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Age and growth of the carp Catla catla (Hamilton, 1822) from northern India
Fisheries Research, 14 ( 1992) 83-90 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam
83
Short Communication -
Age and growth ofthe ca catla . (HamSton, 1822 ) from northern dla M.S. Johal and K.K. Tandon Department of Zoology. Punjab University. Chandigarh-160014, India (Accepted 10 January 1992)
ABSTRACT Johal, MS. and Tandon, K.K., 1992. Age and growth of the carp Cutfa c&la (Hamilton, 1822) from northern India. Fish Res., 14: 83-90. Scales of 229 specimens of the carp Catia cat/a from Gobindsagar (a reservoir) and 223 from Harike (a riverine area) in northern India were read for age determination and calculation of growth parameters. There was a strong linear relationship between total fish length and lateral scale radius. The riverine population had a better rate of growth than that from the reservoir. Annulus formation occurred in June-July coinciding with spawning and the southwest monsoon. The growth constant parameter indicated that the fish enters ‘old age’ in the fifth year of life.
Catla catla (Hamilton) is one of the common Indian major carps inhabiting all freshwater but owing to changed water management practices over the years, its habitat has been affected. In the Gobindsagar reservoir because of strong competition with exotic carp (Cyprinus carpio and Hypophthalmichthysmolitrix) there is visible fall in the landings (Johal and Tandon, 1983a); this has been confirmed by Tripathi ( 1990). Fresh information on some aspects of its population dynamics is presented here. The results are based on the scales of 229 specimens from Gobindsagar (76”25’E, 31”25’N) and 223 from Harike (74”57’E, 31’10’15”N) collected from commercial catches (using gill nets of different mesh sizes) between July 1979 and June 1981. The total fish length and weight of each fish were recorded in the field with an accuracy of + 0.1 cm and + 5 g, respec-
Correspondence to: M.S. Johal, Department of Zoo!o gyy,Panjab University, Chandigarh- 16Oii14, India.
@ 1992 Elsevier Science Publishers B.‘I.r All rights reserved 01657836/92/$05.00
MS. JOHAL AND K.K. TANDON
84
tively. The sex could not be ascertained as the fish are transported intact from landing stations to the market. The method of collection of scales, their measurement and methodology,for back-calculations and calculation of various growth parameters have already been published (Johal and Tandon, 1983b, 1985). The structure of the cycloid scale has been described by earlier workers (Natarajan and Jhingran, 1963; Johal and Tandon, 1983b). Former workers observed poor formation of the first annulus, but in the present samples all the annuli could be well recognised. Annulus formation has been attributed to variation in temperature and spawning and since these factors are influenced by the southwest monsoon, the onset of this monsoon may be one of the major factors in annulus formation. The importance of this became apparent when, due to the failure of the southwest monsoon in 1985- 1987 in northern India, the carp did not breed in natural water bodies. There was reabsorption of the ovaries, with indistinctly formed annuli. The role played by sudden change in electrolyte level during the floods may be important in this context. The length-weight relationship based on Le Cren’s formula ( 195 1) is: Gobindsagar: Log W= - 1.8 16 I+ 3.0580 Log L Harike:
W=O.O152721 L3.0580 Log w= -2.1817+3.2297LogL W=O.O065811 .1,3.2297
