Adaptation to climate change at local level in Europe: An overview

Environmental Science and Policy 86 (2018) 38–63

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Environmental Science and Policy journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/envsci

Adaptation to climate change at local level in Europe: An overview a,b,⁎

a

Francisca C. Aguiar , Julia Bentz , João M.N. Silva Filipe Duarte Santosa, Gil Penha-Lopesa a b c

a,b

a

T

a,c

, Ana L. Fonseca , Rob Swart ,

cE3c – Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal Forest Research Centre, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal Climate Change Research Team, Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen UR PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands

A R T I C LE I N FO

A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Adaptation Climate change Europe Land planning Municipalities Strategies

Europe’s climate change vulnerability pushes for initiatives such as the European Adaptation Strategy and the associated Covenant of Mayors for Climate and Energy. What are the triggers and barriers, for which sectors and for which risks and how is adaptation funded? This paper examines 147 Local Adaptation Strategies in Europe. Key triggers were incentives via research projects, implementation of EU policies and the increasing frequency of extreme climate events. Insufficient resources, capacity, political commitment and uncertainty were the main barriers. Prioritized sectors reflected the main local vulnerabilities - flood protection and water management, built environment and urban planning. Differing patterns of adaptation planning and adaptive capacity were identified among different regions in Europe. Large municipalities generally fund adaptation locally, whereas international and national funding appears to be more important for adaptation in less urban or densely populated territories. The database of LAS described in the present study can be expanded and used to increase the understanding of and promotion of local adaptation action in Europe and beyond.

1. Introduction Humans have transformed the Earth for millennia, only during the past centuries, the impacts of these transformations have become visible on a global scale (Steffen et al., 2015, 2011). Climate change, in combination with other environmental changes, is now contributing to profound changes in the Earth system, including changes in ice cover, sea level, ecosystems, species distributions, and extreme events (IPCC, 2014). The recognition that climate change is already affecting ecosystems and human security led to a sharp increase of adaptation research, planning and practice over the last decade and to analyses on how households, communities, sectors and society in general can respond to changing conditions and new risks (e.g. Biesbroek et al., 2010; Ford et al., 2011; Lesnikowski et al., 2015; Fazey et al., 2018). Adaptation policies are rapidly being adopted by governments, particularly in Europe, but few studies have been conducted to explore the driving forces behind this (Massey et al., 2014). 1.1. Framing adaptation Due to the wide range of adaptation research and practice, the meanings of the term vary. We use the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) definition: “the process of adjustment to actual or ⁎

expected climate and its effects” (IPCC, 2014). This commonly used adaptation approach seeks to reduce vulnerability to present and future change by minimizing the direct and indirect impacts and increasing adaptive capacity, meaning the ability to adjust to climate change in order to moderate damages or cope with consequences (Smit and Wandel, 2006). Focusing on climate change vulnerability is seen as helpful for better comprehending the cause/effect relationships behind climate change and its impact on people, economic sectors and socioecological systems (Fritzsche et al., 2014). Vulnerability is commonly characterized as “the degree to which a system is susceptible to and unable to cope with, adverse effects of climate change, including climate variability and extremes. Vulnerability is a function of the character, magnitude, and rate of climate change and variation to which a system is exposed, its sensitivity, and its adaptive capacity” (Parry et al., 2007). Research has also highlighted that focusing on vulnerability reduction is often challenged by the difficulty of capturing the complexity of factors affecting vulnerability (Ford and King, 2015). Further, the adaptation approach has been criticized for accommodating change, rather than contesting it (Cameron, 2012; Pelling, 2011) and for not questioning the structures, systems, and behaviours that contribute to social vulnerability (O’Brien, 2012; Ribot, 2014). Several research studies have addressed the limits and barriers to

Corresponding author at: Forest Research Centre, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal. E-mail address: [email protected] (F.C. Aguiar).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2018.04.010 Received 26 September 2017; Received in revised form 16 April 2018; Accepted 16 April 2018 1462-9011/ © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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ability to track adaptation is also often challenged by the lack of measurable outcomes or adequate monitoring and evaluation schemes (Ford and King, 2015; Klostermann et al., 2018). Finally, the overall ‘messiness’ of adaptation has hindered a comparative analysis of adaptation action - it might be virtually impossible to separate adaptation measures from other policies that are tackling the underlying determinants of vulnerability (Ford et al., 2015). Notwithstanding the difficulties to analyse and compare adaptation action, research has increasingly focused on documenting adaptation initiatives around the world, yet the predominant focus has been the national scale (Berrang-Ford et al., 2014; Biesbroek et al., 2010; Heidrich et al., 2016; Swart et al., 2009; Tompkins et al., 2010). Adaptation is a relatively novel topic on the political agendas of municipalities, usually complementing mitigation (Berry et al., 2015; Campos et al., 2017). Only a few studies have compared local adaptation action on a broader scale (Reckien et al., 2015). A study by Reckien et al. (2014) analyzed climate change plans from 200 European cities and observed that only 56 had a dedicated adaptation plan or strategy. Reckien et al. (2014), as well as others, recognized the need for a European or international database to gain a better understanding of climate change adaptation actions, and to enable a more consistent comparison of climate plans over time (Castán Broto and Bulkeley, 2013; Geneletti and Zardo, 2016). Comparative analyses contextualize knowledge about local adaptation and enable the formulation, refinement, and testing of relationships between indicators which can provide guidance for improved local responses (Vogel and Henstra, 2015; Grandin et al, 2018). With the aim to contribute to closing this research gap, this paper reports on a study that compares 147 local adaptation processes in 20 countries, the main barriers and enablers, vulnerable sectors and key responses. The goals of this paper are to (1) provide a consistent panEuropean comparison of Local Adaptation Strategies (LAS) and their development over time and space, (2) elicit patterns of relationships among LAS and (3) provide a publically available database on European LAS.

adaptation and how to overcome them (Adger et al., 2009; Biesbroek et al., 2014; Ford and King, 2015; Fuhr et al., 2018; Moser and Ekstrom, 2010). Limits are the obstacles that tend to be absolute and which constitute thresholds beyond which existing activities or land uses cannot be maintained (Parry et al., 2007). Barriers, on the other hand, are obstacles that can be overcome with concerted effort, creative management, prioritization and shifts in resources and institutions (Moser and Ekstrom, 2010). Barriers to adaptation are, for example, lack of leadership and resources, insufficient or poor communication and information as well as deeply held values and beliefs that influence how people interpret and think about climate change and how to approach it (Fuhr et al., 2018; Moser and Ekstrom, 2010). 1.2. Local adaptation action Understanding the limits and barriers of large-scale adaptation approaches, as well as recognition of the local impacts of climate change, have led to increasing support of local, community-led adaptation initiatives (in contrast to national, top-down strategies) (e.g. Amundsen et al., 2018; Campos et al., 2016; EEA, 2014; Fazey et al., 2018; Fuhr et al., 2018; Ng et al., 2016; Walker et al., 2015). Local authorities play a key role in public functions that are central to adaptation including land use regulation, infrastructure protection, and inspection as well as emergency planning (Vogel and Henstra, 2015). Local authorities and actors are also considered to better agree on cooperative solutions through proximity to stakeholders and face-to-face communication (Ostrom, 2010). The proximity to stakeholders and communities gives local decision-makers access to knowledge about place-based vulnerability enabling them to develop tailored approaches to community needs (Corfee-Morlot et al., 2011; Smit and Wandel, 2006). In Europe, the European Commission Green Paper “Adapting to climate change in Europe – options for EU action” (European Commission, 2007) acknowledged the importance of comprehensive adaptation strategies at national as well as local levels. The subsequent White Paper (European Commission, 2009) and the publication of the European Adaptation strategy in 2013 (European Commission, 2013a) paved the way for Member States and municipalities to design and implement integrated and effective adaptation policies.

2. Material and methods 2.1. Collection of Local Adaptation Strategies

1.3. Challenges for local adaptation We consider as LAS all adaptation strategies and plans at the level of municipalities. We consider as municipalities the political units with local governments such as cities, towns and villages, which also encompass small settlements and their rural areas. Case studies also include metropolitan areas and small counties. The study covered the 28 European Union countries and the three European Free Trade Association (EFTA) countries: Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway. We used a two-phase approach, namely: Phase 1. Assess the existence of relevant LAS; Phase 2. Collection of the physical documents (Fig. 1; see Appendix A. for more details). The final list counted 147 LAS from 19 European Union member states and Norway (Fig. 2). Portugal (n 28 LAS), Germany (n 24), UK (n 19), France (n 13) and Hungary (n 11) represented around 60%. For each of the remaining countries, we found less than nine LAS. For Iceland, Liechtenstein and nine EU member states we did not find any LAS, namely Austria, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Estonia, Latvia, Luxembourg, Malta, Poland, Slovenia, which was also confirmed by national focal points or other responsible authorities, with exception of Luxembourg. Some countries empowering regions to develop and implement regional action plans for this reason were less represented in our LAS database. Municipalities having LAS are distributed across Europe as shown in Fig. 2. We searched for LAS in 21 different languages using the translation of the keywords ‘plan’, ‘adaptation’, ‘strategy’, ‘city’, ‘municipality’, ‘local’, ‘climate change’. Of course, notwithstanding our very intensive search also in local languages, LAS in some countries may have been missed, also because they may not be easily findable through

The growing understanding that climate change impacts are experienced mainly locally (Hunt and Watkiss, 2011) led to the fact that many municipalities started designing and implementing adaptation strategies, however with a number of challenges. These include the complex interactions between different scales and levels of governance (Juhola and Westerhoff, 2011; Tompkins et al., 2010). Local policymakers also have difficulties with addressing the long-term nature of climate change. While in some countries local governments are guided by a national adaptation strategy, others lack such a policy mandate, which can weaken the support for local adaptation initiatives (Swart et al., 2009). Although citizens increasingly see climate change as a problem, it is still perceived as a distant issue and therefore lacks the urgency to prompt intervention (Hulme, 2009). Moreover, whereas the costs of adaptation are immediately visible, the benefits are often intangible or in the future. Therefore decision-makers focus often on more pressing issues (Vogel and Henstra, 2015). Local adaptation initiatives are also faced with equity considerations, namely the questions about winners and losers of decisions taken, or how adaptive capacity is distributed (O’Riordan et al., 2014; Patterson et al., 2018). 1.4. Comparing local adaptation action There is still limited understanding of the scale and depth of current adaptation activities and of the preparedness of governance systems (Araos et al., 2016; Ford and King, 2015; Vogel and Henstra, 2015). The 39

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Fig. 1. Two-phase framework for the collection of Local Adaptation Strategies (LAS). See Appendix A. for details.

