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Added Fat, Ipropran, and Rofenaid in Diets of Breeder Turkeys
Added Fat, Ipropran, and Rofenaid in Diets of Breeder Turkeys L. M. POTTER, J. R. SHELTON, and G. B. MEYER Department of Poultry Science Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061 (Received for publication June 27, 1977)
INTRODUCTION
Added fat to diets of growing turkeys increases feed efficiency more at older ages than at younger ages (Potter et al, 1974) and provides an economic advantage in many instances of producing market turkeys. The value of added fat in diets of breeder turkeys has not been determined. With the exception of one publication (Marusich et al, 1971), no research has been reported on the effects of Ipropran 1 or Rofenaid 2 in diets of female turkeys on production, fertility or hatchability of eggs. To obtain Food and Drug Administration approval for the use of these products in diets of breeder turkeys in this country for the prevention or treatment of blackhead or coccidiosis and cholera, experiments must be conducted demonstrating the safety of their use. Several factors, related or unrelated, can be simultaneously evaluated in nutrition and management studies of poultry through the use of factorial designs. The opportunity to study the effects of the above mentioned factors was available in the experiment to be presented. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of feeding diets containing 6% added fat, .05% Ipropran, or .025% Rofenaid to female breeder turkeys on egg production,
1 When added at the .05% level, Ipropran which contains 12.5% ipronidazole provides 62.5 ppm ipronidazole to the diet. 2 When added at the .025% level, Rofenaid-40 which contains 25% sulfadimethoxine and 15% ormetoprim provides 62.5 ppm sulfadimethoxine and 37.5 ppm ormetoprim to the diet.
1978 Poultry Sci 57:485-488
fertility, hatchability, and other breeder performance characteristics. EXPERIMENTAL
For this experiment, 216 female Large White turkeys which had been (1) full-fed, (2) fed six hours per day on only three days per week, or (3) 80% full-fed from 22 to 38 weeks of age were available (Potter et al, 1978). These turkeys were randomized within pre-breeder treatment to three series of eight pens with nine females per pen. A 3 x 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design was imposed upon the 24 pens of hens. The variables were the three pre-breeder treatments, 0 and 6% added fat, 0 and .05% Ipropran, and 0 and .025% Rofenaid. The basal breeder diet (Potter et al., 1978) in mash form was composed of 70.9% ground yellow corn, 12% dehulled soybean meal and 6% menhaden fish meal and was well fortified with vitamins and minerals. Diets with added fat were formed by adding 6% stabilized animal and vegetable fat and 1.35% dehulled soybean meal in the place of 7.35% yellow corn to hold protein content constant at 16%. When added to the diet, Ipropran and Rofenaid replaced ground yellow corn. Each of the eight diets was fed to three pens of hens throughout the 24-week breeder experiment. Other details concerning management of the hens, and collection and analyses of the data are presented in a companion publication (Potter et al., 1978).
485
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A summary of the data collected during the 24-week breeder experiment is presented ac-
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at FU BerlinFB Humanmedizin on May 10, 2015
ABSTRACT Using 216 Large White breeder female turkeys, a 24-week experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of adding 6% fat, .05% Ipropran and .025% Rofenaid to their diets. The addition of 6% stabilized animal and vegetable fat to the diets reduced feed consumption 9.9%, decreased energy consumption 2.9%, slightly increased body weight gains, and did not significantly affect production, fertility or hatchability of eggs. The additions of Ipropran and Rofenaid were observed to be safe as indicated by their non-effect on any of the parameters measured.
.28
.36
.30
.47 .12
* *'Significant at the . 1 % level.
*Significant at the 5% level.
Each value represents the average of 108 hens.
A total of 11,898 eggs were incubated in the 11 bi-weekly settings of eggs.
Difference required for significance
9.04 9.02 -.02
Rofenaid-40 0% .025% Difference -.35
.11
.10
.29 .30 .01
.20 .39 .19
(kg)
Body weight change
9.51 9.14 -.36*
9.27 9.38
9.17 9.48 .31*
8.98 9.08
.12
8.97 9.09
(kg)
b
(kg)
Ipropran 0% .5% Difference
Fat 0% 6% Difference
Treatment
End
Start
Body weight
1.59
42.22 41.16 -1.06
41.85 41.54 -.31
43.79 39.44 -4.35***
(kg)
Feed consumption
gg
2.3
.7
86.9 87.6
.0
87.2 87.2
.0
87.3 87.3
(g)
weight
E
TABLE 1.—Results from the 24-week breeder experiment
d from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at FU BerlinFB Humanmedizin on May 10, 2015
FAT, IPROPRAN, ROFENAID FOR BREEDER TURKEYS FAT, % i
300
FAT, %
80
-*—* o
0
+—+ 6
111
Z V
•
^
^
V
\*~J*
k-*/
1-
\
o
840
250
6
A
ON
275
/
+--•
t,
a* 6 0
o < o a
487
\}»
O o: Q.
