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Active bone marrow distribution in the monkey
Lüe Sciences Vol . 9, Part II, pp. 189-174, 1870 . Printed in Grit Britain
Pergamon Preen
ACTIVE BONE MARROW DISTRIBUTION IN THE MONKEY* S . T . Taketa Amen Research Center, NASA, Moffett Field, California 94035 Arland L . Carsten, Stanton H . Cohn, Harold L . Atkins, and Victor P . Bond Medical Research Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton, New York 11973
(Received 18 August 1989; in final form 17 November 1969) Although the rhesus monkey continues to be used extensively in experimental studies and is also being investigated intensively for basic knowledge of the animal itself, a review of the literature failed to reveal data concerning the volume and distribution of active bone marrow .
Since this information would be
of practical importance in evaluating radiation injury to hematopoietic tissue, especially in nonuniform exposure simulating accidental exposure or space radiation conditions, the study reported here was undertaken . Materials and Methods Advantage was taken of the S 9 Fe and 99mi'c radioisotope methods (1) to estimate the erythropoietic and reticuloendothelisl functions, respectively, in the bone marrow in seven commercially imported normal healthy young adult male Maoaea mulatto monkeys, approximately four years old and weighing from 3 .5 to 4 .5 kg .
The animals were weighed and injected intravenously with 1 .5 uCi/kg of
59 Fe_ferrous citrate solution (specific activity, 14 .9 mCi/mg Fe) and 24 hours later with 1 .2 to 5 .0 mCi of 99mI'c sulfur colloid (carrier-free) .
One hour
after the latter injection, the animals were exsanguinated under barbiturate anesthesia while being infused intravenously with normal saline .
Immediately
after cardiac arrest, the thoracic and abdominal viscera were completely `Supported jointly by NASA and AEC . 169
BONE 1VIARRO~W DI3TRIHUTION
170 removed .
Vol. 9, No . 3
The "eviscerated" animals were put in individual plastic bags, placed
supine under a scintillation detector and scanned for reticulcendothelial (99nfc) activity (Fig . lA) . bone groups
Subsequently, the individual organs and bones or
(e .g vertebrae) were removed and cleaned.
The heart chambers,
urinary bladder and gastrointestinal tract were surgically exposed and their contents removed by flushing .
17îe external surfaces of the bones wen debrided
of soft tissue and enclosed either individually, by pairs, or by bone groups in plastic bags,
Their respective S 9Fe and 99 ~I'c activities and weights were
determined . The radioactivity xas counted with a 20- x 10-cm sodium iodide scintillation detector housed in a shielded room .
(Tl)
crystal
Counts in the photopeak of
S9Fe and 99nTc were corrected for their respective radioactive decay and the S9Fe Conpton contribution to the 99m1'c photopeak .
The distribution of active
reticuloendothelial tissue within individual bones or bone groups was estimated by scintillation scanning of the dismembered bones for 99m1'c activity (Fig . 1B) . Results and Discussion The erythropoietic
(S 9Fe) and reticulcendothelial (99 ~1'c) activities,
expressed as percent of total bone activity (Table 1), were essentially identical in any given bone or bone group except in a few bones which exhibited low activities and ,large variation .
This has similarly been noted in the dog (1) .
As a group the vertebrae were most active, contributing about 33~ of the total skeletal narrow activity, followed (in decreasing order of activity) by the lower limbs (20-227;), upper limbs (127:), hip bones (11-124), skull and aandible (117;), ribs and sternum (64)
and scapulae and clavicles (4-54) .
The activity
in the vertebrae was mainly in the hinbar (16-177;) and thoracic (124) components ; in the lower limbs, in the feaora (137;) limbs,
in the huneri
and tibiae (6-74) ; and in the upper
(94) .
The percent of administered dose of S9Fe in the skeleton was generally about ten tines higher than that of 99~Pc (Table 1) .