For addressing these questions and have standardized and quantifiable records, we used the categories that are listed in Table 1.

these searchers (grey literature). 2.2. Database construction

2.3. Data treatment The collected LAS were archived in a database organised by country, along with the access date and the internet link to the full-text document or publisher (Table B1 in Appendix B). We focused our overview on seven key questions:

A matrix of 147 LAS and seven topics and respective categories (99 categories) was elaborated. Records were binary coded as ‘0’ for no reference and ‘1’ for a reference to a given category within a LAS. Multiple references to the various categories within each topic were collected for each LAS. For example, for the topic Triggers for adaptation, the Liverpool LAS referred to two categories: Extreme events: storms and Increased precipitation. No weights were allocated. We assessed the patterns for Europe using the regional breakdown of the UN Statistics Division (https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49/). This classification divides Europe into four regions: Northern, Eastern, Western and Southern Europe. Multiple Response Frequencies were performed for the overall database and by region, quantifying the relative importance of frequency counts for a given category when multiple

1) What are the main triggers for adaptation? 2) Which are the main vulnerabilities to climate change in urban, rural and coastal areas? 3) What are the sectors that are mostly addressed in adaptation planning? 4) What are the sectors that are already implementing adaptation? 5) What are the main barriers to adaptation? 6) Which are the main funding sources for adaptation? 7) Which types of stakeholders are involved?

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Fig. 2. Location of the 147 case studies in Europe (municipalities, metropolitan areas and districts with local strategies on climate change adaptation). Country borders are shown. Maps of Portugal (a) and Germany (b) were detailed on Urban Land Cover, displayed in grey, from the Corine Land Cover map for Europe (seamless vector database for the reference year 2012, version 18_5).

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Table 1 Topics and categories addressed in the LAS reviewed.

analyses results (graphs of multiple frequencies) (Cleophas and Zwinderman, 2010). These tests are adequate for binary records. Cochrans’ Q test assumptions were assessed prior to all analyses. Pairwise multiple comparisons were done with McNemar Test for groups of categories within topics to assess significant differences between references. The Bonferroni adjustment was applied, and the alpha level was

categories are collected within a given topic. The method avoids relying on the overall number of counts (LAS) that refer to the overall categories, which can result in counts above the total number of LAS (and percentages above 100%). Non-parametric tests (Cochrans’ Q tests; Cochran, 1950) and pairwise-tests (McNemar tests) were performed to support the evidence of the patterns visualized by the exploratory 42

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adaptation strategies especially in Southern Europe, whereas the awareness for adaptation in Northern Europe was mostly related with climate-related events (Rising of sea levels, Increased precipitation, Storms and Damage costs). In Eastern Europe, the main triggers for adaptation were Research and case studies and the occurrence of Heatwaves and droughts, whereas the implementation of the National legislation gave an impetus to adaptation and action in Western Europe, followed by the occurrence of Heat and drought events (Fig. 4). Vulnerability and risk assessments were reported in 131 LAS (ca. 90% of the database). Overall, the vulnerabilities most frequently mentioned in LAS were Urban and Rural flooding, followed by Extreme temperatures and heatwaves in urban and in rural areas, and Droughts. All case studies with coastal areas (53 LAS), except one, reported Coastal flooding amongst the major vulnerabilities (Fig. 4). Concerning the prioritization of vulnerabilities reported, we observed similarities and also different patterns at European level and within regions. Whereas some vulnerabilities - Urban and Rural flooding, Extreme temperatures, Damages caused by extreme events - were equally mentioned among different regions, Water scarcity was reported mostly in Southern European strategies. In Northern Europe, almost all municipalities reported Urban flooding as a major vulnerability followed by Extreme temperatures, Coastal flooding, and Damages from extreme events. Likewise, a high proportion of the Eastern European municipalities reported also increasing vulnerability to Urban flooding, Extreme temperatures, Water scarcity, Flooding and Droughts in rural areas. Some Western European municipalities noted Heat waves and Droughts as main vulnerabilities.

adjusted based on the respective number of pairwise comparisons. SPSS software was used (IBM Corporation, 2015). 3. Results 3.1. Distribution of Local Adaptation Strategies across Europe (spatial dimension) The 147 LAS analysed in this study were not evenly distributed across Europe, and the number of LAS within each country was not related to their spatial dimension (Fig. 2). For instance, we recorded 28 LAS for Portugal (∼92,000 km2) and seven LAS for Spain, the largest country of Southern Europe (∼506,000 km2). In addition, within countries, there are diverse spatial patterns of distribution of LAS in relation to population density. This is especially evident for Portugal and Germany, two countries with large numbers of LAS identified (Fig. 2). Germany has 11 metropolitan regions and eight of them have one or more LAS (e.g. Berlin, Frankfurt, Stuttgart). The largest metropolitan region, the Rhine-Ruhr, with over 11 million inhabitants, has five LAS (e.g. Essen, Cologne). In contrast, in Portugal, 26 LAS were developed with the support of the ClimAdaPT.Local project, including large municipalities such as Lisbon and Porto and small municipalities (e.g. Montalegre and São João da Pesqueira, with less than 10 000 inhabitants). 3.2. Relationship of local strategies with national strategies (temporal dimension)

3.3.2. Prioritization of sectors for adaptation to climate change and implementation of adaptation options/measures In accordance with the major vulnerabilities recorded in the LAS, the most frequently referred sectors of adaptation were Flood protection and water management (Fig. 5). Implementation of adaptation measures had been already reported in 73 LAS in at least one sector (out of 147), suggesting that at least half of the municipalities had begun implementation actions. The sectors that were mentioned as priority sectors for adaptation were similar to those that have already implemented actions. Specifically, Flood protection and water management were among the sectors with most implemented actions, along with Urban planning and Built environment. In addition to the prioritization of individual sectors, we found some meaningful sectoral relationships (Table C1 in Appendix C): for instance, implementation of actions concerning Flood protection and water management were related with Urban planning, and approaches strengthening Biodiversity were related with adaptation and implementation of actions in the Agriculture, Forests and natural areas, Spatial planning and Human health sectors. Another example was the implementation of adaptation in Tourism which was related to the implementation in Coastal areas, Cultural heritage, Financial and insurance sectors, Industry, Transports, Disaster risk reduction, Marine and fisheries, Human health and Mountain areas. The prioritization of sectors for adaptation varied among regions (Fig. 5). Whereas around 91% and 94% of Northern and Western municipalities, respectively, reported implemented adaptation actions at least in one sector, only 61% of Southern European and 68% of Eastern European municipalities implemented at least one sectoral adaptation plan, which is likely to be associated with financing constraints and higher interests’ on political agendas rather than low climate risks. As in Europe globally, the Water sector was the most important sector across regions, followed by Built environment or Urban planning for all regions except for the Southern Europe where Civil protection assumes a higher importance than urban plans. Among the sectors that were less mentioned in the LAS, there were distinctive priorities across regions. It is

This study suggests that the numbers of LAS in Europe more than tripled from 2011 to 2016, in parallel with the number of countries with LAS which rose from 12 countries to 20 countries. The number of published LAS increased from 2007 to 2012, decreased sharply in 2013, and subsequently increase again until 2016 (Fig. 3). There was no obvious relationship between the dates of publication of National Strategies for Adaptation to Climate Change (NAS) and those of LAS in the same countries (Fig. 3). For some countries with specific research or other funding programmes, LAS were developed in a relatively small-time window, such as the ClimAdaPT.Local project in Portugal (2014–2016). 3.3. Trends of adaptation at local level in Europe We observed significant differences (p < 0.05) between the diverse categories recorded within each topic, both for the overall database and within regions (Table C1 in Appendix C.). The multiple pairwise-tests performed with McNemar tests among the categories recorded for each topic can be consulted in Tables D1–D7 in Appendix D., allowing corroborating the visual perception of the differences between categories, as it incorporates the differences in the number of LAS recorded for each region. Below, we detail in the following sub-chapters, the trends observed for each one of the seven topics addressed in the study. 3.3.1. Triggers for adaptation and vulnerabilities to climate change in urban, coastal and rural areas The main triggers for the elaboration of LAS identified were of a political nature (e.g., implementation of EU policies or national commitments and national legislation to adapt to climate change, in France, Denmark, Hungary, and Ireland; 28 LAS) and catalysing research projects (Fig. 4). Other important triggers included climate-related Extreme climatic events, such as Heat waves and droughts, Storms, and Increased precipitation. Significant regional differences were found (Table C1 in Appendix C). Research and case studies and EU Policies were the major triggers for

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Fig. 3. Number of climate change adaptation strategies of the present work by country at local (LAS) and national levels (NAS) and respective publication dates. No colored bars of NAS represent countries without strategies (consultation up to March 2016). Sources: European Climate Adaptation Platform (http://climate-adapt. eea.europa.eu/) and personal contacts for countries without information in the platform. European Union official acronyms for Member States: Austria – AT; Belgium – BE; Bulgaria – BG; Croatia – HR; Cyprus – CY; Czech Republic –CZ; Denmark – DK; Estonia – EE; Finland – FI; France – FR; Germany – DE; Greece – IL; Hungary – HU; Ireland – IE; Italy – IT; Latvia – LV; Lithuania – LT; Luxembourg – LU; Malta – MT; Netherlands – NL; Poland – PL; Portugal – PT; Romania - RO; Slovakia – SK; Slovenia – SL; Spain – ES; Sweden – SE; United Kingdom – UK. Norway – NO; IC –Iceland; LI – Liechtenstein.

noteworthy. An extensive engagement of diverse groups of stakeholders was found for almost all LAS. Besides the municipal representatives, groups of stakeholders most involved were diverse departments or other Local public authorities (91 LAS), followed by Interest groups (e.g. landowners, NGOs, farmers’ associations), Private organizations and Universities, researchers and scientists (Fig. 6). The involvement of the General public appears to be higher in Northern Europe than in other regions. Interestingly, the private sector appears to have low involvement in LAS yet, with the highest participation level in Western Europe. In some regions, only a limited number of LAS referred to the funding sources for the development or implementation of adaptation strategies; in Southern Europe only, ca. 20% of the LAS indicated funding sources whereas in Eastern Europe around 60% of the LAS specified the funding. Overall, the most important source of funding was at Public local level, followed by Public national level and Private sector (Fig. 6). This pattern was consistent across regions, except for Western Europe where the national support for implementation was slightly higher. Support from Property owners was only mentioned in strategies of Northern and Western Europe and was mostly related to coastal erosion and urban flooding.

noteworthy to highlight the higher concern with adaptation for Tourism, Energy and Agriculture in Southern Europe, the relevance of Coastal areas and Disaster risk reduction for Northern region and Business and services in Eastern Europe. These results show diverse regional priorities and mirror the major vulnerabilities and hazard risks (in Northern Europe), but also the importance of managing commercial risks (in Eastern Europe), and prioritizing the important tourism sector (in Southern Europe). 3.3.3. Barriers to implementation of adaptation options, stakeholders’ involvement and funding sources Ninety-five out of the 147 LAS mention the existence of barriers to the implementation of adaptation options. We found clear differences in the type of barriers both within Europe and within regions (Fig. 6). In addition, multiple barriers occur within each LAS. The Lack of human and financial resources was noted by most of LAS, though more relevant in Southern Europe. Contrarily, many Northern Europe municipalities reported Uncertainty on climate change scenarios as an adaptation barrier. For Eastern Europe the Limited capacity in policy, practitioner and/or in research communities and Lack of political commitment was

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Fig. 4. Overview of: (a) triggers for adaptation and (b) vulnerabilities to climate change in urban, coastal and rural areas. Number of strategies in percentage by region inside bars. Total number of cases in percentage within parentheses. Bars within graphs (a) and (b) are displayed with different scales for readability.

