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Academia Ophthalmologica Internationalis
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY FRANK
W. NEWELL, Editor-in-Chief
Tribune Tower, Suite 1415, 435 North Michigan Ave., Chicago, Illinois 60611 EDITORIAL BOARD Mathea R. Allansinith, Boston Douglas R. Anderson, Miami Crowell Beard, San Jose Bernard Becker, St. Louis Benjamin F. Boyd, Panama Charles J. Campbell, New York Ronald E. Carr, New York Thomas Chalkley, Chicago Claes H. Dohlman, Boston Fred Ederer. Bethesda
Published
Arnall Patz, Baltimore DuPont Gucrry III, Richmond Paid Henkind, Bronx Steven M. Podos, New York Robert W. Hollenhorst, Rochester Albert M. Potts, Louisville Herbert E. Kaufman, New Orleans Algernon B. Reese, New York Arthur H. Keeney, Louisville Robert D. Reinecke, Albany Carl Kupfer, Bethesda Marvin L. Sears, New Haven Irving H. Leopold, Irvine David Shoch, Chicago A. Edward Maumenee, Baltimore Bruce E. Spivey, San Francisco Irene H. Maumenee, Baltimore Bradley R. Straatsma, Los Angeles Edward W. D. Norton, Miami Gunter K. von Noorden, Houston G. Richard O'Connor, San Francisco
monthly by the Ophthalmic
Publishing
Company
Tribune Tower, Suite 1415, 435 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60611 Directors: A. E D W A R D M A U M E N E E , President; D A V I D S H O C H , Vice President; FRANK W. N E W E L L , Secretary and Treasurer; E D W A R D VV. D. N O R T O N , B R U C E E. SPIVEY, BRADLEY R. STRAATSMA
ACADEMIA OPHTHALMOLOGICA INTERNATIONALIS
tions and ophthalmologists, who may so licit them. The Academia Ophthalmologica InterProfessor Jules Francois was elected nationalis was founded in Ghent in 1976. Honorary President for life. Professor It has three main purposes: (1) to main Fritz Hollwich, of Munich, was elected tain the ophthalmologic ethics and tradi President for a four-year term. Frank W. tion, to preserve the heritage and highest Newell, of Chicago, was elected First ideals of ophthalmology, and to transmit Vice-President, and H. Saul Sugar of De its history to future generations; (2) to troit, Second Vice-President. Edward provide a history of ophthalmology and Grom, of Venezuela, was elected Secre accumulate historical material for future tary, and Werther Duque-Estrada, of Bra ophthalmologists; (3) to publish a journal, zil, was elected Treasurer. "Historia Ophthalmologica InternationAt present, the members include the alis," edited by Mr. J. P. Wayenborgh, following: Lalit P. Argarwal, India; Juan Basteistrasse, 64, D-5300 BONN. Work Arentsen, Chile; Eduard Sergeevich Aveing committees are currently writing a tisov, U.S.S.R.; Jose I. Barraquer, Colom definitive history of ophthalmology in bia; Frederick C. Blodi, U.S.A.; Benjamin different countries and parts of the world. F. Boyd, Panama; Paul Bregeat, France; Membership is limited to 50, selected by vote. T o b e eligible for membership one must have not less than 20 years of ophthalmologic practice and be the au thor of at least one book and 100 scientificpapers. T h e recipient must have high moral standards and must present a thesis at the Academia meeting. The Academia is available for consulta tion, counsel, and service to all institu
Jose Casanovas, Spain; Gerard Crock, Australia; Joseph Diallo, Senegal; Andre Dubois-Poulsen, France; Werther Duque Estrada, Brazil; Helmut Fanta, Austria; Jules Frangois, Belgium; John Fronimopoulos, Greece; Edward Grom, Venezuala; Harold E. Henkes, T h e Nether lands; Fritz Hollwich, Germany; Barrie Jones, England, Aladar Kettesy, Hunga ry; J. Harry King, Jr., U.S.A.; M. M. Kras-
577
578
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY
nov, U.S.S.R.: Tadeusz Krwawicz, Po land; Ronald F. Lowe, Australia; Maurice Luntz, South Africa (Now U.S.A.); A. Edward Maumenee, U.S.A.: H. J. Merte, Germany; Isaac C. Michaelson, Israel; Saiichi Mishima, Japan; Akira Nakajima, Japan; Frank W. Newell, U.S.A.; Edward W. D. Norton, U.S.A.; Guy Offret, France; Louis Paufique, France; N. A. Puchkovskaya, U.S.S.R.; Magda Radnot, Hungary; Algernon B. Reese, U.S.A.; Hil ton Rocha, Brazil; Luis Sanchez Bulnes, Mexico; Hans Sautter, Germany; Harold Scheie, U.S.A.; Giuseppe Scuderi, Italy; Manuel da Silva-Pinto, Portugal; Red mond Smith, England; A. M. Soliman, Egypt; Bradley R. Straatsma, U.S.A.; Ber nard Streiff, Switzerland; H.. Saul Sugar, U.S.A.; Patrick D. Trevor-Roper, En gland; Alberto Urrets-Zavalia, Argentina; Salme Vannas, Finland; and L. E. Werner, Ireland. The Academia meets annually and members must be present at all meetings. The meeting of the Academia is in Ghent, May 13, 1979. J U L E S E. FRANgois
