- Email: [email protected]
Actual influence cost estimation of water resources in coal mining and utilization in China
Available Available online online at at www.sciencedirect.com www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect Availableonline onlineatatwww.sciencedirect.com www.sciencedirect.com Available Energy Energy Procedia Procedia 00 00 (2017) (2017) 000–000 000–000
ScienceDirect ScienceDirect
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
Energy Procedia 142 Energy Procedia 00(2017) (2017)2454–2460 000–000 www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
9th International Conference on Applied Energy, ICAE2017, 21–24 August 2017, Cardiff, UK
Actual influence cost estimation of water resources in coal mining The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling and utilization in China Assessing the feasibility using the heat demand-outdoor Alunof GU*, Li SUN temperature function for aTsinghua long-term district heat demand forecast Institute University, C504 Energy Energy Science Science Building, Building, Tsinghua Institute of of Energy, Energy, Environment Environment and and Economy, Economy, Tsinghua University, C504 Tsinghua University, University, Beijing,100084, China China Beijing,100084,
I. Andrića,b,c*, A. Pinaa, P. Ferrãoa, J. Fournierb., B. Lacarrièrec, O. Le Correc a
IN+ Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research - Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal b Veolia Recherche & Innovation, 291 Avenue Dreyfous Daniel, 78520 Limay, France c Abstract Département Systèmes Énergétiques et Environnement - IMT Atlantique, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, 44300 Nantes, France Abstract
As As the the dominating dominating energy energy supply, supply, coal coal supports supports the the rapid rapid economic economic growth growth in in China. China. However, However, coal coal mining mining and and utilization utilization inevitably inevitably cause cause consumption consumption of of and and pollution pollution to to water water resources. resources. Given Given the the close close interaction interaction between between coal coal and and water water resources, resources, Abstract analysis quantitative quantitative analysis on on the the mechanism mechanism of of coal coal mining mining and and utilization utilization influences influences on on water water resources resources should should be be conducted conducted for for sustainable sustainable development development of of coal coal industry industry in in China. China. This This paper paper summarizes summarizes and and analyzes analyzes the the influences influences of of coal coal mining mining and and District heating networks areQuantitative commonly addressed in the literature as one of the most effective solutions decreasing the utilization on resources. indicators used to relevant influences and the influences from utilization on water water resources. Quantitative indicators are are used to quantify quantify relevant influences and transform transform thefor influences from greenhouse gas to emissions from the building sector. These systems require high investments which Results are returned the heat material amount monetary amount to summation of in entire show that of material amount to monetary amount to gain gain the the summation of the the influences influences in the the entire process. process. Results showthrough that mining mining of 3 water 33 water sales. to the changed climate conditions building renovation heat demand in theand future could decrease, resources, pollution to resources, destruction of coal per ton causes of coal perDue ton generally generally causes depletion depletion of 1.32 1.32 m m3and water resources, pollutionpolicies, to 0.88 0.88 m m water resources, and destruction of 0.17 0.17 22 water ecological prolonging the investment return period. environment on the average, thereby making a comprehensive cost of approximately 50.61 m m water ecological environment on the average, thereby making a comprehensive cost of approximately 50.61 yuan. yuan. Taking Taking 33 and The main scopeindustry of this paper to assess the feasibility utilization of using themeans heat demand – outdoor temperature for m heat demand the thermal power as per-ton-coal depletion of resources of thermal power industry as an anis example, example, per-ton-coal utilization means depletion of water water resourcesfunction of 26.35 26.35 m and the forecast. The district of Alvalade, located in Lisbon (Portugal), was used as a case study. The district is consisted of 665 comprehensive cost cost of of 86.61 86.61 yuan. yuan. To To utilize utilize coal coal resources resources scientifically scientifically and and to respond to to the the objective objective requirements requirements of of protecting protecting comprehensive to respond buildings that environment, vary in both construction and typology. Three weather scenarios medium, high)to three water resource environment, establishing aaperiod region/category-based environmental taxation (low, system is proposed proposed toand guide thedistrict coal water resource establishing region/category-based environmental taxation system is guide the coal renovation scenarios were developed (shallow, intermediate, deep). To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were industry in developing a highly water-saving but less-water-pollution method. industry in developing a highly water-saving but less-water-pollution method. compared with results from a dynamic heat demand model, previously developed and validated by the authors. © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. ©The 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. results showed that when only weather change is considered, theInternational margin of error could beon for some applications Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 9th Conference Applied Energy. Peer-review under responsibility of the committee of the 9th 9th International Conference onacceptable Applied Energy. Energy. Peer-review responsibility of lower the scientific scientific committee of the International Conference on Applied (the error inunder annual demand was than 20% for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation scenarios,coal themining error and value increased up resources; to 59.5%influence (depending on the weather and renovation scenarios combination considered). Keywords: coal utilization; water mechanism Keywords: mining and utilization; water resources; influence mechanism The value of slope coefficient increased on average within the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the decrease in the number of heating hours of 22-139h during the heating season (depending on the combination of weather and renovation scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending on the coupled scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations. © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and ** Corresponding fax: +0086-10-62772759 +0086-10-62772759 Corresponding author. author. Tel.: Tel.: +0086-10-62794098; +0086-10-62794098; fax: Cooling. E-mail address: address: [email protected] [email protected] E-mail
Keywords: Heat demand; Forecast; Climate change 1876-6102 © 1876-6102 © 2017 2017 The The Authors. Authors. Published Published by by Elsevier Elsevier Ltd. Ltd. Peer-review Peer-review under under responsibility responsibility of of the the scientific scientific committee committee of of the the 9th 9th International International Conference Conference on on Applied Applied Energy. Energy. 1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling.
