Adapting to Terrace Housing Living in Malaysia

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 36 (2012) 147 – 157

AcE-Bs 2011 Bandung ASEAN Conference on Environment-Behaviour Studies, Savoy Homann Bidakara Bandung Hotel, Bandung, Indonesia, 15-17 June 2011

Adapting to Terrace Housing Living in Malaysia Zaiton Abdul Rahimᵃ* and Ahmad Hariza Hashimᵇ ᵃInternational Islamic Univeristy Malaysia, P.O.Box 10, Kuala Lumpur 50728, Malaysia ᵇUniversiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia

Abstract This paper attempted to examine the behavioural adaptation in relation to the Malay culture namely the activity system, privacy and social interaction of the Malay families and terrace housing modification. The study employs case studies involving 11 Malay families living in the three-bedroom two-storey terrace houses in two urban locations in Malaysia. Findings indicate that behavioural adaptation resulted in changes in some aspects of the Malay culture and housing modifications may have provided a more supportive living environment but have adverse effects on individual family and housing community due to the constraints of the existing housing design. © 2012 2011Published Publishedbyby Elsevier Selection andpeer-review peer-review under responsibility of Centre for EnvironmentElsevier B.V.Ltd. Selection and/or under responsibility of Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies(cE-Bs), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Teknologi MARA, Malaysia Behaviour Studies (cE-Bs), Faculty of Architecture, Planning &Universiti Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.

Keywords: Behavioural adaptation; housing modification; privacy; activity system; social interaction

1. Introduction Culture creates behavioural norms and, therefore, knowledge of cultural context allows one to predict, to some extent, the actions of those people in that culture (Geertz, 1973). It is the sum of learnt beliefs, values and customs that create behavioural norms for a given society. Some authors suggest that culture and behaviour influence the environment while others argue the opposite. Despite the differences in opinion, extant literature has indicated the link and relationship between behaviour and environment

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +60361964000; fax: +6036196464. E-mail address: [email protected].

1877-0428 © 2012 Published by Elsevier B.V. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies(cE-Bs), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.03.017

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(Heimstra & McFarling, 1974); Baron, Robert & Byrne, 1991; Betchtel, 1997; Rivlin, 2000; Wapner, Demick, Yamamoto & Minami, 2000). Altman (1975) posited that the environment is both "a determinant of behaviour and an extension of behaviour". The relationship between environment and social behaviour is an active and continuous process of interacting and interrelated components. The environmental and behavioural process is not a direct causal sequence, but one of reciprocal or circular feedback whereby each component is both a cause and effect. It not only acts upon other components and thereby changes them, but in so doing it changes the environment and thereby induces changes in itself (Franck, 1985). Rapoport and Hardie (1991) suggest that culture changes in tandem with built environment. This suggestion is relevant when the built environment is meant for a homogeneous group of people who have control over the built environment such as seen in the traditional society. In this case houses were built according to the way of lives of the people, culturally specific and meant for a specific group of people with similar cultural background. However, the suggestion is not relevant when housing were imposed on the people and not consistent with their cultural needs, resulted in behavioural adaptation and physical modification especially when the housing is designed for a heterogeneous group of people with different culture. William (1960) suggests that changes in the environment change behaviour; the environment as a behavioural setting through expectations, affects behaviour. This argument is supported by Proshansky, Ittelson and Rivlin (1970) and Stokols (1977) who suggested that changes in the characteristic behaviour patterns of a physical setting can be induced by the physical settings. Archea (1977) suggested that social behaviours are involved in settings whose objective and physical characteristics have the potential to affect the behaviour itself, such as the house which has the potential to influence the activity system, privacy and social interaction of the family. A study by Zaiton (2000) found that housing designs not congruent with the culture of the people result in changes in behavioural patterns and aspects of culture, an indirect effect of the built environment on culture. Environment can either facilitate or inhibit certain behaviours, cognitive processes, mood and so on (Rapoport, 2005). Behaviour in relation to a physical setting is dynamically organised. Specific behaviours adapt to environmental constraints so as to create necessary equilibrium between the individual and his environment (Leboyer, 1982). Behavioural adaptation may result in negative consequences unless behavioural adaptation is healthy or at least not harmful. There are claims that the built environment is a determinant of behaviour whereby behavioural adaptation is a spontaneous response to constraints in the environment (Archea, 1977; Proshansky, Ittelson & Rivlin, 1970). The relationship between the environment and behaviour is a cyclical and diabolical process where changes in one aspect will have a direct influence on the other. Garling & Garling (1993) and Hanson & Hanson (1993) noted that the physical environment imposes constraints on feasible activities. A physical setting not conducive to a pattern of behaviour which has been characteristic of the setting will result in changes in the physical setting and adaptation in the characteristics of the behavioural pattern (Proshansky et al.,1970). This is obvious in the case of the house, a primary territory for most individuals and family in relation to the daily activity, privacy and social interaction. It is the most likely physical setting to be modified when it is not consistent or congruent with the needs and expected behavioural patterns of the family. The failure of the house to satisfy the individual and collective needs of the family will result in behavioural adaptation to compensate for the environmental constraints or create a social environment replacing or completing what the physical environment provides for as suggested by Proshansky et al. (1970).

