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Achieving a dry tunnel
350A 896493 Disposal of nuclear waste: a problem in mass management? Domenico, P A; Lerman, A; Bartlett, J W Ground Water 1/27, N3, May-June 1989, P363-374
were made to ensure stability until final lining and waterproofing. The remainder of the limestone section of the tunnel was excavated in this way.
American regulations for radioactive waste repositories specify an acceptable mass release in the accessible environment over a 10,000 year time frame. The only geological barrier specified is a minimum groundwater travel time of 1000 years from engineered barrier to accessible environment, No consideration is taken of natural processes such as retardation and mass transfer, dilution and dispersion. An analysis examines the influence of these unspecified parameters on groundwater travel time. Their role is found to be minimal, and it is indicated that almost any rock type that can meet travel time requirements can meet mass release requirements.
896497 Seepage exclusion problem for parabolic and paraboioidai aquifers Philip, J R; Knight, J H; Waechter, R T Water Resour Res V25, N4. April 1989, t>605-618
896494 Experiments in rock mechanics for the site characterization of Yucca Mountain Biejwas, T E Rock Mechanics as a Guide for E2ffcient Utilization of Natural Resources: Proc 30th U.S. Symposium, Morgantown, 19-22 Jane 1989 P39-48. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1989 Carefully controlled and documented testing will be needed to adequately characterise the potential repository site. Planned experiments to evaluate the in situ thermomechanical response of the rock mass include a shaft convergence experiment, sequential drift mining with borehole permeability and stress monitoring, heated block experiments, and short and long term determination of small and large scale geomechanical properties, backed by comprehensive laboratory tests. Data will be used to validate design assumptions, and add to the knowledge base for repository construction. 896495 Deep repository shaft design - offshore and onshore concepts Beale, H; Hughes, A; Tufton, E Proc Conference on Shaft Engineering, Harrogate, 5-7 June 1989 P39-49. Publ London: IMM, 1989 The conceptual design of repositories in a wide range of geological environments and settings is discussed. Deep repository vaults accessed from a landbase in hard rocks, soft sedimentary rocks, BUSC (basement rocks under sedimentary cover) and under the sea bed are considered. Surface facilities, access requirements and access construction are described. For repositories accessed from an offshore structure, 3 settings are considered, metamorphic and igneous rocks off West Scotland, chalk off East England and a salt dome intrusion in chalk off east England. Construction of caverns and large diameter disposal shafts is outlined.
Quasi-linear and full nonlinear solutions are found for the problem of downward unsaturated seepage to parabolic-cylindrical or paraboloidal cavities. Comparison of the solutions demonstrates the utility of the much simpler quasi-linear solutions. For both geometries of cavity, potential at the cavity wall is spatially uniform. 'Blunter' cavities (circular cylinder, sphere) show a critical point for seepage entry at the roof apex, 'sharper' cavities (wedge, cone, hyperbolic cylinder, hyperboloid) at a low point on the wall. Implications for tunnel or repository design are discussed. 896498 Bath County pumped storage project tunnel system evaluation of remedial measures Wong, K L; Oechsel, R G; Wafle, D T Proc Symposium on Rock Mechanics and Power Plants, Madrid, 12-16 September 1988 V1, P419-426. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1988 Remedial measures taken to combat leakage from power tunnels are described. High pressure grouting and drainage were used, and performance was monitored by visual observations, surveying and measurement of pressures, seepage and displacements. Results show that the remedial measures have been successful, and that generally the highest pressures, flow rates and rock displacements correlate with coolest tunnel water temperature. 896499 Tunnelling in unsolidified water bearing sandstone construction of Tsagaru tunnel (Futamnta construction section) Naito, T; Kaji, S Proc 6th Australian Tunnelling Conference, Melbourne, March 1987 V1, P223-229. Publ Parkville." AuslMM, 1987 Excavation of the Tsugaru tunnel through unstable unconsolidated water bearing sandstone which is susceptible to outflow is described. Excavation was via the upper half heading method with side pilots, enabling highly effective dewatering and quick response to changing conditions. Dewatering by long horizontal boring, and machine excavation by roadheader in the side pilots and 'ring cut' machine in the upper half are described. Lining utilised a new method allowing concrete lining efficiently before excavation of the upper half.
