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Acoustically-evoked behavior and heart rate in the rat
139 P S Y C H O P H Y S I O L O G I C A L EFFECTS IN PAIN REACTION: D I F F E R E N C E S IN R E S P I R A T O R Y RATE BETWEEN H E A L T H Y SUBJECTS AND BACK PAIN PATIENTS W. Neumann, N. Schmitz, J. Kugler and G.M. Kriiskemper Department of Medical Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany Respiration is an important component in pain reaction. Our interest is in psychophysiological differences between pain patients and subjects without pain. In the study, we examine the questions whether these two groups differ in respiratory rate during pain stimulation and whether they differ in their perception of the pain stimulus. 30 back-pain patients and 30 healthy subjects had three sessions in the pain laboratory. Each session was divided into 3 min baseline, the receipt of a pain-pressure stimulus and 3 min baseline. They were instructed to indicate the pain threshold and to stop pain stimulation when they reached their pain tolerance. The results showed a significant lower respiratory rate in the healthy subjects group during pain stimulation. They also needed significantly more time until they reached the pain threshold. There were no differences between the two groups in pain tolerance. The respiratory rate seems to be an important factor in pain behavior and coping with pain.
VISUAL-EVOKED POTENTIALS IN POPOUT TESTS IN CEREBRO-ORGANIC DEMENTIA A. Ningel, L. Gutjahr, H. Hinrichs and A. Richert Krankenhaus am Urban, Abteilung fiir Neurologie, Berlin, Germany 43 men and women were tested with a visual oddball paradigm. The target popout stimulus differed in color from the background stimulus (blue rectangles) and appeared at random with a frequency of 25%, as did a non-target popout. Using psychometric tests (SIDAM, MMS-E), test subjects could be assigned either to a group with certain dementia (n = 10) or probable dementia (n = 8), or to a group without psychometrically detectable symptoms but with subjective complains (n = 14). A control group of the same age was also included (n = 11). The first group showed no distinct potentials, the second group showed clearly defined N2 and P3 with tile target popout, the third group showed a weak N2 with the non-target popout and N2 and P3 with the target popout, and in the control group, clearly-defined N2 and P3 were detected with the non-target popout, but were less marked than with the target popout. In the two-group discrimination analysis (groups 1 and 2, and groups 3 and 4 combined, respectively) of the amplitudes for the measurement intervals 0-100 ms, 100-200 ms, 300 400 ms, 400-500 ms, 500-600 ms and 600700 ms, a classification rate of 88% could be demonstrated
(reclassification with "hold-one-out': 84%). In the four-group analysis, classification and reclassification rates of 67 and 54%, were obtained, respectively. Group 1 could be distinguished from all other groups especially by the absence of early potentials, and groups 3 and 4 especially by the pronounced and well defined late potentials with the non-target popout.
ERP AND T O P O G R A P H I C A L MAPPING INDICES OF COVERT VISUAL ATTENTION: THE POSNER PREPSET P A R A D I G M H. Nordby, K. Hugdahl, D. Hammerborg, A. Vaksdal and K.M. Stormark University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway In the present study, we investigated whether the cognitive operations involved in cued vs. uncued visual attentional shifts were detectable in the event-related potentials (ERPs) and in topographical mapping (BEAM). Three types of conditions occurred randomly across trials; on 16.76% of the trials no cue was presented (No cue condition), on 83.33% of the trials a cue was presented 800 ms before the target to direct attention by making one of the boxes brighter. The cue was either on the same side as the target (Valid condition, 80% of the cued trials), or on the other side (Invalid condition, 20% of the cued trials). 15 EEG channels, referenced to the right mastoid, and one EOG channel were recorded. A positive wave with a mean peak latency of 355 ms was significantly larger to the invalidly cued target than to the targets in the Valid and No cue conditions. The P355 deflection was parietally maximal in tbe No cue condition while it bad a more central distribution in the Valid and Invalid conditions. Topographical mapping verified these differences in P355 amplitude distribution across the scalp. The results were followedup using an auditory analogue to the visual paradigm. Once again, the findings showed increased P300 amplitudes to the Invalid condition.