The S9Fe activity ranged
from 9 .804 in the lumbar vertebrae to 0 .024 in the patellae as compared with
HONE MARROW DISTRIBUTION
Vol. 9, No . 3
TABLE 1 Erythropoiafle I~FaI Md Rnlarb.doenww (~mTc) AaMty in Bons of Swan Norrtrl Young Adult Msla MoNceys (M. muletul SkNeul Struttun
7 Lumbar Vartsbrw 2 F.more 20sooxae (hlp bonas) 12 Tharadc vsrubraa 2 Humarl Skull & Maxllla 2 Tlbiae Rlbs Itotall 2 Snpulee 8 Cervirol vertehras Mardlda Ssvocoaygssl vMehna Stemum 2 Rad1I 2 Ulnae 2gadda 2 Fibusaa 2 Feat & Mkla 2 Flards & Wrfm 2Patdla Total
Referena Percsnt of tohl bon acdvlty Partsmt of Injected daa to nurtb .rs 69 Fe 88mT c ~Fe ~n}Tc in Fig. 1B MesntS .D . MaantS.D. MsantS .D . MantS .D . 1111 181 (141
17 .Ot t4 .13 1328t194 1291t1 .55
18.OBt3.b4 13.37t2.08 11 .07t157
990t2 .88 757t1 .21 7 .38t1 .14
098t0.07 0.71 :0.15 0.80t0.12
(12)
12.3331 .17
1192t1 .29
7A4t091
0 .8.5t028
(2) (1) (7) 110) (131
9.17t1 .31 8.87t1 .38 69831 .98 4.77t092 3.B3t0.33 2.24t0.36
B .~t098 928t1 .34 8 .88t2.14 4523098 356t024 223t029
521t057 4.99t1 .18 3.33t098 2.7230.57 2.26t029 128t0.21
0 .48t0.12 0 .51t0.Z2 0 .36t0A8 0 .24t0.Op 0 .19t0.07 0 .1230.08
151 (17)
2.1910.78 1 .Bit0.84
1 .92t0!18 198t051
1 .2630A5 093t0.43
0.10t0 .04 0.08t0 .01
131 (4) (9) (8) (15) (181
1 .48t0 .20 1 .48t056 1 .36t0.89 0 .71t021 0 .4810 .18 023t0 .14 023t0 .34 0 .05t0 .04
1 .47t0 .18 1 .75t053 1 .82t0 .88 0.58t0 .16 0.84t0 .13 158t0 .99 095t0 .50 0 .13t0 .11
09810 .18 094t0.Z7 0 .78t0 .34 0 .41t0 .13 027t0 .10 0 .14t0 .10 0 .1310 .18 0 .0~2t0A2
O.OBt0.03 O.OBt0A2 O.O9t0.03 OA330 .01 0.0330.01 O.O9t0.08 O.O6t0.04 OA1t0.004
67 .1214 .34
6 .4011 .8.5
100.00
100.00
'Sdntlllrtbn snnnlrq of ~n~Tc actlvlty vues not performed
0 .88 and 0 .01$ for the 99m1'c in the respective bones . respectively, were measured in the entire skeleton .
Total values of 57 and 5$, By contrast, the 99m1'c
activities in the spleen and liver were significantly higher than those of
S 9 Fe
.
The amount of injected 99m1'c found i n the spleen and liver was 3 .6 t 1 .7$ and 83 .1 ± 24 .5$, respectively, and of
S 9 Fe,
0 .6 t 0 .6$, and 10 .1 ± 4 .6$ .
The 99 ~1'c
values in the skeleton, liver, and spleen compared favorably with those reported for the dog skeleton (1), the mouse and dog liver, and the mouse spleen (2) . The scintillation scanning of 99ni'c (Figs,
lA,
1B)
revealed that reticulo-
endothelial tissue as measured by 99°i'c uptake was fairly lmiformly distributed in .the lumbar and thoracic vertebrae .
By contrast 99m['c was concentrated in the
heads and necks in the humeri, in the proximal one-third in the tibiae, and in the proximal and distal one-third in the femurs with noticeable activity also in the shafts .
High activities were also evident in the supraorbital and maxillary
BONE MARROW DISTRIBUTION
172
Vol. 9, No . 3
regions in the skull, in the acetabula in the hip bones and of the glenoid fossae in the scapulae .
Although scintillation scanning of
S 9Fe
was not done, the dis-
tribution of activity throughout the skeleton, bone by bone, was remarkably consistent with reticuloendothelial activity as demonstrated by deposition of radiocolloid .
