Access way to underground space: Present status of access ways to underground space with examples of spatial requirements ITA Working Group 4 “subsurface planning”

Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 20 (2004) 534–557

incorporating Trenchless Technology Research

www.elsevier.com/locate/tust

ITA/AITES Accredited Material

Access way to underground space: Present status of access ways to underground space with examples of spatial requirements ITA Working Group 4 ‘‘subsurface planning’’ Annica Nordmark

*

Animateur WG 4 (1993–2001) Member of Executive council (2001–2004) Available online 15 September 2005

Abstract This report presents the results and output from a questionnaire undertaken by the ITA Working Group No. 4 regarding ‘‘Design Criteria for Access ways’’ to different types of underground structures. This theme was considered an important issue as the design and layout of access ways and installed mechanical equipment have great influence on construct ability and construction costs, maintenance and operation of the underground structures. The questions raised were basically dealing with the theme of access ways, but as well with the wider scope of design criteria for underground structures, such as: road (transport) tunnels; underground (metro) railway stations; underground parking areas and underground shopping malls and other facilities. Foreword: The theme of this report, design criteria for access ways to underground structures, was proposed by the representatives of Japan and Spain during the ITA Working Group No. 4 meeting, held in Sao Paulo in 1998. Around the globe an increased application of underground space has been experienced and the design of access ways is an important aspect of underground structures. The participants in the meeting in Sao Paolo, representing their member nations, supported the theme. Following the Working Group meetings in Oslo (1999) and Durban (2000) a questionnaire was prepared by Japan and Spain and distributed amongst the ITA member nations. The questions raised were basically dealing with the theme of access ways, but dealt as well with the wider scope of design criteria for underground structures, such as: road (transport) tunnels; underground (metro) railway stations; underground parking areas and underground shopping malls and other facilities. The main intention of the Working Group No. 4 Subsurface Planning was that the findings of the questions raised could be of great help in the field of assisting, developing and harmonizing subsurface planning. Not surprisingly, the member nations who replied to the questionnaires addressed the various aspects of this topic in different ways. Nevertheless, the diverse views clearly show differences in opinions and details by which various countries approach these issues. The report is intended to aid subsurface planners who wish to gain a broad view on how matters are dealt with in other countries or seek guidance in comparable situations – and also for the benefit and understanding of owners and operators of such facilities. The fire and life safety issues in road and railway tunnels are of course of great importance for public confidence in such structures. These issues have been specifically dealt with in a previous report by Working Group No. 4; ‘‘Fire and Life Safety for Underground Facilities’’ published in the journal ‘‘Tunneling and Underground Space Technology’’ (TUST), volume 13/3 July/September 1998. The ITA expresses the appreciation to the member nations who made contributions and especially to Japan who assembled and presented the material. The ITA also wish to thank Norway and the Netherlands for assisting in finalizing the report, which was completed under remaining Working Group 4 responsibilities.
2005 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Keywords: Access ways; Underground space; Spatial requirements; Subsurface planning

*

Tel.: +46 8679 1721; fax: +46 8611 1091. E-mail address: [email protected].

0886-7798/$ - see front matter
2005 Published by Elsevier Ltd. doi:10.1016/j.tust.2005.08.001

A. Nordmark / Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 20 (2004) 534–557

1. Introduction This report presents the results and output from a questionnaire undertaken by the ITA Working Group No. 4 regarding ‘‘Design Criteria for Access ways’’ to different types of underground structures. This theme was considered an important issue as the design and layout of access ways and installed mechanical equipment have great influence on constructability and construction costs, maintenance and operation of the underground structures and also, on the safety and comfort experienced by the users. The use of underground structures depends on their functions, such as:





road tunnels; underground (metro) railway stations; underground parking areas; underground shopping mall.

In total 11 countries (Table 1) reported on their state of the art. In order to enable analyses of the output of these questionnaires they were divided into and listed according to a number of different topics. (See questions and answers presented in the tables to follow in this report.) It should be noted that the questions raised not only deal with access ways, but also with general design criteria for underground structures. It is evident that underground structures are designed mainly depending on local standards and regulations and geological conditions. However, the designs are significantly diverse and in some cases standards and regulations are absent. This report shows clearly that whereas a number of issues are treated seriously in certain countries, they do not (yet) receive appropriate attention in other countries. The different practices between member nations are not explained in this report.

535

However, the analyses made and the output of the questionnaires provide useful assistance, particularly for planners, to see how some issues are dealt with in other countries in comparable situations and, assistance maybe sought for information in others. Assuming that the answers provided by those member nations responding to the questionnaire represent an adequate technical and legislative level and that standards and regulations have not since been altered, this report provides a current status in this aspect of tunneling and underground space use. It is important to point out that such standards and regulations are solely a local responsibility and thus are subject to changes.

2. Analysis of road tunnel 2.1. Participating countries The member nations that answered the questionnaire are all listed in Table 2. Although the answers differ significantly, a number of conclusions and comments can be made based on the answers. The responses and details from the questionnaire are listed in Table 3. 2.2. Geometry
Gradient: Although all participating countries have regulations regarding maximum gradients it is interesting to notice that there is a great variation of from 3% to 6 (even 7)%. A number of countries stated that the permissible gradient is dependent on design speeds.
Horizontal radius: Most countries have regulations depending on design speeds. It is remarkable that Japan is the only country that has a compulsory horizontal radius at the tunnel entrance and exit.

Table 1 Underground facilities and answers from each country Nation

Underground facilities Road tunnels

Italy Japan Sweden Finland Egypt Turkey Czech Denmark France Netherlands Norway Total

      

Underground railway stations

 

         

9

10

Underground parking areas    

Underground shopping mall   

    8

3

ITA/AITES Accredited Material

536

A. Nordmark / Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 20 (2004) 534–557

Table 2 Participants in the report (in alphabetical order by country) Name

Organization, Company

Nation

V. Vales P. Minarik S. Degn Eskesen E. So¨rensen M. el Qgaizy J. Ylinen K. Sorjonen J. Roinisto E. Magne Ph. Fauvel Claps Y. Yuasa Y. Ota G. Arends O. Nordli K. I. Davik G. Amdam B Freiholtz T. Bergh L. Dahlqvist G. Go¨kham

Metroprjekt Praha a.s. Road and Motorway Directorate COWI Consulting Engineers and Planners AS COWI Consulting Engineers and Planners AS National Authority for Tunnels Kaupunkisuunnittelu Oy Oy Suoraplan Ltd Kalliosuunnittelu Oy, Rockplan Ltd GTM Construction TP SNCF COMUNE TRINO Japan Tunnelling Association Japan Tunnelling Association Delft University of Technology Jernbaneverket Utbygging Norwegian Public Roads Administration Molde kommun Swedish National Road Administration Swedish National Road Administration Stockholm Stads Parkerings AB EGO-Electric Ga & Bus Services Org

Czech Republic Czech Republic Denmark Denmark Egypt Finland Finland Finland France France Italy Japan Japan Netherlands Norway Norway Norway Sweden Sweden Sweden Turkey

2.3. Pavement material All countries use asphalt as pavement, while a few use concrete as an alternative solution. 2.4. Lane markings
Bi-directional traffic: The applied color varies from white to yellow. In very few countries do regulations exist regarding the dimensions of the lane markings. It is important to note that The Netherlands does not allow bi-directional traffic in road tunnels because of safety reasons.
Unidirectional traffic: All countries use white colored markings. In a few countries there are regulations regarding lane mark size and it may vary depending on allowable speed.