^ f e *"0V^
*v^
*"****-*---»*:^
o 20
225
UJ
'
1
38
1
1
1
1
1
42 46 50 54 58 AGE IN WEEKS AT END OF FOUR-WEEK PERIOD
62
l i
i i-
-i—i
i 46
1 i AGE
i 1 1 I I 1
SO 54 IN WEEKS
FIG. 3. Average egg production at weekly intervals by fat treatments.
cording to treatment in Table 1. No interactions among the factors under study on the measured responses were observed. The turkeys fed diets containing 6% added fat consumed 9.9% less feed than those fed diets containing no added fat. Average feed consumptions during the experiment were 261 and 235 g per female per day for those fed diets containing 0 and 6% added fat, respectively (Fig. 1). The calculated metabolizable energy contents of these diets were 2,990 and 3,220 kcal/g, and the energy consumptions were 780 and 757 kcal per female per day, respectively. The females fed diets containing 6% added fat were heavier during most of the experiment than those fed diets without added fat (Fig. 2). Because of the initial chance occurrence difference of .12 kg in body weight, the body weight gains of those fed diets containing 6% added fat were not significantly greater than those fed diets without added fat. Differences in egg production (Fig. 3), fertility of eggs and hatch of fertile eggs from hens
fed diets containing 0 and 6% added fat were not statistically significant. Based on the results of this study, female turkeys fed diets containing 6% added fat appear to make slightly more efficient use of the consumed energy than those fed diets without added fat. The addition of Ipropran to the diets failed to affect any of the observed reproductive parameters (Table 1). Although no apparent beneficial effects of Ipropran were observed, no detrimental effects also were observed indicating that it may be used safely as a preventative or treatment of blackhead in breeder female turkeys. The addition of Rofenaid to the diets failed to affect any of the observed reproductive parameters except body weights which were less when Rofenaid was present (Fig. 4; difference was significant at 54 weeks and approached significance at 62 weeks). However, this experiment probably needs to be repeated before accepting it as a cause and effect relationship. These results support those of Marusich et al. (1971) that Rofenaid has no adverse
©10
(9
* > a
o m 8
FAT,
%
+—+
0 6
-
• +
0 0.025
---+
+'
,--*--,
ROFENAID, % < •
610 -
x (9
- X"
UJ
9
* '
1
38
42
1
46 AGE
1
50 54 IN WEEKS
i
58
62
FIG. 2. Average body weight of females at fourweek intervals by fat treatments.
8co
8
38
42
46 AGE
50 54 IN WEEKS
58
62
FIG. 4. Average body weight of females at fourweek intervals by Rofenaid treatments.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at FU BerlinFB Humanmedizin on May 10, 2015
FIG. 1. Average feed consumption per day of females at four-week periods by fat treatments.
488
POTTER ET AL.
effect on breeder turkeys and may be used safely as a treatment or preventative of cholera or coccidiosis in breeder turkeys. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES Marusich, W. L., E. F. Ogrinz, B. Hecht and M. Mitrovic, 1971. Safety of sulfadimethoxine potentiated mixture (Rofenaid), a new broad spectrum coccidiostat-antibacterial, in turkeys. Poultry Sci. 50: 512-517. Potter, L. M., J. R. Shelton and L. G. Melton, 1974. Zinc bacitracin and added fat in diets of growing turkeys. Poultry Sci. 53:2072-2081. Potter, L. M., J. R. Shelton and G. B. Meyer, 1978. Effects of controlled feeding of turkeys during the pre-breeder period on subsequent performance. Poultry Sci. 56:478-484.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at FU BerlinFB Humanmedizin on May 10, 2015
This research work was supported in part by funds received by a grant-in-aid from Hoffmann-LaRoche, Inc., Nutley, New Jersey. Vitamins were supplied by Agricultural Processing Corporation, Salem, Virginia; and by Heterochemical Corporation, Valley Stream, New York. The hydrolyzed animal and vegetable fat was supplied by Procter and Gamble
Company, Cincinnati, Ohio.
