg weight, body weight, livability, egg shell thickness, and Haugh unit measurement. In addition, egg shell deformation and egg shell smoothness was measured at 72 weeks of age. The resulting differences were relatively minor between feeding treatments on all except the egg shell deformation and the egg shell smoothness at the 72 weeks of age.

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(CTC), 50 mg./kg. diet, until 13 days of age, while the other was fed the same diet minus CTC. At 10 days of age each group was divided by weight into 4 subgroups. All chicks were housed in the same room. Within each group chicks in 3 of the subgroups were inoculated with Salmonella gallinarum for 3 days while the other subgroup served as an uninoculated control. Beginning on day 13, the chicks were either fed as before or were fed 400 mg. CTC or 100 mg. furazolidone/kg. diet for 4 weeks. Half of the chicks fed the 400 mg. CTC died while none of the chicks fed the furazolidone died. Sixteen days after challenge, suspect Salmonella colonies were detected only in the manure of chicks fed the non-medicated or CTCsupplemented feed. During the last 4 weeks the chicks which survived the challenge from Salmonella gallinarum and which previously had been fed the non-medicated diet gained an average of 110, 96, and 157 g. body weight/week when fed the non-medicated, 400 mg. CTC and 110 mg. furazolidone diets, respectively. The chicks previously fed the 50 mg. CTC/kg. diet gained an average of 93, 114, and 155 g./week when fed the 50 mg. of CTC, 400 mg. CTC, and 110 mg. furazolidone diets, respectively. The uninoculated chicks gained 141 and 138 g./week when fed the non-medicated and the 50 mg. CTC diets, respectively. It is concluded from these results that the previous feeding of chlortetracycline to chicks did not prevent the subsequent effective treatment of Salmonella with furazolidone.

1980

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

LIMITED FEEDING OF EGG STRAIN LAYERS AS INFLUENCED BY CAGE DENSITY AND SOCIAL ORDER D. C. SNETSINGER, R. A. ZIMMERMAN AND D.

E.

GREENE, Poultry Research Department, Ralston Purina Company, Checkerboard Square—2RS, St. Louis, MO 63188

LIMITED FEEDING OF MEDIUM WEIGHT PULLETS AND LAYERS D. C. SNETSINGER, R. A. ZIMMERMAN AND D.

E.

GREENE, Poultry Research Department, Ralston Purina Company, Checkerboard Square—2RS, St. Louis, MO 63188 Pullets of a medium weight strain were limited fed during the growing and subsequent laying period. From 6 to 20 weeks of age, both a quantitative (75-80% of FF) feed restriction and a skip-aday program were evaluated. Both methods reduced feed intakes and body weights significantly by 20 weeks, but no subsequent egg production,

STUDY ON THE HORMONAL CONTROL OF OVULATION IN THE DOMESTIC HEN KARAM F. SOLIMAN, Department of Physiology and

Pharmacology, Tuskegee Institute, Tuskegee Institute, AL 36088, AND TILL M.

HUSTON,

Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30601 In S.C.W.L. Laying hens kept under 14:10 hrs., light:dark system, dexamethasone injection blocked ovulation 14 hours before an expected ovulation. Also, Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) injection blocked ovulation 8 hours before an expected ovulation. It was established that under normal condition, ovulation occurs between 6:00 a.m. and 2:00 p.m. No ovulation occurs after 3:00 p.m. As a conclusion from this work it was postulated that ovulation in the hen requires two different stimulation preceding each ovulation. The first stimulus is under the control of the adrenal gland which occurs daily at a definite hour. The second stimulus is under the control of the ovary which is released 8-hours before ovulation. The release of this stimulus appears to be inhibited with the activity of the bird.

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The effect of limiting energy intakes of egg strain layers was studied utilizing both a quantitative feed restriction (94 or 90% of FF) and a timed feeding method. A total of 960 hens, 36 weeks of age, were housed at 2, 5, or 12 hens/cage at a density of 412, 329, 341 cm. 2 /bird. Feeder space was 10.1, 8.1 or 8.4 cm./bird, respectively. Test period was 20 weeks. Full-Fed control hens received a corn-soybean meal type ration. Rations for limited fed hens contained extra fortification of amino acids, vitamins and minerals, so that when intake was reduced only energy was limiting. The timed feeding method used a mid-day fast, adjusted as necessary in length to give a 6% reduction in feed intake. Mechanically controlled feed trough covers on a time switch prevented hens from having access to feed during the fasting period. Timed feeding as a means of energy restriction gave a 7% feed savings with no loss in egg production or weight; however, body weights were reduced. There was no interaction of timed feeding with cage density and social order. A quantitative energy restriction of 94 or 90% of F F resulted in proportional feed savings; however, egg size and product/hen/day were slightly reduced compared to F F controls. While egg product/day of limited fed hens was less at the higher bird densities, the lack of any further depression in performance at 90% versus 94% of FF indicates a limited interaction of feeding regime and cage density or social order.

egg size or feed efficiency differences were observed when compared to F F control pullets. Hens (20-71 weeks) were limited in feed intake to 6% less than FF. Rations were modified in amino acids, minerals and vitamins, so when intake was limited only energy intake was reduced. This limitation, in addition to the 6% feed savings, gave the following relative changes from F F controls: hen day production, +1.2%; hen housed production, +5.6%; egg weight, - 1 . 1 % ; final body weight, - 6 . 7 % ; mortality, - 3 6 % ; liver fat, -17.5%. Limited fed hens at 71 weeks were either continued on limited feeding or returned to full feed on one of the following rations: 1. basal; 2. basal + choline, vitamin E and B 12 supplement; 3. basal diluted with 10% rice hulls; 4. basal diluted with 10% rice hulls plus 3% protein from soybean meal. Switching to full feeding increased body weight and liver fat to that originally observed with full fed controls. The addition of rice hulls reduced liver fat both in the control fed and full fed hens. The higher protein level further reduced liver fat; however, the vitamin supplement had no effect.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

HEAT PROCESSED SOYBEANS FOR LAYING HENS G. M. SPEERS AND M. S. Cm, Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55101

METHIONINE VERSUS N a S 0 4 FOR LAYING HENS G. M. SPEERS AND M. S. CHI, Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55101 An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of graded levels of DL-methionine (0.05,0.10, 0.15%) or NaS0 4 (0.10, 0.20, 0.30%) added to a low protein (13%) corn-soybean meal ration calculated to contain 0.23% methionine and 0.20% cystine. A standard layer ration containing 17.4% protein and 0.30% methionine and 0.26% cystine served as a control. The eight dietary treatments were fed to 3 replicates of 4 hens each from 30-62 weeks of age. Hen-day production and feed/doz on the unsupplemented basal and the control ration were 67.1% and 1.77/kg. and 77.3% and 1.49/kg; respectively. Supplementation of 0.05% DL-methio-

nine improved egg production and feed/doz to 73.5% and 1.59/kg. with no further improvements with additional methionine. Supplementation of 0.30% NaS0 4 resulted in an improvement in henday production and feed efficiency up to 72.7% and 1.59/kg. Egg weight was greater for hens fed the unsupplemented basal and control rations. There were no significant differences between treatments in body weight gain, egg shell or interior quality. Although a positive response was obtained when methionine or NaS0 4 was added to a low protein layer diet, performance with either diet did not approach that obtained with a conventional layer diet.

IMPROVED CAGE SYSTEMS FOR NUTRITIONAL EXPERIMENTATION D. D. STIEBLER, K. E. RINEHART AND D. E. GREENE,

Poultry Research Department, Ralston Purina Company, 835 South Eighth Street—St. Louis, MO 63188 There are no commercially available brooding systems available to fulfill all requirements of poultry research efforts in terms of experimental precision, flexibility of experimental design, durability and economic operation. We have designed, built and utilized welded wire cage systems at the Purina Research Farm for collection of experimental data from both meat birds and laying hens. Broiler cages are 61 x 61 x 25.4 cm. to accommodate 10-15 birds in the 0-5 week period and 61 x 91.4 x 35.6 cm. for 10-12 birds to 8-9 weeks of age. These units utilize warm room gas brooding, automatic water systems, uniform lighting and a convenient droppings removal system. Cages are easily removable for data collection or sanitizing between experiments. Coefficient of variation has been reduced 1.2% for broiler weight gain, 0.6% for feed consumption and 0.5% for feed conversion over previously used commercial equipment. Labor requirement for experimental conduct has been cut by 50-60%. Laying cages are similar to conventional 20.3 cm. commercial cage units except they are removable in banks of four for cleaning. Support racks are made to accept interchangeable cages to accommodate meat birds up to 4-5 kg. live weight. It is concluded that similar systems should be considered in any laboratory where a continuous research effort is devoted to poultry in an attempt to improve experimental precision and reduce research cost.