1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 9th International Conference on Applied Energy. 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.12.182
2
Gu Alun et al. / Energy Procedia 142 (2017) 2454–2460 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
2455
1. Background In 2015, China’s total consumption of primary energy accounts for 23.4% of the world’s total and contributes to 34% of the net growth of global energy consumption [1]. Limited to the natural conditions of rich coal but less gas, coal dominates in China’s energy consumption structure. For example, China’s coal consumption accounts for 64% of its total energy consumption in 2015 [2]. Although it fuels the rapid development of China’s economy, coal consumption also causes certain problems on resources and environment. To utilize well the coal resources and provide impetus to sustainable development of China in the future, research about the influence of coal mining and utilization process on water resources and ecological environment should be conducted to provide practical significance. China is also confronted with severe water utilization problems. The difficulty in high total quantity but low per capita level of water resources has been a challenge for the sustainable development of water resources in China. According to the UN’s statistics in 2014, China’s total water resources are at 2.84 trillion m3, which ranks 5th in the world; however, China’s per capita hold of water resources is 2,018 m3/person only, which ranks 121st in the world, thereby indicates considerably severe water resource supply problem [3]. To respond to the complicated water resource environment problem and protect and high efficiently utilize water resources, China proposed the “Three Red Lines” control indicators from the angles of total water consumption control, water consumption efficiency control, and water quality compliance rate limitation to supervise problems in water resource utilization in an all-round manner [4]. Coal mining and utilization are inevitably accompanied with water resource consumption and pollution. Water and coal, as two resources, influence each other, and they are closely related. China features reverse distribution of water resources and coal resources in space as a whole, under which coal mining capacity is significantly constrained with water resource; additionally, regional water resource conditions directly influence the development of coal industry [4–5] . High coincidence of high-energy-consumption industry and high-water consumption industry exists in coal consumption process, of which the fresh intake of water by three sectors of electric power and heating power production and supply, ferrous metal smelting and rolling processing, and chemical raw material and product manufacturing accounts for over 60% of the total from the industrial field [6]. Furthermore, the three sectors report a total coal consumption accounting for approximately 61.1% of total industrial coal consumption, and they are major energy consumption segments [7]. 2. Analysis of the influencing mechanism 2.1. Mechanism of the influences of coal mining on water resources All existing research indicated that in the process of coal mining and washing, both quantity and quality of groundwater and surface water are severely influenced. The process also exerts remarkable influences on local geologic and hydrologic environment. The most direct influence of coal mining on water resources is the destruction of hydrologic and geologic environment. Coal mining can cause formation of mine pit. Correspondingly, the rock mass around the site can generate stress distribution, which results in upper rock mass deformation, displacement, and destruction, as reflected by visual crack, collapse, other surface deformations, and land subsidence. Influences of coal mining on water resource quantity can be classified as direct and indirect. In mining process, discharge from coal mining opens the originally closed river basin, thereby changing the water-bearing stratum’s structure and groundwater seepage state in mining area. During mining in mine shaft, surface runoff, base current, and undercurrent dewater the massive mine shaft water surge. Groundwater flow changes from the lateral movement under natural state to vertical movement to jointly cause severe groundwater loss and directly influence the total water resource quantity. In addition, coal excavation can destruct water-bearing stratum, decrease the groundwater level, and change the groundwater transport mode that can result in the loss of groundwater. Consequently, failure in atmospheric precipitation and in surface runoff and ground runoff circulation is observed; surface water is also not supplemented, finally lowering the surface water quantity. Coal mining-caused water pollution comes from the mine pit and mine shaft water during excavation, coal slim water from washing, and coal dump leaching water. The rock mass destruction in coal mining process can influence the
2456
Gu Alun et al. / Energy Procedia 142 (2017) 2454–2460 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
3
chemical circulation process, hasten ion exchange between water and rock stratum, and result in mineralization of groundwater to pollute groundwater directly. The polluted groundwater can cause further surface water pollution, form circular secondary pollution, and make all water-bearing bodies in mine fields polluted through circulation of atmospheric precipitation, surface runoff, and ground runoff. Thus, water quality is indirectly destructed. Taken together, coal mining process can directly or indirectly influence water quantity, quality, and ecological system, as shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1 Mechanism of the influences of coal mining on water resources
2.2. Mechanism of the influences of coal utilization on water resources Coal utilization involves many industries and can cause certain influences on water resources. Nevertheless, sources of the influences are complicated, and some direct results not caused by coal utilization exist in the influences. Taking iron and steel industry as an example, over 50% of fresh water consumption occurs in three operations of electric stove, hot rolling, and cold rolling, but these three operations are not directly related with coal utilization [8]. Therefore, the present research selects thermal power industry as the most important coal consumption industry that is directly related with coal consumption to analyze the influences of coal utilization on water resources. Influences of thermal power industry on water resources are mainly reflected in water resource consumption. Thermal power production water mainly consists of steam circulation system water, cooling system water, heat supply system water, and hydraulic dedusting slag-removing system water, which can be classified into heating power circulation system, cooling system, and desulfating/dedusting/slag-removing system, respectively, by production flow, of which cooling water loss is the most important water consumption link. Currently, the main cooling modes in thermal power plants around China include air cooling, circulating cooling, and once-through cooling. Once-through cooling system’s water consumption can account for 90% of the power generation unit’s water consumption, and circulating cooling system’s water consumption accounts for 70%–80% of the unit’s water consumption [9]. Circulating cooling system exhibits low water intake but high water consumption, and this system is mainly used in North China. Oncethrough cooling system displays a considerably higher intake than that of circulating cooling system, but the water consumption is lower; this system is mostly used in provinces and regions along and south of the Yangtze River [10]. 3. Result and analysis 3.1. Influences of coal mining on water resources According to the policy research report on the total control of coal consumption released in 2015, the physical-amountbased indicators for evaluating the influences of coal mining on water resources in the different areas around China are obtained and shown in Table [11]. Given that different areas show different geologic conditions and mining extents, the values of evaluation indicators are different from one another. The quantity of per-ton-coal water surge not utilized can be obtained by using water consumption and mine shaft sewage utilization ratio. The quantity also serves as mine shaft sewage discharge quantity. The depletion of water resources due to per-ton-coal mining can be obtained by summing the volume not utilized and the mining washing water consumption. Addition of the mine shaft sewage discharge quantity and coal washing waste water and gangue flushing sewage discharge can identify the pollution of per-ton-coal mining to water resources. Furthermore, miningrelated soil erosion area is used as the quantity of ecological environment destruction. In summary, the influences of
