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Acoustical patchiness of mesopelagic micronekton
OLR(1985)32 (9)
E. BiologicalOceanography
Pieces of polyurethane foam (PF) colonized by pond protozoa were used as "epicenters for protozoan colonization of barren PF 'islands' in initially sterile microcosms." Effects of exposure duration (24 h vs 28 d) to the epicenter source pools on island colonization were examined, as were effects of age and complexity of source pools. A slight but significant reduction in colonization occurred when the source was removed after 24 h. More species were exported by mature than by immature sources, but less mature communities were more 'effective at producing colonists.' Dept. of Biol., Virginia Polytech. Inst., Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA. (mjj)
ES0. Plankton (also primary productivity, seston and
detritus) 85:5178
Anderson, J.J. and Sutomo, 1984. A biologically meaningful probability description of plankton stocks. Mar. Res. Indonesia, 23:31-41. Plankton standing stocks can be described with a gamma probability distribution based on a stochastic logistic equation. The stock is characterized by a carrying capacity and a randomness coefficient. Fish. Res. Inst., Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. 85:5179 Campbell, J.W. and W.E. Esaias, 1985. Spatial patterns in temperature and chlorophyll on Nantucket Shoals from airborne remote sensing data, May 7--9, 1981. J. mar. Res, 43(1):139-161. Bigelow Lab. for Ocean Sci., McKown Point, W. Boothbay Harbor, ME 04575, USA. 85:5180
Cho, C.-H. and Y.-I. Won, 1985. Quantifies and distributions of nannoplankton in the southeastera coastal waters of Korea in snmn~r. Bull. Tong-Yeong Fish. Jr. Coll., 20:137-141. (In Korean, English abstract.) Tong-yeong Fish. Coll., Chungmu 603, Korea. 85:5181
Deibel, Don, 1985. Blooms of the pelagic tuulcate, Do//o/et~ gegenbam'/:, are they associated with Gulf Stream frontul eddies? J. mar. Res, 43(1): 211-236. A bloom studied by satellite-directed sampling and located by radio-transmitting drogues occurred not in the warm filament of a frontal eddy but 60-70 km NW of the temperature front in upwelled water that probably originated from the eddy's cold core. The
759
bloom was a quick response to phytoplankton growth and resulted from asexual production of gonozooids. Blooms are most frequent off Georgia from February to May when Gulf Stream meanders and eddies are the dominant exchange mechanism between the deep ocean and shelf water. Mar. Sci. Res. Lab., Memorial Univ., St. John's, NF A1C 5S7, Canada. (mwf) 85:5182
Evans, G.T. and J.S. Parslow, 1985. A model of annual plankton cycles. Biol. Oceanogr., 3(3): 327-347. Presented is a general 'differential equation model of nutrients, phytoplankton and herbivores in a mixed layer of varying depth.' The pattern of change of physical parameters is the same from year to year. A repeating annual cycle of plankton populations, including a spring bloom, is produced by the model. Model behavior is analyzed qualitatively by differential equations. Blooms depend on low winter production rates; lack of blooms in the subarctic Pacific is discussed. Dept. of Fish. and Oceans, Fish. Res. Br., St. John's, NF, Canada. (mjj) 85:5183
Glover, H.E., D.A. Phinney and C.S. Yentsch, 1985. Photosynthetic characteristics of picoplankton compared with those of larger phytoplankton populations, in various water masses in the Gulf of Maine. Biol. Oceanogr, 3(3):223-248.
Primary production by phototrophic picoplankton ( ( 3 pare >0.2 pan) dominated by cyanobacteria was a greater proportion of total production under low light levels and at the least productive stations. Picoplankton differed from >3/~m plankton in their more efficient utilization of blue and green light, lower light saturation intensity, and lack of dependence on light intensity for photosynthetic carbon fixation. Bigelow Lab. for Ocean Sci., McKown Point, West Boothbay Harbor, ME, USA.
(mjj) 85:5184 Greenlaw, C.F. and W.G. Pearcy, 1985. Acoustical patchiness of mesopelagtc mlcronekton. J. mar. Res~ 43(1): 163-178. Patterns observed included extensive layers of low and nearly uniform scattering strength and distinct 3-D patches of stronger scattering. These patches dispersed vertically at night after diel migration of a portion of the scatters, but reassembled the following day. Analysis suggests that micro-patches, on the order of 15 m vertically by 1 km horizontally, are present both day and night. Horizontal variance
760
E. Biological Oceanography
spectra suggest the possibility of different horizontal aggregation mechanisms at scales above and below ~8.9 kin. Pearcy: School of Oceanogr., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR 97331, USA. 85:5185 Ikeda, T., 1985. Metabolic rates of epipelagic marine zooplankton as a function of body mass and temperature. Mar. Biol., 85(l):1-11.