This was previously demonstrated to be true in the dog (1) . 1811-
~`~.,., .... .r FIG . 1 Scintillation scanning of 99 mI'c in an "eviscerated" monkey (A) and of disarticulated bones (B) from the same animal . Radioactivity was of sufficient intensity to darken film in 1, skull and maxilla (positioned on left side with the anterior portion facing bottom of page) ; 2, humeri ; 6, femora ; 7, tibiae ; 10, scapulae ; 11, lumbar and 12, thoracic vertebrae; and 14, hip bones ; but not in 3, radii; 4, ulnae; 5, mandible ; 8, fibulae ; 9, clavicles; 13, cervical vertebrae ; 15, feet and ankles ; 16, hands and wrists ; and 17, sacrococcygeal vertebrae . (Drawings were reconstructed from the 99s1'c scans and radiographs of the skeleton .) The distribution of active erythropoietic bone marrow in the monkey is coepared (Table 2) with similar data fpund in the literature for the dog (1), oan (3), rat (4), and noose (5) .
Data are presented for three age levels of nan
(unspecified as to sex) - 10, 15, and 40 years - since there is apparently an age effect (i .e ., the shifting of marrow activity from the limbs to the vertebrae, hip bones, and skull with increasing age) which mast be taken into account in making the species comparison .
The age, sex and/or strain of the animals for
which data are presented in Table 2 were as follows :
monkey, 4-year-old rhesus
173
HONE MARROW DISTRIBUTION
Vol . 9, No . 3
males; dogs, adult mongrels of both sexes; rats, young adult males ; and mice, 8-week-old males of the Hale-Stoner BNL strain . for the dogs and the rats .)
(Actual ages were not given
The species differences observed in Table 2 may
possibly be explained in part by differences in the relative ages of the animals . However,
Examples are the relatively low activities in the sacrococcygeal ver-
cies . brae
there are extreme variations which appear to be peculiar to the spe-
(1 .6$)
(4 .8$) in the monkey and in the sacrococcygeal vertebrae
and ribs
TABLE 2 compentl~e ActM Erythropoietlc Bane Merrow Dhtrlbutlon In Serwel MemmYlen Spedee Groudn9SkeIshIStructure 1 2 3
4 6
8 7
Skull Mardlble 2 Clevldee 2 Sapules Uppr Ilmbe (totai) 2 Humeri 2 Radil 2 Ulnee 2 Wrkb-lwde Rlbe Stemum Vertabres Itotaq Cervid Tharedc Lumbr Seooecaypeel 2 Hlp banea Lower Ilmbe Itou11 2 Famun 2PaWbie zTlbl.e 2 Flbulee 2 Mkla-fiet Total
Men13) et eps
~~
T~
Monkey
Dopltl
Ret14)
75' 0.7 0.9 2A (951
9.7 OA 1 .1 3.8 (85)
13.0 1 .2 1 .8 4A (2Z)
8 .7 2 .2 0 .7 3A 112 .2)
1 .0 01 . 6 .1 (11 .1)
8 4 1 (11)
8.1 09 0.9 1 .7 8.3 19 (26.01
6.2 0.3 0.3 0.7 9b 2A (32.0)
2.2 0.0 0.0 OA 7 .1 25 142A1
9 .2 15 1 .3 0 .2 49 1 .6 (33 .1)
109 .1 0 0.1 .1 0 205 29 142 .81
i ~
2.1 8.7 8.7 7 .b 12A (31 .2)
2 .7 11 .1 8 .8 9.8 16.3 (19 .4)
3 .8 ib~ 11 .6 129 205 13A1
22 12 .3 17 .0 1 .8 12A (20A)
&7 17.8 15A 3.3 8.9 17A1
175 05 b.9 1 .0 b.3
14A 0 .2 z .7 OA 2 .1
3A OA 0 .0 .0 0 OA
13.3 .1 0 6A O5 .2 0
100 .0
99A
100A
999 ,
7.2 0.0 ab) 0.0 .1 0 100.0
Mo~sl61 19 .1 _ (6.71 4.1 1 1 .8 18.1
1241
(38.1)
-
8Zs
9 13b1
11291
19 _
8 .0 _
1b ~
4.2
-
2 .8
89~A
1
`Percent of mLl actM bone marrow tlndudr daNdw and eapAae tPalde
(3 .3$) and skull (1 .0$)
in the dog .
in the lumbar vertebrae (17 .0$) (6 .7$)
and humeri
and lumbar vertebrae (15 .0$)
fibulae (16 .0$)
There are also relatively high activities (9 .2$)
in the monkey, in the cervical
and ribs (20 .5$)
in the dog, in the tibiae
combination in the rat, and in the skull (19 .1$)
(16 .1$) in the mouse .
and ribs
It was surprising to find that activities in comparable
bones in the rat and 9lrase differed so greatly .
