Adaptive design of distance relay for series compensated transmission line

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1st International Conference on Power Engineering, Computing and CONtrol, PECCON-2017, 24 March 2017, VIT University, Chennai and Campus 1st International Conference on Power Engineering, Computing CONtrol, PECCON-2017, 24 March 2017, VIT University, Chennai Campus

Adaptive design of distance relay for series compensated The 15th International Symposium on District Heatingcompensated and Cooling Adaptive design of distance relay for series transmission line transmission line Assessing the feasibility of using the K. Sujita Kumar Achary, *P.heat Raja demand-outdoor K. Sujita Kumar Achary, *P. Rajaheat temperature function district demand forecast National for Instituteaoflong-term Technology, Tiruchirappalli-620015, India National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli-620015, India

Abstract

I. Andrića,b,c*, A. Pinaa, P. Ferrãoa, J. Fournierb., B. Lacarrièrec, O. Le Correc

a

IN+ Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research - Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal Abstract The objective of this paper isbVeolia to evaluate the impact on the291 operation of conventional three-stepped distance relaying schemes for Recherche & Innovation, Avenue Dreyfous Daniel, 78520 Limay, France c Département Systèmes Énergétiques et Environnement IMT Atlantique, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, 44300 Nantes, France protecting the series compensation transmission line and to analysis the effects series compensation on different carrier aided The objective of this paper is to evaluate the impact on the operation of conventional three-stepped distance relaying schemes for transfer trip scheme under different fault condition. The presence of series compensation in transmission creates over-reaching protecting the series compensation transmission line and to analysis the effects series compensation on different carrier aided issues distance due to the fault net fault impedance of transmission reduce. Analytical studies creates of suchover-reaching situation are transferintrip schemerelay under different condition. The presence of seriesline compensation in transmission simulated by using PSCAD and analyzed various responses of distance relays for different fault and system conditions. issues in distance relay due to the net fault impedance of transmission line reduce. Analytical studies of such situation An are Abstract enhanced scheme is implemented to eliminates issues onrelays distance for series compensated line. It is also simulated distance by usingprotection PSCAD and analyzed various responses of distance for relay different fault and system conditions. An simulated the auto-recloser schemes toisdiscriminating between the temporary and fault. enhanced distance protection scheme implemented issues series compensated It is also District heating networks are commonly addressed to ineliminates the literature as on onedistance of permanent the relay most for effective solutions for line. decreasing the greenhouse emissions schemes from thetobuilding sector. These systems require high investmentsfault. which are returned through the heat simulated thegas auto-recloser discriminating between the temporary and permanent to the changed climate conditions ©sales. 2017 Due The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. and building renovation policies, heat demand in the future could decrease, ©prolonging 2017 The Authors. Published byperiod. Elsevier Ltd. the investment return Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 1st International Conference on Power Engineering, © 2017 The Authors. Published by Ltd. committee Peer-review under responsibility of Elsevier the scientific of the 1st International Conference on Power Engineering, The main scope of this paper is to assess the feasibility of using demand –Conference outdoor temperature for heat demand Computing and CONtrol. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of thethe 1stheat International on Power function Engineering, Computing and CONtrol. forecast. The district of Alvalade, located in Lisbon (Portugal), was used as a case study. The district is consisted of 665 Computing and CONtrol. buildingsFACTs that vary in both construction period and typology. Three weather scenarios (low, medium, Keywords: devices; Quadirlateral relay; Carrier-aided schemes; Series Compensation; Auto-Recloser; PSCAD. high) and three district renovation scenarios were developed (shallow, intermediate, deep). To estimate the error, obtained Keywords: FACTs devices; Quadirlateral relay; Carrier-aided schemes; Series Compensation; Auto-Recloser; PSCAD.heat demand values were compared with results from a dynamic heat demand model, previously developed and validated by the authors. results showed that when only weather change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications 1.The Introduction errorNow in annual was than power 20% forisall weather scenarios However, aftertointroducing renovation a day,demand demand oflower electrical continuously risingconsidered). at a very high rate due rapid development 1.(the Introduction scenarios, the error value increased up to 59.5% (depending on the weather and renovation scenarios combination considered). of industries population. With the lack of new generation and transmission facilities andto over of the Nowand a day, demand of electrical power is continuously rising at a very high rate due rapidmisuse development The value of slopelead coefficient increased on averagethewithin thegeneration range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade,leads that corresponds tothe the existing facilities to the imbalance power and power demand, issues on of industries and population. With the between lack of new generation and transmission facilitiesthat and overtomisuse of the decrease in theinstabilities, number of heating hours of 22-139h during the heating season (depending on the it combination oftoweather and power system load encroachment and power quality etc. To meet this demand, is essential raise the existing facilities leadconsidered). to the imbalance between the power intercept generation and power demand, per thatdecade leads (depending to issues ononthe renovation scenarios On existing the other transmission hand, functionfacilities increased for 7.8-12.7% the transmitted power along with the with maintaining stability and reliability of the the power system instabilities, load encroachment and power quality etc. To meet this demand, it is essential to raise coupled scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and system within the acceptable limit. transmitted with the estimations. existing transmission facilities with maintaining stability and reliability of the improve the power accuracyalong of heat demand

