Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
Physics Procedia 36 (2012) 1412 – 1416
6XSHUFRQGXFWLYLW\&HQWHQQLDO&RQIHUHQFH
$GYDQFHGGHYHORSPHQWRI,%$'3/'FRDWHGFRQGXFWRUVDW )8-,.85$ 0,JDUDVKLD ..DNLPRWRD6+DQ\XD5.LNXWDNHD<6XWRKD56X]XNLD 0'DLERD+)XMLD+.XWDPLD<,LMLPDD0,WRKD76DLWRKD D
)XMLNXUD/WG0XWVX]DNL6DNXUD&KLED-DSDQ
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
©3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG6HOHFWLRQDQGRUSHHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RI+RUVW5RJDOODDQG 2012 Published by Elsevier B.V. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of the Guest Editors. 3HWHU.HV .H\ZRUGV5(FRDWHGFRQGXFWRUFULFLFDOFXUUHQWXQLIURPLW\,F[/YDOXHLQILHOGSHUIRUPDQFH
,QWURGXFWLRQ 5(%D&X2[5(5(UDUHHDUWK FRDWHGFRQGXFWRUVZLWKFULWLFDOFXUUHQW,F DERXW$FP. VHOIILHOG DUH QRZ EHFRPLQJ FRPPHUFLDOL]HG >@ +RZHYHU DFWXDO SRZHU DSSOLFDWLRQV ZKLFK VKRXOG EH UHSODFHG E\ WKH V\VWHP XVLQJ WKHVH FRQGXFWRUV UHTXHVW IXUWKHU VFDOHXS RI ZLUHV RU ORQJ OHQJWKV DQG KLJKHU,F )XMLNXUD KDV EHHQ GHYHORSLQJ WKH FRPELQDWLRQ RI DQ LRQEHDPDVVLVWHGGHSRVLWLRQ ,%$' DQG D SXOVHGODVHUGHSRVLWLRQ 3/' WHFKQLTXH >@ (VSHFLDOO\ RXU RULJLQDO 3/' ZLWK D KRWZDOO KHDWLQJ
&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU (PDLODGGUHVVPLWVXQRULLJDUDVKL#MSIXMLNXUDFRP
1875-3892 © 2012 Published by Elsevier B.V. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of the Guest Editors. doi:10.1016/j.phpro.2012.06.145
1413
M. Igarashi et al. / Physics Procedia 36 (2012) 1412 – 1416
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aPP *G%D&X2[*G%&2aPP &H2QP 0J2QP <2 QP $O2 QP +DVWHOOR\ ZDV DSSOLHG IRU RXU FRDWHGFRQGXFWRUV $J <2 $O2 OD\HUV ZHUH GHSRVLWHG E\ VSXWWHULQJ DQG 0J2 OD\HUV ZHUH IRUPHG E\ ,%$' DQG &H2 *G%&2 OD\HUV ZHUH GHSRVLWHGE\3/'UHVSHFWLYHO\ 6HOIILHOG,FZDVPHDVXUHGE\DSURYHPHWKRGLQOLTXLGQLWURJHQ. ZLWKWKHFULWHULRQRIP9FP 7KH UHHOWRUHHO FRQWLQXRXV PHDVXUHPHQW V\VWHP ZLWK HYHU\ P ZDV XVHG IRU WKH ORQJ WDSHV DQG 7DSHVWDU70ZKLFKLVWKHPHDVXUHPHQWV\VWHPWKDWHVWLPDWHV,FIURPWKHILHOGSHQHWUDWLRQSURILOHE\VRPH KDOOVHQVRUV ZDVDOVR XVHG7KHHQGWRHQG PHDVXUHPHQW RIORQJ ZLUHV ZDVSHUIRUPHG DIWHUWKH\ ZHUH ODPLQDWHG ZLWK &X RQ $J OD\HUV