ACOUSTICALLY-EVOKED B E H A V I O R AND H E A R T RATE IN THE RAT C. Oedekoven and H.-U. Schnitzler Tierphysiologie, Tiibingen, Germany The heart rate is often used as an indicator of orienting (OR) and defense responses (DR). Novel stimuli of low-intensity elicit the OR, whereby the heart rate decelerates. Intense or aversive stimuli evoke the non-habituating DR, and heart rate accelerates. Very intense stimuli with a short rise time elicit the startle response (SR) with its pattern of rapid, short-lasting flexor contractions. The present study describes the rat's behavioral response patterns to auditory stimulation and event related changes in heart rate. Male Wistar rats were placed one at a time in an open field for 65 rain. After 15 rain they received a train of 10 equal
140 stimuli with an interstimulus time of 5 min. Overall, different stimulus qualities were tested (40, 60, 80, 100 dB SPL (1 s duration) with different rise times). The rats' behavior was videotaped and the heart rate was recorded simultaneously in response to auditory stimuli. Nearly all stimuli elicited distinct behavioral responses which interrupted ongoing behavior. At 40 dB, mainly head jerks and changes of the forebody position were shown. At 60 dB, head jerks and turns of the whole body were observed. At 80 dB and 100 dB, the startle consisted of a fast flinching of the body or a flinching with jumping off the ground, whereby this strong reaction occurred mainly at stimuli with short rise time. At all sound pressure levels, the heart rate reaction consisted of either monophasic acceleration or deceleration, or of a biphasic response. The comparison of specific behavioral patterns and changes in heart rate shows that beside the stimulus quality, the prestimulus state of the rat effects its cardiac response.
Many sport scientists have examined the effect of physical stress on the general central nervous level of arousal (GCA). The electroencephalogram and the critical flicker fusion frequency (CFF) are the measuring systems employed. Methodological problems concerning CFF m e a s u r e m e n t have so far been neglected in the field of sport science. A new improved CFF-measuring system has been developed featuring a forced choice method. With this measuring system, systematic investigations have been conducted concerning the effect of physical stress on the GCA. Both stress induced by cycling (bicycle-ergometry) and running stress, lead to an increase of GCA. In both cases, the G C A varies with the intensity of cardio-pulmonary strain. The results have been replicated. Furthermore, there is reason to suppose that stress-induced GCA-increases may support the process of motor learning.
D I F F E R E N T E R P EFFECTS R E L A T E D T O V I S U A L AND SEMANTICAL INCONGRUITION DURING FACE PROCESSING
D. Papakostopoulos Electrodiagnostic Department, Bristol Eye Hospital, Bristol, UK
E. Olivares, E. Aubert, M. Valdes-Sosa and M.A. Bobes Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience, Havana, Cuba
The new-born take part in complex interactions with the environment. However, the success of this interaction presupposes stable stimulus condition, is stereotyped and is limited to a few patterns (unskilled performance). It is characteristic of h u m a n developments that later in life successful patterns of interaction develop which are not stimulus-dependent but rather goal-directed. This type of interaction is flexible and virtually unlimited in terms of patterns (skilled performance). In order to achieve stimulus independence, flexibility and adaptability, predetermined patters of complex interaction are gradually replaced by situation-specific plans of action that are modifiable by sensory (closed loop) and cognitive (externally closing loop) information. Adaptable planning, sensory and cognitive feedback are associated with specific brain electrical activities, characteristic patterns of autonomic and electromyographic activity and behavioural manifestation quantifiable in terms of precision. Current information technology permits the collection and analysis of such multidimensional data, thus opening a new era in the field of understanding the development of goal directed behaviour in man.
Possibly different brain modules are implicated in the processing of face-structure and the person-semantics associated with faces, In this paper, two groups of subjects studied information about artificial faces. In group 1, subjects studied analytically a set of 40 faces. In group 2, subjects studied holistically a set of 30 artificial faces and their fictitious occupations. In both cases, the training lasted 3 days and after a week, ERPs were recorded to stimuli which were presented in context. In group 1 incomplete faces (eyes/eyebrows missing) were the context, and the stimulus consisted of the insertion of completing features: 'congruent" (belonging to same faces) or 'incongruent" (originating in another face). In group 2, the faces were presented as context and the stimuli were the names of occupations: the same occupations studied with each face (congruent stimuli) or different occupations (incongruent stimuli). ERPs to incongruent items were always more negative than for congruent items. Nevertheless, these negativities differed in latency, amplitude and scalp topography, which suggests that, although similar mechanisms may be involved in processing visual and semantical incongruities, they are probably associated with different neural subsystems.
