Adhesive Bonding of Attachments on Alternate Car Shell Surfaces in Automotive Final Assembly Lines

Adhesive Bonding of Attachments on Alternate Car Shell Surfaces in Automotive Final Assembly Lines

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia CIRP 18 (2014) 180 – 185 ,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ0DQXIDFWXUHRI/LJKWZHLJKW&RP...

2MB Sizes 0 Downloads 52 Views

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

ScienceDirect Procedia CIRP 18 (2014) 180 – 185

,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ0DQXIDFWXUHRI/LJKWZHLJKW&RPSRQHQWV±0DQX/LJKW

$GKHVLYH%RQGLQJRI$WWDFKPHQWVRQ$OWHUQDWH&DU6KHOO6XUIDFHVLQ $XWRPRWLYH)LQDO$VVHPEO\/LQHV /3DSDGDNLV 06FKLHO99DVVLORX$/RL]RX.'LOJHU  )UHGHULFN5HVHDUFK&HQWHU)LORN\SURX1LFRVLD&\SUXV ,QVWLWXWHIRU-RLQLQJDQG:HOGLQJ ifs 7HFKQLVFKH8QLYHUVLWDHW%UDXQVFKZHLJ/DQJHU.DPS%UDXQVFKZHLJ*HUPDQ\

&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HOH[WID[E-mail addressOSDSDGDNLV#IUHGHULFNDFF\ 

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© 2014 Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license ‹7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU%9 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). 6HOHFWLRQ DQG SHHUUHYLHZ XQGHU UHVSRQVLELOLW\ RI WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 6FLHQWLILF &RPPLWWHH RI WKH ³,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ Peer-review under responsibility of the International Scientific Committee of the “International Conference on Manufacture 0DQXIDFWXUHRI/LJKWZHLJKW&RPSRQHQWV±0DQX/LJKW´LQWKHSHUVRQRIWKH&RQIHUHQFH&KDLU3URI$(UPDQ7HNND\D of Lightweight Components – ManuLight 2014” Keywords:$GKHVLYHERQGLQJFDUERG\DVVHPEO\FRDWLQJSDLQWLQJODVHUDEODWLRQ

,QWURGXFWLRQ

DIWHU WKH SDLQW SURFHVV DQG D SRVVLEOH VXUIDFH SUH WUHDWPHQW LH ODVHU DEODWLRQ LQ RUGHU WR LPSURYH ERQG SURSHUWLHVDQGHQVXUHVWUHQJWKUHTXLUHPHQWV

1.1. Background and motivation 1.2. Objectives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

2212-8271 © 2014 Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the International Scientific Committee of the “International Conference on Manufacture of Lightweight Components – ManuLight 2014” doi:10.1016/j.procir.2014.06.128

L. Papadakis et al. / Procedia CIRP 18 (2014) 180 – 185

 WR HYDOXDWH WKH SRVVLELOLW\ IRU LQWHJUDWLRQ LQ FXUUHQW SURGXFWLRQOLQHV 0DQXIDFWXULQJSURFHVVHVDQGSURGXFWSURSHUWLHV 2.1. Coatings and painting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

SDFNFOHDUFRDW :DWHUPHWDOEDVHFRDW &DWDSKRUHWLFGLSSDLQWLQJ =LQFSKRVSKDWLVDWLRQ 6KHHWVWHHO JDOYDQLVHG &RDWLQJ WKLFNQHVV DSSUR[ ȝP