system within the acceptable limit.

_____________________________

* © 2017 The Authors. Published _____________________________ Corresponding author Email

by Elsevier Ltd. address: [email protected] Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and * Corresponding author Email address: [email protected] Cooling. 1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Keywords: Heat demand; Forecast; Climate change Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 1st International Conference on Power Engineering, Computing and CONtrol. 1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 1st International Conference on Power Engineering, Computing and CONtrol.

1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling. 1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 1st International Conference on Power Engineering, Computing and CONtrol. 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.05.179

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To utilize the existing transmission capacity optimally to address the issue mentioned already, there are various researches going on. One of the solution can be Flexible Alternating Current Transmission (FACT) devices. That improves the voltage stability, increases the power transfer capability. On the other-hand, implementation of FACT devices in existing power system produce dynamic changes due to FACTS devices severely affect the setting of the existing protection scheme of the transmission line. One of the commonly used FACTS devices is series compensator. Series Compensated (SC) in transmission line introduces several problems like voltage and current inversion, sub-synchronous resonance (with mechanical system), ferro-resonance (with line inductance) and reaching problems (distance measurements). SC badly affects accuracy, selectivity and reliability of distance relay which leads to an unsecure power system. It is responsible for mal-operation of distance relays, particularly the reaching characteristic of the relay. In this paper made an attempt to find the solution to address the effects of the change in apparent impedance seen by distance relay after inclusion the series compensator. Literatures have been explained about protection to a FACT device installed in transmission line [1]–[7]. In [1] Sidhu analyses the impact of the TCSC on the performance of conventional communication transfer trip schemes and proposes modified schemes for mitigating the effects of TCSC on the performance of distance relays. In [2] proposed a new approach for the protection of TCSC line using a support vector machine (SVM), in this method post fault current samples are used for half cycle from the inception of the fault and firing angle as inputs to the SVM. Then, SVMs are trained with polynomial kernel and Gaussian kernel with different parameter values to get the most optimized solution. M.K. Zadeh [3] analyzed the different factors and conditions which can affect Transient Recovery Voltage (TRV) in the series compensated transmission line, by estimating the TRV amplitude and RRRV variations are used to evaluate the capability of circuit breaker and to decide appropriate breaker device for a specific transmission system. In [4] propose current differential protection of transmission lines by transforming the instantaneous line current(s) by using a moving window averaging technique. During fault the transformed current is deviate from the nominal zero value which leads to development of a sensitive, secure and fast current differential protection scheme. In [5] have discussed about the development of a new protection method for series-compensated double-circuit transmission lines using current transients, by comparing the polarities of wavelet coefficients of the branch currents to identified the faulted circuit of double-circuit transmission lines, and compared the proposed scheme with the conventional distance and phase comparison protection schemes. In [6] proposes a fault direction estimation technique for a line with series compensation. To estimate the direction of fault for voltage and current inversion, variation in source capacity, fault resistance, balanced/unbalanced fault, and close-in fault, an integrated approach is implemented by using three positive-sequence-based classifiers are combined with the voting method. The objective of this paper is to analyze the impact of series compensation on the distance protection relays under normal operation and fault conditions at different locations. The paper is organized as follows; Section II gives a description of the series compensation and test system. Section III gives simulation study of the system model. Sections IV is discuss the performance of distance relay with carrier aided distance scheme. Finally, the inferences of this study are presented in section V. 2. System Model The effect of the Series Compensation on the performance of distance relays are studied using the PSCAD software. The system modelling and impact of series capacitor on distance relay are described in the section. 2.1. Series Compensator (SC) The reduction of the series inductive reactance of the transmission line by the addition of the series capacitor provides for increased line loading levels as well as it leads to the over-reach issue on distance relay of protective line. Due to over-reach problem on distance relay leads to the misidentification of zones of operation of protective and back-up line.