Co-variance tests indicated that there is no significant difference between the sexes at any one place during the years 1979, 1980 and 198 1 (Gobindsagar Fi$$ = 1.28; Harike F&5 = 1.83) ; however, significant differences were noticed between the localities, hence samples were analysed separately. Increase in weight of a population is a basic variable determining the exploitable stocks and yield from the fishery (Beverton and Holt, 1957). Maximum value of the exponent n of the length-weight relationship has been reported from man-made reservoirs, i.e. Tighara reservoir (Saksena and Kulkami, 1982) and Sukhna Lake, Chandigarh (Johal and Tandon, 1983b). The low value of exponent n from Gobindsagar may be owing to the effect of the average low water temperature of the reservoir. To determine the spawning season, the value of exponent n of the lengthweight relationship has been used (Table 1). There is a sudden fall in the value of n in the months of July-September. After this period it showed an upward trend to hlarch, and then decreased distinctly. Hickling ( 1940), Tandon ( 196 1) and Johal and Tandon ( 1987) used n values of the exponent of the length-weight relationship in the determination of the spawning season in Norwegian herring, Selaroides leptolepis, and Cirrhina mrigala, respectively. The value of exponent n decreased suddenly in July-September; it may
AGE AND GROWTH OF CATLA CATL.A
85
TASLE 1 n values of length-weight relationship of Carla cat/a from Gobindsaga: and Harike Year
Period
Gobindsagar No. of specimens
Hal ike Value of n
No. of specimens
Value ofn
1979
Jufy-September October-December
30 25
2.9812 3.0183
28 30
3.0205 3.1717
1980
January-March April-June July-September October-December
28 31 28 30
3.0687 3.2234 2.9629 3.0607
26 29 28 26
3.2229 3.4129 3.0404 3.1452
1981
January-March April-June
26 31
3.1269 3.2465
26 28
3.2132 3.4099
Total number of specimens
229
223
be presumed that this is the result of the release of the eggs so this could be considered as the spawning period. Visual and field observations confirmed the above findings as most of the fishes collected during the months of August-September (post-monsoon period) had completed spawning. Annuli formed on the scales on or before 1 August every year have been considered valid for age determination; however, in a few old fishes, annulus formation was observed in the second week of August also. A linear relationship with a high degree of correlation has been observed between total fish length and lateral scale radius. The following are the statistics from two localities. Regression equation: Y=a+ bX, where X is total fish length and Y is lateral scale radius. For Gobindsagar: Y= -0.45 +O. 1879 X (coefficient of correlation, 0.9970; correction factor, 15 mm). For Harike: Y= - 0.75 + 0.19 13 X (coefficient of correiation, 0.9996; correction factor, 20 mm). Most of the Indian workers used the Von Bertalanffy growth function ‘VBGF’ (Von Bertalanffy, 1957, 1964) for back-calculations in Indian major carps. Roff ( 1980) criticized this equation because L, (ultimate size of the population) was often overestimated (Pauly, 1979) and the concept of asymptotic size needs further clarification (Paloheimo and Dickie, 1965 ). In view of all these points and the linear relationship between total fish length and lateral scale radius the formula suggested by Bagenal and Tesch ( I978 ) has been used. In the present samples seven age classes were recognised. The maximum
MS. JOHAL AND K.K. TANDON
86
growth occurred in the first year of life and the annual rat2 of increment (h) decreased with increasing age (Tables 2 and 3 ) . The phenomenon of growth compensation was observed in age Class 4 from the Gobindsagar population (Table 2). In Table 4, the back-calculated lengths in each age class from different localities are given. The maximum growth has been observed from the reservoirs of Madras State, India (Menon et al., 1959)) but it is not desirable to TABLE 2 Growth data on Carla catfa collected during the years 1979-I 98 1 from Gobindsagar Growth parameter
Years of life 1
Ucm) h Cph Cl
Cth
Wg) W
cw
2
25.89 25.89
3 45.33 19.44
4
5
6
7
60.75 15.42
77.99 90.49 96.15 99.31 17.24 12.50 5.66 3.16 14.19 75.99 34.01 28.36 16.13 6.25 3.29 14.50 13.27 15.18 11.60 5.42 3.10 14.32 -671320 1774 4343 9324 1469; 18190 19517 320 1454 2569 4981 5371 3495 I327 454 150 114 58 27 7
Abbreviations: L, back-calculated lengths in ecrh year of life: h, annual increment; Oh, index of species average size; cl, specific rate of linear growth; c,,,, growth characteristic; W, weight attained in each year of life calculated from length-weight relationship equation; w, annual increase in weight; c,,,,specific rate of weight increase.
