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Adhesion to uncut enamel—A comparison between two test methods
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d e n t a l m a t e r i a l s 2 6 ( 2 0 1 0 ) e125–e157
Materials and methods. Flat dentin surfaces from thirty extracted human third molars were bonded with acid etching adhesives: (1) Scotch Bond Multi-Purpose (SBMP; 3M/ESPE) – water-based; (2) Single Bond (SB; 3M/ESPE) – ethanol/water based and Prime & Bond 2.1 (PB; Dentsply) – acetone-based. Bonded dentin surfaces were air-dried according manufacturer directions at either 21 ◦ C or 38 ◦ C. Composite buildups were constructed incrementally. After storage in water for 24 h at 37 ◦ C, the specimens were prepared for microtensile bond strength testing. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey test (p < 0.05). Results. SBMP performed better at a higher temperature (p < 0.05). The higher temperatures did not affect the performance for SB and PB (p > 0.05). The PB showed the highest bond strength values compared to SBMP and was similar to SB. Adhesive systems
Airtemperature (21◦ C)
Airtemperature (38◦ C)
SBMP
33.5 ± 11.85, N = 32aB 38.8 ± 14.95, N = 23aAB 44.3 ± 15.60, N = 22aA
41.1 ± 16.47, N = 21bA 42.4 ± 17.27, N = 24aA 51.8 ± 12.64, N = 29aA
SB PB
N = number of specimens. Average (MPa) ± S.D. Same capital letters indicates no statistically differences for each column (p > 0.05). Same lower letters indicates no statistically differences for each line (p > 0.05).
Conclusions. The use of a warm air-dry stream seems to be a clinical tool to improve the bond strength to water based acid-etching adhesives. doi:10.1016/j.dental.2009.11.112
34 Adhesion to uncut enamel—A comparison between two test methods N. Karim ∗ , B.A. Shukla, V.A. Russell, S.S. Velamakanni 3M ESPE Dental Products, St. Paul, MN, USA Objectives. The purpose of this study was to compare the ability of two adhesion test methods to differentiate performance of three dental adhesives on uncut enamel. Materials and methods. Adhesives tested were AdperTM ScotchbondTM SE Self-Etch Adhesive (SBSE, 3M ESPE), AdperTM PromptTM L-PopTM (Prompt, 3M ESPE) and AdperTM Single Bond Plus (SB+, 3M ESPE). Test specimen was prepared by applying an adhesive per manufacturer’s instructions on the cleaned, unground facial enamel surface of a bovine incisor tooth. The adhesive surface was build up with FiltekTM Z250 Universal Restorative (3M ESPE). Microtensile test specimen were prepared by storing the tooth for 24 h in tap water at 37 ◦ C, followed by sectioning the tooth perpendicular to the bonding surface with a precision diamond saw to obtain 1 mm × 1 mm wide; 8–9 mm long rectangular sticks. Tensile testing was done in a two-part jig at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min until
failure. Shear bond strength was measured according to a notched-edge shear method (UltradentTM ), after 24 h storage of the test specimen in water at 37 ◦ C. Results Adhesive
SB+ Prompt SBSE
Microtensile bond strength [MPa]
Shear bond strength [MPa]
Average
std. dev.
N
Average
std. dev.
N
42.7 (a) 37.4 (a) 26.9 (b)
13.1 19.9 11.1
26 27 20
38.9 (c) 25.4 (d) 33.4 (c)
9.8 8.0 10.1
26 25 27
Letters in parenthesis indicate statistical equivalence according to twosample t-test (p < 0.05).
Conclusions. Microtensile bond strength provides a better ranking of adhesives in terms of their known (SB+ and Prompt) and expected (SBSE) clinical performance on uncut enamel than notched-edge shear adhesion does. Adhesion to uncut enamel of the self-etch adhesive Prompt is statistically equivalent to that of the total etch adhesive SB+. doi:10.1016/j.dental.2009.11.113 35 SEM analysis of hybrid layer degradation after water storage D. Lafuente University of Costa Rica, School of Dentistry, San Jose, Costa Rica Objectives: To evaluate the morphology of the hybrid layer of one total etch and one self-etch DBA alter water storage and the effect of the application of 2% clorhexidine on its longevity. Materials and methods: Twelve maxillary teeth (molars and premolars) had a class II cavity prepared with a 558 carbide bur leaving an enamel wall to separate a mesial cavity from a distal cavity. Teeth were separated in two groups (n = 6), to receive either Adper Single Bond 2 (SB2) or Adper SE Plus (SEP) (3 M ESPE). In one cavity the DBA was applied following manufacturer’s instructions, on the other, 2% clorhexidine was applied for 30 s before the application of the DBA. After acidetching with SB2 and before application of bottle A with SEP. Teeth were sectioned with a slow speed diamond disk (Isomet Slowspeed Saw) M-D and stored in water at 37 ◦ C for 125 days. Then teeth were prepared for SEM observation and morphology of the hybrid layer was observed and measured under 3 parameters: clear image of hybrid layer; presence of resin tags in tubules; and length of resin tags. A grade of either 0 or 1 was given to each parameter (not present and present). Data was analyzed with a Kruskal–Wallis test calculated at a 0.05 significance level. Results: Number of specimens graded “1” for each parameters in all study groups are listed in table. Treatment
Hybrid layer
Resin tags
Tags length
SB2 w/o CHX CHX
3 6
3 6
1 2
SEP w/o CHX CHX
3 6
3 4
2 4
Conclusions: The use of 2% clorhexidine before the application of the DBA improves the longevity of the hybrid layer but
d e n t a l m a t e r i a l s 2 6 ( 2 0 1 0 ) e125–e157
Materials and methods. Flat dentin surfaces from thirty extracted human third molars were bonded with acid etching adhesives: (1) Scotch Bond Multi-Purpose (SBMP; 3M/ESPE) – water-based; (2) Single Bond (SB; 3M/ESPE) – ethanol/water based and Prime & Bond 2.1 (PB; Dentsply) – acetone-based. Bonded dentin surfaces were air-dried according manufacturer directions at either 21 ◦ C or 38 ◦ C. Composite buildups were constructed incrementally. After storage in water for 24 h at 37 ◦ C, the specimens were prepared for microtensile bond strength testing. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey test (p < 0.05). Results. SBMP performed better at a higher temperature (p < 0.05). The higher temperatures did not affect the performance for SB and PB (p > 0.05). The PB showed the highest bond strength values compared to SBMP and was similar to SB. Adhesive systems
Airtemperature (21◦ C)
Airtemperature (38◦ C)
SBMP
33.5 ± 11.85, N = 32aB 38.8 ± 14.95, N = 23aAB 44.3 ± 15.60, N = 22aA
41.1 ± 16.47, N = 21bA 42.4 ± 17.27, N = 24aA 51.8 ± 12.64, N = 29aA
SB PB
N = number of specimens. Average (MPa) ± S.D. Same capital letters indicates no statistically differences for each column (p > 0.05). Same lower letters indicates no statistically differences for each line (p > 0.05).