DQG LQVXODWHG ZLWK SRO\LPLGH WDSH ,QILHOG ,F ZDV PHDVXUHG XQGHU WKH FRQGXFWLRQFRROHGFRQGLWLRQLQPDJQHWLFILHOGV 5HVXOWVDQGGLVFXVVLRQ 8QLIRUPLWLHVDQGLQILHOGSHUIRUPDQFHLQORQJZLUHV 8QLIRUPLW\ RI ORQJLWXGLQDO ,F GLVWULEXWLRQ LV LPSRUWDQW IRU ORQJ ZLUHV ZLWK KLJK SHUIRUPDQFH WR EH UHSURGXFHGVWHDGLO\+RZHYHUWKHXQLIRUPLW\RIDZLUHIDEULFDWHGLQZDVQRWJRRGDVVKRZQLQ)LJ DQGWDEOH)XUWKHUPRUH)LJVKRZHGODUJHIOXFWXDWLRQRI,FDORQJWKHORQJLWXGLQDOGLUHFWLRQDQGVRPH VSRQWDQHRXVO\ GHJUDGHGSRLQWV )OXFWXDWLRQ RI,F ZDV FDXVHG PDLQO\E\ D *G%&2 ILOP GHSRVLWHG XQGHU XQVWDEOHFRQGLWLRQDQGLWZDVLPSURYHGE\RSWLPL]LQJWKHFRQGLWLRQRIKRWZDOO3/'V\VWHP2QWKHRWKHU
,F. $
1R 1R
0HDVXUHGHYHU\FP ,F FULWHULRQP9FP
3RVLWLRQP
)LJ/RQJLWXGLQDO,FGLVWULEXWLRQVRIZLUHVIDEULFDWHGLQDQG
1414
M. Igarashi et al. / Physics Procedia 36 (2012) 1412 – 1416
7DEOH'HWDLOVRIWKHZLUHVVKRZQLQ)LJ
1R
1R
/HQJWKP
7KLFNQHVVPP
$YHUDJH$9* ,F$FP
6WDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQ67'9 RI,F$FP
8QLIRUPLW\,F67'9 ,F$9* [
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
,F $FPZ 㻯㼞㼕㼠㼕㼏㼍㼘㻌㼏㼡㼞㼞㼑㼚㼠㻌㻵㼏㻌㼇㻭㻛㼏㼙㻙㼣㼉
㻞㻜㻜㻜
% F
㻝㻡㻜㻜
㻝㻜㻜㻜 . . . .
㻡㻜㻜 . 㻜
. 㻜
㻝
㻞
㻟
㻠
䠧 䠧
0DJQHWLF)LHOG7 㻹㼍㼓㼚㼑㼠㼕㼏㻌㻲㼕㼑㼘㼐㻌㼇㼀㼉
)LJ,F%7FKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIDSURGXFWLRQZLUH,F $#.VI
㻡
㻢
1415
M. Igarashi et al. / Physics Procedia 36 (2012) 1412 – 1416
6KRUWVDPSOHH[SHULPHQW
aPPWKLFN
,F. $
,F. $
7KLFNQHVVRI*G%&2PP
3RVLWLRQP
)LJD 7KLFNQHVVGHSHQGHQFHRI,FIRU*G%&2ILOPVLQVKRUWVDPSOHH[SHULPHQW E /RQJLWXGLQDO,FGLVWULEXWLRQRIDPORQJWDSHPHDVXUHGE\7DSHVWDU70
)XUWKHUORQJZLUHZLWKKLJK,F $Q P ORQJ ZLUH ZDV IDEULFDWHG LQ -DQXDU\ /RQJLWXGLQDO ,F GLVWULEXWLRQ PHDVXUHG E\ 7DSHVWDU70H[KLELWHGJRRGXQLIRUPLW\H[FHSWIRUDIHZGHJUDGHGSRLQWVDVVKRZQLQ)LJ7KLVZLUHZDV PDGHLQWRDSUDFWLFDOFRQGXFWRUDQGWKHHQGWRHQG,FZDVPHDVXUHGDVVKRZQLQ)LJ,WUHDFKHG $FPFRUUHVSRQGLQJWRWKHQHZZRUOGUHFRUG,F[/YDOXHRI$PFP
7DSHVWDU PHDVXUHPHQW
,F. $
3RVLWLRQP
)LJ/RQJLWXGLQDO,FGLVWULEXWLRQRIDQPORQJZLUHPHDVXUHGE\7DSHVWDU
70
1416
M. Igarashi et al. / Physics Procedia 36 (2012) 1412 – 1416
YROWDJHP9
PP9
$
(QGWRHQGFXUUHQW
FXUUHQW$
)LJD 3KRWRJUDSKRIDQPORQJZLUHDIWHULQVXODWLRQ E (QGWRHQGFXUUHQWRIDQPORQJZLUH
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