4
Gu Alun et al. / Energy Procedia 142 (2017) 2454–2460 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
2457
coal mining on water resources in the areas can be determined. The national average level of influences of coal mining on water resources can be obtained by weighting the annual coal output of all provinces and regions of China, as shown in Fig. 2. Table 1 Influences of Coal Mining on Water Resources in Different Areas by Physical Quantity Evaluation Indicators Water surge quantity (m /t) Mine shaft sewage utilization ratio (%) Mining and washing water consumption (m3/t) Coal washing waste water and gangue flushing sewage discharge (m3/t) Mining-related soil erosion area (m2/t) 3
Shanxi, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, and Gansu 1.2 76 0.6 0.3 0.2
East China 1.9 68 1.5 0.6
Northeast China 2.2 65 1.3 0.7
South China 2.4 38 1.2 0.6
Xinjiang, Qinghai and Tibet 0.9 56 0.7 0.3
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
In China, mining of coal per ton depletes the water resources by 1.32 m , pollutes the water resources by 0.88 m3, and destructs the ecological environment by 0.17 m2 on the average. In water resource depletion, South China shows the most severe situations. Given its relatively higher per-ton-coal water surge and evidently lower mine shaft sewage utilization ratio than those in other areas, the water resource depletion due to mining of coal per ton in South China is over three times as that in Shanxi, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, and Gansu and two times as the national average level. In terms of water resource pollution, South China is also confronted with a challenge; its water resources polluted by mining of coal per ton are 3.5-fold that in Shanxi, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, and Gansu and 2.4 times that of the national average level. Generally, South China is characterized with high water consumption, high sewage discharge, and low mine shaft sewage utilization ratio, which result in remarkable water resource destruction in the area that is higher than that of the national average level. Water ecological environment destruction is the main problem in Shanxi, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Gansu, Xinjiang, Qinghai, and Tibet. 3
On the basis of the above-mentioned monetary quantitative assessment method, the above-mentioned physical quantity indicators are monetized to determine the influences of coal mining on water resources (Table 2) [11]. For water resource depletion, this paper mainly considers the water intake and consumption and the unused quantity of mine shaft sewage in coal mining and washing sectors. In monetary amount analysis, the shadow price for water resources calculated according to regional water resource supply–demand conditions and economic development level serves as the monetary amount indicator for the former, and the engineering water supply cost based on typical engineering data and local water resource conditions is used as the monetary amount indicator of the latter. Replacement cost method is adopted for estimation and to address the water resource pollution. Waste water deep treatment cost is used as the monetary amount indicator. For water ecological environment destruction, the willingto-pay method is adopted to estimate the coal-mining-caused soil erosion, vegetation degradation, and wetland ecological system degradation and obtain the total willing-to-pay value of water ecological environment destruction. Table 2 Influences of Coal Mining on Water Resource in Different Areas by Monetary Quantity (yuan) Item
Physical Quantity
Price
Water resource depletion
Coal mining and washing sector’s water intake and consumption Unused quantity of mine shaft sewage
Water resource shadow price
Water resource pollution
Water resource pollution
Water ecological environment destruction
Soil erosion area by mining of coal per ton
Engineering water supply cost Waste water deep treatment cost Willing to pay
Shanxi, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, and Gansu 26.43
East China
Northeast China
South China
38.21
21.39
9.67
Xinjiang, Qinghai and Tibet 12.15
14.85
8.60
10.91
8.50
12.80
4.15
5.86
5.37
5.61
3.42
18.67
21.07
18.69
20.61
17.46
According to the above-mentioned monetary amount assessment indicators, the physical quantity indicators can be given monetary conversion to obtain the monetary amounts of the influences of coal mining on water resources in the areas. Subsequently, the coal mining capacity in the areas can be used as the weight to determine the national average monetary amount level of influences of coal mining on water resources. Specific results are shown in Fig. 3.
2458
Guname Alun / et al. / Energy Procedia 142 000–000 (2017) 2454–2460 Author Energy Procedia 00 (2017)
Fig. 2 Influences of Per-ton-coal Mining on Water Resource by Physical Quantity
5
Fig. 3 Influences of Per-ton-coal Mining on Water Resource by Monetary Quantity (yuan)
According to monetary quantity, the national average influence of per-ton-coal mining on water resources is 50.61 yuan, of which water resource depletion cost is 27.1 yuan; this amount accounts for 54% of total cost. The water ecological environment destruction cost is 19.18 yuan, and the water resource pollution cost is 4.33 yuan. Among the areas, East China shows the highest monetary cost, mainly from water resource depletion. East China’s water resource depletion is not the highest one, but its monetary cost is relatively high due to dense population and high shadow price for water resources in the area. In South China, where water resource depletion is the highest, the monetary cost is not high, but lower than the national average due to rich water resources and relative lower shadow price. In terms of water resource pollution, South China with pollution clearly remains the area with the highest pollution cost after monetization due to little gap in waste water treatment cost among the areas. 3.2. Influences of coal utilization on water resources Industrial segment is the main coal consumer in China, and thermal power is the major coal consumption industry and major industrial water consumer in industrial segment. According to the China Water Resources Bulletin 2015, oncethrough thermal (nuclear) power system reported a water consumption of approximately 48.05 billion m3, which accounts for 36% of industrial water consumption [12]. Of which, the total water consumption in six areas in North China is 2.58 billion m3, which corresponds to the total regional thermal power generation capacity of about 2.93 trillion kWh; this result showed that the per-unit power-generation water consumption is 0.88 m3/MWh; the four areas in South China reported a water consumption of 45.47 billion m3, which corresponds to the total regional thermal power generation capacity of 1.3034 trillion kWh, with per-unit power-generation water consumption of 34.89 m3/MWh [7,12]; these observations conformed to the conditions that North China mostly adopts the circulating cooling system with low water intake, and South China mostly uses the once-through cooling system with high water intake but low water consumption. According to the coal consumption in power generation of the areas, the per-unit powergeneration water consumption can be transformed to per-ton-coal power-generation water consumption. Hence, the average per-ton-coal power-generation water consumption obtained is 1.96 m3/t in six areas in North China, 89.14 m3/t in four areas in South China, and 26.35 m3/t at around China. To further identify the influences of thermal power industry on water resources, the currents research further analyzes the water consumption conditions of 332 large-sized units with the installed capacity of over 500 MW around China. In 2012, the units realized a total electricity output of 1.20 trillion kWh, which is approximately 30.9% of China’s total thermal power output. These units are distributed in 24 provinces, cities, and autonomous regions, with an average per-unit power-generation comprehensive water consumption of 0.9 m3/MWh. Of which, 17.9% of the units adopt air cooling technology, 40.9% of them use once-through cooling technology, and 41.2% of the units adopt circulating cooling technology; most units reach the advanced value level of the national guide to water saving in key industrial sectors [13]. According to the unit’s capacity and standard coal consumption for power generation, the units’ per-unit power-generation water consumption is converted to comprehensive water consumption of per-ton-coal power generation. Moreover, the comprehensive water consumption is weighted according to the coal consumption