Body mass and habitat temperature accounted for 84-96% of variation in metabolic rates of a phylogenetically mixed group of zooplankton, based on multiple regression analysis. Results were similar to those for general poikilotherms. Values of Q,0 were 1.82-1.89 for 02 uptake, 1.91-1.93 for NH 3 excretion, and 1.55 for PO4 excretion. Metabolic quotients (O:N, N:P, O:P) did not vary with body mass or temperature. The latitudinal gradient of oceanic zooplankton community metabolism is calculated. Antarctic Div., Dept. of Sci. and Tech., Channel Highway, Kingston, Tas. 7150, Australia. (mjj) 85:5186 Peribonio, R.G. de, 1982. [Composition of the phytoplankton and chlorophyll pigments from 14 stations between Calm San Lorenzo and Punta Jama, Ecuador.] Revta Cienc. Mar Limnol., Guayaquil, 1(2):127-136. (In Spanish, English abstract.) Inst. Nac. de Pesca, Casilla 5913, Guayaquil, Ecuador. 85:5187 Piatkowski, Uwe, 1985. Maps of the geographical distribution of macrozooplankton in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean. Repts polar Res. (Ber. Polarforsch.), 22:55pp; mostly maps.
Macrozooplankton samples were taken during three cruises of the FRV Walther Herwig into the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean during the austral summers of 1975/76, 1977/78 and 1980/81. Presented here are maps of the geographical distribution and abundance of the five most frequent groups: adult krill (Euphausia superba), other euphausiids, amphipods, chaetognaths and salps. 85:5188 Poulet, S.A., V. Martin-Jezequel and D. Delmas, 1985. Gradient of dissolved free amino acids and phytoplankton in a shallow bay. Hydrobiologia, 121(I):11-17.
In the surface waters of a shallow bay, significant coefficients of correlation were found between chlorophyll a, nanoflagellates, and DFAA concentrations. Although phytoplankton biomass variations sometimes relate to DFAA concentration patterns,
OLR (1985) 32 (9)
consideration of the physiological activity of both phytoplankton and microheterotrophs would undoubtedly explain a more significant fraction of the DFAA variation. Centre d'Etudes d'Oceanogr, et de Biol. Mar., CNRS, Sta. Biol., F-29211 Roscoff, France. 85:5189 Radach, GUnther, 1984. Variations in the plankton in relation to climate IN Atlantic and North Sea].
Rapp. P.-v. Rerun. Cons. perm. int. Explor. Mer, 185:234-254. A literature review of long-term changes in plankton abundance shows that many taxa decreased in abundance over the last three decades; taxa abundances of a second group vary around a mean value with maxima about 1961 and 1974 and a minimum about 1967. The production season decreased by a mean of approximately one or two days per year, at least until 1975. The common extent of the changes over the entire area suggests that they are caused by changes in climate; data are given which substantiate this hypothesis. Plankton variations between 1970 and 1974 in the southern North Sea are related to climatic changes over the entire North Atlantic. Inst. fur Meeresk. der Univ. Hamburg, Troplowitzstr. 7, D-2000 Hamburg 54, FRG. 85:5190 Renon, J.P., Maurice Dudemaine and Jacques Drouet, 1985. IA multisamp~ emergence trap for the study of plankton vertical migration in a coral reef environment.] J. Plankt. Res., 7(1): 19-34. (In French, English abstract.) Lab. d'Ecol. Animale et Zool., UER de Sci. Fond. et Appl., Univ. d'Orleans, 45046 Orleans Cedex, France. 85:5191 Romano, J.-C., 1985. [The influence of sampling and sample treatment on adenyHc nucleotides (ATP, ADP, AMP) in microplunkton.] Hydrobiologia, 121(1):35-43. (In French, English abstract.)
Changes in light conditions do not induce significant variations in the adenylic nucleotide content or in energy charge values. Zooplankton (<200 /~m) contribution to microplankton adenosine values can be neglected for inshore surface waters and traditional sample volumes ( ~ 1L), explained by the low density of zooplankton in such a small sample volume and by differences in efficiency of the extracting method used. Sta. Mar. d'Endoume et Centre d'Oeeanogr., Rue Batteries des Lion, F-13007 Marseille, France.