Tunnel cladding: Only half of the responding countries report having regulations on claddings. From the replies it is obvious that cladding is applied for various reasons such as: – fire protection; – high reflection ratio; – cleaning possibilities; – material and installation costs. From the replies it appears that countries like Egypt, Finland, The Netherlands and Norway use regulations based upon fire resistance whereas other countries use criteria in relation with climate or costs. The materials being used show a wide variety which is likely an outcome of trial and error in the responding member nations.

2.5. Tunnel entrance design

2.7. Safety structure

Among the participating countries only Finland and The Netherlands have regulations for entrance design. Very remarkable is the information that the Finnish entrance is of light color and the Dutch entrance is a dark color. Obviously such regulations deal with local light and climate conditions.


Guidelines: All participating countries have guidelines regarding safety issues, but the area covered by these guidelines differs widely. Many countries use local standards whereby a lot of variations appears in the fields of cross passages (diameters from 1.2 to 2.3 m) and the distance between emergency exits, which varies from 100 to 400 m. From the reports it seems that it is not unusual that each individual tunnel is considered as a separate structure.
Structure for disabled people: In a negative sense this topic is, in most countries, dealt with in the same way

2.6. Tunnel visual environment
Tunnel illumination: Most countries have regulations regarding this topic. Some apply local guidelines while the majority follows the CIE guidelines. ITA/AITES Accredited Material

Full line

–

length: m

spacing: m

(3) Lane mark (center line)
Bi-directional traffic color: White width: cm 12.5 cm

(2) Material of pavement What kind of material is used?
Concrete: yes/no Yes
Asphalt: yes/no Yes
Color of pavement: Yes – bright as yes/no possible

Lanewidth 3.75 m, height 4.50 m


Traffic gauge of tunnel section. Please insert detail drawing with dimensions

–

–

– –

No Yes Yes – black

Tunnelwidth 8.0 m, height 4.6 m

–

According to the design speed and cross fall of the pavementsurface

Minimum radius of tunnel section: m

3.20%

Straight

3.75% without additional climbing lane

7.7 · 20.6

Denmark


Horizontal figure


Longitudinal gradient maximum gradient:%

(1) Geometrical standard for tunnel section
Geometrical crosssection

Czech

–

–

Under study – –

No Yes Yes – black

–

100 m

5.10%

Circular and square

Egypt

Table 3 Questions and answers for accessibility to Vehicular Road tunnels

3m

1m

White or yellow 10 cm

Yes Yes Yes

Depends on sight distance and speed. e.g. design speed 100 km/h, tunnel width 9m R 6 2300 m –

Design speed 6 50 km/ h, I 6 7% Design speed P 50 km/ h, I 6 5%

Finland

–

–

– –

No Yes No

–

200 m (60 km/h)

5% (60 km/h)

Japan

–

–

No – –

No Yes No

–

750 m

4.5% (sometimes 6)

Netherlands

–

–

Yellow –

Yes Yes No

According to the design speed and cross fall of the pavementsurface. Standardized by design guide book –

6% (max) AADT > 25,000

Norway

1–9 m

Yes Yes No

–

1000 m

3%

Turkey

White 12 cm (state roads), 15 cm (motorways) 7.5 m (state roads), 9 m (motorways) 4.5 m (state roads), 6 m (motorways) (continued on next page)

White No specific lane marking requirements –

No Yes No

Lanewidth 3.50 m, height 4.80 m

No specific tunnels rules –

>6%

Same as open section 1 m hand shoulder required

Sweden

A. Nordmark / Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 20 (2004) 534–557 537

ITA/AITES Accredited Material

ITA/AITES Accredited Material

According to the type of the road According to the type of the road

White 12.5 cm

Czech

–

–

Tunnel cladding
Are there standards or guidelines?: yes/ no If yes title (please enclose related pages): –

–

According to French standards (CETU)

According to CIE report

–

No

–

–

No

No

–

No

–

–

–

– –

–

No

–

–

–

–

– –

Egypt

White –

Denmark

–

(5) Tunnel visual environment Tunnel lighting. Are Yes there standards or guidelines?: yes/no Technical If yes title (please specification TP enclose related pages): 98 ‘‘Technological equipment of road tunnels’’ 1997 If no, how is the – tunnel lighting designed?:

title of standard (please enclose related pages):

shape:

(4) Tunnel entrance design
Are there specialized No regulations?: yes/no if yes color: –

spacing: m

length: m


Uni-directional traffic color: width: cm

Table 3 (continued)

In preparation

Yes

–

Under preparation

Yes

To resist water leakage, snow, freezing to fit in with surroundings under preparation

Light

Yes

3m

1m

White 10 cm

Finland

–

No

–

–

–

–

–

–

No

6 m (60 km/h)

4 m (60 km/h)

White 15 cm

Japan

–

No

–

–

No

CEN standards TL169 12th Draft

Yes CEN TC169 Outside dark colors –

9m

3m

White 15 cm

Netherlands

Water and Frost protection

Yes

According to CIE report

Guideline 021 ‘‘Road Tunnel’’

Yes

–

–

–

No

–

–

White –

Norway

General Technical Specification, Tunnel 2004

Yes

–

Yes CIE Guideline CIE Guideline VU 94 part 14

–

–

–

No

1–9 m

–

White 10–30 cm

Sweden

–

No

CIE Guideline

–

No

–

–

–

No

White 12 cm (state roads), 15 cm (motorways) 7.5 m (state roads), 9 m (motorways) 4.5 m (state roads), 6 m (motorways)

Turkey

538 A. Nordmark / Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 20 (2004) 534–557

–


Other performances of cladding: – Fire resistance

– –

Standard CSN 73 7507 ‘‘Design of highway tunnels’’ 1999

– –

– –

Yes

–

–

–

Under study CETU (French std) Yes

US$150/m2 Under study

RWS curve (1350 C) to reach 200 C at concrete –

Beige

Varies

Fire lining (cementitious)

Egypt


Typical cross-section of cross passage width: m 2.30 m 1.2 m 1.80 m height: m 2.40 m 2.1 m 2.60 m
Spacing of cross 350approx 50 m 400 m (1500 m) (700approx) passage: m (tunnel length over: m) Emergency exit for urban tunnel (with shallow over burden)
Are there standards No No No or guidelines?: yes/ no if yes title (please – – – enclose related pages):


Are there standards or guidelines?: Yes/no If yes title (please enclose related pages):

– Optical reflection ratio (%) – Total cost: US$/m2 Other specified remarks for visual environment (special signs or sign boards, wall patterns, etc.) (6) Safety structures Cross passage for passengers

White

–

–

–

–


Height of the cladding from carriage way: m
Colour of cladding:

Paint on concrete walls

–

Denmark


Material of cladding:

Czech

2.0 m 2.5 m 250–400 m

Yes

Same above

Yes

In preparation

Standards of planning and design

Yes

– –

over 80%

–

White, yellow, light blue, etc.