INTRODUCTION
Added fat to diets of growing turkeys increases feed efficiency more at older ages than at younger ages (Potter et al, 1974) and provides an economic advantage in many instances of producing market turkeys. The value of added fat in diets of breeder turkeys has not been determined. With the exception of one publication (Marusich et al, 1971), no research has been reported on the effects of Ipropran 1 or Rofenaid 2 in diets of female turkeys on production, fertility or hatchability of eggs. To obtain Food and Drug Administration approval for the use of these products in diets of breeder turkeys in this country for the prevention or treatment of blackhead or coccidiosis and cholera, experiments must be conducted demonstrating the safety of their use. Several factors, related or unrelated, can be simultaneously evaluated in nutrition and management studies of poultry through the use of factorial designs. The opportunity to study the effects of the above mentioned factors was available in the experiment to be presented. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of feeding diets containing 6% added fat, .05% Ipropran, or .025% Rofenaid to female breeder turkeys on egg production,
1 When added at the .05% level, Ipropran which contains 12.5% ipronidazole provides 62.5 ppm ipronidazole to the diet. 2 When added at the .025% level, Rofenaid-40 which contains 25% sulfadimethoxine and 15% ormetoprim provides 62.5 ppm sulfadimethoxine and 37.5 ppm ormetoprim to the diet.
1978 Poultry Sci 57:485-488
fertility, hatchability, and other breeder performance characteristics. EXPERIMENTAL
For this experiment, 216 female Large White turkeys which had been (1) full-fed, (2) fed six hours per day on only three days per week, or (3) 80% full-fed from 22 to 38 weeks of age were available (Potter et al, 1978). These turkeys were randomized within pre-breeder treatment to three series of eight pens with nine females per pen. A 3 x 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design was imposed upon the 24 pens of hens. The variables were the three pre-breeder treatments, 0 and 6% added fat, 0 and .05% Ipropran, and 0 and .025% Rofenaid. The basal breeder diet (Potter et al., 1978) in mash form was composed of 70.9% ground yellow corn, 12% dehulled soybean meal and 6% menhaden fish meal and was well fortified with vitamins and minerals. Diets with added fat were formed by adding 6% stabilized animal and vegetable fat and 1.35% dehulled soybean meal in the place of 7.35% yellow corn to hold protein content constant at 16%. When added to the diet, Ipropran and Rofenaid replaced ground yellow corn. Each of the eight diets was fed to three pens of hens throughout the 24-week breeder experiment. Other details concerning management of the hens, and collection and analyses of the data are presented in a companion publication (Potter et al., 1978).
485
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A summary of the data collected during the 24-week breeder experiment is presented ac-
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at FU BerlinFB Humanmedizin on May 10, 2015
ABSTRACT Using 216 Large White breeder female turkeys, a 24-week experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of adding 6% fat, .05% Ipropran and .025% Rofenaid to their diets. The addition of 6% stabilized animal and vegetable fat to the diets reduced feed consumption 9.9%, decreased energy consumption 2.9%, slightly increased body weight gains, and did not significantly affect production, fertility or hatchability of eggs. The additions of Ipropran and Rofenaid were observed to be safe as indicated by their non-effect on any of the parameters measured.
.28
.36
.30
.47 .12
* *'Significant at the . 1 % level.
*Significant at the 5% level.
Each value represents the average of 108 hens.
A total of 11,898 eggs were incubated in the 11 bi-weekly settings of eggs.
Difference required for significance
9.04 9.02 -.02
Rofenaid-40 0% .025% Difference -.35
.11
.10
.29 .30 .01
.20 .39 .19
(kg)
Body weight change
9.51 9.14 -.36*
9.27 9.38
9.17 9.48 .31*
8.98 9.08
.12
8.97 9.09
(kg)
b
(kg)
Ipropran 0% .5% Difference
Fat 0% 6% Difference
Treatment
End
Start
Body weight
1.59
42.22 41.16 -1.06
41.85 41.54 -.31
43.79 39.44 -4.35***
(kg)
Feed consumption
gg
2.3
.7
86.9 87.6
.0
87.2 87.2
.0
87.3 87.3
(g)
weight
E
TABLE 1.—Results from the 24-week breeder experiment
d from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at FU BerlinFB Humanmedizin on May 10, 2015
FAT, IPROPRAN, ROFENAID FOR BREEDER TURKEYS FAT, % i
300
FAT, %
80
-*—* o
0
+—+ 6
111
Z V
•
^
^
V
\*~J*
k-*/
1-
\
o
840
250
6
A
ON
275
/
+--•
t,
a* 6 0
o < o a
487
\}»
O o: Q.