Groundwater problems 896496 Grouting and support techniques used in the karstic limestones of the Jura mountains for the LEP underground laboratory. Short communication Laughton, C lnt J Min Geoi Engng I/6, N4, Dec 1988, P353-365 Support and excavation techniques used during drill and blast tunnel construction through limestone are described. An exploratory tunnel showed the rock to have fault zones and karstic activity. Problems occurred with high pressure water inflow with suspended solids 20m behind the face. It was decided to use a cast iron ring grouted directly behind the face so no delayed deterioration occurred. Consolidation injections
8965O0 Achieving a dry tunnel Sauer, G; Garrett, V K Proc 1987 Rapid ExcaMtiou and Tuanelling Conference, New Orleans, 14-17 June 1987 V1, t)461-478. Publ Littleton: Society of Mining Engineers, 1987 Seepage into tunnels can cause many problems. Tunnels constructed according to NATM principles may include a membrane/textile geocomposite between primary and secondary concrete to divert inflow towards the drainage system. Requirements for lining materials are discussed. Existing tunnels which may leak through shrinkage cracks in the lining can be rehabilitated in one of two ways. In areas of concentrated inflow, relief holes are drilled through the lining. For more
© 1989 Pergamon Press plc. Reproduction not permitted
351A general flow, the tunnel is lined with a polymer membrane protected by metal cladding. Water is led into the drain system in both cases.
896505
896501 Handling infiltration into underground structures Graf, E D
Proc International Symposimn on Modern Mining Technology, Taiun, October 1988 P76-84. Publ Taian: Shandong Institute of Mining and Technology, 1988
Proc 1987 Rapid Excavation and Tunnelling Conference, New Orleans, 14-17 June 1987 V1, P479-487. Publ Littleton: Society of Mining Engineers, 1987 Once an underground structure has been completed, problems may arise due to unwanted water inflow. Various methods of controlling infiltration are described with case studies. Drainage, shotcrete and/or air blown mortar, inner surface treatment, and pressure grout injection behind the lining are all considered. The last mentioned method is most commonly
Field investigation of surrounding rock movement and its numerical analogue Shen Guanghan; Gao Yanfa; Wu Ge
Strata movement above a coal seam was monitored using borehole instrumentation, and surface subsidence and floor movement were measured. Observations suggest that floor and roof beds move in different manners. Roof movement has been mathematically modelled using a separated zone mechanical model. Roof bed movement is affected by face geometry, mining depth, height of collapse zone, bulking factor, and nature and properties of rock in the bending zone. Finite element modelling of floor bed failure is presented.
used.
Surface subsidence, caving and rockbursts See also: 896273 896502 Rockburst research at Faiconbridge Limited Morrison, D M
CIM Bulletiu V82, N924, April 1989, P37-47 Microseismic systems are used to monitor energy changes occurring as a result of mining. The hardware and software of the systems are described. Monitoring results at Strathcona mine are presented, which confirm the fault-slip mechanism of rock bursting. Current research into tomographic imaging, acoustic emission techniques and numerical modelling for control of rockbursting is outlined. 896503 Mining subsidence lUNIdisplacement prediction using influence function methods for steep seams Pen, G; Whittaker, B N; Reddish, D J
Min Sci Technoi V8, N3, May 1989, P235-252 Influence approach functions for prediction of displacement and subsidence due to longwall mining of steeply inclined seams are presented. Circular influence area and two and three angle elliptical methods are described. Values are compared with those from the UK Subsidence Engineers' Handbook empirical design technique for different mining conditions. Predicted values are compared with field measurements, showing the value of influence function methods. 896504 Classification of mine workings according"to their rock burst proneness Singh, S P
Min Sci Teehnol V8, N3, May 1989, P253-262 The definition of burst prone areas in hardrock mines was investigated. Use of rock indices and properties and in situ approaches are discussed. To determine important rock properties and indices, laboratory tests were carried out on rocks from the Sudbury nickel belt. Values for burst proneness index, compressive strength, strain energy, Schmidt rebound hardness, shear wave velocity, decrease modulus index, brittleness and point load strength were obtained. Results showed dependence of the decrease modulus index on burst proneness index, strength, brittleness and strain energy. Burst proneness index has a fair correlation with Schmidt rebound hardness and shear wave velocity.