)LJ  3DLQWLQJ SURFHVV DQG OD\HU FRQILJXUDWLRQ RI DXWRPRWLYH VXEVWUDWHFRDWLQJSDLQWV\VWHP

7KH UHOHDVH RI LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW RWKHU SDLQWLQJ SURFHGXUHV LH WKH KDUGHQLQJ RI PDWHULDO WKURXJK XOWUD YLROHWUDGLDWLRQ  DOORZV D JUHDWHU EDQGZLGWK RI WKH YDULRXV PHWKRGV WR EH PDGH DYDLODEOH >@ &XUUHQW UHVHDUFK RI SDLQW OD\HULQJ SURFHGXUHV DIWHU WKH VWUHVVHV LQYROYHG LQ DQ DXWRPRELOH FUDVK DUH RQO\ UHOHYDQW WR UHVSHFWLYH VWRQH FKLSSLQJ UHVLVWDQFH RI WKH SDLQW >@ 7KHUHDUHQXPHURXVDGGLWLRQDOLQYHVWLJDWLRQVLQWKHDUHD RIWKHLPSURYHPHQWRIDGKHVLYHVWUHQJWKEHWZHHQPHWDO DQGSRO\PHUVXUIDFHV>@ 2.2. Adhesive bonding 7KH MRLQLQJ RI SDLQWHG PHWDO WKURXJK WKH XVH RI DQ DGKHVLYH DJHQW LV XVHG ZLGHO\ LQ LQGXVWULDO IDEULFDWLRQ $OUHDG\ E\  WKH DGKHVLRQ RI FRPSOHWHO\ SDLQWHG DOXPLQXP SDQHOV RQ WKH VLGH TXDGUDQWV RI /LJKW 5DLO 9HKLFOHV /59 ZDVPDGHSRVVLEOHWKURXJKDGHYHORSHG SURFHVVWHFKQRORJ\>@

181

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³SDWFKZRUN EODQN´WHFKQRORJ\DVDQDOWHUQDWLYHWRWKHFXUUHQWO\XVHG ³WDLORUHG EDQNV´ LQ ZKLFK WKH FXWWLQJ SURFHVV FRXOG EH UHGXFHG DQG D KLJKHU IOH[LELOLW\ FRXOG EH REWDLQHG WKURXJKWKHDGKHVLRQRIYDULRXVVKHHWVRIPDWHULDORIIHUV FHUWDLQDGYDQWDJHV>@ 2.3. Surface treatment 7KHERXQGDU\OD\HURISDLQWDGKHVLYHLVQHFHVVDU\IRU WKHFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQRIWKHWRWDOSHUIRUPDQFHRIWKHOD\HU FRPSRXQG7KHFXUUHQWWUHQGLVWRSURYLGHSDLQWV\VWHPV ZLWKDORZHUVXUIDFHHQHUJ\OHDGLQJWRDVORZHUUDWHRI GLUW\LQJ7KLVGRHVQRWRQO\DIIHFW WKH VHQVLWLYLW\ RI WKH SDLQW WR GLUW EXW LW DOVR FRUUXSWV WKH DGKHVLRQ EHWZHHQ DGKHVLYH DQG JORVV OD\HU $Q LQQRYDWLYH WHFKQRORJ\ ZKLFK LV XVHG WR PRGLI\ WKH VXUIDFH LV WKH ODVHU SUH WUHDWPHQW:LWKWKLVWHFKQRORJ\WKHIROORZLQJWDVNVFDQ EHREWDLQHG x 6XUIDFHVWUXFWXULQJ 7KH ODVHU HQDEOHV D K\GURSKRELF RU K\GURSKLOLF VWUXFWXULQJ RI WKH VXUIDFH ZKHUHE\ D GHILQHG PDQLSXODWLRQRIWKHDGKHVLYHSURSHUWLHVFDQEHDFKLHYHG x 6XUIDFHIXQFWLRQDOL]DWLRQZLWK2RUFDUER[\OLFDFLG 3UH WULDOV DW WKH /DVHU =HQWUXP +DQRYHU VKRZHG WKDW VXUIDFHHQHUJ\XQGHUWKHLQIOXHQFHRIWKHSURSHUJDVDQG ODVHU WUHDWPHQW FDQ EH UDLVHG E\ VSHFLILFDOO\ LQVHUWLQJ UHDFWLYHJURXSVRUE\WKHLQWURGXFWLRQRIFDUER[\OLFDFLG JURXSV7KLVSURFHVVSURPRWHVDQDFFHOHUDWHGKDUGHQLQJ RI WKH DGKHVLYH DQG DQ LPSURYHG DGKHVLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH SDLQWDQGWKHDGKHVLYH x 6HOHFWLYHSDLQWDEUDVLRQRIVLQJOHSDLQWOD\HUV 7KHRXWHUPRVWJORVVOD\HULVLQSDUWLFXODUDQWLDGKHVLYH 7KHUHIRUH WKH DGKHVLRQ VWUHQJWK EHWZHHQ WKH VLQJOH OD\HUV YDULHV ,W LV HVVHQWLDO WR VHOHFWLYHO\ DEUDGH WKH SDLQW GRZQ WR OD\HUV ZLWK JRRG DGKHVLRQ VWUHQJWK ZKHUHE\ D KLJK VXUIDFH HQHUJ\ ZLOO EH DFKLHYHG 7KH /DVHU =HQWUXP +DQRYHU KDV SURSRVHG D SDLQW DEUDVLRQ WHFKQLTXH SHUIRUPHG ZLWK WKH DLG RI ODVHUV 7KLV LQQRYDWLYH PHWKRG RI SUHWUHDWPHQW LV FRPSDUHG ZLWK RWKHU PRUH FRPPHUFLDO PHWKRGV RI VXUIDFH SUH