174
HONE MARROW DISTRIBUTION
Vol. 9, No . 3
Although there are differences in marrow activity in comparable individual bones in the species considered in Table 2, by grouping the bones into appropriate major components (Table 2), namely, skull-mandible, scapulae-clavicles, upper limbs, ribs-sternum, vertebrae, hip bones and lower limbs, it was found that the distribution of active marrow in these groupings for the rat approximated that in the 10-year-old youth and that for the monkey, in the 15-year-old youth,
Similar comparative references to man could not be made for the dog and
mouse because of major differences in the marrow activity in both the skullmandible and rib-sternum bones which were not explainable on the basis of posBible relative age differences .
In the dog, activity in the skull-mandible
combination was extremely low (l,lk) and in the ribs-sternum, extremely high (23 .3$) ; whereas, in the mouse activity in both groups of bones (19 .1 and 16 .1k, respectively) was considerably higher than in man within the relative age limits, The monkey marrow distribution data are being used to test the concept of the "step cell model for survival" (i,e ., survival of an animal depends on critical surviving fraction of stem cells) on survival in gamma- and protonirradiated monkeys (6-8) . We wish to thank the assistance of Dr . Ursula Reincke, James Cassidy, Larry Cook, Carl Dombrowski, Mike Stravino, Richard Emanovsky, and Vinnie Ammirati, References 1.
M . L, GREENBERG, H . L . ATKINS and L . M . SCHIFFER, Science ~,~, 526 (1966) .
2.
P . V . HARPER, K . A . LATHROP and P, RICHARDS, J . NucZ . Med. 5, 382 (1964) .
3.
H . R, ATKINSON, J, CoZZ . Radiol . Anat . ~, 149 (1962) .
4.
W . R . KEENS and J . H . JANDL, BZood ~, 157 (1965) .
5.
A . L . CARSTEN, unpublished observation in mice .
6.
S . T, TAKETA, A, L . CARSTEN and V . P, BOND, in preparation .
7.
V . P, BOND and C . V . ROBINSON, Radiation Research, Suppl . 7, ~ (1967) "
8.
S . T . TAKETA, C . A " SONDHAUS, B . L . CASTLE, W . H . HOWARD, C . C . CONLEY and W . NAYMAKER, Radiation Research, Suppl . 7, 336 (1967) .
Pergamon Preen
ACTIVE BONE MARROW DISTRIBUTION IN THE MONKEY* S . T . Taketa Amen Research Center, NASA, Moffett Field, California 94035 Arland L . Carsten, Stanton H . Cohn, Harold L . Atkins, and Victor P . Bond Medical Research Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton, New York 11973
(Received 18 August 1989; in final form 17 November 1969) Although the rhesus monkey continues to be used extensively in experimental studies and is also being investigated intensively for basic knowledge of the animal itself, a review of the literature failed to reveal data concerning the volume and distribution of active bone marrow .
Since this information would be
of practical importance in evaluating radiation injury to hematopoietic tissue, especially in nonuniform exposure simulating accidental exposure or space radiation conditions, the study reported here was undertaken . Materials and Methods Advantage was taken of the S 9 Fe and 99mi'c radioisotope methods (1) to estimate the erythropoietic and reticuloendothelisl functions, respectively, in the bone marrow in seven commercially imported normal healthy young adult male Maoaea mulatto monkeys, approximately four years old and weighing from 3 .5 to 4 .5 kg .
The animals were weighed and injected intravenously with 1 .5 uCi/kg of
59 Fe_ferrous citrate solution (specific activity, 14 .9 mCi/mg Fe) and 24 hours later with 1 .2 to 5 .0 mCi of 99mI'c sulfur colloid (carrier-free) .
One hour
after the latter injection, the animals were exsanguinated under barbiturate anesthesia while being infused intravenously with normal saline .
Immediately
after cardiac arrest, the thoracic and abdominal viscera were completely `Supported jointly by NASA and AEC . 169
BONE 1VIARRO~W DI3TRIHUTION
170 removed .
Vol. 9, No . 3
The "eviscerated" animals were put in individual plastic bags, placed
supine under a scintillation detector and scanned for reticulcendothelial (99nfc) activity (Fig . lA) . bone groups
Subsequently, the individual organs and bones or
(e .g vertebrae) were removed and cleaned.
The heart chambers,
urinary bladder and gastrointestinal tract were surgically exposed and their contents removed by flushing .