PttYS1CAL STRESS A F F E C T S T H E G E N E R A L CENTRAL NERVOUS LEVEL OF AROUSAL N. Olivier and D. Biisch Institute of Sports Science, Saarbriicken, G e r m a n y
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY: THE MEANS TO A C H I E V E T H E G O A L O F U N D E R S T A N D I N G T H E DEV E L O P M E N T OF P U R P O S E F U L B E H A V I O U R
SUGGESTIBILITY AND HEMISPHERIC ASYMMETRY OF 40-Hz E V E N T - R E L A T E D P O T E N T I A L S D U R I N G DEPTH REVERSAL V. De Pascalis ~, V. Gheorghiu I,, F.S. Marucci " and H.G. Geissler c ;' Department of Psychology, Rome, Italy, b Department of Psychology, Giessen, G e r m a n y and c University of Leipzig, Leipzig, G e r m a n y
VISUAL-EVOKED POTENTIALS IN POPOUT TESTS IN CEREBRO-ORGANIC DEMENTIA A. Ningel, L. Gutjahr, H. Hinrichs and A. Richert Krankenhaus am Urban, Abteilung fiir Neurologie, Berlin, Germany 43 men and women were tested with a visual oddball paradigm. The target popout stimulus differed in color from the background stimulus (blue rectangles) and appeared at random with a frequency of 25%, as did a non-target popout. Using psychometric tests (SIDAM, MMS-E), test subjects could be assigned either to a group with certain dementia (n = 10) or probable dementia (n = 8), or to a group without psychometrically detectable symptoms but with subjective complains (n = 14). A control group of the same age was also included (n = 11). The first group showed no distinct potentials, the second group showed clearly defined N2 and P3 with tile target popout, the third group showed a weak N2 with the non-target popout and N2 and P3 with the target popout, and in the control group, clearly-defined N2 and P3 were detected with the non-target popout, but were less marked than with the target popout. In the two-group discrimination analysis (groups 1 and 2, and groups 3 and 4 combined, respectively) of the amplitudes for the measurement intervals 0-100 ms, 100-200 ms, 300 400 ms, 400-500 ms, 500-600 ms and 600700 ms, a classification rate of 88% could be demonstrated
(reclassification with "hold-one-out': 84%). In the four-group analysis, classification and reclassification rates of 67 and 54%, were obtained, respectively. Group 1 could be distinguished from all other groups especially by the absence of early potentials, and groups 3 and 4 especially by the pronounced and well defined late potentials with the non-target popout.
ERP AND T O P O G R A P H I C A L MAPPING INDICES OF COVERT VISUAL ATTENTION: THE POSNER PREPSET P A R A D I G M H. Nordby, K. Hugdahl, D. Hammerborg, A. Vaksdal and K.M. Stormark University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway In the present study, we investigated whether the cognitive operations involved in cued vs. uncued visual attentional shifts were detectable in the event-related potentials (ERPs) and in topographical mapping (BEAM). Three types of conditions occurred randomly across trials; on 16.76% of the trials no cue was presented (No cue condition), on 83.33% of the trials a cue was presented 800 ms before the target to direct attention by making one of the boxes brighter. The cue was either on the same side as the target (Valid condition, 80% of the cued trials), or on the other side (Invalid condition, 20% of the cued trials). 15 EEG channels, referenced to the right mastoid, and one EOG channel were recorded. A positive wave with a mean peak latency of 355 ms was significantly larger to the invalidly cued target than to the targets in the Valid and No cue conditions. The P355 deflection was parietally maximal in tbe No cue condition while it bad a more central distribution in the Valid and Invalid conditions. Topographical mapping verified these differences in P355 amplitude distribution across the scalp. The results were followedup using an auditory analogue to the visual paradigm. Once again, the findings showed increased P300 amplitudes to the Invalid condition.
ACOUSTICALLY-EVOKED B E H A V I O R AND H E A R T RATE IN THE RAT C. Oedekoven and H.-U. Schnitzler Tierphysiologie, Tiibingen, Germany The heart rate is often used as an indicator of orienting (OR) and defense responses (DR). Novel stimuli of low-intensity elicit the OR, whereby the heart rate decelerates. Intense or aversive stimuli evoke the non-habituating DR, and heart rate accelerates. Very intense stimuli with a short rise time elicit the startle response (SR) with its pattern of rapid, short-lasting flexor contractions. The present study describes the rat's behavioral response patterns to auditory stimulation and event related changes in heart rate. Male Wistar rats were placed one at a time in an open field for 65 rain. After 15 rain they received a train of 10 equal
140 stimuli with an interstimulus time of 5 min. Overall, different stimulus qualities were tested (40, 60, 80, 100 dB SPL (1 s duration) with different rise times). The rats' behavior was videotaped and the heart rate was recorded simultaneously in response to auditory stimuli. Nearly all stimuli elicited distinct behavioral responses which interrupted ongoing behavior. At 40 dB, mainly head jerks and changes of the forebody position were shown. At 60 dB, head jerks and turns of the whole body were observed. At 80 dB and 100 dB, the startle consisted of a fast flinching of the body or a flinching with jumping off the ground, whereby this strong reaction occurred mainly at stimuli with short rise time. At all sound pressure levels, the heart rate reaction consisted of either monophasic acceleration or deceleration, or of a biphasic response. The comparison of specific behavioral patterns and changes in heart rate shows that beside the stimulus quality, the prestimulus state of the rat effects its cardiac response.