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2. Background Rapid changes in living conditions and contradictions between the global and Eastern world culture and local traditions have created new paradigms and changed culture-housing interactions in Malaysia. Housing designs are influenced by foreign cultures and not congruent with the way of the life of the people. Most Malaysians living in the urban areas rely on the mass housing particularly terrace housings which offers affordable ad popular housing alternative. The introduction of terrace house in the early 1970s has significantly changed the housing scene in Malaysia. It is affordable to people from different level of income and dominates the housing supply in the urban areas. The terrace housing was originally introduced by the British in the 1970s. The designs were influenced by the Western design principles and were not based on the cultural needs of the local people especially the Malays who constitute the majority of the rural-urban migrants. At times, this contradiction indirectly affects some aspects of the Malay culture as shown by previous studies (Sen, 1979; Fatimah, 1994 and Yaakob, 1992). The incongruence between housing design and the way of life of the people resulted in behavioural adaptation and housing modification which subsequently leads to changes in some aspects of the Malay culture. Ideally, housing designs support the overall needs of the family such as the activity system, privacy and social interaction consistent with the culture of the people. However, to varying degrees, the physical constraints of the terrace houses may not be consistent with these needs. It is postulated that constraints imposed by building, foster psychological stress and impinge on one's felt sense of privacy by virtue of the behavioural adaptations that they necessitate, affecting all of those living in it (Booth, Edwards & Edwards, 1982). The house should support daily activity systems for normal functioning of individuals and family, affords some degree of control over the physical environment and promotes social interactions between neighbours consistent with the argument promoted by Rapoport (1976) that the role of built environment, at the very least, is to render certain activities highly likely or unlikely to occur. However, the terrace housing designs are not consistent to the Malay culture as noted by many authors (Lim, 1987; Vlatseas, 1990; Mohamad Tajudin, 2003). Therefore behavioural adaptations are expected to create a balance between behaviour and the physical living environment. Theoretical explanations for reasons behind modifications are various. One which is widely accepted is that housing modification is an expression of a resident’s personality, tastes, interest, lifestyle, values and social status (Rapoport, 1969 & 1981; Nasar, 1989). However, there are some social aspects that should be considered, particularly the cultural context of these studies. Housing modification is beyond expressing personal identity in cases where the existing houses have not satisfied the important needs of the family. In these cases, modifications were mainly to provide what was lacking in the existing house particularly when housing mobility is not a choice due to high price of houses in the urban areas and strong neighbourhood attachment such as in the case of Malaysia. Adaptation is required until housing modification can be afforded. Modification of terrace houses is widespread and became part of the Malaysian culture (Department of Housing, 2004) even until today. Zaiton & Ahmad Hariza (2006) found that some aspects of the Malay culture were lost or adapted in the process of behavioural adaptation in low cost terrace housing at least until housing modification can be afforded. 3. Objectives The objectives of the study are: x To examine the behavioural adaptation in relation to activity system, privacy and social interaction x To examine the physical adaptation in the form of housing modification of terrace housing designs

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4. Methodology Case study employing personal interview, observation and analytical review of drawings (plans and elevations of housing units) were employed for the study. The case studies involved eleven Malay households living in the two-storey three bedroom terrace houses in two urban areas namely in Kajang and Kuala Lumpur. The houses selected represent the smallest and the biggest two-storey three bedroom terrace houses with different designs and layouts (Figure 1).The respondents were identified during the first phase of the study which involved a survey interview. Only 22 respondents agreed to be interviewed out of 401 respondents. This study uses the second rule proposed by Lonner and Berry (1986), whereby one does the best one can under the circumstances to appropriate a sample, which permits the proper execution of the research. 7