17îe external surfaces of the bones wen debrided
of soft tissue and enclosed either individually, by pairs, or by bone groups in plastic bags,
Their respective S 9Fe and 99 ~I'c activities and weights were
determined . The radioactivity xas counted with a 20- x 10-cm sodium iodide scintillation detector housed in a shielded room .
(Tl)
crystal
Counts in the photopeak of
S9Fe and 99nTc were corrected for their respective radioactive decay and the S9Fe Conpton contribution to the 99m1'c photopeak .
The distribution of active
reticuloendothelial tissue within individual bones or bone groups was estimated by scintillation scanning of the dismembered bones for 99m1'c activity (Fig . 1B) . Results and Discussion The erythropoietic
(S 9Fe) and reticulcendothelial (99 ~1'c) activities,
expressed as percent of total bone activity (Table 1), were essentially identical in any given bone or bone group except in a few bones which exhibited low activities and ,large variation .
This has similarly been noted in the dog (1) .
As a group the vertebrae were most active, contributing about 33~ of the total skeletal narrow activity, followed (in decreasing order of activity) by the lower limbs (20-227;), upper limbs (127:), hip bones (11-124), skull and aandible (117;), ribs and sternum (64)
and scapulae and clavicles (4-54) .
The activity
in the vertebrae was mainly in the hinbar (16-177;) and thoracic (124) components ; in the lower limbs, in the feaora (137;) limbs,
in the huneri
and tibiae (6-74) ; and in the upper
(94) .
The percent of administered dose of S9Fe in the skeleton was generally about ten tines higher than that of 99~Pc (Table 1) .
The S9Fe activity ranged
from 9 .804 in the lumbar vertebrae to 0 .024 in the patellae as compared with
HONE MARROW DISTRIBUTION
Vol. 9, No . 3
TABLE 1 Erythropoiafle I~FaI Md Rnlarb.doenww (~mTc) AaMty in Bons of Swan Norrtrl Young Adult Msla MoNceys (M. muletul SkNeul Struttun
7 Lumbar Vartsbrw 2 F.more 20sooxae (hlp bonas) 12 Tharadc vsrubraa 2 Humarl Skull & Maxllla 2 Tlbiae Rlbs Itotall 2 Snpulee 8 Cervirol vertehras Mardlda Ssvocoaygssl vMehna Stemum 2 Rad1I 2 Ulnae 2gadda 2 Fibusaa 2 Feat & Mkla 2 Flards & Wrfm 2Patdla Total
Referena Percsnt of tohl bon acdvlty Partsmt of Injected daa to nurtb .rs 69 Fe 88mT c ~Fe ~n}Tc in Fig. 1B MesntS .D . MaantS.D. MsantS .D . MantS .D . 1111 181 (141
17 .Ot t4 .13 1328t194 1291t1 .55
18.OBt3.b4 13.37t2.08 11 .07t157
990t2 .88 757t1 .21 7 .38t1 .14
098t0.07 0.71 :0.15 0.80t0.12
(12)
12.3331 .17
1192t1 .29
7A4t091
0 .8.5t028
(2) (1) (7) 110) (131
9.17t1 .31 8.87t1 .38 69831 .98 4.77t092 3.B3t0.33 2.24t0.36
B .~t098 928t1 .34 8 .88t2.14 4523098 356t024 223t029
521t057 4.99t1 .18 3.33t098 2.7230.57 2.26t029 128t0.21
0 .48t0.12 0 .51t0.Z2 0 .36t0A8 0 .24t0.Op 0 .19t0.07 0 .1230.08
151 (17)
2.1910.78 1 .Bit0.84
1 .92t0!18 198t051
1 .2630A5 093t0.43
0.10t0 .04 0.08t0 .01
131 (4) (9) (8) (15) (181
1 .48t0 .20 1 .48t056 1 .36t0.89 0 .71t021 0 .4810 .18 023t0 .14 023t0 .34 0 .05t0 .04
1 .47t0 .18 1 .75t053 1 .82t0 .88 0.58t0 .16 0.84t0 .13 158t0 .99 095t0 .50 0 .13t0 .11
09810 .18 094t0.Z7 0 .78t0 .34 0 .41t0 .13 027t0 .10 0 .14t0 .10 0 .1310 .18 0 .0~2t0A2
O.OBt0.03 O.OBt0A2 O.O9t0.03 OA330 .01 0.0330.01 O.O9t0.08 O.O6t0.04 OA1t0.004
67 .1214 .34
6 .4011 .8.5
100.00
100.00
'Sdntlllrtbn snnnlrq of ~n~Tc actlvlty vues not performed
0 .88 and 0 .01$ for the 99m1'c in the respective bones . respectively, were measured in the entire skeleton .