4. Discussion

funds (local and national) as enablers of adaptation. Our study does not allow to assess how successful adaptation plans are. Research is still needed for monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of adaptation policies, measures and actions (Klostermann et al., 2018).

Several research studies on local climate change policies and adaptations actions identified common approaches and analysed multilevel climate governance (e.g. Fuhr et al., 2018; Lesnikowski et al., 2015), in Europe (e.g. Biesbroek et al., 2010; Massey et al., 2014; Reckien et al., 2014), within countries (e.g. UK - Tompkins et al., 2010; Netherlands – Swart et al., 2014, or even in particular sectors such as water management (e.g. Van Leeuwen et al., 2016). Tracking adaptation planning at local levels has mostly focused on cities (e.g. Heidrich et al., 2016), or addressed initiatives triggered by specific policies or research projects (e.g. Reckien et al., 2014). We conducted a systematic study of plans of local authorities, enhancing the understanding of the trends of local climate change adaptation across Europe’s regions. First, we find a rapid increase of adaptation strategies in the last decade, similar to the findings of Massey et al. (2014) for national adaptation policies. Though we did not find a direct linkage between local and national adaptation plans, national climate policies transposed to legislation contributed to the surge of local adaptation strategies. Second, a clear linkage between vulnerabilities and the prioritization of adaptation sectors highlighted a multiple sectoral adaptation planning. Multiple barriers slowing adaptation actions were identified and assessed regionally, as well as the relevant role of stakeholders and public

4.1. Development of Local Adaptation Strategies, triggers for adaptation and vulnerabilities Our study provided evidence that local adaptation in Europe has started to develop rapidly through the development and implementation of LAS (following earlier development of mitigation plans and NAS; Biesbroek et al., 2010; Heidrich et al., 2016). Patterns of spatial distribution among and within countries are very diverse. In some cases, e.g. Portugal, UK and Hungary, LAS are equally distributed across the country. In other countries, identified LAS were clumped together in certain regions (e.g. Scandinavia) or were covering only large cities and metropolitan areas (such as in France). There are several potential explanations for this. Specific vulnerabilities of some regions, e.g. coastal areas in Finland, Sweden, and Norway (Næss et al., 2005), led to a priority development of LAS in these areas to address impacts and not in other areas in the same country. In other cases, research projects supporting the development of LAS influenced the spatial distribution within an area. For instance, the “Climate-friendly Municipalities” 45

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Fig. 5. Frequency of references (in percentage and listed on x-axis) in all LAS analysed on priority sectors and implemented actions by each sector (y-axis) and by region. Sectors at the vertical axis are in decreasing order, according to the frequency of references of priority, by the respective overall (all regions) percentages of cases (not showed in this graphic).

Reyer et al. (2012), for the Federal State of Brandenburg, Germany, and Heidrich et al. (2013), for preparedness of UK cities, note the benefits (and challenges) of a systemic and cross-sectoral perspective of adaptation to create resilient and sustainable social-ecological systems. Nevertheless, our study suggests that for most municipalities operational approaches to cross-sectoral adaptation remain limited. In addition, decision-making in some sectors (e.g., water) is hooked by a long tradition of institutionalization at national and international level, leading to inherent political barriers for local adaptation (Woodhouse and Muller, 2017).

programme (Ministry of Interior Hungary et al., 2011) urged municipalities in Hungary to develop LAS independently of size, affected sectors, and socio-economic context. In Portugal, the ClimAdaPT.Local project supported the development of 26 LAS ensuring a homogeneous coverage of the national territory. The results also show that most of the large cities and metropolitan areas have an adaptation strategy, in accordance with an increasing recognition of the risks for cities as the centres of social, economic and political activity (EEA, 2012; Hunt and Watkiss, 2011; Reckien et al., 2015). However, we observed that climate adaptation planning also started to take place in smaller municipalities and rural counties (< 300 000 inhabitants), and it is possible that some LAS of small municipalities were not detected. Our study confirms results from other studies (Hunt and Watkiss, 2011; Jollands et al., 2007) suggesting that mostly extreme climatic events, including floods and storms, and to a lesser extent, heatwaves and drought, lead to priority action. The cross-sectoral importance of water in the LAS is related to the fact that climate change has the potential to greatly affect water demand, availability and quality (Field et al., 2014). Adaptation in agriculture was reported in Southern Europe more than in the other regions. Increases in water shortages and extreme climatic events (droughts, heat, storms) are likely to occur more frequently in this region, reducing crops suitability for this area, increasing damages by pests and diseases affecting yield variability and productivity, turning this sector increasingly more vulnerable to climate change in Southern Europe than in other European regions (Bindi and Olesen, 2011).

4.3. Barriers and enablers for implementation of adaptation plans Nowadays, research agendas on adaptation in Europe include understanding and describing barriers to adaptation, but empirical studies on how to overcome these barriers are still lacking (Biesbroek et al., 2013; Eisenack et al., 2014; but see Oberlack and Eisenack, 2014; Reckien et al., 2015). Interdependencies among multiple barriers in our database can be analysed by further research in order to explore reasons for low adaptive capacities. Research funded by (inter-)national programmes triggered and financed the development of LAS (e.g. in Germany, Portugal, Hungary). The barrier in this study most mentioned was the lack of human and financial resources highlighting the dependence on external financial support for local adaptation, notably for many Southern European and especially less populated municipalities. Reckien et al. (2015) showed that adaptation planning in Europe is mostly reactive, i.e. not significantly influenced by climate projections or anticipated future impacts, and that institutional, socio-economic dimensions of adaptation are important constraints for the implementation of adaptation plans. For instance, Southern Europe municipalities show a larger concern for civil protection, probably related to the increasing number of climaterelated emergencies in this region, such as fires, floods, heat waves and

4.2. Prioritisation of adaptation by sector We found some evidence for cross-sectoral adaptation planning and action, because some local authorities and stakeholders recognise that adaptation must be an integrated, multidisciplinary and concerted process to avoid maladaptation and conflicts in individual sectors.

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Fig. 6. Overview: (a) barriers to adaptation; (b) stakeholders’ engagement; (c) funding. Number of cases in percentage by region inside bars. Total number of cases in percentage within parentheses. Bars within graphs (a)–(c) are displayed with different scales for readability.

adaptation in less urban or densely populated territories of Southern and Eastern European regions. Our study corroborates Heidrich et al. (2016) conclusions that there is no archetypical way of planning for climate change - multiple interests and motivations are observed. Flooding and water scarcity arguably are Europe’s most urgent vulnerability from a climate change point of view, hence adaptation planning and implementation focus on flood protection and water management. Extreme weather events have a focused power for adaptation policy (Fuhr et al., 2018). In many urban areas extreme temperatures rank high in terms of risks, which lead sectors such as construction and urban planning to plan and implement adaptation. We observed that the main barriers that need to be overcome to boost the development of adaptation plans and their implementation are insufficient resources, capacity (mainly technical), commitment (mainly political) and uncertainty, highlighting the dependence on external

water shortages, but also a focus on readiness and short-term response, rather than long-term prevention. The currently ongoing evaluation of the EU’s Strategy on Adaptation to Climate Change (European Commission, 2013b) may further enhance the understanding of the barriers and enablers of local adaptation in Europe. 5. Conclusions The increasing frequency of extreme climate events, incentives provided by research projects and the development of European policies have led many local governments to develop and implement adaptation plans throughout Europe. Differing patterns of adaptation planning and adaptive capacity exist among different regions in Europe. Large cities generally fund their adaptation plans locally, whereas international and national funding appears more important for

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financial support in many cases. Although research (such as H2020) and implementation (such as LIFE+) funds are increasing at the European level to tackle some of these barriers, public funding at local and national level is mainly enabling local adaptation. Climate services, including the provision of scenarios for climate change and associated impacts and participation by diverse stakeholders, could be strengthened in order to better identify local and regional vulnerabilities. The database of LAS described in this paper can be expanded and used to increase the understanding of and promotion of local adaptation action in Europe and beyond.

Carbono, in the framework of the ClimAdaPT.Local project (http:// climadapt-local.pt); by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT, Portugal): cE3c project UID/BIA/00329/2013, CEF project UID/AGR/ 00239/2013; GPL contract number IF/00940/2015, FCA postdoctoral grant SFRH/BPD/112417/2015, JB postdoctoral grant SFRH/BPD/ 115656/2016; JMNS postdoctoral grant SFRH/BPD/109535/2015; and by EU FP7 project Bottom-up Climate Adaptation Strategies towards the Sustainable Europe (Grant Agreement 308337). We thank the national EEA focal points dealing with adaptation in each country and by researchers and colleagues in National Environment Agencies or other public authorities for their help in the data collection. We thank two anonymous reviewers for comments on the manuscript that much improved the original version.

Acknowledgements This work was supported by the EEA Grants and Fundo Português de Appendix A Collection of Local Adaptation Strategies Phase 1. [Search for information] included two steps:

1 Literature search. Our list of local authorities with an adaptation strategy was initially based on the reviews of Carter (2011), Hunt and Watkiss (2011), Heidrich et al. (2013), Reckien et al. (2014), Swart et al. (2014), Wamsler and Brink (2014), Olazabal et al. (2014), Donner et al. (2015), Geneletti and Zardo (2016), and Van Leeuwen et al. (2016). Search also included cases studies on the European Climate Adaptation Platform (http://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/), and list of municipalities registered on Mayors Adapt (http://mayors-adapt.eu/), as well as information collected in European and national reports (e.g. EC, 2013; Mabey et al., 2014). 2 Keyword search. To obtain an even more comprehensive inventory of LAS, a systematic literature search was conducted in Scopus and in the ISI Web of Knowledege, focusing on articles addressing adaptation to climate change at local level in Europe. For this, we used a boolean search with the keywords ‘adapt*’ AND ‘climate change’ AND ‘Europe’, crossed with ‘municip*’ OR ‘cit*’ OR ‘urb*’ OR ‘local’. The search returned 228 scientific articles of which 183 resulted not to be relevant for the present study (e.g. addressing species niche modeling, biodiversity, or ecological impacts of climate change). This method was already applied in other climate change studies (e.g. Ford et al., 2011; Tompkins et al., 2010). Phase 2 [LAS collection] includes three steps: 1 Web search for official documents, notably plans or strategies of adaptation at municipal level or in metropolitan areas. This search allowed to validate and complement the initial list of LAS. 2 Validation of the obtained LAS by national EEA focal points dealing with adaptation in each country and by researchers and colleagues in National Environment Agencies or other public authorities. 3 Removal of official documents quoted as adaptation strategies, which do not include planning of climate change adaptation measures. This is the case, for example, of climate action plans in which “adaptation” may be mentioned but which really focus on greenhouse gas mitigation measures, e.g., in the transport and industry sectors. The final list counted 147 LAS, of which 143 had been published, three LAS from the Czech Republic and one from Croatia (Zagreb) that were being finalized. Different from other studies, the search was not limited to LAS in the English language. We searched for and/or read strategies in the following languages: Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, Estonian, French, Finnish, German, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Slovak, Slovenian, Spanish, and Swedish. Collecting information from the Local Adaptation Strategies Authors of the present study are native-speakers for Portuguese, Dutch and German and are fluent in English, Spanish, French and Italian. To read 26 LAS of Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Finland, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, Greece, and Sweden, we used an on-line translator. Some LAS from these countries were written in English. Appendix B List of Local Adaptation Strategies of the database