L. Papadakis et al. / Procedia CIRP 18 (2014) 180 – 185

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ʄ feedrate clearlaquer topͲcoatlacquer filler electrocoating zinc metalsheet

` clear coating ` silver lacquer ` filler ` EC ` zinc

` 85μmlacquer removal in25s/cm² ` remaining lacquer thickness:44μm

5mm

200Ͳfold



)LJ6XUIDFHWUHDWPHQWRIVLOYHUPHWDOOLFSDLQWE\PHDQVRI,5ODVHU DEODWLRQ

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x ZKLWHQRQPHWDOOLFFRORUDQG x VLOYHUPHWDOOLFFRORU 3.1. Lap-joint tensile-shear tests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

182





 



 



 

  



 '&

HOHFWUR FRDW

ILOOHU

ZKLWH

VLOYHU

'&

ZKLWH

VLOYHU

)LJ)DLOXUH PHFKDQLVPVRIGLIIHUHQWDGKHVLYHERQGV\VWHPVMRLQHG ZLWK&38

'XH WR WKH IDFW WKDW WKH WKLQ VKHHW PHWDO SUREHV LQGLFDWH UHODWLYH KLJK GHIRUPDWLRQ LQ WKH DUHD RI WKH ERQG ZKLFK FRXOG DIIHFW WKH ERQG V\VWHP IDLOXUH PHFKDQLVPWKHH[SHULPHQWV ZHUHUHSHDWHGZLWKWKLFNHU VWHHO VXEVWUDWHV RI PP WKLFNQHVV IRU EODVWHG VWHHO VKHHWV DQG ZKLWH DQG VLOYHU SDLQWHG SUREHV ,Q WKLV FDVH WKHERQGRQEODVWHGVKHHWVLQGLFDWHVLGHQWLFDOVWUHQJWK,Q WKHFRQWUDU\WKHERQGV\VWHPRIZKLWHSDLQWGHPRQVWUDWHV KLJKHU VWUHQJWK FRPSDUHG WR WKH WKLQQHU SUREHV RI DSSUR[LPDWHO\03DZLWKWKHERQGIDLOXUHRFFXUULQJLQ WKH ILOOHU OD\HU DV VKRZQ LQ )LJ )LQDOO\ WKH VLOYHU SDLQWHGVKHHWVLQGLFDWHDORZHUUHGXFWLRQRIVWUHQJWKRQ WKLFNHU VXEVWUDWHV RI DSSUR[LPDWHO\ 03D LQVWHDG RI RQO\03DRQWKHWKLQQHUPHWDOVKHHWV 3.2. Butt-joint tensile tests )XUWKHUPRUH WKH VWUHVVGHIRUPDWLRQ FXUYH GXULQJ EXWWMRLQW WHQVLOH WHVWV ZDV FDSWXUHG IRU WKH DERYH DGKHVLYH ERQG V\VWHP FRQILJXUDWLRQV $OWKRXJK WKLV WHVWLQJ PHWKRGV ZDV GHVLJQHG IRU VWHHOVWHHO ERQGV WKH EXWWMRLQW WHVW FRXOG EH HDVLO\ DGRSWHG IRU WKH WHVWLQJ RI GLIIHUHQWFRDWLQJVRUSDLQWV7KLVPRGLILFDWLRQZDVGRQH E\ XVLQJ VWDQGDUG PHWDO VKHHWV WKDW ZHUH SDLQWHG LQ WKH UHJXODU SURGXFWLRQ OLQH 7KHVH VKHHWV ZHUH ERQGHG LQ D