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2.2. Test System A power system model with the flexibility of varying the locations of the fault as well as the types of the fault, so that all possible conditions can simulated and examined. The single line diagram of the system used for the simulation study is shown in Fig .1. The test system has 300 km transmission line with three sections operating at 220kV operating voltage. For modelling and simulation of long transmission line, distributed model of the line is preferred. Bus A ZS

Bus B

Bus C

0.5 ZL

ZL

0.5 ZL

sc

Bus D ZL

ZS

G1

G2 Fig. 1. Single line diagram of test system

The normal power flow is from generator-1(G1) to generator-2(G2) with Series Capacitor installed in the lineBC. The detailed system data is given in appendix. The transmission lines are protected by six distance relays. Each of the line is connected with two distance relays with three zone protection schemes. The performance of relays in the transmission line-BC (i.e. R3 and R4) are studied with the series compensated device. X

K

R

Zone 3

G

J

Q D

P Zone 2

Zone 1

C

F

L H

A O



B

R

E I

Fig. 2. Quadrilateral type distance relay

The distance relays designed with quadrilateral relay characteristics are simulated in PSCAD. The quadrilateral characteristic is obtained from the combination of four different relays, as shown in Fig. 2.  Line-OP is a directional relay with an angle of (load angle) with setting a reach of zone-1.  Line-PC is a reactance relay with setting of X of zone-1.  Line-BC is an angle impedance relay with setting a reach of zone-1.  Line-BO is a directional relay with an angle of having a reach of zone-1. 3. Simulation Study The simulation results discussed in this section/session are based on the performance of distance relays for series compensated transmission lines under different fault and system conditions using PSCAD. PSCAD is a simulation tool for analyzing power systems transients. The performance of both the basic distance relay and carrier-aided distance schemes are modeled tested using distance relays designed in PSCAD. The entire modeling of the system in PSCAD subdivided into three parts; modeling of the transmission line along with FACTS devices, signal processing unit and the distance protection scheme.

3

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In simulation when a fault is created in transmission line at 0.5 sec with duration of fault 1.5 sec, the sensed voltage and current signals are processed through FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) block. The FFT technique is used to extract the fundamental magnitudes and phase angles of the input signal. The input signals are sampled first before they are decomposed into harmonic components. After the signals are being extracted using FFT, the extracted data are converted into positive, negative and zero sequence component using sequence filter. Suitable combination of data from the converted data has been given as input to distance relay. 3.1. Performance of Distance Relay with SC The performance of distance relay with SC scheme is discussed in this section. The following subsections details about results and associated outcomes. 3.1.1. Without Series Compensation The performance of the distance relays without shunt compensation devices are tested and verify the performance distance relays at different locations of the fault along with different types of faults. The relays are operated precisely and accurately within the assigned zone, with operating time of 1 to 1.5 cycles for zone-I reach. The reach of relay has been verified by comparing the actual fault location and the calculated fault location of relay. It was observed the error for fault location within the acceptable range. 3.1.2. With Series Compensation The performance of the distance relay with series compensation devices is tested with different carrier aided distance scheme is shown in Tables I and II. It provides the information regarding the zone of operation of relays for different type of fault without the change in relay setting with series compensation. 3.1.2.1 Permissive Over-reach Transfer Trip (POTT) In the Table-I shown the relays operating zones with Permissive over-reach Transfer Trip schemes. The distance relay is designed with three zone protection. The zone-I has instantaneous operating characteristics with reach impedance of 80% of the protected transmission line, zone-II reach is set to 120% of the protected transmission line with a time delay of 400 ms and zone-III reach is set to 210% of the protected transmission line with a time delay of 800 ms, for POTT schemes. In Table-I shown the relay R1(back-up relay for R3) detecting the fault in zone-II and zone-III for 70% and 90% of fault location of line-BC respectively. Similarly, the relay R3(back-up relay for R5) detecting the fault in zone-I for 110% and 130% of fault location of line-BC (10% and 30% of fault location in line-CD) for 50% series compensation in transmission line. The co-ordination between the relays are failed i.e. the faults in line CD, the relay R3 behaves as primary relays due to the series compensation in line BC. 3.1.2.1 Directional Comparison Blocking (DCB) In the Table-I shown the relays operating zones with Directional Comparison Blocking schemes. The distance relay is designed with three zone protection. The zone-I has instantaneous operating characteristics with reach impedance of 80% of the protected transmission line, zone-II reach is set to 120% of the protected transmission line with a time delay of 400 ms and zone-III have reverses reach is set to 210% of the protected transmission line with a time delay of 800 ms, for DCB schemes. In Table-I shown the relay R1(back-up relay for R3) detecting the fault in zone-II for 70% of fault location of line-BC. Similarly, the relay R3(back-up relay for R5) detecting the fault in zone-I for 110% and 130% of fault location of line-BC (10% and 30% of fault location in line-CD) for 50% series compensation in transmission line.