3m

Tiles, color enameled steal plate, etc.

Japan

– – –

In preparation

Yes

US$100/m2 The lower part of the wall to resist the collision of vehicles

–

Thickeness of shotcreate min 70 mm

Light

Frost isolated lining structure when needed. Generally polyethylen + shotcreate 4.8–5.1 m

Finland

–

Yes guidelines

– – (depending on tunnel type) 100 m

R.W.S. standards Hazardous goods transportation

Yes guidelines

– –

>50%

(root clapping) 2 hours standard fire

White (not glossy)

3m

(wall) Ceramic tiles

Netherlands

–

–

– – –

021 Road tunnel

Yes

– –

–

ISO 9705

Light

3.5 m

Aluminium concrete

Norway

No

2.30 m 2.5 m 250 m (500 m)

’’Design Specification for Road Tunnels’’

Yes

– –

–

–

White

2.0 m

Ceramic cover

Turkey

Tunnel 99 VU – 94 (continued on next page)

Yes

1.2 m 2.5 m 150 m

General Technical Specification, Tunnel 2004

Yes

– –

–

–

Light color

–

–

Sweden

A. Nordmark / Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 20 (2004) 534–557 539

ITA/AITES Accredited Material

Czech

ITA/AITES Accredited Material

–

–

–

In preparation

–

–

–

No

At tunnel entrance u-turn section in tunnel –

Yes

Yes No No –

2.0 m 2.5 m 250–400 m

Japan

This questionnaire is for motorized vehicle tunnels and excludes tunnels for pedestrians or cycle tunnels.

None

Yes

4·5m

Every 12 km

Yes

Maybe No No no

3m 4m every 150 m (300 m)

Finland

No

850 m apart, approx 450 m from entrance –

Yes Yes No Stair and elevator Yes

– – – – No

0.80 m 1.90 m 200 m (1500 m)

Egypt

– – –

Denmark

(7) Special structure and facilities for disabled users
Are there standards No No or guidelines?: yes/no if yes title (please – – enclose related pages)
Other measures for – – disabled users

typical dimension


Typical cross-section of width: m – height: m –
Spacing of – emergency exit: (tunnel length over: m)
Facilities of exit: - Stairway: yes/no – - Elevator: yes/no – - Escalator: yes/no – - Combination of – above facilities (and) Emergency accessway Yes for rescue vehicle of Fire Brigade (special route from outside or U-turn in tunnel): yes/no if yes location At tunnel location

Table 3 (continued)

–

–

No

Just before entrance on both sides –

Yes

No No No –

– – 100 m

Netherlands

–

–

No

–

–

–

– – – –

– – –

Norway

Tunnel 2004 VU 94 Walking speed 0.7 m/s. No threshold

Yes

Yes. Crossing at the tunnel opening for emergency vehicles Not specified will be redecided in each project –

Yes – – –

1.2–2.0 m 2.5 m 150 m ramp tunnel, 100 m main tunnel

Sweden

–

–

No

–

–

No

No No No –

– – –

Turkey

540 A. Nordmark / Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 20 (2004) 534–557

A. Nordmark / Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 20 (2004) 534–557

where neither regulations nor practical solutions exist. It seems that only in Sweden and Finland have efforts been made to deal with safety issues for disabled people.
Other structures: In the Czech Republic, inside the tunnel structures, cross passages for vehicles are foreseen every 1400 m.
Emergency access for rescue vehicles: The majority of the responding nations have special routes from outside whilst the location and the typical dimensions of such emergency access for rescue vehicles are not given.

3. Analysis of underground stations 3.1. Participating countries and variety of structures As can be seen from Table 1, 10 countries responded to the questionnaire. From the responses as presented in Table 4, it is clear that the responses cover a variety of structures, both in structural dimension and function:





variation in depth from 37.5 to 13.10 m; platform length from 44 to 225 m; number of floors from 1 to 6; metro, railway, and light rail stations.

The variety in the stations guarantees an appropriate and representative number of existing regulations in the participating countries. 3.2. Design standards for station equipment
General: Except for Norway and France, it appears that in the other countries national and/or local design standards are in use. These also include standards for accessibility equipment.
Illumination: In most countries regulations exist for illumination, whereby the level of illumination, depending on the location in the station, varies from minimal 100–150 lx (Egypt) to maximal 300–600 lx (Sweden). A number of countries require levels around 300 lx.
Safety equipment: All responding countries have standards for safety equipment, except Finland where requirements are determined case by case according to specific use. A number of countries reported that the standards are developed in collaboration with authorities. In all countries a wide variety of equipment is used.
Equipment for disabled people: 6 out of the 10 responding countries have local standards for such equipment.

541

3.3. Design standards for spatial layout of access ways
Entrance and exit connections: A majority of the participating countries have standard rules for the number of and distances between the entrance and exit connections. Distances vary considerably from 20 m (Denmark) to 200 m (Norway).
Shape of the routes: From the replies given it can be concluded that all countries have many (local) standards with much variation: – Size of stairways differs in width from 1.50 m (Japan) to 2.70 m (Egypt, The Netherlands and Turkey) and – in height from 2.10 m (Czech republic and Finland) to 2.70 m (Egypt, The Netherlands and Turkey). Stairways, escalators and elevators are widely used, sloped staircases and inclined elevators sometimes. 3.4. Safety
General: The answers show clearly that although major differences appear, all countries have design rules for safety aspects. However, it is concluded that many of these safety provisions are based on conventional routine and not on prevention. Fire (heat) is fought with all kinds of equipment and systems but protection from smoke or removal is mentioned only by Norway.
Evacuation time: All countries have requirements regarding the maximum evacuation time in which the public should reach safe places. Seven minutes is considered the maximum time to reach safe open air.
Equipment: Virtually all types and systems of fire fighting equipment are in use (dry, wet and CO2 extinguishers), sprinklers, foam installations, etc. Methods to deal with smoke protection or smoke removal are not always clear from the answers given.
Water leakage: Although not all countries have firm design rules related to water leakage, measures are taken to prevent dangerous situations. The applicability of rules generally depends on the (ground) water level with respect to the foundation layout.
Disabled persons: Equipment, signs, passages, or special measures are specifically designed for disabled people, however such measures do not appear in a standardized way. Japan reports a most comprehensive approach in supplying equipment to help the disabled, but only the Czech Republic mentions ‘‘barrier free access for disabled people and paths for blind people’’. From the responses it is not clear if the special measures address an emergency situation where ITA/AITES Accredited Material