TABLE 3 Growth data on Cut/a curla collected during the years 1979- I98 1 from Harike. Abbreviations are as for Table 2 Growth parameters
Years of life 1
Ucm) h Oh Cl
Clh
W(g) W CW
29.85 29.85
2
3 48.77 18.92
63.38 32.72 14.65 13.81 L-1 4.23 -1 381 1863 381 1482 366 149 -. -
4 64.63 15.96
14.85 8.96 L 4651 2788 56
5 74.34 9.61 13.52 10.89 8.06
7273 2622 39
6
7
82.44 8.10
88.05 6.41
7.77 6.17
6.55 5.64
7.21 ‘0156 2883 27
94.67 4.82
1
12932 2776 22
15879 2947
Natarajan and Jhingran. 1963 Menon et al., 1959 Johal and Tandon, 1983b Hoque and Ali, 1984 Present observations Present observations
River Jamuna
Harike
Reservoirs of Madras state Sukhna Lake Chandigarh Bangladesh waters Gobindsagar
Authors
Water body
27.00 25.89 29.85
229 223 48.77
45.33
44.00
38. I 1
95.00
60.00 26.31
51.40
12
29.50
II
64.73
60.75
56.00
43.77
I1 1.20
71.60
II
Back-calculated lengths in cm
74.34
77.99
65.00
55.59
82.30
14
82.44
90.49
72.00
68.57
91.70
15
88.85
96.15
78.00
74.35
16
94.67
99.31
82.00
83.17
17
from different localities and the value of index of species average size (ah)
24
No. of specimens
Comparison of growth rate of Cat/u Carla (Hamilton)
TABLE 4
89.5 1
18
13.52
14.19
11.71
11.19
37.07
18.34
@h
91.70
82.30
71.60
51.40
29.30
L(cm)
0.1834
0.2089
0.4973
0.8327
Ci,
River Jamuna’
45.33
25.89
0.2965
99.31
96.15
90.49
77.89
60.75
,r
0.8327
0.0483
0.0898
0.2230 i
0.3743
0.4389
0.0690
0.3455
0.8403
‘94.67
88.85
82.44
74.34
64.73
48.77
29.85
Av. C,, L(cm)
Harike’
0.0952
0.1122
0.1551
0.2076
0.4249
0.7363
C,,
1
0.0952
0.2249
0.7363
82.00
78.00
72.00
65 o.
56.00
44.00
27.00
Av. C,, L( cm)
0.0749
0.1202
0.:022
0.2235
0.3630
0.7323
C’,,
1
Bangladesh waters’
.
0.0749
0.2019
0.7323
89.51
83.17
74.35
68.57
55 59
43.77
38.11
26.31
0.1102
0.1682
0.1215
0.3146
0.3585
0.2079
0.5557
Ci,
Sukhna Lake4 Av. C,, L(cmJ
(Av. G,,) of Cutla cur/u from different water bodies of India and Bangladesh
0.8403
C,,
GobindsagarZ
Av. C,, L(cm)
“Natarajan and Jhingran ( 1963). “Present sample. ‘Hoque and Ali ( 1984). 4Johal and Tandon ( 1983b).
class
Age
Growth constants C,, and average growth constants
TABLE 5
,
0.2135
0.5557
Av. C,, _-
AGE AND GROWTH OF CATLA CXLL4
89
compare it with natural water bodies because in the Madras reservoirs, the fish were given supplementary food. Amongst natural water bodies, the f’irstyear linear growth did not differ significantly, though it was comparatively better in rivers than in reservoirs. Considering the value of index of species average size, a high value has been recorded from the river Jamuna and a low one from Sukhna Lake, Chandigarh and Bangladesh waters (Table 4). From this parameter it is apparent that linear growth is better in rivers than in reservoirs. The other growth parameters, annual increment in length, specific rate of linear growth, annual increase in weight and specific rate of weight increase are given in Tables 2 and 3. From these data it is evident that there is a gradual decrease in the values of the specific rate of linear growth and the specific rate of weight increase with the increase in age. The average values of growth characteristics can be used to sepa.rate populations of the same species or conspecific populations (Yablokov, B986). According to Chugunova ( 1963) most of the cyprinids show two distinct periods. This agrees with the present observations. Generally it is considered that the value of the first period of this parameter varies under the influence of external conditions and the second period characterises the hereditary fixed rates. Sometimes the populations lose their characteristics, i.e. clear-cut periods are not distinguishable indicating stress or abnormal conditions for a particufrrr species. On the basis of growth constant, in C. c&n three phases of life have been recognircd. For comparison, other published data have been inciudcd (Table 5 ) , Acc3Tding to Chugunova ( 1963) the study of growth constants has led to the discovery that the majority of fish populations show two phases and some have a third phase. Comparing these phases with the life span of the fish, the first coincides with sexual immaturity, the second with sexual maturity and the third with ‘old age’. It is apparent that the value of this parameter shows a sudden fall in age Classes 2-3. In the subsequent age classes the values gradually decrease. The life span included in the second phase varies in different localities and depends upon how long the fish remains in the active sexual phase. In most of the populations, thi:: first phase does not show variation as is evident from the present samples. Populations from Gobindsagar, Harike and Bangladesh waters do enter ‘old age’. The absence of ‘old age’ in the sample may be due to the escape of older fishes to deep areas where fishing is not possible. REFERENCES Liagenal, T.B. and Tesch, F.W., 1978. Age and growth. In: T.B. Bagenal (Editor 1, Methods for Assessment of Fish Production in Freshwaters. IBP Handbook NO. 3,3rd Edition, Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, pp. 101-136.
