Acoustic detection of bearing defects

ND T Abstracts

4 4 0 7 6 Clark, A V Nondestructive Evaluation Fracture and D e f o r m a t i o n Edited by H I M c H e n n y pp. 21-30 National Instttute o f Standards and T e c h n o l o g y , US D e p a r t m e n t o f C o m m e r c e . (1989) N I S T I R 88-3841 Our Nondestructwe EvaJuauon (NDE) group develops measurement

methods and sensors for evaluaung the propemes and the proc~ssmg of materials To , . p r o v e structural safety, we use electromagneuc acoushc transducers (EMATs) to detect and size flaw~ and to measure residual stresses For advanced materials, we develop sensors to . o r a t o r elastic property degradation m polymeric compos,tes, smtenng of ceram,cs, cunng of polymers, and erystalhne texture formation m steel sheet.

44000

Sokohk. A_I.. Z a l a z m s k . , M G . Blurtsyan, R S

A p p l i c a t i o n of magnetic methods in quality control of rail p a r t s Industrial Laboratory. Vol 55, No_ 6, pp. 6 9 5 - 6 9 6 (Dec 1989) One of the most ,mportant operations Ln attammg high strength and rehabnhty in the produchon of rails ~s the heat treatment of the treat surface This operation mseatned out by the method of heating the surface of the part revolved by h,gh-frequency currents to 920-960 degrees C on spec,al hardening mstallatlons w,th subsequent coohng by a jet of compressed air_ We .vest]gated whether hardness m the zone of hardemng can he respected by magnetic methods W,th the aid of an mstrument KIFM-I we estabhshed a correlation of hardness with coercwe force and residual magnetic induction of the material The method makes it poss,ble to scrap rails w,th low hardness (less than 280-300 HB) In harder parts, the coercive force and residual reduction are stabthzed, and this makes it imposs,ble to check hardness in the range 320-380 HB 4 3 9 1 0 Alers, G A , Chesebrough. R A_. MacLauchlan. D T A p p l i c a t i o n o f s u r f a c e s k i m m i n g S H w a v e s to s t r e s s a n d t e x t u r e m e a s u r e m e n t in steel P r o c e e d i n g s o f the 15th A n n u a l R e v i e w of Progress m Quantitative N o n d e s t r u c t i v e Evaluation. La Jolla, C a h f o m t a ( U S A ) . 31 Jul - 5 Aug. 1988 Vol_ 8B. pp. 1895-1901 Edited by D O T h o m p s o n and D E_ C h t m e n u P l e n u m Press (1989). ISBN 0 - 3 0 6 - 4 3 2 0 9 - 9 . The work descnhed ,n this paper is aimed at usmg shear horizontal (SH) waves to measure the thermal stresses developed in railroad ~'acks dunng the usual d a y l i g h t temperalure cycle_ To accomplish this. a hand held probe that can operate on the web or base of the rail was fabricated and procedures that m=mm=ze sources of error were developed 43881 Schram. R E . Shull. P J , Clark, A V , Mttrakovtc, D V E M A T e x a m i n a t i o n for c r a c k s in r a i l r o a d wheel t r e a d s N o n d e s t r u c t i v e T e s t i n g and Evaluation for M a n u f a c t u r i n g and C o n s t r u c t i o n Edited by H.L.M. dos Rels. pp 3 7 3 - 3 8 0 H e m i s p h e r e P u b l t s h m g Corporation. (1990). ISBN 0 - 8 9 1 1 6 - 9 2 6 - I Cracks ,n raulway wheel treads can lead to wheel failure w~th senous consequences for people, and ume and money lost They may result from stresses due to dynam,c or static loads or residual stresses from heating dunng brakmg An automated method for exammmg wheels nondestrucUvely is descnhed which uses electromagnetic acoust,c transducers (EMATs) to identify faulty wheels Expenmental results are promLsmg but automatic signal processing wall be needed to measure cracks on wheels m service 43678

Schram, R E., Shull, P J . Clark, A.V., Mttrak.OvlC, D V

EMAT for r o l l - b y c r a c k i n s p e c t i o n o f r a i l r o a d w h e e l s Review of Progress ,n Quantitative N o n d e s t r u c t i v e Evaluation, Vol. 8A Edited by D O T h o m p s o n and D.E. C h l m e n t t . pp 1083-1089 P l e n u m Press (1989) ISBN 0 306 4 3 2 0 9 9 Our current research m this area is the development of an ultrasomc system using EMATs designed to work on American.style wheels and rails The objecuve Ls to check every wheel on a tram, also m a roll-by- mode Like the earher systems, ours uses Raylelgh waves that travel around the

wheel mead 43573 McEwen, IJ. C o n d i t i o n m o n i t o r i n g t h r o u g h oil a n a l y s i s o n B r i t i s h Rail Impact o f N o n - D e s t r u c t i v e T e s t m g . P r o c e e d m g s of the 28th A n n u a l B r m s h C o n f e r e n c e on N o n - D e s t r u c t i v e T e s t m g , Sheffield (United K i n g d o m ) , 18-21 Sep 1989_ pp. 185-195. Edited by C Brook and P.D. H a n s t e a d P e r g a m o n Press, (1990) The author descnbes the mulanes and methods developed for th,s condition momtonng of railway d l ~ l engmes through oil analysis. Recent advances are outhned and the successes and resultant savings are htghhghted