ITA/AITES Accredited Material

Prague

1994

100 m

13,10 m below ground level 4

>Name of city

>Year of construction

>Platform length

>Depth of lowest platform level >Number of underground floors

Yes Issues regarding passenger safety Bostras, NFPA130(93)

19 m below ground level 2 public + 2 add. technical levels

44 m

KONGENS NYTORU STATION Copenhagen, Denmark 2000

Denmark

2.2. Design standards for accessibility equipment BS95,NFPA for (1) Are there specialized Yes. see AD 2 escape routes design standards for connection between the underground and the open space (width, ceiling height, slope, etc.)?; yes/no. If yes Title of standard and name of issuer

2. Design standards 2.1 Design standards for station equipment
Is the design of station, Yes Construction including its and technical accessibility, based on design standards? If yes regulation for railways Title of standard and name of issuer (Ministra of Transport Intimation No.177/1995)

Stodulky

1.General >Name of Station

Czech

Yes. Document technique unifiedtu

Yes Document technique unifiedtu (French standards)

15 m below ground level 3

150 m

1993

CAIRO

All underground station

Egypt

Yes. As item 2.1 (above)

Yes Fire Counter Measure Standard (MOT), Welfare City Planning (Tokyo Metr. Govn.), Utility of Underground Stations (MOT)

37.5 m below ground level 5 floors (one section 6 floors)

130 m

Opened to traffic 1996

Bunkyo,Tokyo

Kourakuen St.

Japan

Table 4 Questions and answers for accessibility and barriers free design for underground station

Yes, own standard GTM-RET infrastructure

Yes (own) GTMRET infrastructure

14 m below ground level 1

125 m

1997

Rotterdam

Wilhelminaplein

Netherlands

No

No

20 m below ground level 2

250 m

1980/1999

Oslo

NATIONALTHEATRET

Norway

Yes. Design guidelines of Helsinki metro (by the Helsinki transit authority), National building code (by Min. of Environment), Helsinki building code (by the city of Helsinki)

Yes Design guidelines of Helsinki metro (by the Helsinki transit authority), National building code (by Min. of Environment), Helsinki building code (by the city of Helsinki)

30 m below ground level 2

135 m

1993

Helsinki,Finland

RUOHO- LAHTI

Finland

The contract sums of the above standards

Turkish standards, Canada, USA standards for different Paris

Ankaray 30.8.1996 Metro 28.12.97 Ankaray 90 m Metro 140 m 20 m below ground level 3

Ankara

KIZILAY

Turkey

No

30 m below ground level 3

225 m

1993–1998

Paris

MAGENTA

France

542 A. Nordmark / Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 20 (2004) 534–557

300 lx

200 lx 300 lx

Yes Regulation for metro technical operation (Ministry of Transport)

Hydrants

Yes. Czech Standard

Ramps

Corridors Platform

(3) Are there standards for the safety equipment? If yes Title of standard and name of issuer.

What kind of fire extinguishers are placed?

(5) Are there design standards for equipment for disabled people? If yes Title of standard and name of issuer.

Minimum hall Escalators

Yes. Regulation for metro technical operation (Ministry of Transport) 140 lx 300 lx

Water/special water (allowed 1000 V)/foam/ CO2 Inergen gas in escalator + lift motor room

Yes NFPA 130(93)

180–250 lx

200 lx 200 lx

Yes, NF French Standard

CO2

BS and NF

100 lx 150 lx

100 lx

Yes, Guideline, facilities of Elderly and Disabled at Public Transport Terminals (MOC), Welfare City Planning (Tokyo Metr. Govn.)

Fire hydrant, fire extinguisher, sprinkler, continuous water supplying pipe

Yes Fire Counter Measure Standard (MOT), Fire Brigade Regulations (Ministry of Home Affairs)

300 lx 300 lx

300 lx

300 lx 300 lx

Yes. Electrical Equipment Design Standard

Yes. British (BS) and French (NF) standards

150 lx 100 lx

16.5 cm 50%

15 cm 30%

33 cm

65 cm

16 cm 30%

2.5 m

2.7 m

1.5 m

Japan

2.5(2.1) m

Egypt 2.4 m

Denmark

xa 0.75 m

(2) Are there standards for the luminance intensity? If yes Title of standard and name of issuer.

Minimum width of stairway Minimum ceiling height of stairway Slope of stairway min. step area Max. step height Max. slope

Czech

Yes, GET-RET

Hoses dry extinguisher

Yes, National building code (Min. of Environment)

Yes

Yes

Yes

France

(continued on next page)

Yes, Institute of Turkish standards

Hydrants sprinklers, halon or approved equal gas

Yes Institute of Turkish standards

No Determined by case by case

Standards and design of safety measures developed in cooperation with fire authorities Sprinklers + water hoses + dry extinguishers smoke ventilation system installed

300 lx

Yes GMT-RET

300 lx

300 lx 300–600 lx

Yes

16.7 m 30%

30 cm

2.70 m

2.40 m

Turkey

300 lx 300 lx

Design guidelines of Helsinki metro

616 cm 50%(30)

>30 cm

2.1 m

2.25 m

Finland

150 lx Entrance 200 or 150 lx Entrance 200 or 150 lx 150 lx 150 lx

No

Norway

300–600 lx 300 lx

300 lx 200 lx

Yes. GMT-RET

16 cm 51,35%

31 cm

2.7 m

2.1 m

Netherlands

A. Nordmark / Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 20 (2004) 534–557 543

ITA/AITES Accredited Material

ITA/AITES Accredited Material 3 min to leave platform, 7 min to leave station calculated as per NFPA 130(93), however time intervals between trains are 7 min

Approx. 6 min from platform to open space according to fire protection CSN 730838

(3) Details of access routes
Staircase Number of steps between landings Size of tread Size of rise Flooring/non-slip band Handrails Braille/high relief signs No indicating each level 13 main stairs 15 escape stairs 280 mm 175–172 mm Tactiles Yes Yes No

Yes No No Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

227 33 cm (min.) 16.5 cm (max.) Yes Yes Yes

17 average 30 cm 15 cm Yes Yes No

Yes No No Yes Yes No No No

Necessary escape time is decided in collaboration with Fire Brigade

NFPA 6 min escape time

Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No No

No

Yes

For safety reasons, doors are installed between platform and train links

Fire fighting equipmentÕs

Stations to be approved by danish building authorities, who have requirements additional to NFPA 130

Barrierless access for disabled people+path for blind people

Japan Yes

Egypt Yes

Denmark Yes

Yes

Czech

(2) How are the routes shaped?
Staircase Yes
Fixed slope No
Mobile slope No
Escalator Yes
Elevator Yes
Inclined elevator No
Conveyor belt No
Elevating platforms No