T H E HLA SYSTEM AND GLAUCOMA The exciting efforts of immunologists and geneticists identifying certain gene loci on chromosomes has led to wide spread studies of the HLA system. The availability of highly inbred strains of mice demonstrated a link between the histocompatibility system, certain im mune responses, and some disease states. The general principles concerning the genetics of mice may apply throughout nature. In the mouse the genes that con trol certain immune responses (IR genes) are placed near the genes that determine histocompatibility types in the H-2 region of the chromosome 17. In the human, the histocompatibility
APRIL, 1979
complex governing the HLA system is located in chromosome 6. Study of HLA patterns in man has associated some dis eases that previously were only vaguely connected, such as ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter's syndrome, juvenile rheuma toid arthritis, and uveitis. It has distin guished other diseases, such as maturity onset and juvenile onset diabetes mellitus. Many attempts have been made to associate ocular diseases with the HLA system. The frequent change in nomenclature is a major problem for new HLA workers. Since 1967, a World Health Organization nomenclature committee has tried to as cribe uniform designations to the anti gens when it was thought that they were adequately defined. Initially, the antigens were named HL-A followed by a number (for example, HL-A1) without taking into account to which series the antigen be longed. Recently, however, a change was introduced by calling each segregant se ries A, B, C, D, and DR and by moving the hyphen from HL-A to HLA-. The anti gens of the A and B series have generally retained their original numbers. The let ter " w " (International Histocompatibility Workshop) indicates antigens not specifi cally defined. The HLA system is of immediate inter est and relevance to geneticists, oncolog ists, immunologists, and infectious dis ease experts. Much date are accumulating and new information is evolving; howev er, one has to be prepared for changes in views and ideas as new methods and in vestigations improve on less recent ones. Associations between HLA antigens and a particular disease are characterized by relative increases in the frequency of particular antigens in the group of dis eased patients, as compared with age, sex, and race-matched control groups. Control is important because the normal frequen cy of certain HLA types varies considera bly in various parts of the world. For
W. NEWELL, Editor-in-Chief
Tribune Tower, Suite 1415, 435 North Michigan Ave., Chicago, Illinois 60611 EDITORIAL BOARD Mathea R. Allansinith, Boston Douglas R. Anderson, Miami Crowell Beard, San Jose Bernard Becker, St. Louis Benjamin F. Boyd, Panama Charles J. Campbell, New York Ronald E. Carr, New York Thomas Chalkley, Chicago Claes H. Dohlman, Boston Fred Ederer. Bethesda
Published
Arnall Patz, Baltimore DuPont Gucrry III, Richmond Paid Henkind, Bronx Steven M. Podos, New York Robert W. Hollenhorst, Rochester Albert M. Potts, Louisville Herbert E. Kaufman, New Orleans Algernon B. Reese, New York Arthur H. Keeney, Louisville Robert D. Reinecke, Albany Carl Kupfer, Bethesda Marvin L. Sears, New Haven Irving H. Leopold, Irvine David Shoch, Chicago A. Edward Maumenee, Baltimore Bruce E. Spivey, San Francisco Irene H. Maumenee, Baltimore Bradley R. Straatsma, Los Angeles Edward W. D. Norton, Miami Gunter K. von Noorden, Houston G. Richard O'Connor, San Francisco
monthly by the Ophthalmic
Publishing
Company
Tribune Tower, Suite 1415, 435 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60611 Directors: A. E D W A R D M A U M E N E E , President; D A V I D S H O C H , Vice President; FRANK W. N E W E L L , Secretary and Treasurer; E D W A R D VV. D. N O R T O N , B R U C E E. SPIVEY, BRADLEY R. STRAATSMA
ACADEMIA OPHTHALMOLOGICA INTERNATIONALIS
tions and ophthalmologists, who may so licit them. The Academia Ophthalmologica InterProfessor Jules Francois was elected nationalis was founded in Ghent in 1976. Honorary President for life. Professor It has three main purposes: (1) to main Fritz Hollwich, of Munich, was elected tain the ophthalmologic ethics and tradi President for a four-year term. Frank W. tion, to preserve the heritage and highest Newell, of Chicago, was elected First ideals of ophthalmology, and to transmit Vice-President, and H. Saul Sugar of De its history to future generations; (2) to troit, Second Vice-President. Edward provide a history of ophthalmology and Grom, of Venezuela, was elected Secre accumulate historical material for future tary, and Werther Duque-Estrada, of Bra ophthalmologists; (3) to publish a journal, zil, was elected Treasurer. "Historia Ophthalmologica InternationAt present, the members include the alis," edited