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Two experiments were conducted with laying hens evaluating the use of whole soybeans processed by commercial extruder (EWSB) or roaster (RWSB) equipment. In experiment 1 practical diets were fed with soybean protein supplied by: 1) 44% SBM, 2) EWSB, 3) EWSB + SBM or 4) 44% SBM + animal fat. In experiment 2 similar treatments were fed except RWSB replaced treatment 3. Hen-day production, daily feed intake and feed/doz averaged 80.4,80.2,80.6 and 77.9%; 123, 121, 135 and 129g./bird; and 1.98, 1.82, 2.02 and 1.99 kg./doz. in experiment 1. The same data for experiment 2 were: 75.4, 70.8, 71.0 and 75.6%; 121, 104, 106 and 125 g./bird; and 1.94, 1.77, 1.80, 1.99 kg./doz. A disease outbreak in experiment 2 appeared to affect birds receiving whole soybeans more severely than the other two treatments. Egg weight tended to be greatest with whole soybeans with no differences in interior or shell quality. No significant differences in egg yolk cholesterol, phospholipid or triglycerides were observed but linoleic and linolenic acids were increased and myristic and oleic acids were decreased by feeding whole soybeans. Liver fat, measured at 65 weeks of age, averaged 28.5, 21.7, 20.6 and 33.6% on a dry weight basis for the 4 treatments in experiment 2.

1981

1982

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

weights and hematocrits remained unchanged. A significant increase in the number of soft-shelled eggs was observed in the 1000 p.p.m. Pb but not FARID K. R. STINO, Department of Animal Producin the Se+Pb groups. Highly significant decreases tion, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, indelta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (D-ALAD) Giza, Egypt activity occurred when Pb or Pb+Se was added Migratory European quail were reproduced in to the diet. Control D - A L A D activity was 1337 captivity for the first time at Cairo University, as compared to 105, 91, 156 and 110 (nmol. Egypt. Upon capture, and after an estimated four PBG/ml. RBC/hr.) for the 500 Pb, 1000 Pb, 500 days of feed and water deprivation, the males Pb+Se, 1000 Pb+Se groups respectively. These weighed 75.8 ± .2 gm. and their testes weighed data indicate that Se does not interact as effectively 19.1 ± 3.4 mg. The females weighed 80.2 ± 2.1 with Pb as with mercury and cadmium. However gm., and their ovaries weighed 28.8 ± 2.1 mg. Se appeared to prevent the formation of softThe quail were divided into two groups: the first shelled eggs when Pb was added to the diet. received continuous light and a temperature of 20-26° C; the second was kept under natural environmental conditions of the time (10-11 hours of CHICK SIZE AND EARLY GROWTH RATE OF light, and 9-15° C). After two months of captivity, DWARF BROILER-TYPE CHICKENS the first group males weighed 101.7 ± 2.0 gm.; C. F. STRONG, JR. AND R. G. JAAP, Department of their testes weighed 1.15 ± .01 gm. The females Poultry Science, Ohio State University, 674 West weighed 113.3 ± 1.1 gm.; their ovaries weighed Lane Ave., Columbus, OH 43210 0.40 ± .02 gm. Second group males weighed 97.1 ± 1.0 gm. with testes' weight of 36.2 ± 6.1 mg. At hatching, chicks dwarfed by the sex-linked Females weighed 106.8 ± 1.4 gm.; their ovaries dw gene did not have shorter legs than normal weighed 38.4 ± 3 . 1 mg. The first group laid after chicks from dwarf dams. Leg length from the two months of captivity; the second group had proximal end of the femur to the tip of the middle not laid after six months. Egg color resembled toe for 136 dwarf chicks was 95.0 ± 0.2 mm. versus those of Japanese quail. Average egg weight was 94.6 ± 0.2 mm. in 136 non-dwarf chicks. In this 8.6 ± . 1 gm. The incubation period was 17 days. group, the dwarf chicks had 0.3 gm. more unabFertility was 85.5% and hatchability was 72.4%. sorbed yolk in their body cavities but this difference Average one day old quail weight was 6.0 ± .06 was not statistically significant. In a second test gm. There-were 51.7% females and 48.3% males. using different sire strains, 190 dwarf chicks had The age at first egg was 65 days. significantly more unabsorbed yolk per chick than that in 204 non-dwarf chicks. However, body weight minus yolk did not differ within sex. The STUDIES ON THE METABOLISM O F LEAD dwarf chicks used less yolk to attain the same IN JAPANESE QUAIL weight of body tissues. C. STONE AND J. H. SOARES, J R . , Department of Within a dwarf broiler-type population, regresPoultry Science, University of Maryland, Colsion of the weights of 268 females at 2, 4, 6, 8, lege Park, MO 20742 10 and 12 weeks on egg weight from which each Previous studies (Parizek era/., 1969) have shown hatched was linear and highly significant. The significant interactions between selenium (Se) and regression increased from 2.5 g./g. at 2 weeks certain heavy metals, particularly mercury and to 9.5 g. / g . at 10 weeks after hatching. In contrast, cadmium. Since these metals have a strong affinity the significant (P < .01) linear regression of body for sulf hydryl groups, it was proposed that a similar weight on egg weight in 272 male dwarf chickens interaction might exist with lead (Pb). An initial became barely significant (P < .05) by 6 weeks, study using day-old quail fed 0, 1, and 2 p.p.m. disappearing by 8 weeks of age. This confirms Se and 0 and 1000 p.p.m. Pb showed that optimal the non-linearity of regression of the male dwarf's growth could be obtained when the diet contained 8-week weight on egg weight previously observed 1 p.p.m. Se and 1000 p.p.m. Pb. In a second by Khan et al. (Poultry Sci. 52: 211); however, experiment adult quail hens were fed 0 and 1 p.p.m. in our data, there was no significant curvilinear Se, 0, 500 and 1000 p.p.m. Pb supplemented to regression of body weight on egg weight at any the diet in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement. After of the ages. 32 days of feeding, body weight, liver weight and Male dwarfs were significantly (P < .01) heavier egg production decreased in birds fed Pb. Kidney than their dwarf sisters at all six ages. The male:feTHE EUROPEAN QUAIL, COTURNIX TURNIX COTURNIX

CO-

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ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

male body weight ratios increased from 103:100 at 2 weeks to 124:100 at 12 weeks of age. EVALUATION OF FREEZE DRIED AND DEHYDRATED ALFALFA FOR EGG YOLK PIGMENTATION IN LAYER DIETS. T. W. SULLIVAN, G. W. FRONING AND D. H. KAHLER,

Department of Poultry & Wildlife Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NB 68503, AND

Samples of the same cutting of alfalfa were freeze dried (FDA) or dehydrated (DA) at 107° C. (225° F.). Composition data for these meals were quite similar with a few exceptions; variable components in the two meals on a moisture-free basis were, respectively: protein, 25.5 and 25.0%; lysine, 5.40 and 4.98%; tyrosine, 3.99 and 3.05%; phenylalanine, 5.89 and 4.52%; proline, 3.56 and 5.33%; valine, 5.12 and 5.80%; carotene, 91.6 and 80.0 mg./lb.; xanthophyll, 163.0 and 127.0 mg./lb. S. C. White Leghorn hens were maintained on an all-milo, low-pigment basal ration during a two-week pre-experimental period. Eighteen hens were then assigned to the following treatments: control (all-milo diet), 10% FDA, 15% FDA, 10% DA and 15% DA. Beta-carotene equivalents/gram of yolk were determined for six or ten eggs, respectively, from each treatment group after 14 and 21 days. Yolk color values at 14 days were 4, 56, 76, 36, and 44 beta-carotene equivalents/gram of yolk (b.c.e. or meg. beta-carotene/ g.), respectively, for treatments. There were significant (P < 0.05) differences between levels and between sources of alfalfa samples relative to yolk pigmentation.