6
Gu Alun et al. / Energy Procedia 142 (2017) 2454–2460 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
2459
of the units, and the per-ton-coal power-generation water consumption obtained is 2.74 m3/t. The cost of 86.61 yuan/t of the national average per-ton-coal power-generation water consumption can be obtained by converting the water resource shadow price as the monetary amount indicator. Different water use technologies cause remarkable differences in power-generation water consumption level. Water consumption in Guangdong, Hunan, Fujian, Shanghai, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang is clearly lower than the national average, whereas that in Henan, Heilongjiang, Shandong, Anhui, Jiangxi, and Hubei is relatively higher. These results are in agreement that power plants in South China with abundant water resource mostly adopt the once-through cooling system characterized with high water intake but low water consumption, and those in North China use the circulating cooling system more. In addition, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, and Gansu with scarce water resources reported slightly low average water consumption; these areas adopt the water-saving air cooling technology. Such case indicated that popularizing air cooling system is an important water-saving measure for thermal power industry in areas short of water resources. Furthermore, the circulating cooling system characterized with low water intake but high water consumption is adopted in Sichuan, Yunnan, and Guizhou provinces to prevent thermal pollution; these areas are relatively rich in water resources. 4. Discussion With coal as the main source of energy supply for a long time, China is confronted with industrial production demand and environmental protection challenged for sustainable development of coal industry. Coal-related influences on water resources are inevitable from mining to utilization. In mining process, per-ton coal causes water resource depletion of 1.32 m3, water resource pollution of 0.88 m3, and water ecological environment destruction of 0.17 m2 on the average. During utilization, taking the most representative thermal power industry as an example, per-ton coal can result in water resource depletion of 26.35 m3 on the average. After monetization, the total cost of per-ton-coal mining and utilization is 139.75 yuan. To date, China’s mine shaft sewage discharge fee is only 1.4 yuan per equivalent, the soil erosion prevention fee and water and soil conservation facility compensation fee are only 0.5–1.5 yuan/t [14– 17] , and the water resource fee is only 0.1–1.6 yuan/m3 [18]; such costs fail to match the water resource consumption cost obtained during coal mining and utilization. Therefore, a mechanism for the collection of environmental tax on water resource utilization and sewage discharge should be established to reflect coal-related water resource cost. China is challenged with complicated coal mining and utilization conditions, and different regions are influenced with different main contradictions. Thus, China needs to formulate coal-related environmental tax on the basis of significantly specific areas and categories. In mining process, South China shows particularly severe water resource depletion and pollution, which are directly related to the area’s objective environment of rich water resources and many small-coal-pit producers; Xinjiang, Qinghai, and Tibet feature sensitive ecological environment, and their water ecological environment cost for per-ton-coal mining is high. Implementing differential environmental tax types and systems according to specific situations of different regions can effectively help the regions take proper measures for protecting water resources and guide the adjustment of industrial layout of China. During consumption, taking thermal power industry as an example, limited to objective conditions, China’s thermal power industry is characterized with low water intake but high water consumption in North China and high water intake but low water consumption in South China. Taking the amount of available water resources into account could partially explain this status. In 2015, the total water supply in North and South China is 276.22 and 334.10 billion m3, respectively [12]. Different conditions in different regions affect the different water consumption schemes. Under such a condition, any rigid uniform practice for the collection of environmental tax will be improper evidently. Relevant authorities should increase water resource fee based on specific characteristics of different regions. Additionally, price leverage should be considered to promote high circulating cooling system concentration multiplying power, popularize air cooling system in North China, and guide the use of seawater as the circulation medium in South China, particularly in the coastal area, so as to develop the water-saving thermal power industry and adjust the industrial layout. Acknowledgements This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation (71573145 and 71203120) and National Science and Technology Major Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2016ZX05040-001).
2460
Gu Alun et al. / Energy Procedia 142 (2017) 2454–2460 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
7
References [1] BP. BP Statistical Review 2016, China’s energy market in 2015. 2016.. [2] National Bureau of Statistics. National Data. . [3] Food and Agriculture Organization. AQUASTAT. . [4] Hao, C., Qiu, Y.,Jia,Y., Niu, C.,Shen, H. Tentative Discussion on the Control of Total Coal Consumption under the Strictest “Three Red Lines” for Water Resources Management. World Environment, 2015,(02):25-27. [5] SHANG Y, LU S, LI X, et. Balancing development of major coal bases with available water resources in China through 2020. Applied Energy. 2016 Jul 9. [6] Ministry of Environmental Protection. Annual Statistic Report on Environment in China 2012. Beijing: China Environmental Science Press. 2013. [7] Department of Energy Statistics, National Bureau of Statistics. China Energy Statistical Yearbook—2015. Beijing: China Statistical Publishing House. 2016. [8] Wang, W. Analysis of Water Consumption, Water Saving and Water Quality in Iron and Steel Industry in 2015. Steel & Management, 2016, (04): 55-59. [9] Yu, F. Research on Sustainable Development of Thermal Power in China Based on Water Resources Constraints. Intelligent Information Technology Application Association. Environmental Systems Science and Engineering （ ICESSE 2011 V2 ） .Intelligent Information Technology Application Association, 2011:6. [10] Xiang, X., Jia, S. Estimation of Current Demand for Water and Analysis of the Trend in China’s Energy Industry. Journal of Natural Resources, 2016, (01): 114-123. [11] Institute of Energy, Environment and Economy, Tsinghua University, Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning, Ministry of Environmental Protection, and National Strategic Center for Climate, etc.. Research Report on Total Coal Consumption Control Scheme and Policy: Research on Collaborative Benefit of Total Coal Consumption Control, Beijing, 2015. [12] Ministry of Water Resources, the People's Republic of China. Water Resources Bulletin 2015. 2017. [13] Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Ministry of Water Resources and National Bureau of Statistics, etc. Guide to Water Saving in Key Industrial Sectors. 2013,9. . [14] National Development and Reform Commission. The Notice on Adjustment of Pollutant Discharge Fee Collection Standard and other Issues Concerned. . [15] Shanxi Provincial Development and Reform Commission, Shanxi Provincial Department of Finance and Shaanxi Provincial Department of Water Resources’ notices on Water and Soil Conservation Compensations Collection Standard. . [16] Guizhou Measures for Collection and Management of the Compensations for Water and Soil Conservation Facilities. http://www.gzmwr.gov.cn/xxgk/zdgk/zcwj/dffg/201610/t20161021_1166327.html. [17] Provisional Provisions of Shaanxi Province for Soil Erosion Compensations and Prevention Fee Collection Standard and Use Management. . [18] National Development and Reform Commission. The Lowest Collection Standard of Water Resource Fee in each region during the end of “the 12th Five-Year Plan”. .