48

Odder

Varde

Helsinki

Oulu

Bordeaux

Denmark

Denmark

Finland

Finland

France

Fanø

Denmark

Lolland

Copenhagen

Denmark

Denmark

Aarhus

Denmark

Hvidovre

Praha

Czech Republic

Denmark

Plzeň

Czech Republic

Hedensted

Brno

Czech Republic

Denmark

Zagreb

Croatia

Frederiksberg

Liège

Belgium

Denmark

Local Adaptation Strategies Bruxelles-Capitale

Country Belgium

49 Western Europe

Northern Europe

Northern Europe

Northern Europe

Northern Europe

Northern Europe

Northern Europe

Northern Europe

Northern Europe

Northern Europe

Northern Europe

Northern Europe

Eastern Europe

Eastern Europe

Eastern Europe

Southern Europe

Western Europe

Region Western Europe

Hvidovre Kommune (2011). FORSLAG til Strategi for klimatilpasning 2014, Hvidovre, juli 2011 Lolland kommune (2015). Forslag til Kommuneplantillæg 46 Kommuneplan 2010–2022 Klimatilpasningsplan for Lolland Kommune, Lolland, 2015 Odder Kommune (2014). Kommuneplan 2013–2025 - Tillæg nr. 1 Klimatilpasning, Odder, Maj 2014 Varde Kommune (2014). Forslag til Tillæg Nr. 05 Klimatilpasningsplan for Varde Kommune - Kommune Plan 2013–2014, Varde, december 2014 Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (2012). Helsinki Metropolitan Area Climate Change Adaptation Strategy , Helsinki, April 2011 Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (2014). Helsinki Metropolitan Area Climate Change Adaptation Strategy: Implementation during 2012–2014, Helsinki, 2014 Hyväksytty Oulun (2009). Oulun Seudun Ilmastostrategia- Oulu, Hailuoto, Kempele, Kiiminki, Liminka, Lumijoki, Muhos, Oulunsalo ja Tyrnävä, Oulun, 2009 Communauté urbaine de Bordeaux (2011). Plan Climat Agir durablement: Le plan climat de La Cub, Bordeaux, 2011

Author (year). Title. Editor, City. Pouria, X., Dubois G., Cauchy, A., Ceron, JP., Ghuisoland, J., (2012). L’adaptation au changement climatique en Région de Bruxelles-Capitale : Élaboration d’une étude préalable à la rédaction d’un plan régional d’adaptation -Rapport Final, Bruxelles, 2012 Province de Liège - Département Infrastructures et Environnement (2015). Plan d'Actions Territorial en favour de l´énergie durable pour la province de Liège, Liège, 2015 Željko Jurić, M.Sc. Energy Institute Hrvoje Požar (2015). Climate Change Adaptation Plan for the City of Zagreb, Zagreb, October 2015 CzechGlobe - Projekt UrbanAdapt (2015). Adaptace města Brna na klimatické změny, Brna, červen 2015 CzechGlobe - Projekt UrbanAdapt (2015). Adaptace města Plzně na klimatické změny, Plzně, červen 2015 CzechGlobe - Projekt UrbanAdapt (2015). Adaptace města Prahy na klimatické změny, Prahy, červen 2015 Aarhus Kommune (2014). Climate adapatation plan 2014 –adapting to more water. Addendum no. 1 to Municipal Plan 2013 Climate Action Plan, Aarhus, 2014 Miljø Metropolen (2011). Copenhagen Climate Adaptation Plan, Copenhagen, 2011 Fanø Kommune (2014). Klimatilpasningsplan Værdikortlægning til risikovurdering ifm. prognoser for øgede vandmængder samt prioritering af mulige fremtidige tiltag, Fanø Kommune, Oktober, 2014 Frederiksberg Kommune (2013). Klimatilpasningsplan 2012 Klimabyen for fremtiden, Frederiksberg, 2013 Hedensted Kommune (2009). Forslag til Kommuneplan 2009-2021 Hedensted Kommune - Hovedstruktur, Hedensted, 2009

Table B1 List of Local Adaptation Strategies of the database, respective regions, references and accessed date.

15.01.2016

http://mzoip.hr/doc/zeljko_juric_climate_change_adaptation_plan_ for_the_city_of_zagreb.pdf

http://www.bordeaux-metropole.fr/var/bdxmetro/storage/ original/application/b12d34bae7951904df3a78aa51ea7a8e.pdf

https://www.hsy.fi/sites/Esitteet/EsitteetKatalogi/Julkaisusarja/ 11_2012_Helsinki_Metropolitan_Area_Climate_Change_Adaptation_ Strategy.pdf https://www.hsy.fi/sites/Esitteet/EsitteetKatalogi/Raportit/ Helsinki-Metropolitan-Area-Climate-Change-Adaptation-StrategyImplementation-2012-2014.pdf https://www.ouka.fi/documents/64417/6b35350e-08ef-411ab904-abfa45d89544

http://kommuneplan2013.odder.dk/download/tillaeg/endel_ vedt_kpt_1_med_bilag.pdf http://www.klimatilpasning.dk/media/861798/varde_kommune_ klimatilpasningsplan.pdf

http://www.klimatilpasning.dk/media/801152/ klimatilpasningsplan_2012_frederiksberg.pdf http://www.byplanlab.dk/plan09/www.plan09.dk/NR/ rdonlyres/C7FE1B29-B888-4853-9E2C-067E1B0D0B31/0/ HovedstrukturKP2009.pdf http://docplayer.dk/2681188-Forslag-til-strategi-forklimatilpasning.html http://www.klimatilpasning.dk/media/970314/Lolland %20klimatilpasningsplan%20-%20forslag.pdf

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http://www.provincedeliege.be/sites/default/files/media/7838/ PlanClimat_rapport%20final.pdf

http://urbanadapt.cz/en/system/files/downloads/projektovazprava-seminar-brno.pdf http://urbanadapt.cz/en/system/files/downloads/projektovazprava-seminart-plzen.pdf http://urbanadapt.cz/cs/system/files/downloads/projektovazprava-seminar-praha.pdf http://www.aarhus.dk/∼/media/Dokumenter/Teknik-og-Miljoe/ Natur-og-Miljoe/Vand/Oversvoemmelse/Planer-og-projekter/ Climate-adaptation-plan-2014-pdf-str-small.pdf http://en.klimatilpasning.dk/media/568851/copenhagen_ adaption_plan.pdf http://www.klimatilpasning.dk/media/889603/fanoe_ klimatilpasningsplan_2014.pdf

Accessed (date) 05.02.2016

URL http://documentation.bruxellesenvironnement.be/documents/ Airclimat_Etude_ChgtClimatiqueRBC.pdf

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50

Bad Liebenwerda

Berlin

Bielefeld

Bochum

Germany

Germany

Germany

Paris Saint Etienne

France France

Germany

Nice

France

Aachen

Montpellier

France

Germany

Marseille

France

Tours

Lille

France

France

Grand Lyon

France

Toulouse

Chambéry

France

France

Local Adaptation Strategies Calvados

Country France

Table B1 (continued)

Western Europe

Western Europe

Western Europe

Western Europe

Western Europe

Western Europe

Western Europe

Western Europe Western Europe

Western Europe

Western Europe

Western Europe

Western Europe

Western Europe

Western Europe

Region Western Europe

http://blogs.grandlyon.com/plan-climat/download/3528/

URL http://www.calvados.fr/files/content/mounts/Internet/Lecalvados-demain/calvados-durable/rapport-final-etude-surimpacts-vulnerabilite-adaptation-calvados-changementclimatique.pdf?uuid=alfresco%3AInternet%3Aworkspace %3A%2F%2FSpacesStore%2Fda0a2ec3-21e7-4aad-90a272b49a86de43 http://www.chambery-bauges-metropole.fr/cms_viewFile.php? idtf=1883&path=plan-climat-revise-octobre-2013.pdf

http://www.lillemetropole.fr/files/live/sites/lmcu/files/docs/ KIOSQUE/Maison-Edition/DEV-DURABLE/Synthese-Plan-ClimatEnergies-Territorial-MEL_juin2015.pdf http://www.planclimat-mpm.fr/le-pcet-de-mpm/le-pcet-de-mpm2/ http://www.montpellier3m.fr/sites/default/files/Montpellier %20Agglomeration%20-%20Plan%20Climat%20-%20Plan %20d'action.pdf Métropole Nice Côte d'Azur (2012). PCET - Plan Climat de la Ville http://www.nicecotedazur.org/environnement/l-%C3%A9nergiede Nice Climat-Energie Territorial 2012–2017, Nice, 2012 et-le-climat/plan-climat-energie-territorial Mairie de Paris (2012), Plan Climat Énergie de Paris, Paris, 2014 http://api-site-cdn.paris.fr/images/70921 http://www.tousacteursduclimat.fr/fileadmin/user_upload/ Saint-Etienne Métropole (2011). Plan Climat Energie de Saintminisite_dev_durable/inter/fichiers/PlaquettePCET-Adaptation. Etienne Metropole - Adaptons notre Territoire au Changement Climatique: Diagnostic et enjeux sur l’espace public, l’habitat et les pdf; http://www.tousacteursduclimat.fr/fileadmin/user_upload/ minisite_dev_durable/inter/fichiers/SynthesePCET2011.pdf milieux naturels, Saint-Etienne, 2011 http://www.energy-cities.eu/db/Toulouse_metropole_SEAP_2012_ Mairie de Toulouse (2012). Le Plan d’actions de la Communauté fr.pdf urbaine du Grand Toulouse et de la Ville de Toulouse- Le Plan Climat 2012-2020, Toulouse, 2012 Communauté l’Agglomération Tour(s)plus (2012). Plan Climat http://www.energy-cities.eu/db/Tours_agglo_56-actions-du-plan2011>2014, 56 actions concrètes de l’agglomération de Tours climat_2014_fr.pdf pour diminuer les gaz à effet de serre sur le territoire, Tour, 2012 http://www.herzogenrath.de/icc/assisto/nav/73e/ StädteRegion Aachen (2012). Gewerbeflächen im Klimawandel: binarywriterservlet?imgUid=30a502d7-b96b-6c31-e32dLeitfaden zum Umgang mit Klimatrends und Extremwettern, c9240a35f7b8&uBasVariant=11111111-1111-1111-1111Aachen, 2012 111111111111 Stadt Bad Liebenwerda (2012). Bad Liebenwerda – Eine Stadt zum http://www.klimastadtraum.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/ Veroeffentlichungen/Modellprojekte/ExWoSt/Bad Wohlfühlen im Klimawandel: Die Klimaanpassungsstrategie, Bad %20Liebenwerda%20Informelle%20Brosch%C3%BCre.pdf?__ Liebenwerda, 2012 blob=publicationFile&v=2 Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt Berlin (2011). http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/planen/ stadtentwicklungsplanung/download/klima/klimaanpassung_ Klimaanpassung für Berlin: Maßnahmen und Beispiele, Berlin, broschuere.pdf 2011 Brodner, B., Claßen, T., Fischer, R., Frank, K., McCall, T., Ritschel, http://www.uni-bielefeld.de/bi2000plus/diskussionspapiere/DP_ 58_final.pdf A. (2013). Darf´s ein bisschen wärmer sein? – Klimawandel in Bielefeld: Ergebnisdokumentation zur Projektinitiative des AK Umwelt zum Thema „Klimawandel in Bielefeld: Wissensstand, Wahrnehmung und Anpassungspotenziale“, Bielefeld, 2013 Steinrücke, Monika (2012). Klimaanpassungskonzept Bochum, http://geodatenportal.bochum.de/bogeo/web/61/Doku/ Bochum, 2012 Klimaanpassungskonzept.pdf