BIOASSAY OF PHOSPHATED EGG SHELL AND FERTILIZER PHOSPHATES IN TURKEY STARTER DIETS T. W. SULLIVAN, F. J. STRUWE AND H. J. KUHL, J R . ,

Department of Poultry & Wildlife Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NB 68503 Two experiments were conducted in electrically heated batteries with Large White (Nicholas) turkeys to 28 days of age. Phosphated egg shell was prepared by reacting phosphoric acid with dried, ground egg shell in the presence of low heat. The reaction mixture was dried, ground and analyzed to contain 18.9% P, 23.9% Ca and 5.0% protein (based on total N). Phosphated egg shell and a

reference standard, NaH 2 P0 4 - H 2 0 , were each fed in a corn-soybean meal diet to provide 0.15, 0.22 and 0.36% of added P. When the phosphated egg shell and N a H 2 P 0 4 H 2 0 each provided 0.22% P, average 28-day body weights were: 610 and 597 grams, respectively; tibia ash values were: 43.5 and 43.6%, respectively. Triple super phosphate (0-46-0), diammonium phosphate (18-46-0), phosphated egg shell and NaH 2 P0 4 -H 2 0 were evaluated in the second experiment. Basal diet and levels of added P from each product were the same as in experiment one. Fluorine levels were 2.0%, 2.0%, 0.0023% and negligible, respectively, in the fertilizer phosphates, phosphated egg shell and reference standard. Average 28-day body weights were 608, 611, 646 and 646 grams, respectively, when each product furnished 0.22% of added P; percent tibia ash values were likewise: 42.4, 42.4, 41.4 and 41.0%, respectively.

THE SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF THE ANTICOCCIDIAL DRUG, LASALOCID, IN CHICKENS UNDER FLOOR-PEN CONDITIONS. W. M. TAYLOR, H. G. EISENBEIS, L. J. HANSON, W. L. MARUSICH AND E. G. SCHILDKNECHT, Animal

Health Research Department, Roche Inc., Nutley, NJ 07110

Hoffmann-La

Safety and efficacy of the anticoccidial drug, lasalocid sodium, at various concentrations were evaluated in four experiments with broiler-type chickens under floor-pen conditions. In all experiments, the lasalocid-medicated chickens were compared with groups medicated with a reference anticoccidial drug and unmedicated controls. In one experiment, the chickens were not intentionally infected. In three, they were orally inoculated with sporulated oocysts of six Eimeria species commonly considered pathogenic. Weight gain, feed efficiency and mortality were measured in all experiments. In certain experiments, pigmentation, coccidiosis lesions and hemograms were also evaluated. Lasalocid concentrations up to 3 times the proposed use concentration of 75 p.p.m. (1 x) resulted in no evidence of toxicity except slight growth depression at 225 p.p.m. (3x). Lasalocid did not inhibit pigmentation. At the proposed use concentration, lasalocid was highly effective in reducing coccidiosis morbidity and preventing mortality. Additionally, this concentration did not depress growth when compared with uninfected, unmedicated controls.

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A. L. LIVINGSTON AND G. O. KOHLER, Western

Regional Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Berkeley, CA 94710

1983

1984

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

PHYSIOLOGICAL COMPARISONS OF BROILERS GROWN IN ENVIRONMENTALLY MODIFIED AND CONVENTIONAL HOUSES AT DIFFERING POPULATION DENSITIES P. THAXTON, F. W. EDENS, C. R. PARKHURST, J. D. GARLICH AND G. R. BAUGHMAN, Department of

Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607

COMPARISON OF ACTH AND ANTIBODY MEDIATED IMMUNOSUPPRESSION IN THE CHICKEN P. THAXTON AND P. S. YOUNG, Department of Poultry

Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607 Adrenocortical hormones are used routinely to suppress immune responses in many animals including the chicken. However, only recently has the technique of passive transfer of specific immune serum been utilized in the chicken to cause immunosuppression. The mechanisms of these immunosuppressive methods are thought to involve the inhibition of antigenic recognition and/or synthesis of specific antibody. The purpose of the present study was to further elucidate mechanistically the roles of these immunosuppressants. Eight trials were conducted using commercial broiler cockerels. Anti-sheep erythrocyte (SRBC)

SOME EFFECTS OF CONTINUOUS FEEDING OF COPPER SULFATE TO LAYING CHICKENS M. C. THOMAS, M. J. NORVELL, C. C. CALVERT AND

W. D. GOATCHER, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Bureau of Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD 20852 A common practice in some poultry producing areas is to add one or two pounds of copper sulfate per ton of feed (120 or 240 p.p.m.) for short periods of time as an aid in the control of crop mycosis. The effects of this practice on production parameters and copper residues is not well documented. The present study was undertaken to assess the influence of continuous feeding of copper sulfate at various levels on egg production, egg weight, egg copper levels and feed efficiency. Pullets twenty weeks of age were weighed and randomly assigned to individual cages, five hens per group, four groups per treatment. Copper sulfate was added to a basal layer diet to supply additional copper levels of 0, 30, 60, 120, 240, 480 and 720 p.p.m. Feed efficiency and egg production were significantly adversely affected by the addition of 720 p.p.m. of copper. Eggs from the control diet were slightly heavier than those from the copper supplemented diets but the differences were nonsignificant. Egg analysis for copper showed a nonsignificant increase of copper in eggs from the 240 and 480 p.p.m. treatments. Egg quality was not shown to be affected by the increased levels of copper in the diet.

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Commercial broilers were reared in either an environmentally modified or in a conventional broiler house. The number of birds within a pen was so arranged that the population densities were .07 or .08 sq. meter per bird. Two separate eight week trials were conducted using a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement in each trial. This arrangement then represented houses, densities and two replications within each trial. At two week intervals starting at the second week 10 cockerels were selected randomly from each pen and these birds were measured at each subsequent interval. The following parameters were determined: body weight, heart rate, respiratory rate, electrocardiogram, blood hemoglobin, hematocrits, glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol and proteins. An overall physiological profile for the various groups was ascertained comparatively. Population density was not as effectual as housing conditions. It appeared that the physiological profile of the birds in the environmentally modified house exhibited less variation than the birds in the conventional house.

antibody sera were raised in donor birds by single antigen challenges. Additionally, some challenged donor birds received simultaneous injections with ACTH. When these donor sera were transferred passively to recipients, immunosuppression occurred in the birds which received sera containing anti-SRBC antibody. The passive transfer of donor sera, albeit suppressed by ACTH, did not evoke suppression in the recipients. Thus, the passive transfer of ACTH mediated suppression from donor to recipient did not occur. However, when anti-SRBC containing sera was transferred to recipients which received exogenous ACTH, suppression in excess of that caused by either treatment alone was evidenced.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

A STUDY OF CERTAIN ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND MINERAL CHELATION ON THE REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE O F YOUNG AND YEARLING TURKEYS D. M. THOMASON AND A. T. LEIGHTON, J R . , Depart-

ment of Poultry Science, AND J. P. MASON, JR., Department of Agricultural Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061

COCCIDIOSIS AND INTESTINAL ABSORPTION OF PHOSPHORUS D. E. TURK, Poultry Science Department, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631 White Leghorn cockerels were infected with either Eimeria acervulina, E. necatrix, E. brunetti, E. tenella or left uninfected at four weeks of age. At intervals of 1, 3, 6, 10, 10, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days post infection, the absorption of an oral dose of 10 uCi. P-32 given as Na 2 HP 3 2 0 4 into the bloodstream was measured in five birds from each group. In the first trial, in which the coccidial infections were mild, few deviations from the normal phosphorus absorption patterns were noted.