E. BiologicalOceanography
Pieces of polyurethane foam (PF) colonized by pond protozoa were used as "epicenters for protozoan colonization of barren PF 'islands' in initially sterile microcosms." Effects of exposure duration (24 h vs 28 d) to the epicenter source pools on island colonization were examined, as were effects of age and complexity of source pools. A slight but significant reduction in colonization occurred when the source was removed after 24 h. More species were exported by mature than by immature sources, but less mature communities were more 'effective at producing colonists.' Dept. of Biol., Virginia Polytech. Inst., Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA. (mjj)
ES0. Plankton (also primary productivity, seston and
detritus) 85:5178
Anderson, J.J. and Sutomo, 1984. A biologically meaningful probability description of plankton stocks. Mar. Res. Indonesia, 23:31-41. Plankton standing stocks can be described with a gamma probability distribution based on a stochastic logistic equation. The stock is characterized by a carrying capacity and a randomness coefficient. Fish. Res. Inst., Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. 85:5179 Campbell, J.W. and W.E. Esaias, 1985. Spatial patterns in temperature and chlorophyll on Nantucket Shoals from airborne remote sensing data, May 7--9, 1981. J. mar. Res, 43(1):139-161. Bigelow Lab. for Ocean Sci., McKown Point, W. Boothbay Harbor, ME 04575, USA. 85:5180
Cho, C.-H. and Y.-I. Won, 1985. Quantifies and distributions of nannoplankton in the southeastera coastal waters of Korea in snmn~r. Bull. Tong-Yeong Fish. Jr. Coll., 20:137-141. (In Korean, English abstract.) Tong-yeong Fish. Coll., Chungmu 603, Korea. 85:5181
Deibel, Don, 1985. Blooms of the pelagic tuulcate, Do//o/et~ gegenbam'/:, are they associated with Gulf Stream frontul eddies? J. mar. Res, 43(1): 211-236. A bloom studied by satellite-directed sampling and located by radio-transmitting drogues occurred not in the warm filament of a frontal eddy but 60-70 km NW of the temperature front in upwelled water that probably originated from the eddy's cold core. The
759
bloom was a quick response to phytoplankton growth and resulted from asexual production of gonozooids. Blooms are most frequent off Georgia from February to May when Gulf Stream meanders and eddies are the dominant exchange mechanism between the deep ocean and shelf water. Mar. Sci. Res. Lab., Memorial Univ., St. John's, NF A1C 5S7, Canada. (mwf) 85:5182
Evans, G.T. and J.S. Parslow, 1985. A model of annual plankton cycles. Biol. Oceanogr., 3(3): 327-347. Presented is a general 'differential equation model of nutrients, phytoplankton and herbivores in a mixed layer of varying depth.' The pattern of change of physical parameters is the same from year to year. A repeating annual cycle of plankton populations, including a spring bloom, is produced by the model. Model behavior is analyzed qualitatively by differential equations. Blooms depend on low winter production rates; lack of blooms in the subarctic Pacific is discussed. Dept. of Fish. and Oceans, Fish. Res. Br., St. John's, NF, Canada. (mjj) 85:5183
Glover, H.E., D.A. Phinney and C.S. Yentsch, 1985. Photosynthetic characteristics of picoplankton compared with those of larger phytoplankton populations, in various water masses in the Gulf of Maine. Biol. Oceanogr, 3(3):223-248.
Primary production by phototrophic picoplankton ( ( 3 pare >0.2 pan) dominated by cyanobacteria was a greater proportion of total production under low light levels and at the least productive stations. Picoplankton differed from >3/~m plankton in their more efficient utilization of blue and green light, lower light saturation intensity, and lack of dependence on light intensity for photosynthetic carbon fixation. Bigelow Lab. for Ocean Sci., McKown Point, West Boothbay Harbor, ME, USA.
(mjj) 85:5184 Greenlaw, C.F. and W.G. Pearcy, 1985. Acoustical patchiness of mesopelagtc mlcronekton. J. mar. Res~ 43(1): 163-178. Patterns observed included extensive layers of low and nearly uniform scattering strength and distinct 3-D patches of stronger scattering. These patches dispersed vertically at night after diel migration of a portion of the scatters, but reassembled the following day. Analysis suggests that micro-patches, on the order of 15 m vertically by 1 km horizontally, are present both day and night. Horizontal variance
760
E. Biological Oceanography
spectra suggest the possibility of different horizontal aggregation mechanisms at scales above and below ~8.9 kin. Pearcy: School of Oceanogr., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR 97331, USA. 85:5185 Ikeda, T., 1985. Metabolic rates of epipelagic marine zooplankton as a function of body mass and temperature. Mar. Biol., 85(l):1-11.