ScienceDirect Availableonline onlineatatwww.sciencedirect.com www.sciencedirect.com Available Energy Energy Procedia Procedia 00 00 (2017) (2017) 000–000 000–000
ScienceDirect ScienceDirect
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
Energy Procedia 142 Energy Procedia 00(2017) (2017)2454–2460 000–000 www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
9th International Conference on Applied Energy, ICAE2017, 21–24 August 2017, Cardiff, UK
Actual influence cost estimation of water resources in coal mining The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling and utilization in China Assessing the feasibility using the heat demand-outdoor Alunof GU*, Li SUN temperature function for aTsinghua long-term district heat demand forecast Institute University, C504 Energy Energy Science Science Building, Building, Tsinghua Institute of of Energy, Energy, Environment Environment and and Economy, Economy, Tsinghua University, C504 Tsinghua University, University, Beijing,100084, China China Beijing,100084,
I. Andrića,b,c*, A. Pinaa, P. Ferrãoa, J. Fournierb., B. Lacarrièrec, O. Le Correc a
IN+ Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research - Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal b Veolia Recherche & Innovation, 291 Avenue Dreyfous Daniel, 78520 Limay, France c Abstract Département Systèmes Énergétiques et Environnement - IMT Atlantique, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, 44300 Nantes, France Abstract
As As the the dominating dominating energy energy supply, supply, coal coal supports supports the the rapid rapid economic economic growth growth in in China. China. However, However, coal coal mining mining and and utilization utilization inevitably inevitably cause cause consumption consumption of of and and pollution pollution to to water water resources. resources. Given Given the the close close interaction interaction between between coal coal and and water water resources, resources, Abstract analysis quantitative quantitative analysis on on the the mechanism mechanism of of coal coal mining mining and and utilization utilization influences influences on on water water resources resources should should be be conducted conducted for for sustainable sustainable development development of of coal coal industry industry in in China. China. This This paper paper summarizes summarizes and and analyzes analyzes the the influences influences of of coal coal mining mining and and District heating networks areQuantitative commonly addressed in the literature as one of the most effective solutions decreasing the utilization on resources. indicators used to relevant influences and the influences from utilization on water water resources. Quantitative indicators are are used to quantify quantify relevant influences and transform transform thefor influences from greenhouse gas to emissions from the building sector. These systems require high investments which Results are returned the heat material amount monetary amount to summation of in entire show that of material amount to monetary amount to gain gain the the summation of the the influences influences in the the entire process. process. Results showthrough that mining mining of 3 water 33 water sales. to the changed climate conditions building renovation heat demand in theand future could decrease, resources, pollution to resources, destruction of coal per ton causes of coal perDue ton generally generally causes depletion depletion of 1.32 1.32 m m3and water resources, pollutionpolicies, to 0.88 0.88 m m water resources, and destruction of 0.17 0.17 22 water ecological prolonging the investment return period. environment on the average, thereby making a comprehensive cost of approximately 50.61 m m water ecological environment on the average, thereby making a comprehensive cost of approximately 50.61 yuan. yuan. Taking Taking 33 and The main scopeindustry of this paper to assess the feasibility utilization of using themeans heat demand – outdoor temperature for m heat demand the thermal power as per-ton-coal depletion of resources of thermal power industry as an anis example, example, per-ton-coal utilization means depletion of water water resourcesfunction of 26.35 26.35 m and the forecast. The district of Alvalade, located in Lisbon (Portugal), was used as a case study. The district is consisted of 665 comprehensive cost cost of of 86.61 86.61 yuan. yuan. To To utilize utilize coal coal resources resources scientifically scientifically and and to respond to to the the objective objective requirements requirements of of protecting protecting comprehensive to respond buildings that environment, vary in both construction and typology. Three weather scenarios medium, high)to three water resource environment, establishing aaperiod region/category-based environmental taxation (low, system is proposed proposed toand guide thedistrict coal water resource establishing region/category-based environmental taxation system is guide the coal renovation scenarios were developed (shallow, intermediate, deep). To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were industry in developing a highly water-saving but less-water-pollution method. industry in developing a highly water-saving but less-water-pollution method. compared with results from a dynamic heat demand model, previously developed and validated by the authors. © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. ©The 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. results showed that when only weather change is considered, theInternational margin of error could beon for some applications Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 9th Conference Applied Energy. Peer-review under responsibility of the committee of the 9th 9th International Conference onacceptable Applied Energy. Energy. Peer-review responsibility of lower the scientific scientific committee of the International Conference on Applied (the error inunder annual demand was than 20% for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation scenarios,coal themining error and value increased up resources; to 59.5%influence (depending on the weather and renovation scenarios combination considered). Keywords: coal utilization; water mechanism Keywords: mining and utilization; water resources; influence mechanism The value of slope coefficient increased on average within the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the decrease in the number of heating hours of 22-139h during the heating season (depending on the combination of weather and renovation scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending on the coupled scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations. © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and ** Corresponding fax: +0086-10-62772759 +0086-10-62772759 Corresponding author. author. Tel.: Tel.: +0086-10-62794098; +0086-10-62794098; fax: Cooling. E-mail address: address: [email protected] [email protected] E-mail
Keywords: Heat demand; Forecast; Climate change 1876-6102 © 1876-6102 © 2017 2017 The The Authors. Authors. Published Published by by Elsevier Elsevier Ltd. Ltd. Peer-review Peer-review under under responsibility responsibility of of the the scientific scientific committee committee of of the the 9th 9th International International Conference Conference on on Applied Applied Energy. Energy. 1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling.