In a second trial, using more severe infections, phosphorus absorption was reduced by approximately half in birds infected with E. acervulina or E. necatrix during the acute phase of the infections. E. brunetti and E. tenella infections did not decrease P-32 absorption. In uninfected birds, P-32 levels in the blood were highest one hour after oral dosing, decreased markedly after 2 hours, and further decreased at 4 hours. At the acute phase of E. acervulina and E. necatrix infections the peak levels of blood P-32 were not reached until 2 hours and decreased more slowly. Blood P-32 patterns in other infections did not deviate from the control patterns. The data indicates the anterior half of the intestine is the most critical location for phosphorus absorption. POULTRY HATCHERY BY-PRODUCTS, A FEEDSTUFF FOR HENS J. M. VANDEPOPULIERE,1 WARREN JAYNES, 1 H. V. WALTON2 AND O. J. COTTERILL,3 Department of

Poultry Husbandry, 1 Department of Agricultural Engineering, 2 and Department of Food Science & Nutrition, 3 University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201 Waste from a broiler hatchery (H-22) and an egg type chick hatchery (H-32) was ground in a special chopper, heated in a triple pass rotary drier to a temperature of 93° C. and a moisture content of less than 2%. The protein content of the processed by-products H-22 and H-32 was 22 and 32% respectively. Both of the by-products were incorporated in diets formulated by linear programming techniques at two levels; 8 and 16%. The diets were fed to 960 hens housed two per 30 x 46 cm. cage. A12-week test period was used beginning when the hens were 29 weeks of age. Feed records demonstrated that the hatchery by-products were readily consumed at each dietary level. The 16% level of H-22 and H-32 supported hen-day egg production of 76.0 and 76.3%, egg weight of 57.3 and 57.4 gm. and feed conversion of 2.48 and 2.42 (gm. feed/gm. egg), respectively. The 8 and 16% level of H-22 and H-32 supported production comparable to the control diet. The amino acid and calcium availability of H-22 and H-32 appears to be comparable to the availability of those nutrients replaced from soybean meal, meat and bone meal, and limestone.

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The effects of laying cages vs. litter floors, of constant environmental temperatures of 12.8°, 21.1° and 29.4° C , and of a chelated vs. nonchelated trace mineral mix on the reproductive performance of 96 young and 120 forcemolted Large White female turkeys were studied. Females were artificially inseminated at weekly intervals with pooled semen from males maintained under normal fluctuating temperature conditions during the Spring at this location. The performance of young and yearling females was similar. Average 16-week egg production was significantly lower from hens on litter floors as compared to those in laying cages (36.0 vs. 49.0 eggs). The percentages of settable eggs and fertility were significantly lower from caged birds than from those on litter. Caged hens averaged 72.5% settable eggs as compared to 95.1% for hens in the floor pens. Differences approached significance for mean egg production from the temperature environments. Average 16-week egg production was 46.7, 44.4 and 36.4 eggs in the 12.8°, 21.1° and 29.4° C. pens, respectively. Hens fed a chelated trace mineral mix appeared to have a higher percentage of settable eggs than did those given the nonchelated trace mineral mix (85.4 vs. 82.2%); however, the temperature-diet interaction was significant. Hatchability was apparently unaffected by the variables studied.

1985

1986

ABSTRACTS O F PAPERS

CONSUMER'S OPINION OF GROUND TURKEY MEAT J. M. VANDEPOPULIERE AND W. D. RUSSELL, Depart-

ment of Poultry Husbandry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201

EGG SHELL MEMBRANE THICKNESS RELATIONSHIP TO AGE AND EGG BREAKING STRENGTH J. M. VANDEPOPULIERE,1 H. V. WALTON2 AND R. O.

HAWES, 3 Department of Poultry Husbandry, 1 Department of Agricultural Engineering, 2 and Hy-Line International 3 , University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201'" 2 , and Johnstown, IA 501313 Eggs from six pure line and six crosses among these lines were evaluated at 32, 52, and 68 weeks of age and coded A l , A2, and A3, respectively. Analyses were made on mean values of genetic age groups. The number of eggs measured per group ranged from 27 to 61 due to different production rates among the 12 groups. Observations were made at each age for breaking strength (BS) as determined by the Instron compression technique and at A2 and A3 for thickness of inner (IM) and outer (OM) membranes as measured by a comparator to .001

THE INFLUENCE OF CONTINUOUS RECYCLING DEHYDRATED POULTRY ANAPHAGE IN LAYING HEN RATIONS ON HEAVY METALS FOUND IN TISSUES, EGGS AND EXCRETA S. K. VARGHESE AND C. J. FLEGAL, Poultry Science

Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 An experiment was conducted to study the effect of continuous recycling of dehydrated poultry anaphage (DPW) in laying hen rations on the heavy metals mercury, copper and zinc found in muscle, liver, kidney, eggs and excreta. A total of 588, 20 week old pullets were fed either 0% (control), 12.5% or 25% anaphage. The anaphage replaced corn in the diet on a kilogram per kilogram basis. Eggs, excreta and tissues were collected from the 25 th cycle through the 33rd cycle (every other cycle) for analysis and comparison. A significantly (P < .05) lower level of zinc was observed in muscle tissue from birds that were continually fed the diet that contained 25% anaphage. The concentration of mercury, copper and zinc were not significantly increased in any of the other tissues or excreta studied due to the diet or the recycling effect of the anaphage. ENERGY UTILIZATION IN AGED & YOUNG BROILER BREEDER HENS SUBJECTED TO DIETARY DILUTION AND PROTEIN REDUCTION R. A. VOITLE, J. B. THOMPSON AND R. H. HARMS,

Department of Poultry Science, University of Florida, S. W. Archer Road, Gainesville, FL 32611 Five hundred fifty-eight, 66 week old, broiler breeder hens were assigned to four dietary treatments: 16% protein basal, 16% basal + 5% sand,

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Ground turkey (75% dark meat and 25% deboned tail head) was compared to ground lean hamburger by 233 shoppers in a supermarket. The ground meat samples were identified by code and not as to the type of meat. The ground turkey contained 15.5% protein and 16.9% fat and the ground hamburger contained 13.2% protein and 12.5% fat. The samples were seasoned with salt, fried in electric skillets and rated for acceptability. No significant differences were observed in acceptability between the two types of meat. Fifty-one of the original 233 shoppers volunteered to participate in a home trial using a ground meat product in a main dish. A choice of two recipes, meat burger and meat loaf, were provided along with 700 gm. ground turkey meat. The questionnaire showed that the families preferred the meat loaf to the meat burger recipe. They ranked turkey meat flavor higher in the meat loaf than in the meat burger recipe. The knowledge that turkey meat was higher in protein would not influence many families to buy the product. More than expected would buy turkey if it were used in the meat loaf recipe, fewer would buy it than expected if used in the meat burger recipe. Ground turkey meat was acceptable to the consumer when promoted and utilized in certain recipes.

mm. Within genetic age groups none of the correlations between IM, OM, their sum and BS were significant (P < .05). BS correlations among all age comparisons were significant (P < .01). The correlations between A2 and A3 for OM and IM were significant at below the 5% and 1% levels respectively. By pooling A2 and A3, which doubled the number of means used in the analyses, the correlation between BS and OM and the correlation between BS and OM plus IM were significant (P < .05). The BS and IM correlation were not significant. The correlations between ages for the reported traits indicate a consistent rate of change for the 12 genetic groups.