4 3 1 6 8 Schramm. R E.; van Clark. A Ultrasonic railroad wheel inspection

using EMATs (Electromagnetic- Accoustic Transducers), Report No. 18

National Institute o f Standards and T e c h n o l o g y (IMSE), Boulder, Colorado, ( U m t e d States), P B 8 9 - 1 8 9 2 2 9 / G A R , 86pp. (Dec 1988) The report ,s number 18 m a senes covenng the research performed by the National Inst=tute of Standards and Technology (formerly Nauonal Bureau of Standards) for the Federal Razlroad AdmmJstratmn_ The ,ssue collects seven repnnLs and prepnnts of papers written by the Fracture and Dcformauon Doris,on over the last two years on the uhrasonlc nondestrucuve cvaluat,on o1 railroad wheels for the presence of residual stress and cracks All the work concentrated on the use of electromagnet,cacousuc transducers (EMATs)_ Tcnsde ms,dual stresses and tread cracks arc major factors m wheel failure Two ultrasomc techmques are apphcable to these wear defects ( I ) Btrefnngcnce A stress field effects the velocity of a shear honzontal wave dependmg on ,is polanzahon_ Prectse velocity measurements m a wheel nm may allow calculat,on of the amount and dtrecuon of stresses, (2) Pulse-echo A Raylelgh (surface) wave transducer mounted . s i d e the rail can mtroduce a s,gnal to mterrogate the

e,rcumference of a wheel as tt rolls by An echo md=cates a flaw's presence and s,ze 4 3 1 1 6 Sarrafzadeh, A . Churchill. R.J , Nttmura, M G Laser generated ultrasound A c o u s t o - U l t r a s o m c s , T h e o r y and A p p h c a t t o n Edited by J C_ Duke, J r , pp 201-207. P l e n u m Press, 353pp (1989). ISBN 0 3 0 6 4 3 0 1 3 4 This paper descnbes a laser.based ultrasomc system using high-energy. short-pulse trams for laser generation Ongomg research . e l u d e s the theoretical extens,on of laser-sohd interacuons related to laser generation of ultrasound m complex structures and advanced materials and the mvesugation of methods to achieve a h,gh speed, high resoluuon laser excltatmn system for mtegrat=on w,th a h,ghly senslt]ve ultrasomc signal detector Expenrnents are bemg conducted for the flaw respect.n/characterization of raJls using laser-based photoacoustlc exc=tanon techniques mcludmg ultrasomc detection by both p=ezeelecmc and noncontactmg laser interferomemc means 43097

Davis, L

Pinpointing vehicle l e a k s f a s t e r w i t h u l t r a v i o l e t light M a t e n a l s Evaluat,on. Vol. 47, No I 1. pp 1248-1250 (Nov 1989) Small. eluswe leaks are detected by ultravrolet (UV) leak detecuon systems m the manufacture of a wide variety of veh,cles, cars. aircraft, boats and trains This method ,s safe. effecuve and qmck to perform A bnght fluorescent glow instantly reveals leak sources m o d . fuel. coolant. refrigerant, transmission and hydrauhc systems The necessary equipment and test procedures are outhned 42872 /(opec. B. Characterization of the railway tyres structure using the ultrasonic attenuation technique P r o c e e d m g s o f U l t r a s o m c s International 89. M a d n d ( S p a . ) . 3-7 July 1989. pp 964-971, Butterworth Scientific Ltd ISBN 0 4 0 8 0 5 4 1 8 2 (1989) On the bas,s of extensive measuring and the analyses of the ultrasomc attenuation in samples from the railway lyres made of carbon steel, the relatlonsh,p between the ultrasomc scattenng and various structural factors ts estabhshed The tests prov,ded full definition of the effect of a network at the gram boundaries and substructure of grains The theory of Rayle=gh's scatter is mterpreted in pract,cal UldtZacaon by checking the structure of the rail-way tyresm as beat- treated s i t e 42739 Bambara, J E Acoustic detection of bearmg defects U S. Patenl No 4,843,885 (4 Jul 1989) Beanngs m a rtulway train can be momtored dunng operation of the train along a track using this acousuc detection dev,ce Train speed Is measured as are acoustic v]bratrons m the beanngs These are transduced . t o elecmc signals. An envelope modulated canter frequency components ~s extracted from the electncal signal An envelope detector extracts the envelope which ,s analyzed by a bandpass filler The bandpass filter . e l u d e s a switch capacitor filter which ts controlled by a master clock. wh,ch ~s ~tself controlled by the tram speed sensmg dev,ce_ 42454 Alers, G.A R a i l r o a d rail flaw d e t e c t i o n s y s t e m b a s e d o n e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c acoustic transducers M a g n a s o n t c s , i n c , A l b u q u e r q u e (United States), P B 8 9 - 1 6 3 0 9 1 . 8 2 pp (Sep 1988) The report descnbes the design construcuon and prehmmary tesUng of

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