Chambéry Métropole (2013). Plan Climat Air Energie Territorial :Programme de politique énergétique et climatique & plan d’actions. Point d’étape et version révisée Octobre 2013, Chambéry, 2013 Bureau d’Études eQuiNeo - Diagnostic Climat du Plan Climat du Grand Lyon (2014). Adaptation au Changement Climatique: Socle des connaissances locales, Lyon, 2014 Métropole Européenne de Lille - MEL (2015). Le Plan ClimatEnergies Territorial pour Tous (PCET) - Synthèse Année 2015, Lille, 2015 Communauté urbaine Marseille Provence Métropole (2012). PCET, Le Plan Climat de Marseille Provence Métropole, Marseille, 2012 Montpellier Agglomération (2014). Plan Climat Énergie Territorial 2013–2018: Plan d’action, Montpellier, 2014

Author (year). Title. Editor, City. Cl!mplact (2011). Etude sur les impacts, la vulnérabilité et l’adaptation du Calvados au changement climatique, Paris, juin 2011

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07.12.2015

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13.12.2015

13.12.2015

13.12.2015

11.12.2015

09.12.2015

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51

Nuremberg

Potsdam

Regensburg

Saarbrücken

Germany

Germany

Germany

Karlsruhe

Germany

Germany

Hanover, Braunschweig, Goettingen

Germany

Neumarkt

Hamburg

Germany

Germany

Frankfurt am Main

Germany

Leipzig

Essen

Germany

Germany

Duisburg

Germany

Köln

Dresden

Germany

Germany

Local Adaptation Strategies Bremen

Country Germany

Table B1 (continued)

Western Europe

Western Europe

Western Europe

Western Europe

Western Europe

Western Europe

Western Europe

Western Europe

Western Europe

Western Europe

Western Europe

Western Europe

Western Europe

Western Europe

Region Western Europe

Stadt Karlsruhe Umwelt- und Arbeitsschutz (2013). Anpassung an den Klimawandel: Bestandsaufnahme und Strategie für die Stadt Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, 2013 Landesamt für Natur, Umwelt und Verbraucherschutz NordrheinWestfalen (2013). Klimawandelgerechte Metropole Köln: Abschlussbericht Fachbericht 50, Recklinghausen, 2013 Schmidt, C.; Seidel, A.; Kolodziej, J., Klama, K.; Schottke, M.; Berkner, A.; Friedrich, M.; Chmieleski, S., (2011). Vulnerabilitätsanalyse Westsachsen. Bearbeitet durch TU Dresden im Auftrag des Regionalen Planungsverbandes LeipzigWestsachsen (Hrsg.). Dresden/Leipzig, Mai 2011. Scheid, J., Breitenbach, T. (2011). Handlungskonzept Klima NEU Klimaanpassung Landkreis Neumarkt: Modellvorhaben der Raumordnung (MORO) "Raumentwicklungsstrategien zum Klimawandel“ (KLIMA MORO), Regensburg, 2011 Stadt Nürnberg, Umweltamt (2012). Handbuch Klimaanpassung Bausteine für die Nürnberger Anpassungsstrategie, Nürnberg, 2012 Klima Wandel Postdam (2015). Klimaschutzteilkonzept Anpassung an den Klimawandel in der Landeshauptstadt Potsdam, Potsdam, 2015 Klos, A., Sedlmeier, A., Amt für Stadtentwicklung (2011). Planungs- und Baureferat Werkbericht 2011, Verkehr, Infrastruktur und Umwelt: Regensburg macht sich fit für den Klimawandel. Stadt Regensburg, Planungs- und Baureferat, Regensburg, September 2011 Hartz, A., Saad, S., Schaal-Lehr, C. (2012). Städtische Freiraumplanung als Handlungsfeld für Adaptionsmaßnahmen Abschlussbericht des Saarbrücker Modellprojekts im Rahmen des ExWoSt-Forschungsprogramms "Urbane Strategien zum Klimawandel – Kommunale Strategien und Potenziale“, Saarbrücken, Dezember 2012

Stadt Frankfurt am Main, Dezernat für Umwelt und Gesundheit: Koordinierungsgruppe Klimawandel (2016).Frankfurter Anpassungsstrategie an den Klimawandel, Frankfurt am Main, 2016 Bürgerschaft der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg – 20. Wahlperiode (2013). Aktionsplan Anpassung an den Klimawandel, Hamburg, 2013 Land, C., Büter, B. (2015). Grundlagen und Empfehlungen für eine Klimaanpassungsstrategie der Region Hannover, Hannover, 2015

Author (year). Title. Editor, City. Koch, M. , Behnken, Katrin , Schneider, B., Gatke, D., Thielking, K., Wurthmann, J., Hoppe, H., Kirschner, N., Benden, J., Gerdes, D. (2015). KLimaAnpassungsStrategie Extreme Regenereignisse (KLAS): Schlussbericht des Projektes "Umgang mit Starkregenereignissen in der Stadtgemeinde Bremen“, Bremen, 2015 REGKLAM-KONSORTIUM (Hrsg.) (2013). Integriertes Regionales Klimaanpassungsprogramm für die Region Dresden. Grundlagen, Ziele und Maßnahmen, Berlin, 2013 Rat der Stadt Duisburg (2013). Umweltausschuss Klimawandelanpassungsstrategie für Duisburg, Duisburg, 2013 Stadt Essen, Umweltamt (2014). Stadt begegnet Klimawandel: Integrierte Strategien für Essen, Essen, 2014

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Pomáz

Székszárd

Szolnok

Tatabánya

Vonyarcvashegy

Ballinasloe

Hungary

Hungary

Hungary

Hungary

Hungary

Ireland

Budapest

Hungary

Hosszúhetény

Albertirsa

Hungary

Hungary

Patras

Greece

Hegyvidék

Kalamaria

Greece

Hungary

Irákleion

Greece

Gyöngyös

Syke

Germany

Hungary

Stuttgart

Germany

Eger

Solingen, Remscheid

Germany

Hungary

Local Adaptation Strategies Segeberg

Country Germany

Table B1 (continued)

52 Northern Europe

Eastern Europe

Eastern Europe

Eastern Europe

Eastern Europe

Eastern Europe

Eastern Europe

Eastern Europe

Eastern Europe

Eastern Europe

Eastern Europe

Eastern Europe

Southern Europe

Southern Europe

Southern Europe

Western Europe

Western Europe

Western Europe

Region Western Europe

Albertirsa Municipality (2009). Albertirsa Város Klímastratégiája, Albertirsa, 2009 Budapest kerületi Önkormányzat (2013). Budapest XIII - Kerület Hosszú Távú Fejlesztési Koncepció: BP13-2033, Budapest, április 2013 ENERGIAKLUB Szakpolitikai Intézet és Módszertani Központ (2012). Eger Megyei Jogú Város Éghajlatváltozási Stratégiája, Eger, szeptember 2012. Gyöngyös Város Önkormányzata (2011). Gyöngyös Város Éghajlatváltozási Stratégiája, Gyöngyös, 2011 Budapest Hegyvidék XII. kerületi Önkormányzat, MTA Szociológiai Kutatóintézet (2010). Hegyvidéki Éghajlatváltozási Stratégia 2010, Budapest, 2010 MTA Szociológiai Kutatóintézet (2010). Hosszúhetény Klímabarát település: Települési Klímastratégia, Budapest, 2010 Dezső, D., Dezsőné, D. (2009). Pomáz város vizes klímastratégiája, Pomáz, 2009 Zöldtárs Környezetvédelmi Alapítvány (2010). Szekszárd MJ Város–Települési Klímastratégia, Szekszárd, 2010 Szolnok Megyei Jogú Város Önkormányzata (2010). Szolnok Város Fenntartható Fejlidési Stratégiája: Helyi Feladatok a XXI, Szolnok, 2010 MTA Szociológiai Kutatóintézet, Tatabánya Klímabarát település (2007). Települési Klímastratégia: Előterjesztés Tatabánya Város Képviselőtestülete számára, Budapest, November 2007 Sociological Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Tatabánya Climate-friendly settlement (2007). Local Climate Change Action Plan: Proposal for the General Assembly of the city of Tatabánya, Budapest, November 2007. Vonyarcvashegy Nagyközség Önkormányzata (2009). Települési Klímastratégiája 2009-2013, Vonyarcvashegy, 2009 Galway County Council (2015). Ballinasloe Draft Local Area Plan 2015–2021, Galway, April 2015

Landeshauptstadt Stuttgart, Amt für Umweltschutz, Abteilung Stadtklimatologie (2012). Klimaanpassungskonzept Stuttgart KLIMAKS, Stuttgart, Setember 2012 Born, M., Nischwitz, G., mit der Stadt Syke (2012). Verantwortlich Handeln im Klimawandel Syker Klimaanpassungsstrategie, Syke, Juli 2012 Δήμος Ηρακλείου (2012) Σχέδιο Δράσης Αειφόρου Ενέργειας Δήμος Ηρακλείου (Sustainable Energy Action Plan of the Municipality of Heraklion), Heraklion, 2012 Municipality of Kalamaria (2011). Adaptation Action Plan and Political Statement, Kalamaria, 2011 City of Patras, LIFE ACT - Adapt to Climate Change (2013). Local Adaptation Strategy of the City of Patras, Patras, April 2013

Author (year). Title. Editor, City. Helbig, V., Walter, D. , Rumme, J. - B.&S.U. Beratungs- und ServiceGesellschaft Umwelt mbH (2014). Klimaschutzteilkonzept zur Anpassung an den Klimawandel für den Kreis Segeberg, Berlin, 2014 (IKSK) der Stadt Solingen (2013). Das Klimaschutzteilkonzept "der Städte Solingen, Kurzfassung, Mai 2014