Body mass and habitat temperature accounted for 84-96% of variation in metabolic rates of a phylogenetically mixed group of zooplankton, based on multiple regression analysis. Results were similar to those for general poikilotherms. Values of Q,0 were 1.82-1.89 for 02 uptake, 1.91-1.93 for NH 3 excretion, and 1.55 for PO4 excretion. Metabolic quotients (O:N, N:P, O:P) did not vary with body mass or temperature. The latitudinal gradient of oceanic zooplankton community metabolism is calculated. Antarctic Div., Dept. of Sci. and Tech., Channel Highway, Kingston, Tas. 7150, Australia. (mjj) 85:5186 Peribonio, R.G. de, 1982. [Composition of the phytoplankton and chlorophyll pigments from 14 stations between Calm San Lorenzo and Punta Jama, Ecuador.] Revta Cienc. Mar Limnol., Guayaquil, 1(2):127-136. (In Spanish, English abstract.) Inst. Nac. de Pesca, Casilla 5913, Guayaquil, Ecuador. 85:5187 Piatkowski, Uwe, 1985. Maps of the geographical distribution of macrozooplankton in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean. Repts polar Res. (Ber. Polarforsch.), 22:55pp; mostly maps.
Macrozooplankton samples were taken during three cruises of the FRV Walther Herwig into the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean during the austral summers of 1975/76, 1977/78 and 1980/81. Presented here are maps of the geographical distribution and abundance of the five most frequent groups: adult krill (Euphausia superba), other euphausiids, amphipods, chaetognaths and salps. 85:5188 Poulet, S.A., V. Martin-Jezequel and D. Delmas, 1985. Gradient of dissolved free amino acids and phytoplankton in a shallow bay. Hydrobiologia, 121(I):11-17.
In the surface waters of a shallow bay, significant coefficients of correlation were found between chlorophyll a, nanoflagellates, and DFAA concentrations. Although phytoplankton biomass variations sometimes relate to DFAA concentration patterns,
OLR (1985) 32 (9)
consideration of the physiological activity of both phytoplankton and microheterotrophs would undoubtedly explain a more significant fraction of the DFAA variation. Centre d'Etudes d'Oceanogr, et de Biol. Mar., CNRS, Sta. Biol., F-29211 Roscoff, France. 85:5189 Radach, GUnther, 1984. Variations in the plankton in relation to climate IN Atlantic and North Sea].
Rapp. P.-v. Rerun. Cons. perm. int. Explor. Mer, 185:234-254. A literature review of long-term changes in plankton abundance shows that many taxa decreased in abundance over the last three decades; taxa abundances of a second group vary around a mean value with maxima about 1961 and 1974 and a minimum about 1967. The production season decreased by a mean of approximately one or two days per year, at least until 1975. The common extent of the changes over the entire area suggests that they are caused by changes in climate; data are given which substantiate this hypothesis. Plankton variations between 1970 and 1974 in the southern North Sea are related to climatic changes over the entire North Atlantic. Inst. fur Meeresk. der Univ. Hamburg, Troplowitzstr. 7, D-2000 Hamburg 54, FRG. 85:5190 Renon, J.P., Maurice Dudemaine and Jacques Drouet, 1985. IA multisamp~ emergence trap for the study of plankton vertical migration in a coral reef environment.] J. Plankt. Res., 7(1): 19-34. (In French, English abstract.) Lab. d'Ecol. Animale et Zool., UER de Sci. Fond. et Appl., Univ. d'Orleans, 45046 Orleans Cedex, France. 85:5191 Romano, J.-C., 1985. [The influence of sampling and sample treatment on adenyHc nucleotides (ATP, ADP, AMP) in microplunkton.] Hydrobiologia, 121(1):35-43. (In French, English abstract.)
Changes in light conditions do not induce significant variations in the adenylic nucleotide content or in energy charge values. Zooplankton (<200 /~m) contribution to microplankton adenosine values can be neglected for inshore surface waters and traditional sample volumes ( ~ 1L), explained by the low density of zooplankton in such a small sample volume and by differences in efficiency of the extracting method used. Sta. Mar. d'Endoume et Centre d'Oeeanogr., Rue Batteries des Lion, F-13007 Marseille, France.