183

L. Papadakis et al. / Procedia CIRP 18 (2014) 180 – 185

 )LJ  6FKHPDWLF VHWXS RI URXQG EXWWMRLQW WHVWLQJ DQG $5&$1 VSHFLPHQ

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

max.Stresses [MPa]

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

7DEOH  ([SHULPHQWDO EXWWMRLQW WHQVLOH WHVW UHVXOWV RI WKH PHFKDQLFDO SURSHUWLHVIRUGLIIHUHQWDGKHVLYHERQGV\VWHPW\SHV 0HFKDQLFDO SURSHUWLHVRI ERQGV Young’s Stiffness K Modulus E [MPa] [MPa]

(SR[\ RQSODLQ VWHHO

&38 RQSODLQ VWHHO

&38 RQZKLWH SDLQW

&38 RQVLOYHU SDLQW









Tensile yield strength s Y [MPa]









Max. tensile strength s m ax [MPa]









2CͲPU

whitesilver



)LJ  )DLOXUH PHFKDQLVPV RI WKH DGKHVLYH ERQG V\VWHP MRLQHG E\ &38 RQ L  SODLQ VWHHO VKHHWV DQG LL  ZKLWH DQG LLL  VLOYHU SDLQWHG VKHHWVDIWHU$5&$1WHVWVDQGIDLOXUHFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ

3.4. High speed T-Peel tests

 %DVHG RQ WKH DWWDLQHG H[SHULPHQWDO UHVXOWV WKH ERQG HODVWLFSODVWLF EHKDYLRU DQG PD[LPXP WHQVLOH VWUHQJWK DUHXVHGIRUWKHSXUSRVHVRIWKHPRGHOLQJDQGVLPXODWLRQ RIWKHERQGSHUIRUPDQFHIRUDSSOLFDWLRQVRQDXWRPRWLYH VWUXFWXUHVHVSHFLDOO\GXULQJFUDVKORDGLQJ 3.3. ARCAN tests and bond failure characterization 7KH $5&$1 WHVWV >@ ZHUH SHUIRUPHG IRU WKUHH ERQG V\VWHP FRQILJXUDWLRQV DGKHVLYH ERQG ZLWK D &38RQ L SODLQVWHHOVKHHWVDQGRQODFTXHUHGVKHHWV ZLWK LL ZKLWHQRQPHWDOOLFFRORUDQG LLL VLOYHUPHWDOOLF FRORU 7KH PD[LPXP VWUHVVHV IRU HDFK DGKHVLYH ERQG FRQILJXUDWLRQLQFDVHRIGLIIHUHQWWHVWVZLWKYDU\LQJSXOO GLUHFWLRQ ƒ QRUPDO WHQVLOH  VWUHVVHV ƒ FRPELQHG VWUHVVHV DQG ƒ SXUH VKHDULQJ DUH LOOXVWUDWHG LQ )LJ %DVHG RQ WKHVH H[SHULPHQWDO UHVXOWV WKH ERQG IDLOXUH FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ LV GHVFULEHG DV D SRZHUODZ FRPELQDWLRQRIGLUHFWWHQVLRQDQGVKHDUDFURVVWKHERQG V\VWHPIRUWKHSXUSRVHVRIWKHPRGHOLQJDQGVLPXODWLRQ RIWKHFUDVKEHKDYLRURIERQGV>@

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ifs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