90
MS. JOHAL AND K.K. TANDON
Beverton, R.J.H. and Halt, S.J., 1957. On the dynamics of exploited fish populations. Fish. Invest. London, 19 (2): 533. Chugunova, N.I., 1963. Handbook for the Study of Age and Growth of Fishes. The National Science Foundation, Washington, pp. i 32 (English translation). Hickling, C.F., 1940. The fecundity of the herring of the Southern North Sea. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc., 48: 211-317. Hoque, B. and Ali, T., 1984. Determination of the age and growth of Cat/a catia (Ham. ) from opercular bones. J. Asiatic Sot. Bangladesh (SC.), 10(2 ): 87-9 1. Johal, MS. and Tandon, K.K., 1983a. The decline of native fishes. Pb. Fish. Bull., 7: 3-l 5. Johal, M.S. and Tandon, K.K., 1983b. Age, growth and length-weight relationship of Carla calla and Cirrhina mrigala (Pisces) from Sukhna Lake, Chandigarh (India). Vestn. Cesk. Spol. Zool., 47: 87-98. Johal, MS. and Tandon, K.K., 1985. Use of growth parameters in Labeo rohita (Pisces: Cyprinidae). Vbtn. Cesk. Spol. Zool., 49: 101-107. Joha1, M.S. and Tandon, K.K., 1987. Age and growth of Cirrhina mrigaia (Pisces: Cypriniformes) from Northern India. Vbtn. Cesk. Spol. Zool., 5 1: 252-280. Le Cren, E.D., 1951. The length-weight relationship and seasonal cycle in gonad weight and condition in perch (Percafluviatilis). J. Anim. Ecol., 20: 201-2 19. Menon, M.D., Srinivasan, S. and Krishnamurthy, B., 1959. Report to the Indian Council of Agricultural Research ori the Madras Pisciculture Scheme worked from 1 July 1942 to 31 March 1952. Madras Government Press, Madras, pp. 17 1. Natarajan, A.V. and Jhingran, V.G., 1963, On the biology of Cut/a cafiu (Ham.) from the river Jamuna. Proc. Natl. Inst. Sci. India, 29B( 3): 326-355. Paloheimo, J.E. and Dickie, L.M., 1965. Food and growth of fishes. I. A growth curve derived from experimental data. J. Fish. Res. Board Can., 32: 521-542. Pauly, D., 1979. Gill size and temperature as governing factors in fish growth: A generalization of Von Bertalanffy’s Growth Formula. Berichte aus dem Institute fur Meereskunde 63, Kiel University, Kiel. Roff, D.A., 1980. A motion for retirement of the von Bertalanffy Function. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 37: 127-129. Saksena, D.N. and Kulkarni, N., 1982. Observations on the condition factor (K) in an Indian major carp, Carla cafia (Ham. ) from two reservoirs. Environ. India, 5: l-6. Tandon, K.K., 1961. Use of ‘n’ values of the length-weight relationship in the determination of the spawning seasons in Selaroides Ieptolepis (Cuv. & Val. ). Sci. Cult., 27: 308. Tripathi, S.D., 1990. Freshwater aquaculture in India. In: M,M. Joseph (Editor), Aquaculture in Asia. Asian Fisheries Society, Indian Branch, Manglore, pp. 19 l-222. Von Bertalanffy, L., 1957. Quantitative laws on metabolism and growth. Q. Rev. Biol., 32: 2 17231. Von Bertalanffy, L., 1964. Basic concepts in quantitative biology of metabolism. Helgol. Wiss. Meeresunters., 9: 5-37. Yab1okov, A.V., 1986. Population Biology: Progress and Problems of Studies on Natural Populations. Mir Publishers, Moscow, pp. 303.