1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 9th International Conference on Applied Energy. 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.12.182
2
Gu Alun et al. / Energy Procedia 142 (2017) 2454–2460 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
2455
1. Background In 2015, China’s total consumption of primary energy accounts for 23.4% of the world’s total and contributes to 34% of the net growth of global energy consumption [1]. Limited to the natural conditions of rich coal but less gas, coal dominates in China’s energy consumption structure. For example, China’s coal consumption accounts for 64% of its total energy consumption in 2015 [2]. Although it fuels the rapid development of China’s economy, coal consumption also causes certain problems on resources and environment. To utilize well the coal resources and provide impetus to sustainable development of China in the future, research about the influence of coal mining and utilization process on water resources and ecological environment should be conducted to provide practical significance. China is also confronted with severe water utilization problems. The difficulty in high total quantity but low per capita level of water resources has been a challenge for the sustainable development of water resources in China. According to the UN’s statistics in 2014, China’s total water resources are at 2.84 trillion m3, which ranks 5th in the world; however, China’s per capita hold of water resources is 2,018 m3/person only, which ranks 121st in the world, thereby indicates considerably severe water resource supply problem [3]. To respond to the complicated water resource environment problem and protect and high efficiently utilize water resources, China proposed the “Three Red Lines” control indicators from the angles of total water consumption control, water consumption efficiency control, and water quality compliance rate limitation to supervise problems in water resource utilization in an all-round manner [4]. Coal mining and utilization are inevitably accompanied with water resource consumption and pollution. Water and coal, as two resources, influence each other, and they are closely related. China features reverse distribution of water resources and coal resources in space as a whole, under which coal mining capacity is significantly constrained with water resource; additionally, regional water resource conditions directly influence the development of coal industry [4–5] . High coincidence of high-energy-consumption industry and high-water consumption industry exists in coal consumption process, of which the fresh intake of water by three sectors of electric power and heating power production and supply, ferrous metal smelting and rolling processing, and chemical raw material and product manufacturing accounts for over 60% of the total from the industrial field [6]. Furthermore, the three sectors report a total coal consumption accounting for approximately 61.1% of total industrial coal consumption, and they are major energy consumption segments [7]. 2. Analysis of the influencing mechanism 2.1. Mechanism of the influences of coal mining on water resources All existing research indicated that in the process of coal mining and washing, both quantity and quality of groundwater and surface water are severely influenced. The process also exerts remarkable influences on local geologic and hydrologic environment. The most direct influence of coal mining on water resources is the destruction of hydrologic and geologic environment. Coal mining can cause formation of mine pit. Correspondingly, the rock mass around the site can generate stress distribution, which results in upper rock mass deformation, displacement, and destruction, as reflected by visual crack, collapse, other surface deformations, and land subsidence. Influences of coal mining on water resource quantity can be classified as direct and indirect. In mining process, discharge from coal mining opens the originally closed river basin, thereby changing the water-bearing stratum’s structure and groundwater seepage state in mining area. During mining in mine shaft, surface runoff, base current, and undercurrent dewater the massive mine shaft water surge. Groundwater flow changes from the lateral movement under natural state to vertical movement to jointly cause severe groundwater loss and directly influence the total water resource quantity. In addition, coal excavation can destruct water-bearing stratum, decrease the groundwater level, and change the groundwater transport mode that can result in the loss of groundwater. Consequently, failure in atmospheric precipitation and in surface runoff and ground runoff circulation is observed; surface water is also not supplemented, finally lowering the surface water quantity. Coal mining-caused water pollution comes from the mine pit and mine shaft water during excavation, coal slim water from washing, and coal dump leaching water. The rock mass destruction in coal mining process can influence the
2456
Gu Alun et al. / Energy Procedia 142 (2017) 2454–2460 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
3
chemical circulation process, hasten ion exchange between water and rock stratum, and result in mineralization of groundwater to pollute groundwater directly. The polluted groundwater can cause further surface water pollution, form circular secondary pollution, and make all water-bearing bodies in mine fields polluted through circulation of atmospheric precipitation, surface runoff, and ground runoff. Thus, water quality is indirectly destructed. Taken together, coal mining process can directly or indirectly influence water quantity, quality, and ecological system, as shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1 Mechanism of the influences of coal mining on water resources