2.3 Access routes (1) Is there an aimed escape time (from underground structure to open space)? If yes What kind of considerations:

(6) Are there special considerations for safety measures in general? If yes What kind of considerations:

Table 4 (continued)

310 mm 160 mm Yes Yes No

18

Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No No

Within 5 min to platform, within 7 min to station

Yes

GMT/Calamity procedures

Netherlands

No No No Yes Yes Yes No No

2700 people to safe area within 7 min

Yes

Norway

Max. 14 Min. 30 cm Max. 16.7 cm Yes Yes No

30–33 cm 14–16 cm Yes Yes No

Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No No

Yes

Yes

Turkey

15

Yes No No Yes Yes No No No

No

Determined case by case

No

Finland

Yes Yes No

Yes Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

France

544 A. Nordmark / Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 20 (2004) 534–557

Road/park

routes Separate access in combination with other underground facilities

Open square

Turnstiles

Road

In combination with building access

Yes Yes

Yes Yes

60 cm (about)

0.40 m

Automatic door

In combination with building access/in combination with other underground facilities

Yes Yes

100 cm Yes

Yes

100 cm

No 750 kg 140 · 135 cm

3 m/min 30

3

No

No 800 kg 1.10 · 1.40 m/ min 1.00–1.20 m

3.6 m/min 30%

3

1.20 m Yes

independent access

Yes

L = 2.3 m (stretcher) 1 m

30%

2

Max. 10 m 1.2 m 1.0 m Yes Yes

Max. 5%

Yes

No

No

0.65 m/s 30%

2.5 Facilities to underground station (1) Access to station space
Are there turnstiles or Turnstiles automatic access doors


To what kind of open space does the access route lead to? In case of ÔotherÕ, please specify

2.4 Configuration of access
What kind of configuration do the access routes (to open space) have?

SOS intercom system Height Handrails inside the elevator? Is there a lower base? Is the floor non-slip?

Height of button panel inside Is button panel in braille/high relief? Distance between button panel and door


Escalator No. of leveled-up steps at either end Speed Gradient
Elevator Is there car diaphanous? Elevator capacity Size of car at base


Fixed slope Longitudinal gradient Transverse gradient Length of ramp Width of ramp Lower base Non-slip flooring Handrails

Road/private area

In combination with building access

No Yes

1200–1700 mm Yes

Side panel

1200–1700 mm

Yes 800 kg 1400 · 1350 mm

0.65 m/s 2718 0

5 m/11 m

Turnstiles

Road/park

Independent access

Yes Yes

1.2 m No

1.3 m

Yes

1.2 m

Yes 1950 kg 2.7 · 1.2 m

30

Automatic access doors

Road

Independent access

? Yes

Yes

Turnstiles

Road

In combination with building access/in combination with other underground facilities

Yes

Close

Yes

(continued on next page)

Turnstiles

Road

Independent access/in combination with building access

Yes Yes

2.40 Yes

No

110 cm

1 m Yes

Various

Yes

150 persons/min 30%

Yes 1000 kg 135 · 170 cm

0.6–0.7 m/s 30

3

Yes Yes

Yes Yes 3–4

2.40

Max. 6% 0

5% 3% 90/30 m 5m

A. Nordmark / Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 20 (2004) 534–557 545

ITA/AITES Accredited Material

ITA/AITES Accredited Material

(5) Platforms
Are station platforms 24 h open?
Are they closed (protected by partitions and automatic doors)?
Is there a warning and safety band along the edge of platforms?
Are the color and texture of the band highlighting the platform edge different from the rest of the platform area?
Does the band highlighting the platform edge have inserted lights indicating the immediate arrival of a train?
Do platforms have boards with information in real time?

(4) Public toilet
Does the station have public toilets?


Do these areas interfere pedestrian movement?
What is the average distance between two rest areas?
Do benches have a back support and arm rests?

(3) Rest areas
Do stations have rest areas fitted with benches? If yes, indicate location

(2) Ticket offices
Are ticket machines and ticket offices accessible for disabled people?
Do ticket offices have induction loops?


Do these elements facilitate wheelchair users?
Is great effort required to operate these elements?

Table 4 (continued)

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

±15 m

30–50 m

No

Yes

Yes Platform

Yes

Yes No

Yes

Yes

Netherlands

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes Platform level

Yes

Yes

No

Separate swing gate provided

Japan Yes

Egypt No

Yes

Yes Platform screen

Yes

No At ground level

No Benches placed at the station area on ground level

Denmark

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Czech

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

No

50 m

No

Yes Platform, lobby

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Norway

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Non-specific

20 m

Yes

No

Yes platform

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Turkey

No

Yes Entrance pavilions, platforms

?

Yes

No

Yes

Finland

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

No

Yes platform

No

No

Yes

France

546 A. Nordmark / Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 20 (2004) 534–557

5 cm

Yes

No

10 cm 10 cm No

Small No

Yes

Yes

Small

Yes

No

No

8 cm(about)

8 cm (about)

No

Yes

Yes


How are the operation times for underground facilities regulated(are there regulations for night time)?

Information boards

Closed during night (24:00– 5:00) full operation during other hours

Pictographs, information panel

At street level and concourse and platform level

00:50 to 00:10

Maps

Station opening hours 04:30–01:30

Large board showing departure times in lobby boards on platform

Only plain text Automatic information panel(text), pictographs information panel, Braille panel (high relief sign) with vocal information, posters, etc. Closed during From 5 a.m. to 1 a.m. night (24:30–05:00). Full operation during other hours

Yes

No

No

Extensive signposting of lines, exits, etc.

No

25 mm ± 5 mm

25 mm ± 5 mm

No

Yes

No

Only plain text

3. Other information
What kind of equipment for sign and information are applied to the underground station? Sign boards Information Signage Information board, board, illuminated illuminated information information board boards

(6) Platforms-train-link
What is the vertical gap between train and platform?
What is the horizontal gap between train and platform?
Do trains have collapsible platforms at the doors to facilitate access to disabled people?


Is this information also given on the public address system?
Do platforms have life saving niches next to the rails in case of someone falling on the rails?
Does the station have electronic devices to stop trains in the case that obstacles are detected on the rails

Yes

Yes

No

<10 cm

0

No

?

Yes

(continued on next page)

6:00–24:00 operation hours 2.5 min at and 8 min minimum between trains

Platform levels and entrance halls

Yes Real-time displays

Station operating 5:30–23:30

We have properly designed signal system

max 5 cm (now 3) No need

max ± 1 cm

No

No

Yes

Yes In entrance halls and platforms

No

3–5 cm

±0

Yes

Yes

No

A. Nordmark / Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 20 (2004) 534–557 547

ITA/AITES Accredited Material

Czech

Denmark

Egypt

Japan

ITA/AITES Accredited Material


Are there special remarks concerning planning and installation (including environment) of access facilities?

Cassette
Are there any informationleaflets about the accessibility facilities?
Are there future prospects to improve the standards for accessibility?