31.03.2016

27.01.2016

27.01.2016

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http://www.noco2.hu/kornyezetunk/dok/tatabanyai_ klimastrategia_mta.doc http://www.noco2.hu/kornyezetunk/dok/tatabanya_climate_ acion_plan.doc

http://onkormanyzat.vonyarcvashegy.hu/?module=news& action=getfile&fid=182863 http://www.galway.ie/en/media/Ballinasloe%20Draft%20Local %20Area%20Plan%202015-2021.pdf

23.03.2016

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28.01.2016

21.03.2016

31.03.2016

24.03.2016

http://zoldtars.hu/sites/default/files/doc/Hegyvidek_ klimastrategia_VEGLEGES.pdf http://files.cirisz.webnode.hu/200002144-46c5c47bfa/Hossz %C3%BAhet%C3%A9ny-klimastrategia.pdf http://www.pomaz.hu/downloads/file/832/pomaz_varos_ telepulesi_vizgazdalkodasi_klimastrategiaja http://zoldtars.hu/sites/default/files/doc/Klimastrategia.pdf

31.03.2016

31.03.2016

31.03.2016

29.03.2016

13.02.2016

10.02.2016

10.02.2016

12.04.2016

08.03.2016

12.04.2016

Accessed (date) 12.04.2016

http://www.gyongyos.hu/doc/eghajlatvedelmi_strategia0_0.pdf

http://www.eger.hu/public/uploads/Eger_TES_teljes_2012.pdf

https://www.syke.de/portal/meldungen/ klimaanpassungsstrategie-und-aktionsplan-anpassung-600045621800.html http://mycovenant.eumayors.eu/seap-monitoring/index.php? page=iframe_graphs&process=download_documents&item_id= 11370&report_id=9017 http://www.grabs-eu.org/downloads/Municipality%20of %20Kalamaria%20CAAP.pdf http://ec.europa.eu/environment/life/project/Projects/index. cfm?fuseaction=home.showFile&rep=file&fil=ACT_261patrasdef.pdf http://www.albertirsa.hu/klimakor/pdf/albertirsa_varos_ klimastrategiaja_-_2009.pdf http://www.budapest13.hu/letoltes/hirek/hirek-2013/budapestxiii-kerulet-hosszu-tavu-fejlesztesi-koncepcio

https://www.solingen.de/C1257EBD00357318/files/kurzfassung_ klimaschutzkonzept_urheber-klingenstadt-solingen.pdf/$file/ kurzfassung_klimaschutzkonzept_urheber-klingenstadt-solingen. pdf?OpenElement https://www.stadtklima-stuttgart.de/stadtklima_filestorage/ download/kliks/KLIMAKS-2012.pdf

URL https://www.segeberg.de/media/custom/2211_372_1.PDF? 1402059093

F.C. Aguiar et al.

Environmental Science and Policy 86 (2018) 38–63

53

Trondheim

Amarante

Barreiro

Braga

Bragança

Norway

Portugal

Portugal

Portugal

Portugal

Tilburg

Netherlands

Stavanger

Rotterdam

Netherlands

Norway

Klaipėda

Latvia

Oslo

Padova

Italy

Norway

Bologna

Italy

Bergen

Ancona

Italy

Norway

Local Adaptation Strategies Galway County

Country Ireland

Table B1 (continued)

Southern Europe

Southern Europe

Southern Europe

Southern Europe

Northern Europe

Northern Europe

Northern Europe

Northern Europe

Western Europe

Western Europe

Northern Europe

Southern Europe

Southern Europe

Southern Europe

Region Northern Europe

Author (year). Title. Editor, City. URL Galway County Council (2014). Draft Galway County Development http://www.galway.ie/en/media/Draft%20Galway%20County Plan 2015-2021, Galway, February 2014. %20Development%20Plan%202015_2021.pdf (accessed 18.12.2015; not available at 28.04.2018) New version: http://www.galway.ie/en/media/Galway%20County %20Development%20Plan%202015%20-%202021%20(Written %20Statement).pdf Comune di Ancona, LIFE ACT - Adapt to Climate Change (2013). http://ec.europa.eu/environment/life/project/Projects/index. Piano di Adattamento Locale di Ancona, Ancona, 2013 cfm?fuseaction=home.showFile&rep=file&fil=ACT_260actpianoadattamentoancona.pdf Comune di Bologna, BLUE AP - Bologna Local Urban Environment http://ec.europa.eu/environment/life/project/Projects/index. cfm?fuseaction=home.showFile&rep=file&fil=BLUEAP_ Adaptation Plan for a Resilient City (2015). Strategia locale di DocumentoStrategico.pdf adattamento ai cambiamenti climatici della Città di Bologna, Bologna, 2015 Comune di Padova, Settore Ambiente (2011). Piano di Azione per http://www.padovanet.it/sites/default/files/attachment/C_1_ l'Energia Sostenibile del Comune di Padova, Padova, Febbraio 2011 Allegati_15960_Allegato.pdf http://www.baltcica.org/documents/Klaipedacity_report_Lt.pdf Stonevičius, E., Valiuškevičius, G., Rimkus E., Kaţys, J. (2010). Potvynių Smeltėje poveikio švelninimo ir adaptacijos prie jų galimybės atsižvelgiant į numatomus klimato pokyčius, Vilnius, 2010 Rotterdam Climate Initiative (2013). Rotterdam Climate Change http://www.rotterdamclimateinitiative.nl/documents/2015-enAdaptation Strategy, City of Rotterdam, October 2013 ouder/Documenten/20121210_RAS_EN_lr_versie_4.pdf Schneider, H., Dicke, D., Rovers, V. (2007). Adaptatiescan Tilburg: http://edepot.wur.nl/306920 Klimaatadaptatie in de Hotspot', Delft, December 2007 http://edepot.wur.nl/306924 Hotspot Tilburg (2010). Eerste klimaatprogramma Tilburg : naar een klimaatneutrale en klimaatbestendige stad : periode 2009–2012, de eerste etappe: 'Start van een lokale klimaatkentering', Tilburg, 2010 City of Bergen (2010). Climate and Energy Action Plan, Bergen, https://www.bergen.kommune.no/bk/multimedia/archive/ September 2010 00102/Climate_and_Energy__102562a.pdf http://www.ciens.no/media/1090/1_2007.pdf CIENS - Forskningssenter for miljø og samfunn (2007). Tilpasninger til klimaendringer i Osloregionen - CIENS-rapport 12007, Oslo, November 2007 City of Stavanger - Urban Environment and Development (2009). http://www.stavanger.kommune.no/Documents/Natur%20og Climate and Environment Plan 2010–2025, Stavanger, September %20milj%C3%B8/Aktuelt/Climate_and_environment_plan_20102009 2025.pdf http://www.trondheim.kommune.no/klima Trondheim Kommune (2010). Energi- og klimahandlingsplan for Trondheim kommune - Mål og tiltak for perioden 2010-2020, Trondheim, mars 2010 Município de Amarante, ClimAdaPT.Local - Estratégias Municipais http://climadapt-local.pt/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/EMAAC_ Amarante_re.pdf de Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas (2016). Estratégia Municipal de Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas de Amarante, Amarante, Dezembro 2016 Município do Barreiro, ClimAdaPT.Local - Estratégias Municipais http://climadapt-local.pt/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/EMAAC_ Barreiro_re.pdf de Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas (2016). Estratégia Municipal de Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas do Barreiro, Barreiro, Dezembro 2016 Município de Braga, ClimAdaPT.Local - Estratégias Municipais de http://climadapt-local.pt/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/EMAAC_ Braga_re.pdf Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas (2016). Estratégia Municipal de Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas de Braga, Braga, Dezembro 2016 Município de Bragança, ClimAdaPT.Local - Estratégias Municipais http://climadapt-local.pt/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/EMAAC_ Braganca_re.pdf de Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas (2016). Estratégia Municipal de Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas de Bragança, Bragança, Dezembro 2016

(continued on next page)

12.03.2016.

12.03.2016

12.03.2016

12.03.2016

27.01.2016

25.01.2016

25.01.2016

25.01.2016

25.01.2016

25.01.2016

20.12.2015

05.03.2016

26.01.2016

07.01.2016

06.01.2016

Accessed (date) 18.12.2015

F.C. Aguiar et al.

Environmental Science and Policy 86 (2018) 38–63

Local Adaptation Strategies Cascais

Castelo Branco

Castelo de Vide

Coruche

Évora

Ferreira do Alentejo

Figueira da Foz

Funchal

Guimarães

Ílhavo

Leiria

Lisboa

Loulé

Montalegre

Country Portugal

Portugal

Portugal

Portugal

Portugal

Portugal

Portugal

Portugal

Portugal

Portugal

Portugal

Portugal

Portugal

Portugal

Table B1 (continued)

54 Southern Europe

Southern Europe

Southern Europe

Southern Europe

Southern Europe

Southern Europe

Southern Europe

Southern Europe

Southern Europe

Southern Europe

Southern Europe

Southern Europe

Southern Europe

Region Southern Europe

Author (year). Title. Editor, City. Município de Cascais, Fundação FCUL (2010). Plano Estratégico do Concelho de Cascais Face às Alterações Climáticas, Cascais, 2010 Município de Castelo Branco, ClimAdaPT.Local - Estratégias Municipais de Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas (2016). Estratégia Municipal de Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas de Castelo Branco , Castelo Branco, Dezembro 2016 Município de Castelo de Vide, ClimAdaPT.Local - Estratégias Municipais de Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas (2016). Estratégia Municipal de Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas de Castelo de Vide, Castelo de Vide, Dezembro 2016 Município de Coruche, ClimAdaPT.Local - Estratégias Municipais de Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas (2016). Estratégia Municipal de Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas de Coruche, Coruche, Dezembro 2016 Município de Évora, ClimAdaPT.Local - Estratégias Municipais de Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas (2016). Estratégia Municipal de Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas de Évora, Évora, Dezembro 2016 Município de Ferreira do Alentejo, ClimAdaPT.Local - Estratégias Municipais de Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas (2016). Estratégia Municipal de Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas de Ferreira do Alentejo, Ferreira do Alentejo, Dezembro 2016 Município da Figueira da Foz, ClimAdaPT.Local - Estratégias Municipais de Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas (2016). Estratégia Municipal de Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas da Figueira da Foz, Figueira da Foz, Dezembro 2016 Município do Funchal, ClimAdaPT.Local - Estratégias Municipais de Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas (2016). Estratégia Municipal de Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas do Funchal, Funchal, Dezembro 2016 Município de Guimarães, ClimAdaPT.Local - Estratégias Municipais de Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas (2016). Estratégia Municipal de Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas de Guimarães, Guimarães, Dezembro 2016 Município de Ílhavo, ClimAdaPT.Local - Estratégias Municipais de Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas (2016). Estratégia Municipal de Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas de Ílhavo, Ílhavo, Dezembro 2016 Município de Leiria, ClimAdaPT.Local - Estratégias Municipais de Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas (2016). Estratégia Municipal de Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas de Leiria, Leiria, Dezembro 2016 Município de Lisboa, ClimAdaPT.Local - Estratégias Municipais de Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas (2016). Estratégia Municipal de Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas de Lisboa, Lisboa, Dezembro 2016 Município de Loulé, ClimAdaPT.Local - Estratégias Municipais de Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas (2016). Estratégia Municipal de Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas de Loulé, Loulé, Dezembro 2016 Município de Montalegre, ClimAdaPT.Local - Estratégias Municipais de Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas (2016). Estratégia Municipal de Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas de Montalegre, Montalegre, Dezembro 2016 15.03.2016

15.03.2016

15.03.2016

19.03.2016

19.03.2016

19.03.2016

19.03.2016

19.03.2016

19.03.2016

23.03.2016

23.03.2016

http://climadapt-local.pt/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/EMAAC_ Coruche_re.pdf

http://climadapt-local.pt/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/EMAAC_ Evora_re.pdf

http://climadapt-local.pt/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/EMAAC_ Ferreiradoalentejo_re.pdf

http://climadapt-local.pt/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/EMAAC_ Figueiradafoz_re.pdf

http://climadapt-local.pt/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/EMAAC_ Funchal_re.pdf

http://climadapt-local.pt/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/EMAAC_ Guimaraes_re.pdf

http://climadapt-local.pt/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/EMAAC_ Ilhavo_re.pdf

http://climadapt-local.pt/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/EMAAC_ Leiria_re.pdf

http://climadapt-local.pt/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/EMAAC_ Lisboa_re.pdf

http://climadapt-local.pt/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/EMAAC_ Loule_re.pdf

http://climadapt-local.pt/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/EMAAC_ Montalegre_re.pdf

(continued on next page)

15.03.2016

15.03.2016.