896506 Environmental impacts of coal mining and preventive measures in Japan Nishida, T; Esaki, T; Kimura, T; Kameda, N
Proc lnternatiomd Symposimn on Modern Mining Technology, Taian, October 1988 1'85-92. Publ Taian: Shandong Institute of Mining and Technology, 1988 Shallow abandoned coal mines in Japan often fail by caving, with the damage extending upwards to the surface. Rainfall, earthquakes, and surcharging of the ground surface can accelerate the failure. Grouting, excavation and filling, or use of very deep piles or raft foundations above old mines are suggested as remedial measures. The goats of abandoned mines act as permeable zones, and the water charged therein may outcrop as springs of polluted water. Patterns of springing out and finite element modelling of water flow are illustrated. A case of severe subsidence in thick alluvium, associated with mining and groundwater pumping, is discussed. 896507 Support design of tunnels subjected to rockbursting Tao Zhen-yu
Proc Symposium on Rock Mechanics and Power Plants, Madrid, 12-16 September 1988 VI, P407-411. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1988 The physical processes of rockbursts and geological factors influencing their occurrence are described. A rockbursting classification is presented. A case study of bursting in a pressure tunnel driven through sedimentary rocks, caused by varying directions of major principal stress,is described, and support recommendations outlined. 896508 Experience from design and construction of a hydro station Tao Zhen-Yu
Proc International Symposium Tmmeiliug for Water Resources and Power Projects, New Delhi, 19-23 January 1988 V1, P145-147. Publ New Delhi: Oxford and IBH Publishing Co, 1988 Rock burst and pressure during construction of the plant are considered. Probability of rock burst is predicted as a function of the ratio of uniaxial compressive strength to principal stress. Rock pressure on the wall of the pressure regulation shaft is calculated, including creep effects calculated using a rheologic model whose parameters are derived from laboratory testing.
© 1989 Pergamon Press plc. Reproduction not permitted
were made to ensure stability until final lining and waterproofing. The remainder of the limestone section of the tunnel was excavated in this way.
American regulations for radioactive waste repositories specify an acceptable mass release in the accessible environment over a 10,000 year time frame. The only geological barrier specified is a minimum groundwater travel time of 1000 years from engineered barrier to accessible environment, No consideration is taken of natural processes such as retardation and mass transfer, dilution and dispersion. An analysis examines the influence of these unspecified parameters on groundwater travel time. Their role is found to be minimal, and it is indicated that almost any rock type that can meet travel time requirements can meet mass release requirements.
896497 Seepage exclusion problem for parabolic and paraboioidai aquifers Philip, J R; Knight, J H; Waechter, R T Water Resour Res V25, N4. April 1989, t>605-618
896494 Experiments in rock mechanics for the site characterization of Yucca Mountain Biejwas, T E Rock Mechanics as a Guide for E2ffcient Utilization of Natural Resources: Proc 30th U.S. Symposium, Morgantown, 19-22 Jane 1989 P39-48. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1989 Carefully controlled and documented testing will be needed to adequately characterise the potential repository site. Planned experiments to evaluate the in situ thermomechanical response of the rock mass include a shaft convergence experiment, sequential drift mining with borehole permeability and stress monitoring, heated block experiments, and short and long term determination of small and large scale geomechanical properties, backed by comprehensive laboratory tests. Data will be used to validate design assumptions, and add to the knowledge base for repository construction. 896495 Deep repository shaft design - offshore and onshore concepts Beale, H; Hughes, A; Tufton, E Proc Conference on Shaft Engineering, Harrogate, 5-7 June 1989 P39-49. Publ London: IMM, 1989 The conceptual design of repositories in a wide range of geological environments and settings is discussed. Deep repository vaults accessed from a landbase in hard rocks, soft sedimentary rocks, BUSC (basement rocks under sedimentary cover) and under the sea bed are considered. Surface facilities, access requirements and access construction are described. For repositories accessed from an offshore structure, 3 settings are considered, metamorphic and igneous rocks off West Scotland, chalk off East England and a salt dome intrusion in chalk off east England. Construction of caverns and large diameter disposal shafts is outlined.