7 3 4

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TYPE A1 (~880 sq. ft.) TYPE A2 (~840 sq. ft.) TYPE A3 (~ 896 sq. ft.) GROUND FLOOR AND FIRST FLOOR PLANS OF TERRACE HOUSING TYPE A

7 7 3 4

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TYPE B1 (~1008 sq. ft.) TYPE B2 (~ 936 sq. ft.) GROUND FLOOR AND FIRST FLOOR PLANS OF TERRACE HOUSING TYPE B

Fig. 1

The plans of the terrace houses in the case studies

4

Legend 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Living area Dining Kitchen Bedroom Terrace Driveway backyard

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The case studies represent the different housing designs; seven cases of the Type A and four case studies of the Type B terrace housing units. Across the samples, the respondents’ views were explored pertaining to the activity system, privacy and social interaction based on a prepared list of questions. A simple form was designed to ease the process of interviewing and to ensure that all respondents were asked the same questions. All interviews were fully transcribed for analysis. It is their relevance to the research topic rather than their representative-ness, which determines the ways in which the people to be studied are selected in qualitative research (Flick, 1998). In this study, the selection of respondents is based on their willingness to be interviewed, identified during the survey interview. Respondents were from families with both female and male children, female children only, male children only and children of different ages. Only eleven respondents were finally interviewed. Even so, the number is good enough to provide relevant information for the research. Each of the interviews takes between 45 to 60 minutes. The interviews were recorded and transcribed. Photographs and sketches were used to record the physical changes. However, not all respondents allow the internal part of their houses to be photographed. 5. Findings and Discussion The discussions on findings are divided into two parts based on the objectives of the paper: 5.1. Behavioural adaptation in relation to activity system, privacy and social interaction Findings indicate that behavioural adaptation among Malay families in relation to the activity system, privacy and social interaction of the Malay families living in the three-bedroom terrace houses were due to the physical constraint of the terrace houses. Family life-cycle, family composition and religious belief are found to influence behavioural adaptation of the families. Findings also indicate that in most cases, behavioural adaptation was required to provide privacy at different levels in the activity systems and social interaction, and at both the public and private level. At the public level, behavioural adaptation was needed to achieve visual privacy; both inside and outside the house when observation was effective, and to limit unwanted social interaction. Behavioural adaptation was required at private level mainly to support daily activity system, parent’s intimacy, solitude for adolescent children and parents, separation of sleeping places and privacy in the presence of guests. Behavioural adaptation to support daily activity was common in the case studies due to the constraints of the terrace houses. Adaptation was particularly important at certain stage of family lifecycle and composition. One of the dimensions of privacy is the life-cycle dimension which influenced privacy need of the family (Laufer, 1974). Behavioural adaptation is particularly required for families with adolescence daughter(s) and son(s). This was because there is a need to provide space for their daily activities such as reading and studying, separation of sleeping places and the need for privacy in performing some of the activities. Findings indicate that it was common for family to use the living and dining as studying areas for school going children. Most respondents had to make do with the constraints of space of their houses until modification was afforded. Sharing of bedrooms was common and majority of the respondents indicated that the need for individual room for the children did not arise as the children has adapted to the lack of individual space early in their lives. Privacy need increases when they reached adolescent. Findings indicated that the need to provide separation of sleeping places was consistent with Islamic guideline which requires privacy to the parents and the children. Increase in privacy need was associated with appropriation of space as suggested by Guiliani, Rullo & Bove (1990). The lack of space resulted in a negative behavioural adaptation in some cases. For example, one of the respondents indicate that her family did not invite male guests into the house to maintain the privacy of