184

L. Papadakis et al. / Procedia CIRP 18 (2014) 180 – 185

L  RQFDWKRGLFFRDWHG HOHFWURFRDWHG VSHFLPHQV LL  RQZKLWHSDLQWHGVSHFLPHQVDQG LLL  RQVLOYHUSDLQWHGVSHFLPHQV )LJVKRZVWKHH[SHULPHQWDOVHWXSDQGWKHFDSWXUHRID KLJKVSHHG FDPHUD DW WKH PRPHQW RI WKH ERQG IDLOXUH EHJLQGXULQJKLJKVSHHGSHHOLQJWHVWLQJ beginof beginofbond bondfailure failure

bondsystemof2CͲPU bondsystemof2CͲPu onwhitepaint onwhitepaint

highpull tensilespeed of1.6m/s velocity=2.5m/s



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imulation performance and results

)LJ([SHULPHQWDOVHWXSIRUKLJKVSHHGSHHOLQJWHVWV

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

7KH DLP RI WKH PRGHOLQJ WDVN ZDV WR UHSOLFDWH DQG LQYHVWLJDWH WKH KLJK VSHHG 73HHO H[SHULPHQW E\ DSSO\LQJWKHJHRPHWU\PHFKDQLFDOFRQVWUDLQWVDQGSHHO VSHHGLGHQWLFDOWRWKHH[SHULPHQWDOVHWXSDVGHVFULEHGLQ SDUDJUDSK  EDVHG RQ WKH PDWHULDO DQG IUDFWXUH SURSHUWLHV GHWHUPLQHG LQ WKH H[SHULPHQWV )LJ VKRZV WKHH[SHULPHQWDODQGVLPXODWLRQUHVXOWVRIWKHIRUFHWLPH GLDJUDP GXULQJ WKH KLJK VSHHG SHHOLQJ WHVW IRU DQ DGKHVLYHERQGRI&38RQVLOYHUSDLQW

7DEOH  ([SHULPHQWDO EXWWMRLQW WHQVLOH WHVW UHVXOWV RI WKH PHFKDQLFDO SURSHUWLHVIRUGLIIHUHQWDGKHVLYHERQGV\VWHPW\SHV &38RQ (&VXUIDFH

&38RQ ZKLWHSDLQW

&38RQ VLOYHUSDLQW

max. peeling load [N]







max. displacement [mm]







duration up to failure [ms]









rate of energy absorption [J/s] failure mechanism







RI&38 DGKHVLYH OD\HU

EHWZHHQFOHDU FRDWDQG DGKHVLYH

RIFRKHVLYH ]RQHLQVLOYHU SDLQW

unfilteredmeasurement filtered(lowpass3000Hz) simulation

 )LJ([SHULPHQWDODQGVLPXODWLRQUHVXOWVIRUDKLJKVSHHG73HHOWHVW



0RGHOLQJRIERQGEHKDYLRUXQGHUORDGLQJ 4.1. Definition of bond mechanical properties and failure criterion 7KHH[SHULPHQWDOUHVXOWVRQWKHPHFKDQLFDOEHKDYLRU RI ODFTXHUHG ERQG V\VWHPV DV SUHVHQWHG LQ WKH SUHYLRXV VHFWLRQV DUH XVHG IRU WKH PRGHOLQJ ZLWK WKH DLG RI WKH ILQLWH HOHPHQW PHWKRG )(0  6SHFLILFDOO\ WKH FDVH RI

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

L. Papadakis et al. / Procedia CIRP 18 (2014) 180 – 185

RI WKH VWUDLQ UDWH GXULQJ WHVWLQJ RI VWHHOV FDQ OHDG WR DURXQG DGRXEOH PD[LPXP VWUHVV ZLWK D  UHGXFWLRQ RIWKHGHIRUPDWLRQVDWIDLOXUH>@

185

DQGVXUIDFHWUHDWPHQWSURFHVVHVLQDXWRPRWLYHLQGXVWULHV SUHVHQWHG LQ WKLV SDSHU FRQWULEXWH RQ WKH ZD\ WR HQVXUH WKHERQGRIDWWDFKPHQWVRQODFTXHUHGDXWRPRWLYHVKHOOV ZLWKRSWLPL]HGVDIHW\DQGVWUHQJWKLQWKHQHDUIXWXUH