1987

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

THE USE OF TURKEY PRODUCTS IN RESTAURANTS LEONARD A. Voss, Department of Agricultural Economics, AND WALTER D. RUSSELL, Department

of Poultry Husbandry, University of MissouriColumbia, Columbia, MO 65201 A mail survey response by 200 Missouri restaurants indicated that turkey was served one day in three by 60 percent of the restaurants. Turkey was served at lunch by 67 percent and at dinner by 64 percent. Only 13 percent did not serve turkey. Fifteen percent featured turkey at lunch daily and 11 percent had it on the dinner menu daily. Turkey sandwiches were served 2 days out of 3 by 63 percent. Restaurant owners say customers like turkey, it is a good profit item and they plan to use more in the future. Over two-thirds listed whole roasted turkey the favorite turkey dish. Grade A large toms weighing up to 32 pounds were the most popular. Whole birds and turkey products use was reported by 50 percent of the users, while the other half were about equally divided between whole birds only and turkey products only, mostly rolls. Restaurants in large cities, over 50,000 population, served turkey more frequently at dinner. The smaller the city the less frequently turkey was

served at dinner. The acceptance of whole roasted turkey was outstanding. Acceptance on turkey rolls was about equally divided between good, fair and poor. Turkey breast acceptance was high. CAGE DENSITY EFFECT STRENGTH OF BROILERS

ON

BONE

C. J. WABECK Poultry Science Department, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, AND J. W. MERKLEY, U.S.D.A., A.R.S., N.E.R., C P.A., Poultry Research Laboratory, Georgetown, DE 19947 Lack of exercise, especially of the wing, has been one suggested cause for more brittle bones from broilers reared in cages or plastic coops. The study reported below was designed to measure the effect of stocking density upon humeri and tibiae strengths. Humeri and tibiae from male broilers placed in 60 x 60 x 36 cm. cages at densities of 400, 600, and 900 sq. cm. were compared to like bones from male broilers reared in floor pens at 900 sq. cm. Storage effect on bone strength from drying immediately and drying after two weeks frozen storage was also measured. Humeri breaking strengths were numerically greater for floor reared broilers in all trials and significantly higher (22.43 vs. 14.65, P < .01) for the last two trials regardless of preparative technique. Tibiae breaking strengths were numerically greater for floor reared broilers than cage reared and the differences were significant (17.99 vs. 15.79, P < .05) in the last trial. When increased from 400 to 900 sq. cm. cage density had no effect on breaking strengths (13.12 vs. 12.86). Freezing significantly (P < .01) reduced the breaking strength of the tibiae (14.53 vs. 20.77) and humeri (14.19 vs. 19.44) when compared to bones dried immediately. THREE NOISE LEVEL SURVEYS BROILER PROCESSING PLANT

IN A

C. J. WABECK AND J. L. HEATH, Poultry Science

Department, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, AND C. E. HARRIS, Dairy and Poultry Marketing Research Laboratory, U.S.D.A.— A.R.S., Beltsville, MD 20705 A noise level study was conducted in a broiler processing plant at three periods in time which corresponded to changes in equipment or operating procedures. Our first study was conducted as part of a survey of noise levels in processing plants in Maryland. The second study in the plant was conducted after

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13% protein basal or 13% basal + 5% sand. Sand was substituted for an equivalent amount of basal. Ten replicate pens were randomly assigned to each of the four diets and were fed ad libitum for an eight week period. Egg production and body weight were not effected by the dietary dilution or protein reduction. Body weight gain was slightly lowered by dilution of the 16% protein diet. Dilution of the diet containing 13% protein resulted in increased weight gain, which might be attributed to overconsumption of this marginal diet. Egg size, fertility and hatchability were not affected by the treatments. A second study with three hundredtwenty, 29 week old, broiler breeder pullets was identical in design with the first study. Egg production in these younger birds appeared to be reduced by dietary dilution and protein reduction. Feed consumption in both experiments was inversely related to energy content of the diet. In general, dietary dilution lowered the number of calories required to produce an egg while reducing the protein level resulted in more economical production; however, it is obvious from these data that older birds, with their greater protein and energy stores, are more tolerant of dietary dilution and protein reduction.

1988

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

EFFECTS OF THREE INDUSTRIAL CHILLING TECHNIQUES ON SOME SURFACE MICROFLORA OF BROILERS D. D. WAGNER AND D. E. BIGBEE, Department of

Poultry Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 Drumsticks taken from broiler carcasses were inoculated with approximately 106 Salmonella typhimurium and subjected to three simulated chilling processes commonly used in the broiler industry. The three processes used were: 1) ice bath followed by ice-pack storage at 2° C ; 2) ice bath followed by - 8 ° C. air blast for 60 minutes— storage at 2° C ; 3) hard freeze at -39° C. for 90 minutes—storage at 2° C. Logarithmic salmonellae counts per ml. of wash water at 3, 6, 10, and 14 days of storage were: TRT 1 (3.344,2.967, 1.964, 1.914); TRT 2 (2.824, 2.592, 2.255, 2.183); TRT 3 (3.496, 2.917, 2.380, 2.176). Treatment 2 gave significantly (P < .05) greater initial reduction in recoverable salmonellae. Treatment 2 reduced the growth rate of indigenous psychrotrophs so that at 14 days of storage counts from parts receiving treatment 2 were only 25% as great as treatment 1 parts and 50% as great as treatment 3. The difference was statistically significant (P < .05). The moisture content of skin removed from parts receiving treatment 2 (47.1%) was found to be significantly less (P < .05) than parts receiving treatment 3 (58.1%). Neither treatment 1 or 2 was able to eliminate salmonellae from parts inoculated at levels of less than 100 Salmonella typhimurium per part.

EFFECT OF ZINC METHIONINE COMPLEX ON GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION IN TURKEYS P. E. WAIBEL, G. D. VAUGHAN AND B. R. BEHRENDS,

Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 Zinc methionine complex (ZM) was studied in diets of starting, growing and breeding turkeys. It was supplied as Zinpro-40® (Zinpro Corp.), which contains 9% zinc and 8% methionine (M) and was fed at 0.10% of the ration. Broad White turkeys and practical corn-soybean meal type diets (including supplemental zinc) were used throughout. ZM was studied in four experiments during 0-3 weeks of age. Treatments not fed ZM were fed the amount of M provided by ZM. With suboptimum and optimum dietary protein, the growth responses to ZM were - 0 . 7 and 1.4%, respectively. With suboptimum and adequate dietary M, the respective growth responses were 3.8 and 0.0%. Thus was indicated a possible sparing effect on the need for M by ZM. ZM was fed to market turkeys in two experiments. Positive growth increases of 0.29 and 0.23 kg. body weight per bird resulted at 26 and 22 weeks, respectively. Feed efficiencies were not affected. ZM was studied in two breeder experiments, each having an egg production period of 20 weeks. Positive egg production responses were 1.75 and 3.8%, respectively. Responses in fertility were - 2 . 1 and - 0 . 1 % , respectively. Responses in hatchability of fertile eggs were +1.3 and - 1 . 1 % , respectively. ZM resulted in overall beneficial responses in growth and egg production under laboratory conditions. LINEAR PROGRAMMING AS A TEACHING TOOL IN A POULTRY NUTRITION COURSE P. W. WALDROUP, Department of Animal Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 The use of linear programming in least-cost formulation of poultry feeds has become almost universal in the U.S. feed industry. However, few schools made extensive usage of this technique in teaching the principles of poultry nutrition, especially at the undergraduate level. A manual outlining the procedures used in formulating poultry feeds using the IBM MPS360 system has been developed to guide students in understanding and using least-cost programming with a minimum

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a wall was placed between the scalder-picker area and the head puller-hock cutter area. In addition the pinners were moved from the evisceration room to the hock cutter area. A third survey was conducted in the plant as a result of a change from manual to an automatic lung gun machine. There was an approximate three (99 vs. 102) decibel reduction in the scald-picker area, and six (94.5 vs. 100.5) decibel reduction in the head puller-hock cutter area by placing a wall between the two areas. Placement of the pinners in the head puller-hock cutter area increased exposure level by two (93 vs. 91) decibels. Replacement of lung removal by manual guns with automatic lung gun machines increased noise levels in the evisceration and chill areas approximately three (89 vs. 92) to eight (104 vs. 96) decibels. Distance from the lung gun was an important factor in increased noise levels.