83
Short Communication -
Age and growth ofthe ca catla . (HamSton, 1822 ) from northern dla M.S. Johal and K.K. Tandon Department of Zoology. Punjab University. Chandigarh-160014, India (Accepted 10 January 1992)
ABSTRACT Johal, MS. and Tandon, K.K., 1992. Age and growth of the carp Cutfa c&la (Hamilton, 1822) from northern India. Fish Res., 14: 83-90. Scales of 229 specimens of the carp Catia cat/a from Gobindsagar (a reservoir) and 223 from Harike (a riverine area) in northern India were read for age determination and calculation of growth parameters. There was a strong linear relationship between total fish length and lateral scale radius. The riverine population had a better rate of growth than that from the reservoir. Annulus formation occurred in June-July coinciding with spawning and the southwest monsoon. The growth constant parameter indicated that the fish enters ‘old age’ in the fifth year of life.
Catla catla (Hamilton) is one of the common Indian major carps inhabiting all freshwater but owing to changed water management practices over the years, its habitat has been affected. In the Gobindsagar reservoir because of strong competition with exotic carp (Cyprinus carpio and Hypophthalmichthysmolitrix) there is visible fall in the landings (Johal and Tandon, 1983a); this has been confirmed by Tripathi ( 1990). Fresh information on some aspects of its population dynamics is presented here. The results are based on the scales of 229 specimens from Gobindsagar (76”25’E, 31”25’N) and 223 from Harike (74”57’E, 31’10’15”N) collected from commercial catches (using gill nets of different mesh sizes) between July 1979 and June 1981. The total fish length and weight of each fish were recorded in the field with an accuracy of + 0.1 cm and + 5 g, respec-
Correspondence to: M.S. Johal, Department of Zoo!o gyy,Panjab University, Chandigarh- 16Oii14, India.
@ 1992 Elsevier Science Publishers B.‘I.r All rights reserved 01657836/92/$05.00
MS. JOHAL AND K.K. TANDON
84
tively. The sex could not be ascertained as the fish are transported intact from landing stations to the market. The method of collection of scales, their measurement and methodology,for back-calculations and calculation of various growth parameters have already been published (Johal and Tandon, 1983b, 1985). The structure of the cycloid scale has been described by earlier workers (Natarajan and Jhingran, 1963; Johal and Tandon, 1983b). Former workers observed poor formation of the first annulus, but in the present samples all the annuli could be well recognised. Annulus formation has been attributed to variation in temperature and spawning and since these factors are influenced by the southwest monsoon, the onset of this monsoon may be one of the major factors in annulus formation. The importance of this became apparent when, due to the failure of the southwest monsoon in 1985- 1987 in northern India, the carp did not breed in natural water bodies. There was reabsorption of the ovaries, with indistinctly formed annuli. The role played by sudden change in electrolyte level during the floods may be important in this context. The length-weight relationship based on Le Cren’s formula ( 195 1) is: Gobindsagar: Log W= - 1.8 16 I+ 3.0580 Log L Harike:
W=O.O152721 L3.0580 Log w= -2.1817+3.2297LogL W=O.O065811 .1,3.2297
Co-variance tests indicated that there is no significant difference between the sexes at any one place during the years 1979, 1980 and 198 1 (Gobindsagar Fi$$ = 1.28; Harike F&5 = 1.83) ; however, significant differences were noticed between the localities, hence samples were analysed separately. Increase in weight of a population is a basic variable determining the exploitable stocks and yield from the fishery (Beverton and Holt, 1957). Maximum value of the exponent n of the length-weight relationship has been reported from man-made reservoirs, i.e. Tighara reservoir (Saksena and Kulkami, 1982) and Sukhna Lake, Chandigarh (Johal and Tandon, 1983b). The low value of exponent n from Gobindsagar may be