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Table 1. Performance of relay operation with carrier aided distance relay FAULT POINT IN LINE-BC

70

90

110

130

TYPES OF FAULT

POTT SCHEMES LINE AB RELAYS

LINE BC RELAYS

DCB SCHEMES LINE CD RELAYS

LINE AB RELAYS

LINE BC RELAYS

LINE CD RELAYS

LG

R1 2

R2 -

R3 1

R4 1

R5 -

R6 3

R1 2

R2 3

R3 1

R4 1

R5 3

R6 -

LLG

2

-

1

1

-

3

2

3

1

1

3

-

LLLG

2

-

1

1

-

3

2

3

1

1

3

-

LG

3

-

1

1

-

2

-

3

1

1

3

2

LLG

3

-

1

1

-

2

-

3

1

1

3

2

LLLG

3

-

1

1

-

2

-

3

1

1

3

2

LG

3

-

1

-

1

2

-

3

1

3

1

1

LLG

3

-

1

-

1

2

-

3

1

3

1

1

LLLG

3

-

1

-

1

2

-

3

1

3

1

1

LG

3

-

1

-

1

1

-

-

1

3

1

1

LLG

3

-

1

-

1

1

-

-

1

3

1

1

LLLG

3

-

1

-

1

1

-

-

1

3

1

1

(“1”, “2” and “3” are representing the zones of operation of relay. “-” representing the no operation of relay.) Therefore, series compensation in transmission line will affect the both primary and back-up relays. Depends upon the compensation level the operating zones will varies so for every conditions or situation we will varies the setting of the relays.

(a)

(b)

Fig. 3. a) Impedance trajectory of relay R3 and (b) Impedance trajectory of relay R4 for an AG fault occurred at 90% of line BC with series compensation

(a)

(b)

Fig. 4. (a) Control Signal of relay R3 and (b) Control Signal of relay R4 for an AG fault occurred at 90% of line BC with series compensation

Fig-3 shows the impedance trajectory of distance relay R3 and R4 with quadrilateral characteristics of three-zone protection system with directional comparison blocking scheme. During the occurrence of AG fault at 90 % of line BC, the impedance trajectory of phase „A‟ entered into the zone I relay setting and detected the fault in zone I and the trip command is issued to relay R3. After clearing the fault, the impedance trajectory of phase „A‟ goes out of the zone reach. Fig-4 shows the control signal of distance relay R3 and R4 with quadrilateral characteristics of three-zone protection system for an AG fault occurred at 90% of line BC. ZA1, ZA2 and ZA3 shows the zones of operation of relay R3 and R4. TT_Tx and POTT_Rx represented the communicated signals between the relay R3 and relay R4.