Yes

None

Yes

No No

As the equipment for disabled passengers, elevator and sign system improved
The elevating platform system (RAKUUPU) for wheelchairs use, ajust vertical gaps between platform and train entrance floor level is projected

Yes Yes

Yes Yes Yes
Do evacuation plans take into account the needs of passengers with disabilities? Yes No
Do cars have devices for the evacuation of disabled or injured people?
Are guide dogs Yes Yes for blind people allowed to the underground station?
Are there information leaflets about timetables, lines, maps, etc. with different formats? Large characters No Yes Braille No Yes

Table 4 (continued)

Yes

No Yes

Yes

No No

No No

On same trains

No

No Yes

Yes

Norway

Yes

Netherlands

?

Yes

Yes

Yes

Finland

With the questions of this questionnaire Yes

No No

No No

No

No

Turkey

No

No Yes (inside lifts)

Yes

Yes

France

548 A. Nordmark / Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 20 (2004) 534–557

A. Nordmark / Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 20 (2004) 534–557

the maximum evacuation period of 7 min includes evacuation for disabled people too. For detailed responses from participating countries, please refer to Table 3.

549


Water leakage: Countries with high water levels have standard rules for water leakage prevention (particularly The Netherlands and Japan).
Disabled persons: From the projects reported upon it seems that the design of access ways and equipment includes provisions for disabled people to safely and conveniently use underground parking garages.

4. Analysis of underground parking area 4.1. Participating nations and variety of structures In total 8 countries replied whereby the structures reported by the respondants vary from 1 to 7 floors in heights with total areas of 5680 to 50,000 m2. The service hours of the reported parking areas vary. The responses and details from the questionnaire are listed in Table 5.

4.2. Design standards for underground parking area
General: All member nations that have replied to the questionnaire indicate that general design recommendations or rules (national and/or local) have been used. 4.3. Design standards for accessibility and equipment
Connection between a garage and open space: All countries have standards dealing with the dimension of the access ways. The width varies from 0.90 m (Czech republic) to 2.00 m (Norway) and the height of ceiling from 2.10 to 2.5 m. Majority reports 2.10 or 2.20 m.
Distances between accesses: All countries, except Sweden, reported maximum distances between access ways varying between 40 m (Italy) and 200 m (Norway).
Equipment: 5 out of 7 countries have standard rules for transportation equipment.
Illumination: In 4 out of 7 countries the minimum level of illumination is standardized (50–60 lx).

5. Analysis of underground shopping mall and other facilites 5.1. Participating nations Only three countries reported. The malls cover an area of 2500–81,000 m2. The number of users varies between 100,000 and 130,000 per day. Shopping malls underground have not been widely introduced amongst the member nations, although a number of metro line stations have smaller scale shopping areas, such facilities may have fallen outside of this study. The response and details from the questionnaire are listed in Table 6. 5.2. Design standards for underground shopping malls
General: The design of the reported projects is based upon standard national rules.

5.3. Design standards for accessibility and equipment
Connection between mall and open space: The reporting countries have national standards dealing with the dimensions of the access ways. The width of the stairways varies from 1.50 to 2.40 m and the minimum ceiling height from 2.10 to 2.70 m. – Distances between accesses: Only Japan reports on a minimum distance of 30 metre between access facilities. – Equipment: Japan and Turkey have national standards for the required equipment. – Illumination: Japan and Turkey have national standards for illumination.

4.4. Safety
General: Similar to underground railway stations, many safety rules apply (mostly suppression oriented).
Evacuation time: Two systems exist: – maximum distance to safe space (open air) reported as 60–90 m; – maximum time to reach safe place 2–3 min.
Equipment: As with underground stations, a wide variety of extinguishers and systems are used.

5.4. Safety
General: Although the reported projects show that the designs are subject to many rules in which safety considerations play an important role, it should be noted that only Turkey reports a maximum evacuation time. This differs from structures like stations and parking garages. ITA/AITES Accredited Material

ITA/AITES Accredited Material

Line missing

2.2 Design standards for accessibility equipment (1) Are there specialized Yes design standards for connection between the underground and the open space (width, ceiling height, slope, etc.)?: yes/no if yes, title of standard and CSN 73058 name of issuer: Parking areas – General provisions Minimum width of 0.9 stairway: m Minimum ceiling height of 2.1 stairway: m

CSN 730838 Fire Protection of Buildings Yes

CPT

1.9 2.1

NCSoF /post E1 fire security

1.2 2.1

Cahier des Prescrphenes Techniqu - Ville de Paris (CPT)

National construction standards of Finland

Yes

Yes

50,000 2 new floors

Paris 1997 300

Porte Maillot – Palais des congres

France

Yes

19,600 3

5680 2

Ostrava 1998 203

P-Kluuvi Kluuve underground car park Helsinki 1998–2000 725

Finland

Garaze Prokesovo nam

2. Design standards 2.1 Design standards for underground parking area Is the design of the parking Yes area, including its accessibility, based on design standards?: yes/no if yes, title of standard and CSN 73058 name of issuer: Parking areas – General provisions

>Name of city >Year of construction >Capacity of parking area:cars >Total area: m2 >Number of underground floors

1. General >Name of parking area

Czech

Table 5 Questions and answers for accessibility to underground parking area

2.4

1.2

DECRAT MINIST 1/2/.86 l.legge 13/89

Yes

23,170 3

Trino 2000 858

Park BOLZANO

Italy

2.5

Guideline for car parking design and construction 1.5

Yes

Guideline for Car Parking Design and Construction: Japan Road Association

Yes

11,000 1

Osaka 1998 200

Sakurabashi Car Parking

Japan

2.2

1.1

Several

Yes

Several

Yes

2

Amsterdam 1999 600

Museum Square

Netherland

2.0

No

Normal standard for parking areas, And normal provisions for tunnell standards

Yes

21,000 1 floor and 7 halls

Molde 1988 750

Molde Parkeringshus

Norway

2.1

BBR and BBK (building and construction rules) 1.2

Yes

Reccomendations according to TFK-report, 1991:5

No

6000 2

Stockholm 2006 2006

Ho¨galid, Garage

Sweden

550 A. Nordmark / Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 20 (2004) 534–557

(6) Are there special considerations for safety measures in general?: yes/no

Yes

(5) Are there standards for equipment for disabled people?: yes/no if yes, title of standard and name of issuer:

Ministry of ecinimy intimation No.174/94 No

fire detection, detection for CO, CO2

CSN 730804 Fire Protection of Buildings – Multi-storey garage

50 (emergency:2) Yes

Parking Areas – General Provisions

No

NCSoF /post F1 disabled people

Yes

water sprinkler system,water hydrants

NCSoF /G1 fire security

Yes Circulaire 331 Bis

Yes

60

CPT

Yes

L.13/89

Yes

Drant ed Estintori

D.M. dellÕ 1/2/ 86

Yes

Yes

No

CSN EN 115 Escalators – Czech Standard Institute 81-1,2 Elevators yes CSN 736058 Yes

17

180 7.9 No

42 (15/36 cm) Yes

17 4 Yes

30

270

What kind of fire extinguishers are placed?