Quasi-linear and full nonlinear solutions are found for the problem of downward unsaturated seepage to parabolic-cylindrical or paraboloidal cavities. Comparison of the solutions demonstrates the utility of the much simpler quasi-linear solutions. For both geometries of cavity, potential at the cavity wall is spatially uniform. 'Blunter' cavities (circular cylinder, sphere) show a critical point for seepage entry at the roof apex, 'sharper' cavities (wedge, cone, hyperbolic cylinder, hyperboloid) at a low point on the wall. Implications for tunnel or repository design are discussed. 896498 Bath County pumped storage project tunnel system evaluation of remedial measures Wong, K L; Oechsel, R G; Wafle, D T Proc Symposium on Rock Mechanics and Power Plants, Madrid, 12-16 September 1988 V1, P419-426. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1988 Remedial measures taken to combat leakage from power tunnels are described. High pressure grouting and drainage were used, and performance was monitored by visual observations, surveying and measurement of pressures, seepage and displacements. Results show that the remedial measures have been successful, and that generally the highest pressures, flow rates and rock displacements correlate with coolest tunnel water temperature. 896499 Tunnelling in unsolidified water bearing sandstone construction of Tsagaru tunnel (Futamnta construction section) Naito, T; Kaji, S Proc 6th Australian Tunnelling Conference, Melbourne, March 1987 V1, P223-229. Publ Parkville." AuslMM, 1987 Excavation of the Tsugaru tunnel through unstable unconsolidated water bearing sandstone which is susceptible to outflow is described. Excavation was via the upper half heading method with side pilots, enabling highly effective dewatering and quick response to changing conditions. Dewatering by long horizontal boring, and machine excavation by roadheader in the side pilots and 'ring cut' machine in the upper half are described. Lining utilised a new method allowing concrete lining efficiently before excavation of the upper half.
Groundwater problems 896496 Grouting and support techniques used in the karstic limestones of the Jura mountains for the LEP underground laboratory. Short communication Laughton, C lnt J Min Geoi Engng I/6, N4, Dec 1988, P353-365 Support and excavation techniques used during drill and blast tunnel construction through limestone are described. An exploratory tunnel showed the rock to have fault zones and karstic activity. Problems occurred with high pressure water inflow with suspended solids 20m behind the face. It was decided to use a cast iron ring grouted directly behind the face so no delayed deterioration occurred. Consolidation injections
8965O0 Achieving a dry tunnel Sauer, G; Garrett, V K Proc 1987 Rapid ExcaMtiou and Tuanelling Conference, New Orleans, 14-17 June 1987 V1, t)461-478. Publ Littleton: Society of Mining Engineers, 1987 Seepage into tunnels can cause many problems. Tunnels constructed according to NATM principles may include a membrane/textile geocomposite between primary and secondary concrete to divert inflow towards the drainage system. Requirements for lining materials are discussed. Existing tunnels which may leak through shrinkage cracks in the lining can be rehabilitated in one of two ways. In areas of concentrated inflow, relief holes are drilled through the lining. For more
© 1989 Pergamon Press plc. Reproduction not permitted
351A general flow, the tunnel is lined with a polymer membrane protected by metal cladding. Water is led into the drain system in both cases.
896505
896501 Handling infiltration into underground structures Graf, E D
Proc International Symposimn on Modern Mining Technology, Taiun, October 1988 P76-84. Publ Taian: Shandong Institute of Mining and Technology, 1988
Proc 1987 Rapid Excavation and Tunnelling Conference, New Orleans, 14-17 June 1987 V1, P479-487. Publ Littleton: Society of Mining Engineers, 1987 Once an underground structure has been completed, problems may arise due to unwanted water inflow. Various methods of controlling infiltration are described with case studies. Drainage, shotcrete and/or air blown mortar, inner surface treatment, and pressure grout injection behind the lining are all considered. The last mentioned method is most commonly
Field investigation of surrounding rock movement and its numerical analogue Shen Guanghan; Gao Yanfa; Wu Ge
Strata movement above a coal seam was monitored using borehole instrumentation, and surface subsidence and floor movement were measured. Observations suggest that floor and roof beds move in different manners. Roof movement has been mathematically modelled using a separated zone mechanical model. Roof bed movement is affected by face geometry, mining depth, height of collapse zone, bulking factor, and nature and properties of rock in the bending zone. Finite element modelling of floor bed failure is presented.
used.