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the family members and guests were entertained in the porch area. Similarly most respondents indicated that it was difficult to have visiting relatives staying over in their houses. Three respondents indicate that they made it known to their relatives that staying over in their houses was not possible, contrary to the good hospitality known in the Malay society. Findings indicate that privacy from outside is easily regulated by closing the doors and windows. However privacy at private level was not easily achieved during the presence of guests due to the openness of the ground floor which allows internal spaces to be visually accessible to guests. Similarly, movement in the house especially for female members and usage of some spaces were restricted in the presence of guests. Public spaces such as dining and living area were used interchangeably for many activities but, at times, resulted in conflicts of usage. Ten out of eleven respondents were in the opinion that behavioural adaptation was required to maintain privacy, unwanted social interaction and security. Locking the gate to the house and closing the door were common practices for this reason which indirectly influenced the level of interaction with neighbours. Most respondents believe that neighbourhood attachment is still strong in their terrace housing areas. However the need to maintain their privacy and respect the neighbours’ privacy indirectly resulted in less interaction with the neighbourhood. Most respondents appear to focus more on their family and interaction with neighbours was rarely on a daily basis. At the same time, living in close proximity with each other such as the terrace houses leads to loss of privacy, resulted in the tendency to compensate the lack of privacy due to physical constraint by reducing social interaction and spatial invasion through the use of territorial marker, which further discourages and limits social interaction among the neighbour. The finding is consistent with a study by Wong (2003) which finds that privacy at home is extremely important in Hong Kong compact living space. A big emphasis on privacy creates barriers which limits contact where people isolate themselves inside their own boundaries. Other behavioural adaptation in terrace houses are controlling noise from their own houses, avoiding looking into the neighbour’s house particularly when the house faces another unit and tolerance towards occasional intrusion within the neighbourhood. The following verbatim responses illustrate some of the behavioural adaptation of the Malay families living in the three-storey three bedroom terrace houses: “The only people passing in front of our house are neighbours. I don’t think they would be looking into our house when they passed by. We don’t do that either “We taught our children the importance of sharing from young age. Therefore they have no concern for individual privacy since they have been sharing rooms since they were small”. “My house faces another terrace housing unit. We would not look into my neighbour’s house. As much as we respect their privacy, we feel that our neighbours have the same feeling too. It would be embarrassing if we accidentally see our neighbours in their house when they are inappropriately clothes”. “I do not feel comfortable if they (the male guests) see me going about in my house, therefore I normally stay in the kitchen or in the bedroom until they (the husband’s friends or male neighbours) leave”. 5.1.1. Physical adaptation in the form of housing modification of terrace housing designs The following design characteristics were found to negatively affect the Malay families living in the terrace houses in relation to privacy, activity system and social interaction, which influenced housing modification: x Open layout, lack of a clear division between public and private spaces and proximity of spaces on the ground floor affects the privacy of the family. Internal wall between the kitchen and the living area provides privacy. The study found that satisfaction on privacy was more likely in housing units where these two spaces are physically separated.

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x Three bedrooms were sufficient but the third bedroom on the ground floor is appropriate. Some bedrooms are awkward in configuration and too small. x The location and position of windows, proximity of housing units in relation to other units and ‘mirror image’ arrangement of housing units results in the visibility of internal spaces of the housing units from outside. x Mirror image arrangement of housing units allows visual exposure of internal spaces. Respondents living in houses facing an open space, a playground, a street and or located higher than the rear housing units are more satisfied with their houses. x The overall arrangement of housing units with defined territory contributed to the lack of social interaction among neighbours. The lack of shared external spaces discourages interactions between neighbours. There was a need to balance between the constraint of space at private level and external shared space for the community. Findings indicate that housing modification was undertaken mainly to provide a supportive living environment for the family. In general the housing modifications were to provide convenience for daily activities, privacy and social interaction. Housing modification is an on-going effort to improve the physical living environment and varied according to individual family needs. Most modifications were undertaken at the stage of family life cycle when the children reached adolescence, a reflection of the importance to provide privacy in term of separate sleeping and spaces for increased. The terrace house modifications reflect the incongruity between housing design and way of life of the inhabitants. Table 1 lists the modifications observed in the case studies. Table 1. Specifics of modification of terrace housing

Specifics of modifications Change in window design Extension of kitchen Relocation of kitchen door Change in fencing Addition of external wall between terrace housing units Addition of exterior space (porch, terrace) Relocation of bedroom Physical separation of living and kitchen Relocation of the main/entrance door Addition of a family area Extension of living area Separation of dining and kitchen Dining as part of kitchen Addition of bedroom(s) Relocation of bathroom on the ground floor Extension of kitchen only Extension of living and kitchen and demolishing of room 3 Addition of informal dining Addition of bathroom