(4) Are there standards for the safety equipment?: yes/no if yes, title of standard and name of issuer:

Minimum luminance: lx

(3) Are there standards for the luminance intensity?: yes/ no if yes, title of standard and name of issuer:

Slope of stairway (min. step area): cm max. step height: cm max. slope:% (2) Are there specialized design standards for transportation equipment (escalator, elevator)?: yes/no if yes, title of standard and name of issuer:

Guideline for car parking design and construction Yes

Yes

Guideline for Car Parking Design and Construction, Fire Prevention Act Bubble fire extinguisher

Yes

Guideline for car parking design and construction 50

Yes

Yes

15>

30<

Yes

Bouwbesluit

Yes

Bouwbesluit

Yes

50

Nen 2443

Yes

Liftenbesluit

Yes

18

21

Yes

Yes

BBR

Yes

Normally sprinklers

BBR and BBK (building and construction rules)

Yes

4 W/m2

No

Yes

(continued on next page)

Every 25 m an emergency station and locate with manual alarm, emergency telephone and fire extinguisher No

No

No

30 30 No

100

A. Nordmark / Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 20 (2004) 534–557 551

ITA/AITES Accredited Material

ITA/AITES Accredited Material

Line missing

(2) How are the access routes shaped?>Staircase: yes/ no >Slope: yes/no >Escalator: yes/no >Elevator: yes/no (3) What kind of measures for disabled people exist? >Are pedestrian accesses to Parking Area accessible to wheelchair users?: yes/no >Does the transit gauge for vehicles allow access to vans adapted for passengers on wheelchairs?: yes/no >Are there any parking spaces reserved to users with special needs?: yes/ no If yes, percentage of accessible parking spaces: % Indicated from the entrance of the Parking Area? Properly designed? Located next to pedestrian access? >Do parking areas have corridors for pedestrian movement?: yes/no

2.3 Access routes (1) Is there an aimed escape time (from underground structure to open space)?: yes/no If yes, what kind of considerations:

if yes, what kind of considerations:

Table 5 (continued)

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

2%

No

Yes Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

1.5% (11/725)

No

Yes Yes No

No

Yes Yes

Yes

2%

Yes

Yes No Yes Yes

Yes

Yes No Yes

No No Yes

Yes

Yes Yes Yes

Yes

2%

Yes

D.M. dellÕ 1/2/ 86

Italy

Yes

Max. distance 90 m

4 min for escape ways, 2.5 min for 1 escape way

No

France

Yes

Yes

Finland

Yes

Czech

Yes

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No Yes Yes Esclator, elevator

Yes

Max. distance 60 m

Yes

Japan

Yes

Yes Yes

Yes

2%

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

CO-detection, Fire alarm system

Netherland

Yes

Yes Yes

Yes

0%

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Any person/ vehicle be out in max 2 min. using the three access entrances Yes

No

Direct alarm and monitor

Norway

Yes

Yes Yes

1 or 2

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes No No

Yes

Max. walking distance to exit 60 m

No

BBR

Sweden

552 A. Nordmark / Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 20 (2004) 534–557

>How are the operation times for underground facilities regulated (are there regulations for night time)?

3. Other information >What kind of equipment for sign and information are applied to the underground station? Sign boards Information boards

>To what kind of open space does the access route lead to?

Yes

Aluminium boards showing number of free space Mon.–Sat. 6–24

Pictographs, information panel

Night time access to open space

Illuminated

Not clear

Not clear

Lighted boards

Printed boards

in combination with building access, in combination with other underground facilities

No

Yes

In combination with building access, in combination with other underground facilities Road,other: shopping center, underground metro station

Yes

Yes

No

7 a.m.–2 a.m.

Information system

Information board

Road, park, station of public, transportations

In combination with other underground facilities

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Information board (illuminated)

Road, park

2.4 Configuration of access routes >What kind of Separate access configuration do the access routes (to the open space) have?

If yes, are these corridors protected from vehicle traffic?: yes/no Are they properly signed?: yes/no Do they facilitate movement of wheelchair users?: yes/no >Are ticket machines accessible to people on wheelchairs?: yes/no >Are there accessible toilets in the parking areas?: yes/no If yes, is there at least one toilet for disabled on each floor?: yes/no

in 6 a.m.–12 p.m.

Road, park

Separate access

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Day and night open

Illuminated boards at the entrance

Road, park

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

All day and night for rented parking places

6:30–24:00 for visitors

Information boards – No

Sign boards – Yes

Road

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

A. Nordmark / Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 20 (2004) 534–557 553

ITA/AITES Accredited Material

554

A. Nordmark / Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 20 (2004) 534–557

Table 6 Questions and answerss for accessibility to underground shopping malls and other facilities

1. General >Name of shopping mall >Name of city >Year of construction >Means of transportation >No. of users: people/day >Shopping mall area: m2 >Number of underground floors 2. Design standards 2.1 Design standards for underground Is the design of the shopping mall, including its accessibility, based on design standards? If yes, title of standard and name of issuer:

Finland

Japan

Turkey

Shopping level at KAISANIEMI station Helsinki, Finland 1995 Underground (Metro) 10,000–15,000 2500 (of 4260) 1 of 3

Kurisuta Nagabori

KIZILAY ORTAK station

Osaka 1997

Ankara December, 1997 Two underground lines

130,000 81,818 1 of 4

shopping malls Yes, design guidelines of Helsinki Metro (by the transit authority of Helsinki)

Yes, the Underground Shopping Mall Building Regulation, the Building Standards Act

Yes, Institute of Turkish Standards

Yes, the Building Standards Act

Yes, I.T.S., TSE

1.5 2.1

2.4 2.7

26

30

18

16.7 30

30

–, direct entry to the mall from ground

2 Yes. Summary of building gentle town for people

14 Yes, I.T.S., TSE

11 (for wheelchair) – 101 30 Yes, the Building Standards Act

10 110 150 pers/min yes, I.T.S., TSE

10 (for emergency light)

150

National building code (Ministry of environment) Helsinki building code (City of Helsinki) 2.2 Design standards for accessibility equipment (1) Are there specialized design Yes, design guidelines of Helsinki standards for connection between Metro (by the transit authority of the underground and the open Helsinki) space (width, ceiling height, slope, etc.)?: yes/no If yes, title of standard and name of issuer: National building code (Ministry of environment) Helsinki building code (City of Helsinki) Minimum width of stairway: m 1.5 Minimum ceiling height of 2.5 stairway: m Slope of stairway (min. step 30 area): cm max. step height: cm 16 max. slope:% 50 (30) (2) How are the entrance/exit connections between the underground structure and the open space positioned? Maximum distance between facilities (underground structure): m Minimum number of connections 8 No (3) Are there specialized design standards for transportation equipment (escalator, elevator)?: yes/no. If yes, title of standard and name of issuer: Elevator capacity: people 1000 kg Velocity: m/min Escalator effective width: cm Velocity: m/min No (4) Are there standards for the luminance intensity?: yes/no. If yes, title of standard and name of issuer: Minimum luminance: lx 150–300