Many sport scientists have examined the effect of physical stress on the general central nervous level of arousal (GCA). The electroencephalogram and the critical flicker fusion frequency (CFF) are the measuring systems employed. Methodological problems concerning CFF m e a s u r e m e n t have so far been neglected in the field of sport science. A new improved CFF-measuring system has been developed featuring a forced choice method. With this measuring system, systematic investigations have been conducted concerning the effect of physical stress on the GCA. Both stress induced by cycling (bicycle-ergometry) and running stress, lead to an increase of GCA. In both cases, the G C A varies with the intensity of cardio-pulmonary strain. The results have been replicated. Furthermore, there is reason to suppose that stress-induced GCA-increases may support the process of motor learning.
D I F F E R E N T E R P EFFECTS R E L A T E D T O V I S U A L AND SEMANTICAL INCONGRUITION DURING FACE PROCESSING
D. Papakostopoulos Electrodiagnostic Department, Bristol Eye Hospital, Bristol, UK
E. Olivares, E. Aubert, M. Valdes-Sosa and M.A. Bobes Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience, Havana, Cuba
The new-born take part in complex interactions with the environment. However, the success of this interaction presupposes stable stimulus condition, is stereotyped and is limited to a few patterns (unskilled performance). It is characteristic of h u m a n developments that later in life successful patterns of interaction develop which are not stimulus-dependent but rather goal-directed. This type of interaction is flexible and virtually unlimited in terms of patterns (skilled performance). In order to achieve stimulus independence, flexibility and adaptability, predetermined patters of complex interaction are gradually replaced by situation-specific plans of action that are modifiable by sensory (closed loop) and cognitive (externally closing loop) information. Adaptable planning, sensory and cognitive feedback are associated with specific brain electrical activities, characteristic patterns of autonomic and electromyographic activity and behavioural manifestation quantifiable in terms of precision. Current information technology permits the collection and analysis of such multidimensional data, thus opening a new era in the field of understanding the development of goal directed behaviour in man.
Possibly different brain modules are implicated in the processing of face-structure and the person-semantics associated with faces, In this paper, two groups of subjects studied information about artificial faces. In group 1, subjects studied analytically a set of 40 faces. In group 2, subjects studied holistically a set of 30 artificial faces and their fictitious occupations. In both cases, the training lasted 3 days and after a week, ERPs were recorded to stimuli which were presented in context. In group 1 incomplete faces (eyes/eyebrows missing) were the context, and the stimulus consisted of the insertion of completing features: 'congruent" (belonging to same faces) or 'incongruent" (originating in another face). In group 2, the faces were presented as context and the stimuli were the names of occupations: the same occupations studied with each face (congruent stimuli) or different occupations (incongruent stimuli). ERPs to incongruent items were always more negative than for congruent items. Nevertheless, these negativities differed in latency, amplitude and scalp topography, which suggests that, although similar mechanisms may be involved in processing visual and semantical incongruities, they are probably associated with different neural subsystems.
PttYS1CAL STRESS A F F E C T S T H E G E N E R A L CENTRAL NERVOUS LEVEL OF AROUSAL N. Olivier and D. Biisch Institute of Sports Science, Saarbriicken, G e r m a n y
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY: THE MEANS TO A C H I E V E T H E G O A L O F U N D E R S T A N D I N G T H E DEV E L O P M E N T OF P U R P O S E F U L B E H A V I O U R
SUGGESTIBILITY AND HEMISPHERIC ASYMMETRY OF 40-Hz E V E N T - R E L A T E D P O T E N T I A L S D U R I N G DEPTH REVERSAL V. De Pascalis ~, V. Gheorghiu I,, F.S. Marucci " and H.G. Geissler c ;' Department of Psychology, Rome, Italy, b Department of Psychology, Giessen, G e r m a n y and c University of Leipzig, Leipzig, G e r m a n y