5

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(a)

(a)

(b)

Fig. 5. a) Impedance trajectory of relay R3 and (b) Impedance trajectory of relay R4 for an AG fault occurred at 110% of line BC with series compensation

(b)

Fig. 6. (a) Control Signal of relay R3 and (b) Control Signal of relay R4 for an AG fault occurred at 110% of line BC with series compensation

Fig-5 shows the impedance trajectory of distance relay R3 and R4 with quadrilateral characteristics of three-zone protection system with directional comparison blocking scheme for an AG fault occurred at 110% of line BC with compensation. The impedance trajectory of phase „A‟ entered into the zone I relay setting and detected the fault in zone I and the trip command is issued to relay R3. As the fault in adjacent line relay R3 detect the fault in zone I and clear the fault that‟s leads to mis-coordination of the relays. Fig-6 shows the control signal of distance relay R3 and R4 for an AG fault occurred at 110% of line BC. It shows the zones of operation of relays and the carrier communication transfer signal and the trip signal of the relay. For internal faults, there is no blocking signal exist between the relays but for external fault, zone-3 of R4 detect the fault and send blocking signal to R3. During external fault the relay R3 seen the fault in zone-1 due to series compensation, according to relay setting in zone-1 the fault is cleared instantaneously without time delay. 4. Remedial Action Fault impedance is calculated by conventional method at the relay point using fundamental and sequence components of fault voltage and current signal. In the modified distance relay, the calculated impedance is changed by adding a fault impedance of SC unit. Finally, net line fault impedance (Z NET = ZCALCULATED - XSC) is fed to distance relay to decide whether the fault is within the reach or not.

(a)

(b)

Fig. 7. a) Impedance trajectory of relay R3 and (b) Impedance trajectory of relay R4 for an AG fault occurred at 90% of line BC with modified transfer trip.

(a)

(b)

Fig. 8. (a) Control Signal of relay R3 and (b) Control Signal of relay R4 for an AG fault occurred at 90% of line BC with modified transfer trip.

Fig-7 and Fig-8 shown the impedance trajectories and control signals of relay R3 and R4 for an AG fault occurred at 90% of line BC with modified transfer trip. Fig-8 illustrated that fault seen by relays R3 and R4 are accurately falls in zone II and zone I respectively. Due to internal fault, there is no blocking signal exist in pilot wire as seen from Fig-8.



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Table 2. Performance of relay operation with modified carrier aided distance relay FAULT POINT IN LINE-BC 70

90

110

130

TYPES OF FAULT

MODIFIED TRANSFER TRIP SCHEMES LINE AB RELAYS

LINE BC RELAYS

LINE CD RELAYS

LG

R1 -

R2 3

R3 1

R4 1

R5 3

R6 -

LLG

-

3

1

1

3

-

LLLG

-

3

1

1

3

-

LG

-

3

2

1

3

2

LLG

-

3

2

1

3

2

LLLG

-

3

2

1

3

2

LG

-

3

2

3

1

2

LLG

-

3

2

3

1

2

LLLG

-

3

2

3

1

2

LG LLG

-

-

-

3 3

1 1

1 1

LLLG

-

-

-

3

1

1

(“1”, “2” and “3” are representing the zones of operation of relay. “-” representing the no operation of relay.)

In Table-II shown the relay R1 to R6 are operated the zones in precise and accurately. For an internal fault (90% line) in line BC the relay R3 detect in zone II and relay R4 detect in zone I. For an external fault (110% line) in line BC relay R4 sensed the fault in zone III and sends a blocking signal through a pilot wire i.e. POTT_RX in Fig-10 After receiving the signal from the relay R4, relay R3 blocks the tripping from carrier aided transfer trip.

(a)

(b)

Fig. 9. a) Impedance trajectory of relay R3 and (b) Impedance trajectory of relay R4 for an AG fault occurred at 110% of line BC with modified transfer trip.

(a)

(a)

(b)

Fig. 10. (a) Control Signal of relay R3 and (b) Control Signal of relay R4 for an AG fault occurred at 110% of line BC with modified transfer trip.

(b)

Fig. 11. a) Impedance trajectory of relay R3 and (b) Impedance trajectory of relay R4 for an AG fault occurred at 90% of line BC with auto-recloser.

Fig. 12. (a) Trip signal of relay R3 and (b) Trip signal of relay R4 for an AG fault occurred at 90% of line BC with modified auto-recloser.