Accessed (date) 25.01.2016.

http://climadapt-local.pt/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/EMAAC_ Castelodevide_re.pdf

URL http://www.cm-cascais.pt/sites/default/files/anexos/gerais/ ag21_plano_estrategico_cc_alteracoes_climaticas.pdf http://climadapt-local.pt/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/EMAAC_ Castelobranco_re.pdf

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Environmental Science and Policy 86 (2018) 38–63

55

Timișoara

Bratislava

Kezmarok

Košice

Spišská Nová Ves

Romenia

Slovakia

Slovakia

Slovakia

Slovakia

Tondela

Portugal

Vila Franca do Campo

Tomar

Portugal

Portugal

Sintra

Portugal

Viana do Castelo

Seia

Portugal

Portugal

São João da Pesqueira

Portugal

Torres Vedras

Porto

Portugal

Portugal

Local Adaptation Strategies Odemira

Country Portugal

Table B1 (continued)

Eastern Europe

Eastern Europe

Eastern Europe

Eastern Europe

Eastern Europe

Southern Europe

Southern Europe

Southern Europe

Southern Europe

Southern Europe

Southern Europe

Southern Europe

Southern Europe

Southern Europe

Region Southern Europe

23.03.2016

23.03.2016

23.03.2016

http://climadapt-local.pt/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/EMAAC_ Porto_re.pdf

http://climadapt-local.pt/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/EMAAC_ SaoJoaodapesqueira_re.pdf

http://climadapt-local.pt/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/EMAAC_ Seia_re.pdf

(continued on next page)

02.02.2016

02.02.2016

02.02.2016

acessed 28.01.2016

28.01.2016

26.03.2016

26.03.2016

26.03.2016

23.03.2016

23.03.2016

20.12.2015

Accessed (date) 23.03.2016

URL http://climadapt-local.pt/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/EMAAC_ Odemira_re.pdf

http://www.cm-sintra.pt/index.php?option=com_ phocadownload&view=category&download=500:planoestrategico-do-csnt-face-as-alteracoes-climaticas&id=74:planosmunicipais Município de Tomar, ClimAdaPT.Local - Estratégias Municipais de http://climadapt-local.pt/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/EMAAC_ Tomar_re.pdf Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas (2016). Estratégia Municipal de Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas de Tomar, Tomar, Dezembro 2016 http://climadapt-local.pt/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/EMAAC_ Município de Tondela, ClimAdaPT.Local - Estratégias Municipais Tondela_re.pdf de Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas (2016). Estratégia Municipal de Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas de Tondela, Tondela, Dezembro 2016 http://climadapt-local.pt/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/EMAAC_ Município de Torres Vedras, ClimAdaPT.Local - Estratégias Torresvedras_re.pdf Municipais de Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas (2016). Estratégia Municipal de Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas de Torres Vedras, Torres Vedras, Dezembro 2016 http://climadapt-local.pt/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/EMAAC_ Município de Viana do Castelo, ClimAdaPT.Local - Estratégias Vianadocastelo_re.pdf Municipais de Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas (2016). Estratégia Municipal de Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas de Viana do Castelo,Viana do Castelo, Dezembro 2016 Município de Vila Franca do Campo, ClimAdaPT.Local - Estratégias http://climadapt-local.pt/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/EMAAC_ VilaFrancadocampo_re.pdf Municipais de Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas (2016). Estratégia Municipal de Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas de Vila Franca do Campo,Vila Franca do Campo, Dezembro 2016 http://www.dmmt.ro/uploads/files/Strategia_Locala_privind_ Denkstatt Romania (2010). Strategia Locala Privind Schimbarile Climatice In Municipiul Timisoara: Plan strategic de acţiuni privind schimbarile_climatice_2010.pdf combaterea, atenuarea şi adaptarea la efectele Schimbărilor Climatice în municipiul Timișoara, Timisoara, 2010 Kozova,M., Pauditsova, E., Hudekova, Z. (2016). RESIN: City http://www.resin-cities.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/D4.1__City_ Assessment Report Bratislava, ICLEI, Utrecht, 2016 Assessment_Report_Bratislava_ICLEI_2016-02-29.pdf http://www.kezmarok.sk/subory/program_rozvoja/2016_01_05/ Hegyi, L., Schvalb, M., Šteiner, A. (2015). Stratégia adaptácie adaptacna_strategia_zk_kezmarok.pdf mesta Kežmarok na zmenu klímy so zameraním na rast častosti intenzívnych zrážok, Kežmarok, 2015 Hegyi, L., Schvalb, M., Šteiner, A. (2014). Stratégia adaptácie http://www.kri.sk/web_object/435.pdf Mestskej časti Košice – Západ na rast častosti a intenzity horúčav, Košice, 2014 Hudeková, Zuzana (2012). Stratégia adaptácie na dopady zmeny http://www.spisskanovaves.eu/fileadmin/snv/user_upload/ klímy v meste Spišská Nová Ves a okolí, Bratislava, 2012 editor/editor1/dokumenty/projekty/strategicke_dokumenty/ Strategia_adaptacie_navrh_3-2012.pdf

Author (year). Title. Editor, City. Município de Odemira, ClimAdaPT.Local - Estratégias Municipais de Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas (2016). Estratégia Municipal de Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas de Odemira, Odemira, Dezembro 2016 Município do Porto, ClimAdaPT.Local - Estratégias Municipais de Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas (2016). Estratégia Municipal de Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas do Porto, Porto, Dezembro 2016 Município de São João da Pesqueira, ClimAdaPT.Local - Estratégias Municipais de Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas (2016). Estratégia Municipal de Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas de São João da Pesqueira, São João da Pesqueira, Dezembro 2016 Município de Seia, ClimAdaPT.Local - Estratégias Municipais de Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas (2016). Estratégia Municipal de Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas de Seia, Seia, Dezembro 2016 Município de Sintra, Fundação FCUL (2009). Plano Estratégico do Concelho de Sintra face às Alteracões Climáticas, Sintra, 2009

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Stockholm

Aberdeen

Birmingham

Cambridge

Conventry

Edinburgh

United Kingdom

United Kingdom

United Kingdom

United Kingdom

United Kingdom

Helsingborg

Sweden

Sweden

Göteborg

Sweden

Malmö

Zaragoza

Spain

Sweden

Vitoria-Gasteiz

Spain

Landskrona

Valencia

Spain

Sweden

Madrid

Spain

Kristianstad

Bullas

Spain

Sweden

Bilbao

Spain

Kalmar

Barcelona

Spain

Sweden

Local Adaptation Strategies Trnava

Country Slovakia

Table B1 (continued)

Northern Europe

Northern Europe

Northern Europe

Northern Europe

Northern Europe

Northern Europe

Northern Europe

Northern Europe

Northern Europe

Northern Europe

Northern Europe

Northern Europe

Southern Europe

Southern Europe

Southern Europe

Southern Europe

Southern Europe

Southern Europe

Southern Europe

Region Eastern Europe

Birmingham City Council (2012). Climate Change Adaptation Action Plan 2012: Preparing Birmingham for Climate Change Impacts, Birmingham, 2012 Cambridge City Council (2012). Cambridge City Council Climate Change Strategy 2012 – 2016, Cambridge, October 2012 Coventry City Council (2012). Climate Change Strategy for Coventry 2020, The Coventry Partnership, Conventry, 2012 The City of Edinburgh Council (2014). Resilient Edinburgh Climate Change Adaptation Framework: For Edinburgh 2014 – 2020, Edinburgh, 2014

Helsingborg Stadsbyggnadsförvaltningen-Avdelning för Strategisk planering (2011). PM Klimatanpassning fördjupningspromemoria, Helsingborg, oktober 2011 Länsstyrelsen Kalmar län (2011). Klimat i förändring – möjligheter och utmaningar för Kalmar län, Länsstyrelsens meddelandeserie 2011:10, Klmar, 2011 Kristianstads Kommun (2011). Klimatanpassning - Underlag till Klimatstrategi för Kristianstads kommun Antagen 2011-09-13, Kristianstad, 2011 Landskrona Stad (2011). Översiktsplan Landskrona stad, Klimatanpassning och Klimatsmart Planering I Landskrona, Stadsbyggnadsförvaltningen, Planavdelningen 2015-02-13, Landskrona, 2011 Malmö Stad (2009). Climate Adaptation Strategy The City of Malmö 2009 - 2020, Malmö, 2009 Ekelund, N., City of Stockholm - Environment and Health Administration (2007). Adapting to Climate Change in Stockholm Stockholm’s Action Programme on Climate Change, Stockholm, March 2007 : Executive Summary, Aberdeen, 2002

Author (year). Title. Editor, City. Karpatský rozvojový inštitút (2015). Adaptácia na zmenu klímy v Trnave – vec verejná, Košice, 2015 Àrea Metropolitana de Barcelona (2015). Pla d’Adaptació al Canvi Climàtic de l’Àrea Metropolitana de Barcelona: 2015-2020, Barcelona, Gener 2015 Reil, Alice, ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability (2016). RESIN (Climate Resilient Cities and Infrastructures) City Assessment Report Bilbao, Bilbao, February 2016 Goméz, I. C., Palao, H. L., Municipality of Bullas (2013). Adapting to Climate Change in Time: Local Adaptation Plan Bullas, Bullas, April 2013 City of Madrid (2008). City of Madrid Plan for the Sustainable Use of Energy and Climate Change Prevention, Madrid, June 2008 Generalitat Valenciana (2013). Estrategia Valenciana ante el Cambio Climático 2013-2020: Mitigación y Adaptación, Valencia, Febrero 2013 Ayuntamiento de Vitoria‐Gasteiz (2011). Plan de Adaptación al Cambio Climático de Vitoria-Gasteiz, Vitoria‐Gasteiz, diciembre 2011 Celma, J., Cebrián, C., Agencia de Medio Ambiente y Sostenibilidad Ayuntamiento de Zaragoza (2010). Estrategia de Adaptación al Cambio Climático de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, octubre de 2010 City of Gothenburg (2014). Climate Programme for Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 2014. 23.02.2016