2.2. Mechanism of the influences of coal utilization on water resources Coal utilization involves many industries and can cause certain influences on water resources. Nevertheless, sources of the influences are complicated, and some direct results not caused by coal utilization exist in the influences. Taking iron and steel industry as an example, over 50% of fresh water consumption occurs in three operations of electric stove, hot rolling, and cold rolling, but these three operations are not directly related with coal utilization [8]. Therefore, the present research selects thermal power industry as the most important coal consumption industry that is directly related with coal consumption to analyze the influences of coal utilization on water resources. Influences of thermal power industry on water resources are mainly reflected in water resource consumption. Thermal power production water mainly consists of steam circulation system water, cooling system water, heat supply system water, and hydraulic dedusting slag-removing system water, which can be classified into heating power circulation system, cooling system, and desulfating/dedusting/slag-removing system, respectively, by production flow, of which cooling water loss is the most important water consumption link. Currently, the main cooling modes in thermal power plants around China include air cooling, circulating cooling, and once-through cooling. Once-through cooling system’s water consumption can account for 90% of the power generation unit’s water consumption, and circulating cooling system’s water consumption accounts for 70%–80% of the unit’s water consumption [9]. Circulating cooling system exhibits low water intake but high water consumption, and this system is mainly used in North China. Oncethrough cooling system displays a considerably higher intake than that of circulating cooling system, but the water consumption is lower; this system is mostly used in provinces and regions along and south of the Yangtze River [10]. 3. Result and analysis 3.1. Influences of coal mining on water resources According to the policy research report on the total control of coal consumption released in 2015, the physical-amountbased indicators for evaluating the influences of coal mining on water resources in the different areas around China are obtained and shown in Table [11]. Given that different areas show different geologic conditions and mining extents, the values of evaluation indicators are different from one another. The quantity of per-ton-coal water surge not utilized can be obtained by using water consumption and mine shaft sewage utilization ratio. The quantity also serves as mine shaft sewage discharge quantity. The depletion of water resources due to per-ton-coal mining can be obtained by summing the volume not utilized and the mining washing water consumption. Addition of the mine shaft sewage discharge quantity and coal washing waste water and gangue flushing sewage discharge can identify the pollution of per-ton-coal mining to water resources. Furthermore, miningrelated soil erosion area is used as the quantity of ecological environment destruction. In summary, the influences of
4
Gu Alun et al. / Energy Procedia 142 (2017) 2454–2460 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
2457
coal mining on water resources in the areas can be determined. The national average level of influences of coal mining on water resources can be obtained by weighting the annual coal output of all provinces and regions of China, as shown in Fig. 2. Table 1 Influences of Coal Mining on Water Resources in Different Areas by Physical Quantity Evaluation Indicators Water surge quantity (m /t) Mine shaft sewage utilization ratio (%) Mining and washing water consumption (m3/t) Coal washing waste water and gangue flushing sewage discharge (m3/t) Mining-related soil erosion area (m2/t) 3
Shanxi, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, and Gansu 1.2 76 0.6 0.3 0.2
East China 1.9 68 1.5 0.6
Northeast China 2.2 65 1.3 0.7
South China 2.4 38 1.2 0.6
Xinjiang, Qinghai and Tibet 0.9 56 0.7 0.3
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
In China, mining of coal per ton depletes the water resources by 1.32 m , pollutes the water resources by 0.88 m3, and destructs the ecological environment by 0.17 m2 on the average. In water resource depletion, South China shows the most severe situations. Given its relatively higher per-ton-coal water surge and evidently lower mine shaft sewage utilization ratio than those in other areas, the water resource depletion due to mining of coal per ton in South China is over three times as that in Shanxi, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, and Gansu and two times as the national average level. In terms of water resource pollution, South China is also confronted with a challenge; its water resources polluted by mining of coal per ton are 3.5-fold that in Shanxi, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, and Gansu and 2.4 times that of the national average level. Generally, South China is characterized with high water consumption, high sewage discharge, and low mine shaft sewage utilization ratio, which result in remarkable water resource destruction in the area that is higher than that of the national average level. Water ecological environment destruction is the main problem in Shanxi, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Gansu, Xinjiang, Qinghai, and Tibet. 3
On the basis of the above-mentioned monetary quantitative assessment method, the above-mentioned physical quantity indicators are monetized to determine the influences of coal mining on water resources (Table 2) [11]. For water resource depletion, this paper mainly considers the water intake and consumption and the unused quantity of mine shaft sewage in coal mining and washing sectors. In monetary amount analysis, the shadow price for water resources calculated according to regional water resource supply–demand conditions and economic development level serves as the monetary amount indicator for the former, and the engineering water supply cost based on typical engineering data and local water resource conditions is used as the monetary amount indicator of the latter. Replacement cost method is adopted for estimation and to address the water resource pollution. Waste water deep treatment cost is used as the monetary amount indicator. For water ecological environment destruction, the willingto-pay method is adopted to estimate the coal-mining-caused soil erosion, vegetation degradation, and wetland ecological system degradation and obtain the total willing-to-pay value of water ecological environment destruction. Table 2 Influences of Coal Mining on Water Resource in Different Areas by Monetary Quantity (yuan) Item
Physical Quantity
Price
Water resource depletion
Coal mining and washing sector’s water intake and consumption Unused quantity of mine shaft sewage
Water resource shadow price
Water resource pollution
Water resource pollution
Water ecological environment destruction
Soil erosion area by mining of coal per ton
Engineering water supply cost Waste water deep treatment cost Willing to pay
Shanxi, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, and Gansu 26.43
East China
Northeast China
South China
38.21
21.39
9.67
Xinjiang, Qinghai and Tibet 12.15
14.85
8.60
10.91
8.50
12.80
4.15
5.86
5.37
5.61
3.42
18.67
21.07
18.69
20.61
17.46
According to the above-mentioned monetary amount assessment indicators, the physical quantity indicators can be given monetary conversion to obtain the monetary amounts of the influences of coal mining on water resources in the areas. Subsequently, the coal mining capacity in the areas can be used as the weight to determine the national average monetary amount level of influences of coal mining on water resources. Specific results are shown in Fig. 3.