1989

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

PERFORMANCE OF HENS FED COMBINATIONS OF ALFALFA MEAL AND DEHYDRATED MARIGOLD MEAL IN HIGH PIGMENT DIETS P. W. WALDROUP AND K. R. HAZEN, Department of

Animal Science, University Fayetteville, AR 72701

of

Arkansas,

In a short-term bioavailability study, hens fed dehydrated marigold petals did not transfer the pigment to their yolks as efficiently as did those fed alfalfa meal or the A.N.R.C. reference standard. The marigold product was about 52% as effective as alfalfa meal using N.E.P.A. numbers as a measure. A long-term performance study was conducted to determine effects of different combinations of alfalfa meal and dehydrated marigold meal to supply 77 mg./kg. of xanthophyll, a level used in commercial flocks to provide darkly pigmented eggs. One series of diets containing 26, 13, and 0% alfalfa with the remainder of the pigment from marigold meal used "least-cost" energy levels of 2431, 2701 and 2886 M.E. kcal. / k g . while the other series of diets used similar combinations of alfalfa meal and marigold but with a "fixed" energy level of 2886 M.E. kcal./kg. Over a 224 day laying period, energy level of the diets influenced rate of production with hens fed the "fixed" energy series producing more eggs with a larger average weight. Combined use of alfalfa meal and marigold meal resulted in better performance, even taking into account the reduced bioavailability of the marigold meal.

DAILY METHIONINE NEEDS PRODUCTION TYPE HENS

OF

EGG-

P. W. WALDROUP, K. R. HAZEN AND J. R. PAYNE,

Department of Animal Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 Studies were conducted regarding daily methionine needs of egg-type hens. In the first study a semipurified diet low in methionine (0.35% TSAA) but adequate to meet the daily needs of other amino acids was fed to hens for a 2 week depletion period. Hens were then offered 100 grams/day of the diet supplemented with graded levels of DL-methionine. All eggs laid for 56 days were weighed to determine total egg mass. Production on the semipurified diets was considerably lower than that of hens fed a positive control corn-soy type diet. The daily TSAA requirement on the semipurified diet appeared to be 450 mg. day. In a second study practical-type ingredients were used to formulate diets in a factorial arrangement of 4 energy levels (250 to 325 kcal./day) and 4 levels of TSAA intake (400 to 550 mg. /day). These diets were control-fed to hens that had been in production for 6 months. An 8 week feeding period was used. No significant differences were noted in total number of eggs produced, average egg weights or total egg mass. TSAA levels did not influence body weights but energy levels had a significant influence.

THE PHOSPHORUS NEEDS OF STARTING BROILERS IN RELATIONSHIP TO DIETARY NUTRIENT DENSITY LEVELS P. W. WALDROUP, R. J. MITCHELL ANDZ. B. JOHNSON,

Department of Animal Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 In formulating diets by linear programming it is frequently assumed that the requirements for most of the essential nutrients are in direct proportion to the dietary energy level. However, there is disagreement in the scientific literature as to the influence of dietary energy levels upon the chick's need for phosphorus. Studies were conducted to determine effects of different dietary energy levels on the phosphorus needs of chicks 0-4 weeks of age to establish energy:phosphorus ratios for use in linear programming. Simplified corn-soya diets were formulated containing 2970, 3190 and 3410 M.E. kcal./kg. with protein and essential amino acids increased proportionately. The basal diets contained 1% calcium and 1.13% available phosphorus and were supplemented with

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of mathematical theory involved. Our experience indicates that students quickly learn the basic fundamentals of operation. Two laboratory sessions are usually sufficient to attain competency in basic formulation procedures. Following this the students are given exercises which demonstrate different problems in feed formulation such as selecting the most optimum cost per calorie, costs of meeting protein vs. amino acid requirements, supplying different levels of xanthophyll, and evaluating a new ingredient in different types of feeds. Students divide into teams and formulate broiler feeds for an actual feeding trial during the semester. Introduction of this teaching tool appears to improve the student's appreciation of the problems facing a nutritionist in commercial feed formulation. It can be easily adapted to demonstrations in many areas of poultry nutrition.

1990

ABSTRACTS O F PAPERS

REPRODUCTION OF BOBWHITE QUAIL AS AFFECTED BY DAY LENGTH AND SEX RATIO W. S. WALKER, Poultry Science Department, Clemson University, Post Office Box 1771, Columbia, SC 29202 Two adjacent rooms, A and B, housed a total of 96 quail. Twenty-four and sixteen hour light programs were compared. A one to one ratio of males to females was compared to a one to three ratio. Both rooms contained 12 cages each measuring 30.6centimeters x 45.9 centimeters. Six cages each held 2 males and 2 females and six each contained 1 male and 3 females. Room A was started January 25, 1973 on 12 hours total light (natural day length was 10:22). Thirty minute increases were applied weekly to achieve a 16 hour day. This was maintained until project termination September 30, 1973. Room B was started the same day on 24 hours continuous light for the project duration. Egg production and fertility data were obtained on all treatments. Room A yielded 1641 eggs from the 2-2 pens and 1890 eggs from the 1-3 pens for a total of 3541. Room B yielded 1788 eggs from the 2-2 pens and 2714 eggs from the 1-3 pens totalling 4502. Production in the 24 hour light treatment was significantly higher than the 16 hour treatment and the 1-3 ratio produced significantly more eggs than did the 2-2 mating. Total fertile eggs from the 2-2 pens was 3139. Total fertile eggs from the 1-3 ratio was 3290. This difference was not significant. Fertility did not differ between light treatments.

LYSINE REQUIREMENT OF CHICKS FED DIETS WITH COTTONSEED MEAL R. E. WARNICK AND J. O. ANDERSON, Animal Science

Department, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322 Lysine was added to broiler diets based on corn, soybean, and meat and bone meals (CSMB), and to similar diets with 10% cottonseed meal (CSM). The basic diet with CSM contained about 0.14% less lysine than the CSMB diet. Only 0.05% lysine addition to the diet with CSM was required to produce the best performance. The lysine level in the CSMB diet appeared to be marginal, because lysine addition improved performance slightly. Less lysine was required in the diet with CSM. Lysine addition to the diet with CSM produced a greater response with male chicks. Performance with the lysine-supplemented CSM diet was a good or better than with the CSMB diet. An amino acid mixture was added to a CSMB diet to produce a diet with essential amino acid levels similar to those in the basic CSM diet. The essential amino acid levels in the basic diet with CSM appear to be the main factors responsible for the lower lysine requirement. AN AUTOMATIC AIR INLET USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH AN INTERMITTENT LIGHT REGIME FOR BROILERS WILLIAM D. WEAVER, JR. AND BARRY H. BINGHAM,

Departments of Poultry Science and Agricultural Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061 Twenty automatic air inlets were field-tested in a broiler house with a negative pressure ventilation system. The inlet baffles, each 2.128 m. x 0.304 m. and constructed from 2.54 cm. thick rigid board insulation, were hinged at the top and operated by negative pressure. When no fans were operating each inlet baffle was held closed with an electromagnet. A hood was placed over the outside of each inlet and fan opening to restrict incoming light and to reduce the influence of outside air currents on inlet baffles. Light intensities were 0.033 to 0.116 lux in two pens with automatic inlets, and 0.009 to 4.645 lux in two similar pens equipped with 0.6096 m. wide continuous curtains. The curtain on one wall acted as the air inlet and also allowed light to enter. An intermittent light regime, 3 hours on and 3 hours off, was used in the automatic inlet pens and continuous light, natural and incandescent, was used in the curtain pens. Air velocity through the automatic inlets

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0 to 0.50% additional phosphorus from monosodium phosphate. Significant effects on body weight, bone ash and feed efficiency were related to energy level, phosphorus level, and to sex but not to any interaction of these factors. By fitting lines to least squares the levels of inorganic phosphorus needed to elicit maximum response were calculated to be 1463, 1547 and 1675 mg. inorganic P per 1000 M.E./kg. of diet for feed utilization, body weight, and tibia ash respectively for chicks of this age.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