owing to the effect of the average low water temperature of the reservoir. To determine the spawning season, the value of exponent n of the lengthweight relationship has been used (Table 1). There is a sudden fall in the value of n in the months of July-September. After this period it showed an upward trend to hlarch, and then decreased distinctly. Hickling ( 1940), Tandon ( 196 1) and Johal and Tandon ( 1987) used n values of the exponent of the length-weight relationship in the determination of the spawning season in Norwegian herring, Selaroides leptolepis, and Cirrhina mrigala, respectively. The value of exponent n decreased suddenly in July-September; it may
AGE AND GROWTH OF CATLA CATL.A
85
TASLE 1 n values of length-weight relationship of Carla cat/a from Gobindsaga: and Harike Year
Period
Gobindsagar No. of specimens
Hal ike Value of n
No. of specimens
Value ofn
1979
Jufy-September October-December
30 25
2.9812 3.0183
28 30
3.0205 3.1717
1980
January-March April-June July-September October-December
28 31 28 30
3.0687 3.2234 2.9629 3.0607
26 29 28 26
3.2229 3.4129 3.0404 3.1452
1981
January-March April-June
26 31
3.1269 3.2465
26 28
3.2132 3.4099
Total number of specimens
229
223
be presumed that this is the result of the release of the eggs so this could be considered as the spawning period. Visual and field observations confirmed the above findings as most of the fishes collected during the months of August-September (post-monsoon period) had completed spawning. Annuli formed on the scales on or before 1 August every year have been considered valid for age determination; however, in a few old fishes, annulus formation was observed in the second week of August also. A linear relationship with a high degree of correlation has been observed between total fish length and lateral scale radius. The following are the statistics from two localities. Regression equation: Y=a+ bX, where X is total fish length and Y is lateral scale radius. For Gobindsagar: Y= -0.45 +O. 1879 X (coefficient of correlation, 0.9970; correction factor, 15 mm). For Harike: Y= - 0.75 + 0.19 13 X (coefficient of correiation, 0.9996; correction factor, 20 mm). Most of the Indian workers used the Von Bertalanffy growth function ‘VBGF’ (Von Bertalanffy, 1957, 1964) for back-calculations in Indian major carps. Roff ( 1980) criticized this equation because L, (ultimate size of the population) was often overestimated (Pauly, 1979) and the concept of asymptotic size needs further clarification (Paloheimo and Dickie, 1965 ). In view of all these points and the linear relationship between total fish length and lateral scale radius the formula suggested by Bagenal and Tesch ( I978 ) has been used. In the present samples seven age classes were recognised. The maximum
MS. JOHAL AND K.K. TANDON
86
growth occurred in the first year of life and the annual rat2 of increment (h) decreased with increasing age (Tables 2 and 3 ) . The phenomenon of growth compensation was observed in age Class 4 from the Gobindsagar population (Table 2). In Table 4, the back-calculated lengths in each age class from different localities are given. The maximum growth has been observed from the reservoirs of Madras State, India (Menon et al., 1959)) but it is not desirable to TABLE 2 Growth data on Carla catfa collected during the years 1979-I 98 1 from Gobindsagar Growth parameter
Years of life 1
Ucm) h Cph Cl
Cth
Wg) W
cw
2
25.89 25.89
3 45.33 19.44
4
5
6
7
60.75 15.42
77.99 90.49 96.15 99.31 17.24 12.50 5.66 3.16 14.19 75.99 34.01 28.36 16.13 6.25 3.29 14.50 13.27 15.18 11.60 5.42 3.10 14.32 -671320 1774 4343 9324 1469; 18190 19517 320 1454 2569 4981 5371 3495 I327 454 150 114 58 27 7
Abbreviations: L, back-calculated lengths in ecrh year of life: h, annual increment; Oh, index of species average size; cl, specific rate of linear growth; c,,,, growth characteristic; W, weight attained in each year of life calculated from length-weight relationship equation; w, annual increase in weight; c,,,,specific rate of weight increase.