2458
Guname Alun / et al. / Energy Procedia 142 000–000 (2017) 2454–2460 Author Energy Procedia 00 (2017)
Fig. 2 Influences of Per-ton-coal Mining on Water Resource by Physical Quantity
5
Fig. 3 Influences of Per-ton-coal Mining on Water Resource by Monetary Quantity (yuan)
According to monetary quantity, the national average influence of per-ton-coal mining on water resources is 50.61 yuan, of which water resource depletion cost is 27.1 yuan; this amount accounts for 54% of total cost. The water ecological environment destruction cost is 19.18 yuan, and the water resource pollution cost is 4.33 yuan. Among the areas, East China shows the highest monetary cost, mainly from water resource depletion. East China’s water resource depletion is not the highest one, but its monetary cost is relatively high due to dense population and high shadow price for water resources in the area. In South China, where water resource depletion is the highest, the monetary cost is not high, but lower than the national average due to rich water resources and relative lower shadow price. In terms of water resource pollution, South China with pollution clearly remains the area with the highest pollution cost after monetization due to little gap in waste water treatment cost among the areas. 3.2. Influences of coal utilization on water resources Industrial segment is the main coal consumer in China, and thermal power is the major coal consumption industry and major industrial water consumer in industrial segment. According to the China Water Resources Bulletin 2015, oncethrough thermal (nuclear) power system reported a water consumption of approximately 48.05 billion m3, which accounts for 36% of industrial water consumption [12]. Of which, the total water consumption in six areas in North China is 2.58 billion m3, which corresponds to the total regional thermal power generation capacity of about 2.93 trillion kWh; this result showed that the per-unit power-generation water consumption is 0.88 m3/MWh; the four areas in South China reported a water consumption of 45.47 billion m3, which corresponds to the total regional thermal power generation capacity of 1.3034 trillion kWh, with per-unit power-generation water consumption of 34.89 m3/MWh [7,12]; these observations conformed to the conditions that North China mostly adopts the circulating cooling system with low water intake, and South China mostly uses the once-through cooling system with high water intake but low water consumption. According to the coal consumption in power generation of the areas, the per-unit powergeneration water consumption can be transformed to per-ton-coal power-generation water consumption. Hence, the average per-ton-coal power-generation water consumption obtained is 1.96 m3/t in six areas in North China, 89.14 m3/t in four areas in South China, and 26.35 m3/t at around China. To further identify the influences of thermal power industry on water resources, the currents research further analyzes the water consumption conditions of 332 large-sized units with the installed capacity of over 500 MW around China. In 2012, the units realized a total electricity output of 1.20 trillion kWh, which is approximately 30.9% of China’s total thermal power output. These units are distributed in 24 provinces, cities, and autonomous regions, with an average per-unit power-generation comprehensive water consumption of 0.9 m3/MWh. Of which, 17.9% of the units adopt air cooling technology, 40.9% of them use once-through cooling technology, and 41.2% of the units adopt circulating cooling technology; most units reach the advanced value level of the national guide to water saving in key industrial sectors [13]. According to the unit’s capacity and standard coal consumption for power generation, the units’ per-unit power-generation water consumption is converted to comprehensive water consumption of per-ton-coal power generation. Moreover, the comprehensive water consumption is weighted according to the coal consumption
6
Gu Alun et al. / Energy Procedia 142 (2017) 2454–2460 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
2459
of the units, and the per-ton-coal power-generation water consumption obtained is 2.74 m3/t. The cost of 86.61 yuan/t of the national average per-ton-coal power-generation water consumption can be obtained by converting the water resource shadow price as the monetary amount indicator. Different water use technologies cause remarkable differences in power-generation water consumption level. Water consumption in Guangdong, Hunan, Fujian, Shanghai, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang is clearly lower than the national average, whereas that in Henan, Heilongjiang, Shandong, Anhui, Jiangxi, and Hubei is relatively higher. These results are in agreement that power plants in South China with abundant water resource mostly adopt the once-through cooling system characterized with high water intake but low water consumption, and those in North China use the circulating cooling system more. In addition, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, and Gansu with scarce water resources reported slightly low average water consumption; these areas adopt the water-saving air cooling technology. Such case indicated that popularizing air cooling system is an important water-saving measure for thermal power industry in areas short of water resources. Furthermore, the circulating cooling system characterized with low water intake but high water consumption is adopted in Sichuan, Yunnan, and Guizhou provinces to prevent thermal pollution; these areas are relatively rich in water resources. 4. Discussion With coal as the main source of energy supply for a long time, China is confronted with industrial production demand and environmental protection challenged for sustainable development of coal industry. Coal-related influences on water resources are inevitable from mining to utilization. In mining process, per-ton coal causes water resource depletion of 1.32 m3, water resource pollution of 0.88 m3, and water ecological environment destruction of 0.17 m2 on the average. During utilization, taking the most representative thermal power industry as an example, per-ton coal can result in water resource depletion of 26.35 m3 on the average. After monetization, the total cost of per-ton-coal mining and utilization is 139.75 yuan. To date, China’s mine shaft sewage discharge fee is only 1.4 yuan per equivalent, the soil erosion prevention fee and water and soil conservation facility compensation fee are only 0.5–1.5 yuan/t [14– 17] , and the water resource fee is only 0.1–1.6 yuan/m3 [18]; such costs fail to match the water resource consumption cost obtained during coal mining and utilization. Therefore, a mechanism for the collection of environmental tax on water resource utilization and sewage discharge should be established to reflect coal-related water resource cost. China is challenged with complicated coal mining and utilization conditions, and different regions are influenced with different main contradictions. Thus, China needs to formulate coal-related environmental tax on the basis of significantly specific areas and categories. In mining process, South China shows particularly severe water resource depletion and pollution, which are directly related to the area’s objective environment of rich water resources and many small-coal-pit producers; Xinjiang, Qinghai, and Tibet feature sensitive ecological environment, and their water ecological environment cost for per-ton-coal mining is high. Implementing differential environmental tax types and systems according to specific situations of different regions can effectively help the regions take proper measures for protecting water resources and guide the adjustment of industrial layout of China. During consumption, taking thermal power industry as an example, limited to objective conditions, China’s thermal power industry is characterized with low water intake but high water consumption in North China and high water intake but low water consumption in South China. Taking the amount of available water resources into account could partially explain this status. In 2015, the total water supply in North and South China is 276.22 and 334.10 billion m3, respectively [12]. Different conditions in different regions affect the different water consumption schemes. Under such a condition, any rigid uniform practice for the collection of environmental tax will be improper evidently. Relevant authorities should increase water resource fee based on specific characteristics of different regions. Additionally, price leverage should be considered to promote high circulating cooling system concentration multiplying power, popularize air cooling system in North China, and guide the use of seawater as the circulation medium in South China, particularly in the coastal area, so as to develop the water-saving thermal power industry and adjust the industrial layout. Acknowledgements This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation (71573145 and 71203120) and National Science and Technology Major Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2016ZX05040-001).
2460
Gu Alun et al. / Energy Procedia 142 (2017) 2454–2460 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
7
References [1] BP. BP Statistical Review 2016, China’s energy market in 2015. 2016.