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https://www.cambridge.gov.uk/sites/default/files/documents/ climate-change-strategy-2012-2016.pdf http://www.coventry.gov.uk/downloads/file/4874/climate_ change_strategy_for_coventry http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/5110/resilient_ edinburgh_climate_change_adaptation_framework_2014-2020

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Accessed (date) 05.02.2016

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Nottingham

Portsmouth

Stirling Council

United Kingdom

United Kingdom

United Kingdom

Worcester

Newcastle upon Tyne

United Kingdom

United Kingdom

Manchester

United Kingdom

Wirral

London

United Kingdom

United Kingdom

Liverpool

United Kingdom

West Lothian Council

Lincoln

United Kingdom

United Kingdom

Leicester

United Kingdom

Stockton-on-Tees

Leeds

United Kingdom

United Kingdom

Local Adaptation Strategies Glasgow

Country United Kingdom

Table B1 (continued)

57 Northern Europe

Northern Europe

Northern Europe

Northern Europe

Northern Europe

Northern Europe

Northern Europe

Northern Europe

Northern Europe

Northern Europe

Northern Europe

Northern Europe

Northern Europe

Northern Europe

Region Northern Europe http://www.leeds.gov.uk/docs/Climate%20Change%20Strategy %202012.pdf http://publications.leicester.gov.uk/adaptationplan/

URL https://www.glasgow.gov.uk/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=7609&p=0

http://www.lincoln.gov.uk/your-council/information-policiesand-publications/environment-policies-and-publications/aclimate-change-strategy/111687.article City of Liverpool (2009). Climate Change Strategic Framework: A https://liverpool.gov.uk/media/9142/liverpool_climate_change_ Prospectus for Action, Liverpool, September 2009 implementation_programme_sept2009.pdf Mayor of London (2011). Managing risks and increasing resilience: https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/gla_migrate_files_ the Mayor’s climate change adaptation strategy, London, October destination/Adaptation-oct11.pdf 2011 Manchester Climate Change Agency (2016). Manchester Climate http://www.manchesterclimate.com/2050consultation Change Strategy 2017-50, Manchester, December 2016 Newcastle Partnership (2010). Citywide Climate Change Strategy & http://www.energy-cities.eu/db/Newcastle_Climate-ChangeStrategy_Action-Plan_2010_en.pdf Action Plan 2010 - 2020: Delivering Newcastle’s Sustainable Community Strategy, Newcastle, 2010 Nottingham City Council (2010). Nottingham City Council’s http://open.nottinghamcity.gov.uk/informationgovernance/ Climate Change Adaptation Action Plan, Nottingham, 2010 displayresponsefile.aspx?complaintkey=3044&filename= 3044%20ADAPTATION_ACTION_PLAN%20FINAL.pdf Portsmouth City Council (2009). Portsmouth Climate Change https://www.portsmouth.gov.uk/ext/documents-external/cmuStrategy, Portsmouth , 2009 climate-strategy-full.pdf Stirling Council (2016). Climate Ready Stirling: Building Capacity http://www.stirling.gov.uk/__documents/climate-adaptationstrategy.pdf & Delivering Action: A Climate Adaptation Strategy for Stirling, Striling, September 2016 Tees Valley Climate Change Partnership (2010). Tees Valley http://www.darlington.gov.uk/media/127632/tvccpreport.pdf Climate Change Strategy 2010 - 2020, Tees Valley, 2010 West Lothian Council (2015). Climate Change Strategy 2015 http://www.westlothian.gov.uk/media/10479/West-Lothian2020, West Lothian, November 2015 Council-Climate-Change-Strategy-2015-2020/pdf/West_Lothian_ Council_Climate_Change_Strategy_2015-2020.pdf Wirral Climate Change Group (2014). COOL - Wirral Climate https://www.wirral.gov.uk/sites/default/files/all/About%20the Change Strategy 2014-2019, Wirral, 2014 %20council/climate%20change/Wirral%20Climate%20Change %20Strategy%202014-2019.pdf Worcestershire Partnership (2012). Worcestershire Climate Change http://www.worcestershire.gov.uk/downloads/file/3765/ Strategy 2012-2020, Worcestershire, 2012 worcestershire_climate_change_strategy_2012_to_2020

Author (year). Title. Editor, City. Glasgow City Council (2010). Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan - A brighter future for our city, Glasgow, November 2010 Leeds City Council (2010). Leeds Climate Change Strategy - Making the Change 2012 to 2015, Leeds, 2010 Leicester City Council (2015). Climate Change Adaptation Plan, Leicester, April 2015 City of Lincoln Council (2005). A City Of Lincoln Climate Change Strategy, Lincoln, August 2005

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22.01.2016

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Appendix C Results of Cochran's Q tests for the overall database and by regions

Table C1 Results of Cochran’s Q tests, including the asymptotic significance values for each test and degrees of freedom (df) for the overall database and by regions. Case studies

Statistics

Overal data set (n = 147)

Cochran's Q Asymptotic significance df Cochran's Q Asymptotic significance Cochran's Q Asymptotic significance Cochran's Q Asymptotic significance Cochran's Q Asymptotic significance

Northern region (n = 45) Eastern region (n = 20) Western region (n = 40) Southern region (n = 42)

Triggers for adaptation

Vulnerabilities

Adaptation planning in sectors

Implementation of adaptation action in sectors

Barriers to implementation

Funding sources

Stakeholders

61,753 ,000

483,71 ,000

775,861 ,000

444,408 ,000

110,589 ,000

190,452 ,000

310,974 ,000

9 35,836 ,000

15 205,803 ,000

20 278,157 ,000

20 205,517 ,000

13 34,347 ,001

9 59,420 ,000

7 91,703 ,000

test

28,562 ,001

124,452 ,000

160,153 ,000

61,171 ,000

39,661 ,000

51,462 ,000

40,133 ,000

test

29,838b ,000

212,735 ,000

230,338 ,000

206,044 ,000

24,667 ,026

87,876 ,000

104,854 ,000

test

189,494 ,000

120,881 ,000

258,382 ,000

46,545 ,001

109,450 ,000

39,462 ,000

126,916 ,000

test

test

Appendix D Asymptotic significances for the McNemar tests for all the topics (a–g) considered in the study and for the overall database (n = 147). Highlighted cells denote significant differences with the respective Bonferroni correction for each pair of references

Table D1 Triggers for adaptation.

Bonferroni correction 0.0055.

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Table D2 Vulnerabilities.

Bonferroni correction 0.0033.

Table D3 Adaptation sectors.

Bonferroni correction 0.0033.

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Table D4 Implementation sectors.

Bonferroni correction 0.0033.

Table D5 Barriers to adaptation.

Bonferroni correction 0.0036.

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Table D6 Stakeholders involvement.

Bonferroni correction 0.007.

Table D7 Funding sources.

Bonferroni correction 0.005.

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Francisca C. Aguiar graduated on Agronomic Engineering, holds a M.Sc. in Integrated Pest Management and a Ph.D. in Forest Engineering, did post-doctoral studies on the effects of land-use/land cover change, streamflow regulation and water scarcity in rivers and riparian forests. She was a Professor at the Faculty of Biotechnology-Porto, Catholic University and an Invited Scientist at School of Agronomy, University of Lisbon. She has been involved in the implementation of the EU-Water Framework Directive and Habitats Directive, and in climate change adaptation of Portuguese municipalities. She is currently at the Forest Research Centre, University of Lisbon, working in functional ecology and decision sciences. Julia Bentz is a postdoc researcher and integrated member of the Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes at the University of Lisbon. Her background in interdisciplinary social sciences (MPhil. Development Studies, PhD Economics) and

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Rob Swart is coordinator of international climate change adaptation research at Wageningen Environmental Research in The Netherlands. He is involved in national and international projects on climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction. Previously, he headed the European Topic Centre on Air and Climate Change of the EEA and was extensively involved in the work of the IPCC. He works at the interface of science and policy. Rob holds a M.Sc. in environmental engineering from Delft University of Technology and a PhD in climate risk assessment from the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. He has more than 200 publications.

personal interests have directed her research towards the interactions between social and ecological systems in a variety of research fields, including marine spatial planning, marine wildlife tourism, protected areas, sustainable mobility, climate change adaptation and transformation. Within her current project, ART FOR ADAPTATION, she aims to develop new understandings of how artistic and creative practices can contribute to successful climate change adaptation. João M. N. Silva holds a master’s in Applied Mathematics and a Ph.D. on Forestry. He was a postdoc researcher at Tropical Research Institute and at the Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Lisbon, and a visiting scientist at the Joint Research Centre, Italy. His research interests include the monitoring of land use/cover change and biomass burning by remote sensing, the impacts of fire (e.g. emissions to atmosphere), and the relationship between fire and forest sustainability. He is a researcher at the Forest Research Centre of the School of Agriculture where he lectures Fire Ecology and Remote Sensing.

Filipe D. Santos holds a M.Sc. in Geophysics by the University of Lisbon and a Ph.D. in Theoretical Physics by the University of London. Full professor of Environmental Sciences at the University of Lisbon and Director of the PhD program on Climate Change and Sustainable Development Policies - University of Lisbon and New University of Lisbon. His present area of research is climate change and sustainability. He was review editor of the IPCC AR5 WGII and is presently chairman of the Portuguese Council of the Environment and Sustainable Development and member of the Environment Steering Panel of EASAC.

Ana L. Fonseca is a Social scientist, with a degree in Anthropology at FCSH, New University of Lisbon and a Masters in Sociology from the same institution. She has developed skills in training and social education in community-based projects, and has been engaged in the preparation, implementation and analysis of participatory case study research. She has experience in organizing workshops on Climate Change Adaptation and in Local and Regional Adaptation Strategies stakeholder engagement. Currently, she works at University of Lisbon, aiming to develop an understanding of local responses in the realms of culture/identity and symbolic behavior towards environmental sustainable development.

Gil Penha-Lopes was born and lives in Lisbon, Portugal, is a father of a girl, and enjoys sailing and gardening. He graduated on marine biology, did a PhD on applied ecology and a post-doc on integral sustainability and climate change adaptation at the local level. Currently GPL is working on “Bio(re)Design of technological, ecological and social-economic systems at local scales to improve human wellbeing. Since 2013 that he lectures on the Climate Change and Sustainable Developmental Policies Doctoral Program of Lisbon University and has recently founded an European platform of Community-led initiatives towards a Sustainable Europe (ECOLISE: www.ecolise.eu).

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