FEEDING TRITICALE AND SHORT-STEM WHEAT TO POULTRY C. W. WEBER, J. O. NORDSTROM AND B. L. REID,

Department of Poultry Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 Five varieties of short-stem wheat and three varieties of triticale grain were fed to laying hens for a period of 270 days. Parameters measured were egg production, egg weight and feed conversion. The wheat varieties tested were Anza, Saric, Yecora, Cajeme and Bluebird # 2 , while varieties of triticale used were Triticale—203, Triticale—204 and a commercial source of triticale grain. All wheat and triticale grains were evaluated in comparison with a sorghum control. Hens fed the sorghum diet averaged 78% production while hens fed the short-term wheat diets ranged from 69 to 75% production. Birds fed the triticale grain diets had production figures of 71 to 76%. Feed conversions varied from a low of 3.85 for the sorghum diet to a high of 4.49 for the Bluebird # 2 diet. No differences in egg weights were observed with the exception of the Yecora wheat where egg weight was lower. The protein levels of the test grains were from 13.6 to 16.0%, while energy values ranged from 2.571 to 3.120 kcal. per gram. SOME FACTORS AFFECTING THE INCIDENCE O F BREAST BLISTERS IN COMMERCIAL BROILERS R. LEWIS WESLEY AND W. D. WEAVER, J R . , Depart-

ment of Food Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061 Economic losses from breast blisters on commercial broilers to both producers and processors has been estimated to be about $4 million annually. A field study has been conducted by extension specialists at V.P.I. & S.U. in cooperation with

three integrators in Virginia to determine the rates of down grading due to breast blisters. Eleven variables were quantified with respect to their effects on breast blister incidence. Breast blister incidence in the nearly 250,000 broilers included in this study averaged 10.5% with the range among flocks being 3.8% to 28%. Litter conditions, ammonia levels, bird health, house temperatures, feathering rates, and house ventilation all had significant effects on numbers of breast blisters. Within the limits of this study, comb types, market weights, feed ingredients, market ages, and amounts of floor space per broiler had no measureable effect on breast blister incidence. Bacterial culturing of trimmed breast blisters revealed that blisters in the early stages of formation were generally sterile, while E. coli, Staphylococcus, Proteus, and Clostridium, were found in blisters of advanced formation. It was concluded that: litter conditions, ammonia levels, house temperatures, and ventilation capacities contributed the greatest effects on breast blister incidence in this study. EFFECTS OF CRYOPRESERVATIVES ON PROTEOLYTIC MEMBRANE DIGESTION BY THE ACROSOMES OF CHICKEN SPERMATOZOA BEFORE AND AFTER FREEZING F. D. WESTFALL AND G. C. HARRIS, J R . , Department

of Animal Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 Comparisons were made between unfrozen and frozen spermatozoa in different levels of the cryopreservatives: glycerol, DMSO and ethylene glycol. Semen was diluted with monosodium glutamate solution containing antibiotics and cryopreservatives added. All samples were held for 1 hour at 5° C. Before and after freezing in dry ice and thawing at 40° C , aliquots were diluted 1:10 into veronal acetate buffer (pH 8.5). Small drops were smeared across fixed gelatin membranes which were incubated for 1 hour at 40° C. in moist petri dishes and examined under the phase contrast microscope. The spermatozoa which are capable of completely digesting the protein membrane should be able to penetrate the ovum for fertilization. In the absence of cryopreservatives freezethaw caused a significant decrease in percent spermatozoa completely digesting membrane. No effect on membrane digestion by unfrozen samples containing a cryopreservative was observed. High levels of glycerol (16% and 24%) prevented freeze-thaw damage to the acrosome. In contrast,

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averaged 160.02 m./min. when a low volume of air (0.028 m. 3 /min./bird) was required and 284.38 m./min. when the maximum amount of air (0.106 m. 3 /min. /bird) was exhausted from the pens. Each inlet was capable of handling 113.27 m. 3 /min. of incoming air. Mean body weights were 40.9 g. and 63.6 g. heavier for broilers in intermittent light pens than in continuous light pens for trials 1 and 2, respectively. Each trial consisted of 50,000 broilers. Feed conversions, livability and percentage grade A were similar between light treatments within each trial.

1991

1992

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

DMSO and ethylene glycol had little or no protective effects during freeze-thaw and were toxic at high concentrations. TEACHING POULTRY SION METHODS

SCIENCE—EXTEN-

HARRY C. WHELDEN, J R . , Department of Animal

and Veterinary Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04473

1. Program goals—short and long-range 2. Audience analysis 3. Available resources An expansion of the above theories and examples of extension teaching methods will be discussed— the latter based on a survey questionnaire sent to Extension Poultry Specialists. EFFECT OF METHIONINE AND LYSINE ON THE ARGININE REQUIREMENT OF CHICKS D. R. WILBURN AND H. L. FULLER, Department of

Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 Preliminary investigations suggested a breed difference in the requirement of chicks for arginine. Two breeds of commercial broiler chicks were used to investigate possible breed differences and to determine the effect of methionine and lysine on arginine requirements. Graded levels of arginine were added to a glucose-casein diet with or without added methionine and to a corn-soybean meal diet with and without supplemental lysine sufficient to bring it up to the lysine level of the casein diet. The arginine requirement of chicks receiving the glucose-casein diet with and without supplemental methionine was found to be 1.46% and 1.55% of the diet, respectively. No breed differences were found. No differences in body weight or feed conversion

ULTRASTRUCTURE AND LIPID COMPOSITION OF LIVERS FROM HENS WITH HEMORRHAGIC LIVERS J. R. WILLS AND J. E. SAVAGE, Department of Poultry

Husbandry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201 Beginning at 29 weeks of age S.C.W.L. pullets were fed a practical or soy protein diet containing either glucose, sucrose or starch. After they had received these diets for 9, 22 and 40 weeks, livers from four birds per treatment were obtained for electron microscopy and lipid analysis. Livers showing both hemorrhages and severe fatty infiltration contained numerous large nonmembrane bound lipid droplets within the liver cell. Liver lipid composition, expressed as g. lipid (chloroform-methanol extract)/g. N, on a moisture free basis was; total lipids 8.90, triglycerides 5.07, phospholipids 1.99 and cholesterol 0.45. Liver cell mitochondria appeared less numerous and were poorly defined when compared with those from normal appearing livers. Liver cells from livers that were neither hemorrhagic nor fatty infiltrated contained fewer and smaller membrane bound lipid droplets. Liver lipid composition (g. lipid/g. N) was; total lipids 4.56, triglycerides 1.68, phospholipids 1.80 and cholesterol 0.30. INFLUENCE OF HIGH TEMPERATURE STRESS OF 16-DAY EMBRYOS ON SUBSEQUENT HATCHABILITY H. R. WILSON, J. B. THOMPSON, III ANDR. A. VOITLE,

Department of Poultry Science, University of Florida, S.W. Archer Road, Gainesville, FL 32611 A series of experiments was conducted to determine the effect of acute heat stress on late stage chicken embryos. Embryos were incubated at nor-

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Teaching, as related to the basic Extension philosophy of "helping people help themselves" implies "to train or accustom to some action." The methods used must help people see opportunities, develop confidence needed for action, acquire the needed knowledge and skills, apply reliable scientific knowledges, and develop personal commitment to action. As a result, the poultry science facts and knowledge are but a part of the total effort in extension teaching. Extension workers use a wide range of teaching methods. The selection of the method or methods is largely based on three factors:

were observed when arginine was added to the corn-soy diet; however, when this diet was supplemented with lysine a growth depression occurred which was overcome by 0.3% supplemental arginine HC1. On the glucose-casein diet muscle creatine increased with each level of added arginine with or without supplemental methionine. Creatinine excretion also increased linearly with each level of added arginine in the absence of supplementary methionine but when methionine was added creatine excretion reached a plateau at the level of arginine which satisfied the chicks growth requirement.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

1993

dentified species. In severe cases of crop mycosis, 2 to 5 different strains and species were found frequently in the same crop. Generally, chicken isolates were slightly more resistant to mycostatin than human and pigeon isolates. In an attempt to quantitate the virulence of the isolates, it was found that an i.v. injection of washed cells depressed growth rates and caused ataxia and abnormal posturing of the head. Oral inoculation produced infections in which the number of Candida per g. of crop varied from 103 to 107. These data should help provide the basis for an investigation of the pathogenesis of Candida in poultry.