Conclusions. The use of a warm air-dry stream seems to be a clinical tool to improve the bond strength to water based acid-etching adhesives. doi:10.1016/j.dental.2009.11.112
34 Adhesion to uncut enamel—A comparison between two test methods N. Karim ∗ , B.A. Shukla, V.A. Russell, S.S. Velamakanni 3M ESPE Dental Products, St. Paul, MN, USA Objectives. The purpose of this study was to compare the ability of two adhesion test methods to differentiate performance of three dental adhesives on uncut enamel. Materials and methods. Adhesives tested were AdperTM ScotchbondTM SE Self-Etch Adhesive (SBSE, 3M ESPE), AdperTM PromptTM L-PopTM (Prompt, 3M ESPE) and AdperTM Single Bond Plus (SB+, 3M ESPE). Test specimen was prepared by applying an adhesive per manufacturer’s instructions on the cleaned, unground facial enamel surface of a bovine incisor tooth. The adhesive surface was build up with FiltekTM Z250 Universal Restorative (3M ESPE). Microtensile test specimen were prepared by storing the tooth for 24 h in tap water at 37 ◦ C, followed by sectioning the tooth perpendicular to the bonding surface with a precision diamond saw to obtain 1 mm × 1 mm wide; 8–9 mm long rectangular sticks. Tensile testing was done in a two-part jig at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min until
failure. Shear bond strength was measured according to a notched-edge shear method (UltradentTM ), after 24 h storage of the test specimen in water at 37 ◦ C. Results Adhesive
SB+ Prompt SBSE
Microtensile bond strength [MPa]
Shear bond strength [MPa]
Average
std. dev.
N
Average
std. dev.
N
42.7 (a) 37.4 (a) 26.9 (b)
13.1 19.9 11.1
26 27 20
38.9 (c) 25.4 (d) 33.4 (c)
9.8 8.0 10.1
26 25 27
Letters in parenthesis indicate statistical equivalence according to twosample t-test (p < 0.05).
Conclusions. Microtensile bond strength provides a better ranking of adhesives in terms of their known (SB+ and Prompt) and expected (SBSE) clinical performance on uncut enamel than notched-edge shear adhesion does. Adhesion to uncut enamel of the self-etch adhesive Prompt is statistically equivalent to that of the total etch adhesive SB+. doi:10.1016/j.dental.2009.11.113 35 SEM analysis of hybrid layer degradation after water storage D. Lafuente University of Costa Rica, School of Dentistry, San Jose, Costa Rica Objectives: To evaluate the morphology of the hybrid layer of one total etch and one self-etch DBA alter water storage and the effect of the application of 2% clorhexidine on its longevity. Materials and methods: Twelve maxillary teeth (molars and premolars) had a class II cavity prepared with a 558 carbide bur leaving an enamel wall to separate a mesial cavity from a distal cavity. Teeth were separated in two groups (n = 6), to receive either Adper Single Bond 2 (SB2) or Adper SE Plus (SEP) (3 M ESPE). In one cavity the DBA was applied following manufacturer’s instructions, on the other, 2% clorhexidine was applied for 30 s before the application of the DBA. After acidetching with SB2 and before application of bottle A with SEP. Teeth were sectioned with a slow speed diamond disk (Isomet Slowspeed Saw) M-D and stored in water at 37 ◦ C for 125 days. Then teeth were prepared for SEM observation and morphology of the hybrid layer was observed and measured under 3 parameters: clear image of hybrid layer; presence of resin tags in tubules; and length of resin tags. A grade of either 0 or 1 was given to each parameter (not present and present). Data was analyzed with a Kruskal–Wallis test calculated at a 0.05 significance level. Results: Number of specimens graded “1” for each parameters in all study groups are listed in table. Treatment
Hybrid layer
Resin tags
Tags length
SB2 w/o CHX CHX
3 6
3 6
1 2
SEP w/o CHX CHX
3 6
3 4
2 4
Conclusions: The use of 2% clorhexidine before the application of the DBA improves the longevity of the hybrid layer but