A1 x x x

x x x

A2 x x x x x

A3 x x x x x

x

x x x x x

x x x x

x

A4 x

A5 x x x x

x

Case study A6 A7 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

x

x

x

B2 x x x x x

B3 x x x x x

B4 x x x x x

x x x x

x x x

x x x

x x

x x x x x x

x x

x x

x x

x

x x

B1 x x x x x

x x

x x x x x

x x x x

x x x

x x x

x

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In sum there are four main characteristics of terrace housing modifications in the case studies namely: x Reorganisation and addition of spaces on ground floor Reorganisation and addition of spaces on the ground floor is the xmost common modification involving the addition of a new living area which, indirectly relocates and redefined the spaces into the public and private spaces. The extension of the kitchen and the addition of a new living area also result in an indirect addition of a family area which is used for many activities in the house. Addition of living/guest area on the ground floor indirectly relocates the staircase to the private area of the house, allowing better usage of the living area for activities in privacy even in the presence of guests. Relocation of bathroom which is visible from the public area of the house is considered important but limited by financial resources of the family. Modification beyond building setback up to the rear boundary of the housing unit is common in the smaller housing units. It reduces the distance between housing units and reduces the privacy of the terrace houses. Modification is particularly difficult on the first floor in the smaller housing units due to their width. Extension or addition of the porch area is common and indirectly provide a place for interaction and privacy in the presence of guests. x Reorganisation and addition of bedrooms The addition and reorganisation of bedrooms are undertaken to provide sufficient and functional bedrooms which can provide separate sleeping places, privacy for bodily functions and other activities especially needed when the children reached adolescence. Addition of bedrooms is also undertaken to provide privacy and accommodates visiting guests. The addition of a family or activity area is common as a result of reorganisation and addition of bedrooms on the first floor. The addition of bedroom may provide sufficient number of bedrooms, but the comfort of the family is compromised in some cases due to the lack of natural lighting and ventilation as shown in Figure 2. Addition of room up to the boundary line at the rear also affects the privacy of terrace houses as the distance between houses become closer.

Bedroom 4

Bedroom 3 (with skylight)

Odd shaped bedroom 2 and 3

Bedroom 2 (with skylight)

Main bedroom Existing bath

Existing balcony Before modification

After modification

Fig 2. Reorganisation and addition of bedrooms in Case A7

x Addition of family/ activity area Addition of family area is observed in six of the case studies. In four cases the existing living area is used as a family/ activity area after the addition of a new living/ guest area. The addition of living room is important as it does not only create another space but indirectly re-organised the spaces into public and

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private space. The addition of space provides the family a space for activities in the private area of the house. In some cases, this area may not be physically separated from the living area but defined by furniture as seen in two case studies. The activity area is normally located in the first floor of the bigger terrace houses (Type B). Addition of the family/ activity area is important for the families as it provides a space which the family can use for many activities even in the presence of guests. Findings indicate that addition of this area is most important when the children reach adolescence. Fig 3 illustrates the addition of family/ activity area in one of the case studies. Main bedroom relocated New bedroom Stairs leading to rooftop Extended bathroom Main bedroom

Bed 2

New family area

Existing bedroom 2 and bedroom 3 combined as one (sons’ room)

Bed 3

Tinted casement window

Before modification Fig 3.

After modification

Addition of family area in Case B3

x Changes in the characteristics of windows and doors The study found that tinted glass windows are commonly used to provide visual privacy particularly in the bedrooms. The use of louvre windows in the extended kitchen is common due to its characteristic which allows control of visual privacy and ventilation. The use of glass sliding door in the living area and casement or bay windows with tinted glass in the bedrooms is observed in all the case studies. 6. Conclusion The terrace housing designs are not consistent with the changing housing needs of the Malay families resulted in behavioural adaptation. The lack of social and cultural consideration in terms of privacy, activity system and social interaction resulted in behavioural adaptation at least unit housing physical adaptation in the form of housing modification can be afforded. Some aspect of culture such as hospitality and social interaction which are important in the Malay culture were not considered in the housing design. Similarly the idea of privacy of the family and activity system was not given importance in the design. The use of the porch area can be encouraged as potential space for social interaction and entertaining guests to compensate the lack of space in the house and indirectly provide privacy. The relatively bigger

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terrace houses allow modification to support the changing needs of the family. However, the constraint of space in some of the smaller terrace houses affected the family in a different way even after modification such as the lack of natural lighting and ventilation and the privacy of family and neighbour, therefore necessitating the on-going process of behavioural adaptation. The lack of social and cultural consideration in the terrace houses will lead to some aspects of the culture to diminish.

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