Total values of 57 and 5$, By contrast, the 99m1'c
activities in the spleen and liver were significantly higher than those of
S 9 Fe
.
The amount of injected 99m1'c found i n the spleen and liver was 3 .6 t 1 .7$ and 83 .1 ± 24 .5$, respectively, and of
S 9 Fe,
0 .6 t 0 .6$, and 10 .1 ± 4 .6$ .
The 99 ~1'c
values in the skeleton, liver, and spleen compared favorably with those reported for the dog skeleton (1), the mouse and dog liver, and the mouse spleen (2) . The scintillation scanning of 99ni'c (Figs,
lA,
1B)
revealed that reticulo-
endothelial tissue as measured by 99°i'c uptake was fairly lmiformly distributed in .the lumbar and thoracic vertebrae .
By contrast 99m['c was concentrated in the
heads and necks in the humeri, in the proximal one-third in the tibiae, and in the proximal and distal one-third in the femurs with noticeable activity also in the shafts .
High activities were also evident in the supraorbital and maxillary
BONE MARROW DISTRIBUTION
172
Vol. 9, No . 3
regions in the skull, in the acetabula in the hip bones and of the glenoid fossae in the scapulae .
Although scintillation scanning of
S 9Fe
was not done, the dis-
tribution of activity throughout the skeleton, bone by bone, was remarkably consistent with reticuloendothelial activity as demonstrated by deposition of radiocolloid .
This was previously demonstrated to be true in the dog (1) . 1811-
~`~.,., .... .r FIG . 1 Scintillation scanning of 99 mI'c in an "eviscerated" monkey (A) and of disarticulated bones (B) from the same animal . Radioactivity was of sufficient intensity to darken film in 1, skull and maxilla (positioned on left side with the anterior portion facing bottom of page) ; 2, humeri ; 6, femora ; 7, tibiae ; 10, scapulae ; 11, lumbar and 12, thoracic vertebrae; and 14, hip bones ; but not in 3, radii; 4, ulnae; 5, mandible ; 8, fibulae ; 9, clavicles; 13, cervical vertebrae ; 15, feet and ankles ; 16, hands and wrists ; and 17, sacrococcygeal vertebrae . (Drawings were reconstructed from the 99s1'c scans and radiographs of the skeleton .) The distribution of active erythropoietic bone marrow in the monkey is coepared (Table 2) with similar data fpund in the literature for the dog (1), oan (3), rat (4), and noose (5) .
Data are presented for three age levels of nan
(unspecified as to sex) - 10, 15, and 40 years - since there is apparently an age effect (i .e ., the shifting of marrow activity from the limbs to the vertebrae, hip bones, and skull with increasing age) which mast be taken into account in making the species comparison .
The age, sex and/or strain of the animals for
which data are presented in Table 2 were as follows :
monkey, 4-year-old rhesus
173
HONE MARROW DISTRIBUTION
Vol . 9, No . 3
males; dogs, adult mongrels of both sexes; rats, young adult males ; and mice, 8-week-old males of the Hale-Stoner BNL strain . for the dogs and the rats .)