ITA/AITES Accredited Material

20,000 1

A. Nordmark / Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 20 (2004) 534–557

555

Table 6 (continued)

(5) Are there standards for the safety equipment?: yes/no. If yes, title of standard and name of issuer: What kind of fire extinguishers are placed? (6) Are there standards for measures against water leakage?: yes/no. If yes, title of standard and name of issuer: What kind of equipment is placed? (7) Are there standards for equipment for disabled people?: yes/no. If yes, title of standard and name of issuer: (8) Do shopping malls have efficient and accessible information signs?: yes/no If yes, does the signing system facilitate orientation: yes/no Does the signing system show evacuation routes?: yes/no Does the signing system have interactive information points?: yes/no Are these elements accessible?: yes/no (9) Are there special considerations for safety measures in general?: yes/no. If yes, what kind of considerations: 2.3 Access routes (1) Is there an aimed escape time (from underground structure to open space)?: yes/no If yes, what kind of considerations: (2) How are the access routes shaped? >Staircase: yes/no >Slope: yes/no >Escalator: yes/no >Elevator: yes/no (3) What measures for disabled people are taken? Are establishments and equipment for public use in the shopping mall accessible to disabled people?: yes/no Are the areas for location of mobile element (tables, chairs, standing boards, etc.) arranged and marked such that they are easy to detect by blind people or people with visual difficulty?: yes/ no they do not interfere with the free movement of pedestrians?: yes/ no Other measures for disabled users:

Finland

Japan

Turkey

No

Yes, the Underground Shopping Mall Building Regulation, the Building Standards Act

yes, I.T.S., TSE

Sprinkler, fire extinguisher

hydrant, sprinklers

No

No

Water stopage board

Water pumps only at platform level Yes, I.T.S., TSE

No

Yes

Yes, summary of building gentle town for people

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes, the rescue section of the Helsinki, Fire Dept. is consulted in the design of facilities and equipment

Yes, emergency push buttons in the lavatory, 181 ITVs in the shopping mall

Yes, non-slip floors, special elements for tread edges

No

No

Yes

4 min

Yes Yes Yes Yes

Yes No Yes Yes

Yes Yes Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Escalator, elevator, moving pavement, textured paving block

Wheel chair users are considered, blind persons and deaf can use the mall with regular people (continued on next page)

ITA/AITES Accredited Material

556

A. Nordmark / Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 20 (2004) 534–557

Table 6 (continued)

2.4 Configuration of access routes (1) What kind of configuration do the access routes (to the open space) have? (2) To what kind of open space does the access route lead to? 3. Other information >What kind of equipment for sign and information are applied to the underground shopping mall? Sign boards Information boards

>How are the operation times for underground facilities regulated (are there regulations for night time)? >Are there future prospects to improve the standards for accessibility? >Are there special remarks concerning planning and installation (including environment) of access facilities?

Finland

Japan

Turkey

Separate access, in combination with building access, in combination with other underground facilities Road, shops in the neighbouring buildings

Separate access

Separate access

Road

Road

In the entrances, on shopping level and station platforms Real-time displays on station platform only

General information, destination board Three multi-vision, FM satellite studio, voice navigation system, broadcasting system Close between 0:00 and 5:00

Signage system

Stations operating 5:30–23:30, but the shops generally 9:00– 20:00


Equipment: Safety equipment is subject to standards except in Finland. It seems that mostly sprinkler and hydrants are used for fire fighting. Smoke control is not mentioned.
Water leakage: No standard design rules regarding water leakage were included in the designs.
Disabled persons: Despite the fact that no maximum evacuation time has been mentioned for 2 out of the 3 projects, it appears that via standards for access ways and equipment, much consideration has been given to access way standards for shopping malls for disabled people.

6. Overall conclusions
The answers supplied to the questionnaire give a reasonable overview of the existence and use of standard rules for the design of access ways to underground structures.
In most cases, reporting countries use local and/or national standards. International standards are seldom referred to.
In few cases countries use standard design rules based upon other national rules. ITA/AITES Accredited Material

Connection to the other buildings

On necessary locations

The mall open between 6:30– 21:00 train operations between 6:00 and 24:00 Yes

This shopping mall connects to four subway lines and five subway stations basement 2–4th floor are the underground parking area, capacity 1030 cars


Not only do the standards vary between countries, but also within a particular country. Standard rules may differ depending upon the type of underground structure.
Rules are often based on geological, climatic, social and economic conditions.
The effects of smoke in case of fire are not sufficiently present in the design standards. Readers are encouraged to further investigate the questionnaire and the complete responses, which are included in full in the attachments. The above conclusions only summarize and identify the general and main trends of this study. It is concluded from this report that there is a lack of national standards. Therefore, the Working Group No. 4 hopes that this report may serve as an international reference document for the use of access ways where national regulations need to be developed.

7. Relevant information collection in detail from each Nations Technical information for Underground Facilities cover the following four applications.

A. Nordmark / Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 20 (2004) 534–557

Tables 3–6 present the questions and answers for each items for accessibility to underground facilities.





road tunnel (Table 3), underground railway station (Table 4), underground parking area (Table 5), underground shopping mall and other facilities (Table 6).

8. Additional information collection for underground facilities from each Nation The following information was collected from participating nations for the reference of accessibility to and design criteria for underground facilities. Due to the space required, these illustrations and photos are presented only in the Main Report, which can be found on ITAs website (www.ita-aites.org). 8.1. Road tunnel 1. 2.

Denmark Egypt

3. 4.

Finland Japan

The fixed link across Øresund Typical cross sections of road tunnels (bored, cut and over) Illustration of ring road II Helsinki Basic configuration of central circular of Shinjuku Line (Metropolitan Expressway Public Corporation)

5.

Norway

6.

Sweden

557

The Oslo fjord tunnel and guidelines for road tunnel design Examples of road tunnel configuration (Stockholm Ring Road Tunnels)

8.2. Underground railway stations 1.

Finland

2.

Japan

3.

Sweden

Project description of Ruoholahti subway station Access way between elevated station and underground railway station (Sendai station) Stockholm metro stations underground

8.3. Underground parking areas 1.

Japan

2.

Sweden

Underground parking area at Yokohama Station West Illustration of Ho¨galid Garage

8.4. Underground shopping mall and other facilities 1. 2.

Finland Japan

3.

Norway

Illustration of Kaisaniemi Metro Station Whity Umeda, underground shopping mall in City of Osaka The Holmia Sports Hall & Swimming Pool in Rock

ITA/AITES Accredited Material