by Mr. J. P. Wayenborgh, following: Lalit P. Argarwal, India; Juan Basteistrasse, 64, D-5300 BONN. Work Arentsen, Chile; Eduard Sergeevich Aveing committees are currently writing a tisov, U.S.S.R.; Jose I. Barraquer, Colom definitive history of ophthalmology in bia; Frederick C. Blodi, U.S.A.; Benjamin different countries and parts of the world. F. Boyd, Panama; Paul Bregeat, France; Membership is limited to 50, selected by vote. T o b e eligible for membership one must have not less than 20 years of ophthalmologic practice and be the au thor of at least one book and 100 scientificpapers. T h e recipient must have high moral standards and must present a thesis at the Academia meeting. The Academia is available for consulta tion, counsel, and service to all institu
Jose Casanovas, Spain; Gerard Crock, Australia; Joseph Diallo, Senegal; Andre Dubois-Poulsen, France; Werther Duque Estrada, Brazil; Helmut Fanta, Austria; Jules Frangois, Belgium; John Fronimopoulos, Greece; Edward Grom, Venezuala; Harold E. Henkes, T h e Nether lands; Fritz Hollwich, Germany; Barrie Jones, England, Aladar Kettesy, Hunga ry; J. Harry King, Jr., U.S.A.; M. M. Kras-
577
578
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY
nov, U.S.S.R.: Tadeusz Krwawicz, Po land; Ronald F. Lowe, Australia; Maurice Luntz, South Africa (Now U.S.A.); A. Edward Maumenee, U.S.A.: H. J. Merte, Germany; Isaac C. Michaelson, Israel; Saiichi Mishima, Japan; Akira Nakajima, Japan; Frank W. Newell, U.S.A.; Edward W. D. Norton, U.S.A.; Guy Offret, France; Louis Paufique, France; N. A. Puchkovskaya, U.S.S.R.; Magda Radnot, Hungary; Algernon B. Reese, U.S.A.; Hil ton Rocha, Brazil; Luis Sanchez Bulnes, Mexico; Hans Sautter, Germany; Harold Scheie, U.S.A.; Giuseppe Scuderi, Italy; Manuel da Silva-Pinto, Portugal; Red mond Smith, England; A. M. Soliman, Egypt; Bradley R. Straatsma, U.S.A.; Ber nard Streiff, Switzerland; H.. Saul Sugar, U.S.A.; Patrick D. Trevor-Roper, En gland; Alberto Urrets-Zavalia, Argentina; Salme Vannas, Finland; and L. E. Werner, Ireland. The Academia meets annually and members must be present at all meetings. The meeting of the Academia is in Ghent, May 13, 1979. J U L E S E. FRANgois
T H E HLA SYSTEM AND GLAUCOMA The exciting efforts of immunologists and geneticists identifying certain gene loci on chromosomes has led to wide spread studies of the HLA system. The availability of highly inbred strains of mice demonstrated a link between the histocompatibility system, certain im mune responses, and some disease states. The general principles concerning the genetics of mice may apply throughout nature. In the mouse the genes that con trol certain immune responses (IR genes) are placed near the genes that determine histocompatibility types in the H-2 region of the chromosome 17. In the human, the histocompatibility
APRIL, 1979
complex governing the HLA system is located in chromosome 6. Study of HLA patterns in man has associated some dis eases that previously were only vaguely connected, such as ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter's syndrome, juvenile rheuma toid arthritis, and uveitis. It has distin guished other diseases, such as maturity onset and juvenile onset diabetes mellitus. Many attempts have been made to associate ocular diseases with the HLA system. The frequent change in nomenclature is a major problem for new HLA workers. Since 1967, a World Health Organization nomenclature committee has tried to as cribe uniform designations to the anti gens when it was thought that they were adequately defined. Initially, the antigens were named HL-A followed by a number (for example, HL-A1) without taking into account to which series the antigen be longed. Recently, however, a change was introduced by calling each segregant se ries A, B, C, D, and DR and by moving the hyphen from HL-A to HLA-. The anti gens of the A and B series have generally retained their original numbers. The let ter " w " (International Histocompatibility Workshop) indicates antigens not specifi cally defined. The HLA system is of immediate inter est and relevance to geneticists, oncolog ists, immunologists, and infectious dis ease experts. Much date are accumulating and new information is evolving; howev er, one has to be prepared for changes in views and ideas as new methods and in vestigations improve on less recent ones. Associations between HLA antigens and a particular disease are characterized by relative increases in the frequency of particular antigens in the group of dis eased patients, as compared with age, sex, and race-matched control groups. Control is important because the normal frequen cy of certain HLA types varies considera bly in various parts of the world. For