^ f e *"0V^
*v^
*"****-*---»*:^
o 20
225
UJ
'
1
38
1
1
1
1
1
42 46 50 54 58 AGE IN WEEKS AT END OF FOUR-WEEK PERIOD
62
l i
i i-
-i—i
i 46
1 i AGE
i 1 1 I I 1
SO 54 IN WEEKS
FIG. 3. Average egg production at weekly intervals by fat treatments.
cording to treatment in Table 1. No interactions among the factors under study on the measured responses were observed. The turkeys fed diets containing 6% added fat consumed 9.9% less feed than those fed diets containing no added fat. Average feed consumptions during the experiment were 261 and 235 g per female per day for those fed diets containing 0 and 6% added fat, respectively (Fig. 1). The calculated metabolizable energy contents of these diets were 2,990 and 3,220 kcal/g, and the energy consumptions were 780 and 757 kcal per female per day, respectively. The females fed diets containing 6% added fat were heavier during most of the experiment than those fed diets without added fat (Fig. 2). Because of the initial chance occurrence difference of .12 kg in body weight, the body weight gains of those fed diets containing 6% added fat were not significantly greater than those fed diets without added fat. Differences in egg production (Fig. 3), fertility of eggs and hatch of fertile eggs from hens
fed diets containing 0 and 6% added fat were not statistically significant. Based on the results of this study, female turkeys fed diets containing 6% added fat appear to make slightly more efficient use of the consumed energy than those fed diets without added fat. The addition of Ipropran to the diets failed to affect any of the observed reproductive parameters (Table 1). Although no apparent beneficial effects of Ipropran were observed, no detrimental effects also were observed indicating that it may be used safely as a preventative or treatment of blackhead in breeder female turkeys. The addition of Rofenaid to the diets failed to affect any of the observed reproductive parameters except body weights which were less when Rofenaid was present (Fig. 4; difference was significant at 54 weeks and approached significance at 62 weeks). However, this experiment probably needs to be repeated before accepting it as a cause and effect relationship. These results support those of Marusich et al. (1971) that Rofenaid has no adverse
©10
(9
* > a
o m 8
FAT,
%
+—+
0 6
-
• +
0 0.025
---+
+'
,--*--,
ROFENAID, % < •
610 -
x (9
- X"
UJ
9
* '
1
38
42
1
46 AGE
1
50 54 IN WEEKS
i
58
62
FIG. 2. Average body weight of females at fourweek intervals by fat treatments.
8co
8
38
42
46 AGE
50 54 IN WEEKS
58
62
FIG. 4. Average body weight of females at fourweek intervals by Rofenaid treatments.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at FU BerlinFB Humanmedizin on May 10, 2015
FIG. 1. Average feed consumption per day of females at four-week periods by fat treatments.
488
POTTER ET AL.
effect on breeder turkeys and may be used safely as a treatment or preventative of cholera or coccidiosis in breeder turkeys. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES Marusich, W. L., E. F. Ogrinz, B. Hecht and M. Mitrovic, 1971. Safety of sulfadimethoxine potentiated mixture (Rofenaid), a new broad spectrum coccidiostat-antibacterial, in turkeys. Poultry Sci. 50: 512-517. Potter, L. M., J. R. Shelton and L. G. Melton, 1974. Zinc bacitracin and added fat in diets of growing turkeys. Poultry Sci. 53:2072-2081. Potter, L. M., J. R. Shelton and G. B. Meyer, 1978. Effects of controlled feeding of turkeys during the pre-breeder period on subsequent performance. Poultry Sci. 56:478-484.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at FU BerlinFB Humanmedizin on May 10, 2015
This research work was supported in part by funds received by a grant-in-aid from Hoffmann-LaRoche, Inc., Nutley, New Jersey. Vitamins were supplied by Agricultural Processing Corporation, Salem, Virginia; and by Heterochemical Corporation, Valley Stream, New York. The hydrolyzed animal and vegetable fat was supplied by Procter and Gamble
Company, Cincinnati, Ohio.