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K. Sujita Kumar Achary et al. / Energy Procedia 117 (2017) 527–534 K Sujita Kumar Achary et al./ Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

Fig-9 and Fig-10 shown the impedance trajectories and control signals of relay R3 and R4 for an AG fault occurred at 110% of line BC with modified transfer trip. Fig-9 illustrated that fault seen by relays R3 and R4 are accurately falls in zone II and zone III respectively. Due to external fault, there is blocking signal exist in pilot wire as seen from Fig-10.(b). i.e. POTT_RX. The Impedance trajectory of relay R3 and relays R4 for an AG fault occurred at 90% of line BC with autorecloser scheme is shown in Fig-11. A permanent fault is occurred at 0.5 sec, hence it reclosed the circuit breaker 2 times with a delay of 650 ms (dead time for 220kV). After completing the recloser count the circuit breaker is going to in the lockout period of minimum 10 sec. The trip and the control signal of relays R3 and relay R4 for an AG fault occurred at 90% of line BC with auto-recloser are shown Fig-12. During fault the trip command send by the relays, for the operation of breaker and recloser count are shown in Fig-12. 5. Conclusion This paper presents the distance relay characteristics in the presence of the SC for different faults like lineground, line- line etc., using PSCAD simulation. Due to the presence of capacitive compensation net fault impedance of transmission line reduces. Hence, conventional relay senses the fault beyond zone one and shows over-reaching effects. An enhanced distance protection scheme is implemented to eliminates over-reach issues on distance relay for series compensated line is also simulated the auto-recloser schemes for discrimination between the temporary fault and permanent fault also has been discussed and the simulation results are shown. The results are indicating the effectiveness of modified distance relay in terms of accurately and reliability and compared the conventional relay design. The proposed modification does not need any major modification in the relay algorithm. Appendix Equivalent Generating Sources (G1&G2): Generator rating 220 kV,500 MVA Positive seq. impedance 0.035+j5.06 Ω Zero seq. impedance 0.458+j1.509 Ω References [1]

Transmission Lines Parameter: Positive seq. impedance 0.349+j9.994 Ω/km Zero seq. impedance 0.974+j6.932 Ω/km

Mojtaba Khederzadeh and Tarlochan S. Sidhu, “Impact of TCSC on the protection of transmission lines,” IEEE Transactions on power delivery, vol. 2, Jan. 2006 [2] P. K. Dash, S. R. Samantarayand Ganapati Panda “Fault classification and section identification of an advanced series-compensated transmission line using support vector machine”, IEEE Transactions on power delivery, vol. 22, No. 1, Jan(2007) [3] M.Karbalaye Zadeh, A. A. Shayegani Akmal, E. M. Siavashi and A. Parvizi, “Impacts of TCSC on switching transients of hv transmission lines due to fault clearing‟, International Conference on Power Electronics and Intelligent Transportation System(2009) [4] Sanjay Dambhare, S. A. Soman, and M. C. Chandorkar, “Current differential protection of transmission line using the moving window averaging technique”, IEEE Transactions on power delivery, vol. 25, no. 2, Apr 2010 [5] Nuwan Perera, and Athula D. Rajapakse,“Series-Compensated double-circuit transmission- line protection using directions of current transients”, IEEE Transactions on power delivery, vol. 28, no. 3, July 2013 [6] Dash, P.K., A.K. Pradhan, G.Panda, A.C.Liew “Adaptive relay setting for flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS)”. IEEE Trans Power Deliv; 15(1):38–43(2000). [7] Arvind R. Singh and Sanjay S. Dambhare “Adaptive distance protection of transmission line in presence of SVC”, International journal electrical power and energy system, 53 ( Mar 2013) 78-84 [8] A. H. M. Niaki and I. D. Amiri “The impact of shunt-FACTS devices on distance relay performance”, International Conference on KBEI, Nov 2015 [9] Ding Lijie, Liu Yang and Miao Yiqun “Comparison of high capacity SVC and STATCOM in real power grid”, International conference on intelligent computation technology and automation, 2010 [10] N. G. Hingorani and L. Gyugyi, Understanding FACTS: Concepts & Technology of Flexible AC Transmission Systems. New York: Wiley, Nov. 1999 [11] J. Lewis Blackburn, Thomas J Domin. Protective relaying principles and applications, Fourth Edition