Surface subsidence, caving and rockbursts See also: 896273 896502 Rockburst research at Faiconbridge Limited Morrison, D M
CIM Bulletiu V82, N924, April 1989, P37-47 Microseismic systems are used to monitor energy changes occurring as a result of mining. The hardware and software of the systems are described. Monitoring results at Strathcona mine are presented, which confirm the fault-slip mechanism of rock bursting. Current research into tomographic imaging, acoustic emission techniques and numerical modelling for control of rockbursting is outlined. 896503 Mining subsidence lUNIdisplacement prediction using influence function methods for steep seams Pen, G; Whittaker, B N; Reddish, D J
Min Sci Technoi V8, N3, May 1989, P235-252 Influence approach functions for prediction of displacement and subsidence due to longwall mining of steeply inclined seams are presented. Circular influence area and two and three angle elliptical methods are described. Values are compared with those from the UK Subsidence Engineers' Handbook empirical design technique for different mining conditions. Predicted values are compared with field measurements, showing the value of influence function methods. 896504 Classification of mine workings according"to their rock burst proneness Singh, S P
Min Sci Teehnol V8, N3, May 1989, P253-262 The definition of burst prone areas in hardrock mines was investigated. Use of rock indices and properties and in situ approaches are discussed. To determine important rock properties and indices, laboratory tests were carried out on rocks from the Sudbury nickel belt. Values for burst proneness index, compressive strength, strain energy, Schmidt rebound hardness, shear wave velocity, decrease modulus index, brittleness and point load strength were obtained. Results showed dependence of the decrease modulus index on burst proneness index, strength, brittleness and strain energy. Burst proneness index has a fair correlation with Schmidt rebound hardness and shear wave velocity.
896506 Environmental impacts of coal mining and preventive measures in Japan Nishida, T; Esaki, T; Kimura, T; Kameda, N
Proc lnternatiomd Symposimn on Modern Mining Technology, Taian, October 1988 1'85-92. Publ Taian: Shandong Institute of Mining and Technology, 1988 Shallow abandoned coal mines in Japan often fail by caving, with the damage extending upwards to the surface. Rainfall, earthquakes, and surcharging of the ground surface can accelerate the failure. Grouting, excavation and filling, or use of very deep piles or raft foundations above old mines are suggested as remedial measures. The goats of abandoned mines act as permeable zones, and the water charged therein may outcrop as springs of polluted water. Patterns of springing out and finite element modelling of water flow are illustrated. A case of severe subsidence in thick alluvium, associated with mining and groundwater pumping, is discussed. 896507 Support design of tunnels subjected to rockbursting Tao Zhen-yu
Proc Symposium on Rock Mechanics and Power Plants, Madrid, 12-16 September 1988 VI, P407-411. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1988 The physical processes of rockbursts and geological factors influencing their occurrence are described. A rockbursting classification is presented. A case study of bursting in a pressure tunnel driven through sedimentary rocks, caused by varying directions of major principal stress,is described, and support recommendations outlined. 896508 Experience from design and construction of a hydro station Tao Zhen-Yu
Proc International Symposium Tmmeiliug for Water Resources and Power Projects, New Delhi, 19-23 January 1988 V1, P145-147. Publ New Delhi: Oxford and IBH Publishing Co, 1988 Rock burst and pressure during construction of the plant are considered. Probability of rock burst is predicted as a function of the ratio of uniaxial compressive strength to principal stress. Rock pressure on the wall of the pressure regulation shaft is calculated, including creep effects calculated using a rheologic model whose parameters are derived from laboratory testing.
© 1989 Pergamon Press plc. Reproduction not permitted