IMMUNOSUPPRESSION IN YOUNG CHICKENS BY PASSIVE TRANSFER OF SPECIFIC IMMUNE SERA P. S. YOUNG AND P. THAXTON , Department of Poultry

Science, North Carolina State University, P.O. Box 5307, Raleigh, NC 27607 This study was conducted to investigate the mechanism and time course relationship of antibody mediated suppression of the hemagglutination response to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) in young chickens. Pools of immune sera were formulated from 6 week old cockerels that had received single intravenous challenges of 1 ml. of a 7% saline suspension of SRBC. Non-immune sera were collected from non-challenged birds and then pooled. Three trials were conducted and in all cases passive intravenous transfers of fresh pooled sera were made in 7 week old cockerels. In Trial 1,

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mal control temperature (37.5° C.) for 16 days in EFFECT OF VARYING LEVELS OF CALCIUM Jamesway 252 incubators and then subjected to AND EDTA ON LAYING HENS 40.6, 43.3, 46.1 or 48.9° C. for various periods of O. YAZGAN ANDG. M. SPEERS, Department of Animal time in another incubator of the same type. At Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN the end of the stress period the embryos were 55108 placed back in the control incubator for the reForty-week old S.C.W.L. hens were fed three mainder of the incubation period. Embryos were able to tolerate exposure for 24 levels of ethylenedinitrilotetra acetic acid (EDTA) (0,0.1 and 1.0%) and three levels of dietary calcium hours at 40.6° C. without major detrimental effects (Ca) (1.5, 3.0 and 4.5%) in factorial arrangement. on hatchability. Exposure for 6 hours at 43.3° C. A total of 72 birds were used in this 28-day caused a decrease in hatchability with a severe experiment. decline after 9 hours of exposure. Exposure to Body weight was not influenced by Ca level 46.1° C. for 3 hours or 48.9° C. for 1 hour .killed but was significantly depressed by feeding 1% all embryos. Chicks which hatched following heat EDTA. The high level of EDTA (1.0%) significantly stress had a high incidence of clubbed, wiry down reduced production rate and feed consumption and an unsteady gait. when diets contained 1.5 or 3.0% Ca but not with 4.5% dietary calcium. Birds fed a diet containing CROP MYCOSIS IN CHICKENS 1.5% Ca with 1.0% EDTA had the poorest feed R. D. WYATT AND P. B. HAMILTON, Department of conversion. Poultry Science, North Carolina State UniversiEgg shell thickness and egg weight were not ty, Raleigh, NC 27607 influenced by any of the dietary treatments. Addition of 0.1% EDTA to the diet containing 1.5% Crop mycosis, which is generally assumed to Ca resulted in a nonsignificant increase in egg be caused by Candida albicans, has been studied little despite its prevalence and reputation in the specific gravity, percent shell and breaking strength. Birds fed 4.5% Ca with 1.0% EDTA had poultry industry. A survey of processing lines from the best egg shell quality. seven different grow-out operations in which swabs Calcium retention, measured over a four day of the crop lining were plated on Pagano-Levin medium revealed that 6, 17, 19, 21, 40, 42, and period, was decreased significantly by feeding 1.0% EDTA with 1.5% dietary Ca. There was some 52%, respectively, of the birds from the seven non-significant improvement in calcium retention operations carried Candida although only about with both 0.1 and 1.0% EDTA when the diet 1% showed visible lesions. About 95% of the contained 3.0% dietary calcium and with 1.0% isolates were C. albicans and the remainder were EDTA when the diet contained 4.5% dietary calciC. ravautii, C. salmonicola, C. guilliermondii, C. um. parapsilosis, C. catenulata, and several still uni-

1994

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

EFFECT OF PHOTOPERIOD ON FERTILITY AND SERUM TESTOSTERONE CONCENTRATION IN MALE TURKEYS

inseminate hens of the same breed. The male photoperiod treatments were: (1) 14 hours per day, (2) 24 hours per day, and (3) 14 hours per day plus an additional 15 minutes per week, resulting in 19.75 hours per day after the 23 weeks of treatment. The hens received 14 hours of light per day. Selective mating provided the means to record the fertility for individual males within treatments. Weekly bleedings of one-half of the males in each treatment group provided serum for measurement of testosterone concentrations. Testosterone measurements were obtained by radioimmunoassay (RIA) techniques developed and validated in our laboratory. Data was analyzed for correlations between photoperiod, fertility and serum testosterone concentrations. Mean percent fertility calculations showed the 24 hour light treatment was superior with 85% fertility and the other two treatments were similar with 80% fertility.

N. G. ZIMMERMANN AND B. C. WENTWORTH, Depart-

ment of Poultry Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 Large White male turkeys managed under three different lighting regimes were used to biweekly

NEWS AND NOTES (Continued from page 1891) Germany (Federal)—A. Mehner, H. Schlutter, and R-M. Wegner; Greece—P. Maniatis; Hungary—D. Derzsi, and L. Szentirmai; India—J. N. Panda, and M. L. Kanchan; Iran—vacancy; Ireland—J. O'Connell, and M. Doyle; Israel—L. Argov, Z. Ben-Adam, A. Lifschitz, M. Perek, J. Raviv, Y. Rosenberg, M. Taran, A. Thumim, M. Yedlin, and E. Yizchaki; Italy—A. Bonomi, G. Giordani, and F. Ventola; Jordan—J. G. Khayyat; Japan—S. Ito, H. Morimoto, S. Nakajo, T. Nishikawa, S. Okamoto, N. Onishi, Y. Takamatsu, Y. Yamada, T. Yamaguichi, and K. Yamanaka; Korea (D.P.R.)—vacancy; Korea (Republic)—B. K. Ohh, and J. K. Lee; Lebanon—J. Asmar, and N. J. Daghir; Malta G.C.—M. C. BorgCardona; Mexico—vacancy; Netherlands—J. F. Helder, C. Romijn, M. P. Timmermans, N. Zwiep, and vacancy; New Zealand—M. R. Patchell, A. L.

Rae, and M. A. Watts; Norway—A. Eskilt, and H. Hvidsten; Pakistan—H. ul Hasnain; Peru—M. Jaurengui; Philippines—M. M. Labadan; Poland—H. Baczkowska, and E. Potemkowska; South Africa—A. M. Gericke, W. C. J. Viljoen, and vacancy; Spain—M. Brufau, E. Corominas, L. Escribano, L. Fortuny, R. Hitos, J. M. Luelmo, E. Puigferrat, F. Puchal, and A. San Gabriel; Sweden—B. Flygare, and N. O. Lindgren; Switzerland—H. Bachmann, R. Berger, H. Ebbell, and W. Thornann; United Kingdom—J. D. Blaxland, J. A. Calvert, T. C. Carter, W. Foster, E. Golden, C. M. Hann, T. R. Morris, D. I. S. Richardson, D. H. Shrimpton, and vacancy; United States of America—R. I. Ammon, A. W. Brant, R. H. Forsythe, W. R. Jenkins, A. A. Kurnick, H. Lineweaver, J. E. Marshall, C. F. McClary, J. G. Salsbury, and M. L. Sunde; U.S.S.R.—A. R. Essen-

(Continued on page 1998)

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two groups of birds received either immunized or non-immunized sera. Both groups were given 4 injections of 0.75 ml. serum at 6 hour intervals prior to challenge with SRBC. Thus, the last transfer was made immediately prior to the antigen challenge. Trial 2 was similar to Trial 1, except the antigen was given 24 hours after the last serum transfer. In Trial 3, a single 3 ml. serum transfer was made 12 hours prior to the antigen challenge. Without exception the birds which received immune sera exhibited lower anti-SRBC responses than birds which received non-immune sera. These data indicate clearly that the hemagglutination response in young chickens is suppressed by the passive transfer of sera which contains anti-SRBC antibody. Additionally, single doses are as suppressive as multiple doses, and the time at which transfer is made is of negligible consequence.