(Actual ages were not given
The species differences observed in Table 2 may
possibly be explained in part by differences in the relative ages of the animals . However,
Examples are the relatively low activities in the sacrococcygeal ver-
cies . brae
there are extreme variations which appear to be peculiar to the spe-
(1 .6$)
(4 .8$) in the monkey and in the sacrococcygeal vertebrae
and ribs
TABLE 2 compentl~e ActM Erythropoietlc Bane Merrow Dhtrlbutlon In Serwel MemmYlen Spedee Groudn9SkeIshIStructure 1 2 3
4 6
8 7
Skull Mardlble 2 Clevldee 2 Sapules Uppr Ilmbe (totai) 2 Humeri 2 Radil 2 Ulnee 2 Wrkb-lwde Rlbe Stemum Vertabres Itotaq Cervid Tharedc Lumbr Seooecaypeel 2 Hlp banea Lower Ilmbe Itou11 2 Famun 2PaWbie zTlbl.e 2 Flbulee 2 Mkla-fiet Total
Men13) et eps
~~
T~
Monkey
Dopltl
Ret14)
75' 0.7 0.9 2A (951
9.7 OA 1 .1 3.8 (85)
13.0 1 .2 1 .8 4A (2Z)
8 .7 2 .2 0 .7 3A 112 .2)
1 .0 01 . 6 .1 (11 .1)
8 4 1 (11)
8.1 09 0.9 1 .7 8.3 19 (26.01
6.2 0.3 0.3 0.7 9b 2A (32.0)
2.2 0.0 0.0 OA 7 .1 25 142A1
9 .2 15 1 .3 0 .2 49 1 .6 (33 .1)
109 .1 0 0.1 .1 0 205 29 142 .81
i ~
2.1 8.7 8.7 7 .b 12A (31 .2)
2 .7 11 .1 8 .8 9.8 16.3 (19 .4)
3 .8 ib~ 11 .6 129 205 13A1
22 12 .3 17 .0 1 .8 12A (20A)
&7 17.8 15A 3.3 8.9 17A1
175 05 b.9 1 .0 b.3
14A 0 .2 z .7 OA 2 .1
3A OA 0 .0 .0 0 OA
13.3 .1 0 6A O5 .2 0
100 .0
99A
100A
999 ,
7.2 0.0 ab) 0.0 .1 0 100.0
Mo~sl61 19 .1 _ (6.71 4.1 1 1 .8 18.1
1241
(38.1)
-
8Zs
9 13b1
11291
19 _
8 .0 _
1b ~
4.2
-
2 .8
89~A
1
`Percent of mLl actM bone marrow tlndudr daNdw and eapAae tPalde
(3 .3$) and skull (1 .0$)
in the dog .
in the lumbar vertebrae (17 .0$) (6 .7$)
and humeri
and lumbar vertebrae (15 .0$)
fibulae (16 .0$)
There are also relatively high activities (9 .2$)
in the monkey, in the cervical
and ribs (20 .5$)
in the dog, in the tibiae
combination in the rat, and in the skull (19 .1$)
(16 .1$) in the mouse .
and ribs
It was surprising to find that activities in comparable
bones in the rat and 9lrase differed so greatly .
174
HONE MARROW DISTRIBUTION
Vol. 9, No . 3
Although there are differences in marrow activity in comparable individual bones in the species considered in Table 2, by grouping the bones into appropriate major components (Table 2), namely, skull-mandible, scapulae-clavicles, upper limbs, ribs-sternum, vertebrae, hip bones and lower limbs, it was found that the distribution of active marrow in these groupings for the rat approximated that in the 10-year-old youth and that for the monkey, in the 15-year-old youth,
Similar comparative references to man could not be made for the dog and
mouse because of major differences in the marrow activity in both the skullmandible and rib-sternum bones which were not explainable on the basis of posBible relative age differences .
In the dog, activity in the skull-mandible
combination was extremely low (l,lk) and in the ribs-sternum, extremely high (23 .3$) ; whereas, in the mouse activity in both groups of bones (19 .1 and 16 .1k, respectively) was considerably higher than in man within the relative age limits, The monkey marrow distribution data are being used to test the concept of the "step cell model for survival" (i,e ., survival of an animal depends on critical surviving fraction of stem cells) on survival in gamma- and protonirradiated monkeys (6-8) . We wish to thank the assistance of Dr . Ursula Reincke, James Cassidy, Larry Cook, Carl Dombrowski, Mike Stravino, Richard Emanovsky, and Vinnie Ammirati, References 1.
M . L, GREENBERG, H . L . ATKINS and L . M . SCHIFFER, Science ~,~, 526 (1966) .
2.
P . V . HARPER, K . A . LATHROP and P, RICHARDS, J . NucZ . Med. 5, 382 (1964) .
3.
H . R, ATKINSON, J, CoZZ . Radiol . Anat . ~, 149 (1962) .
4.
W . R . KEENS and J . H . JANDL, BZood ~, 157 (1965) .
5.
A . L . CARSTEN, unpublished observation in mice .
6.
S . T, TAKETA, A, L . CARSTEN and V . P, BOND, in preparation .
7.
V . P, BOND and C . V . ROBINSON, Radiation Research, Suppl . 7, ~ (1967) "
8.
S . T . TAKETA, C . A " SONDHAUS, B . L . CASTLE, W . H . HOWARD, C . C . CONLEY and W . NAYMAKER, Radiation Research, Suppl . 7, 336 (1967) .