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

/DSVKHDUVWUHQJWK >03D@

         

 )LJ([SHULPHQWDOLQYHVWLJDWLRQRIODSVKHDUVWUHQJWKRIODVHUDEODWHG VSHFLPHQV

6XPPDU\DQGFRQFOXVLRQV $GKHVLYHVHVSHFLDOO\&SRO\XUHWKDQHKDYHEHFRPH LQGLVSHQVDEOHFRPSRQHQWVRIPRGHUQFDUPDQXIDFWXULQJ 6XFKPDWHULDOVVHUYHGWRLQFUHDVHFUDVKSHUIRUPDQFHDQG ORQJWHUP VWUHQJWK IRU VWUXFWXUDO DQG VHPLVWUXFWXUDO MRLQWV7KHFRQWLQXRXVGHYHORSPHQWRIERQGLQJV\VWHPV

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|KP&/DPPHO-1RDN& 6UDMEU  &RVWHIIHFWLYH GHIHFW GHWHFWLRQ LQ ERQGHG JODVV HOHPHQW PRGXOHV XVLQJ DFWLYH WKHUPRJUDSK\ $GKHVLYH  6HDODQWV([WUD9ROXPHS >@ 0 6FKLHO ( +DQVVHQ 0 )UDXHQKRIHU . 'LOJHU  'HWHUPLQDWLRQ RI PHFKDQLFDO SURSHUWLHV RI DGKHVLYH MRLQWV RQ SDLQWHG VXEVWUDWHV ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ 6WUXFWXUDO $GKHVLYH%RQGLQJ3RUWR-XO\ >@ * :RHOIHO  %0: :HUN /HLS]LJ VHW]W QHXH 0D‰VWlEH LQ GHU$XWRPRELOODFNLHUXQJ'LH2EHUIODHFKHQ=HLWXQJ*HUPDQ\ >@ 0 +LOW  3HUVSHNWLYHQ GHU 896WUDKOXQJVWURFNQXQJ YRQ .ODUODFNHQ´0HWDOOREHUIODHFKH9ROXPH1US >@ 5 1RWKKHOIHU5LFKHU * .XQ] &' (LVHQEDFK  6WRQH FKLS UHVLVWDQFH RI FRDWLQJV RQ SODVWLF VXEVWUDWHV 6WXWWJDUWHU .XQVWVWRII.ROORTXLXP9ROXPH6WXWWJDUWS >@ : 6FKRO]  ,PSURYLQJ VXEVWUDWH ZHWWLQJ ZLWK FRDWLQJ DGGLWLYHV$GKHVLYHDQG)LQLVKLQJ6\PS9ROXPH0XQLFK >@ :.OHEHU(OHNWURVWDWLVFKH2EHUIOlFKHQEHVFKLFKWXQJ7HLO  7HFKQRORJLVFKH $QIRUGHUXQJHQ DQ GLH $QODJHQWHFKQLN 0HWDOOREHUIODHFKH5HLKHS± >@ * 6FKPDW]  9HUNOHEHQ YRQ IHUWLJODFNLHUWHQ $OXPLQLXP SDQHHOHQLP6HLWHQZDQGEHUHLFKYRQ/59 OLJKWUDLOYHKLFOH DXV SUR]HVVWHFKQLVFKHU 6LFKW 3UD[LV)RUXP $UEHLWVNUHLV $XWR PRELO9LHQQD >@ : )OXHJJH  )JHQ YRQ REHUIOlFKHQEHVFKLFKWHWHQ 6WDKOZHUNVWRIIHQ&RQIHUHQFH5HSRUW'965HSRUW6DO]JLWWHU >@ * 0HVFKXW + )ULHGULFK  =XNQIWLJH )JHNRQ]HSWH IU $XWRPRELOVWUXNWXUHQ LQ 0LVFKEDXZHLVH´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¶V0DQXDO/LYHUPRUH&$86$ >@ 5:$UPVWURQJ60:DOOH\+LJKVWUDLQUDWHSURSHUWLHV RI PHWDOV DQG DOOR\V ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 0DWHULDOV 5HYLHZV 9ROXPH 1US