TABLE 3 Growth data on Cut/a curla collected during the years 1979- I98 1 from Harike. Abbreviations are as for Table 2 Growth parameters
Years of life 1
Ucm) h Oh Cl
Clh
W(g) W CW
29.85 29.85
2
3 48.77 18.92
63.38 32.72 14.65 13.81 L-1 4.23 -1 381 1863 381 1482 366 149 -. -
4 64.63 15.96
14.85 8.96 L 4651 2788 56
5 74.34 9.61 13.52 10.89 8.06
7273 2622 39
6
7
82.44 8.10
88.05 6.41
7.77 6.17
6.55 5.64
7.21 ‘0156 2883 27
94.67 4.82
1
12932 2776 22
15879 2947
Natarajan and Jhingran. 1963 Menon et al., 1959 Johal and Tandon, 1983b Hoque and Ali, 1984 Present observations Present observations
River Jamuna
Harike
Reservoirs of Madras state Sukhna Lake Chandigarh Bangladesh waters Gobindsagar
Authors
Water body
27.00 25.89 29.85
229 223 48.77
45.33
44.00
38. I 1
95.00
60.00 26.31
51.40
12
29.50
II
64.73
60.75
56.00
43.77
I1 1.20
71.60
II
Back-calculated lengths in cm
74.34
77.99
65.00
55.59
82.30
14
82.44
90.49
72.00
68.57
91.70
15
88.85
96.15
78.00
74.35
16
94.67
99.31
82.00
83.17
17
from different localities and the value of index of species average size (ah)
24
No. of specimens
Comparison of growth rate of Cat/u Carla (Hamilton)
TABLE 4
89.5 1
18
13.52
14.19
11.71
11.19
37.07
18.34
@h
91.70
82.30
71.60
51.40
29.30
L(cm)
0.1834
0.2089
0.4973
0.8327
Ci,
River Jamuna’
45.33
25.89
0.2965
99.31
96.15
90.49
77.89
60.75
,r
0.8327
0.0483
0.0898
0.2230 i
0.3743
0.4389
0.0690
0.3455
0.8403
‘94.67
88.85
82.44
74.34
64.73
48.77
29.85
Av. C,, L(cm)
Harike’
0.0952
0.1122
0.1551
0.2076
0.4249
0.7363
C,,
1
0.0952
0.2249
0.7363
82.00
78.00
72.00
65 o.
56.00
44.00
27.00
Av. C,, L( cm)
0.0749
0.1202
0.:022
0.2235
0.3630
0.7323
C’,,
1
Bangladesh waters’
.
0.0749
0.2019
0.7323
89.51
83.17
74.35
68.57
55 59
43.77
38.11
26.31
0.1102
0.1682
0.1215
0.3146
0.3585
0.2079
0.5557
Ci,
Sukhna Lake4 Av. C,, L(cmJ
(Av. G,,) of Cutla cur/u from different water bodies of India and Bangladesh
0.8403
C,,
GobindsagarZ
Av. C,, L(cm)
“Natarajan and Jhingran ( 1963). “Present sample. ‘Hoque and Ali ( 1984). 4Johal and Tandon ( 1983b).
class
Age
Growth constants C,, and average growth constants
TABLE 5
,
0.2135
0.5557
Av. C,, _-
AGE AND GROWTH OF CATLA CXLL4
89
compare it with natural water bodies because in the Madras reservoirs, the fish were given supplementary food. Amongst natural water bodies, the f’irstyear linear growth did not differ significantly, though it was comparatively better in rivers than in reservoirs. Considering the value of index of species average size, a high value has been recorded from the river Jamuna and a low one from Sukhna Lake, Chandigarh and Bangladesh waters (Table 4). From this parameter it is apparent that linear growth is better in rivers than in reservoirs. The other growth parameters, annual increment in length, specific rate of linear growth, annual increase in weight and specific rate of weight increase are given in Tables 2 and 3. From these data it is evident that there is a gradual decrease in the values of the specific rate of linear growth and the specific rate of weight increase with the increase in age. The average values of growth characteristics can be used to sepa.rate populations of the same species or conspecific populations (Yablokov, B986). According to Chugunova ( 1963) most of the cyprinids show two distinct periods. This agrees with the present observations. Generally it is considered that the value of the first period of this parameter varies under the influence of external conditions and the second period characterises the hereditary fixed rates. Sometimes the populations lose their characteristics, i.e. clear-cut periods are not distinguishable indicating stress or abnormal conditions for a particufrrr species. On the basis of growth constant, in C. c&n three phases of life have been recognircd. For comparison, other published data have been inciudcd (Table 5 ) , Acc3Tding to Chugunova ( 1963) the study of growth constants has led to the discovery that the majority of fish populations show two phases and some have a third phase. Comparing these phases with the life span of the fish, the first coincides with sexual immaturity, the second with sexual maturity and the third with ‘old age’. It is apparent that the value of this parameter shows a sudden fall in age Classes 2-3. In the subsequent age classes the values gradually decrease. The life span included in the second phase varies in different localities and depends upon how long the fish remains in the active sexual phase. In most of the populations, thi:: first phase does not show variation as is evident from the present samples. Populations from Gobindsagar, Harike and Bangladesh waters do enter ‘old age’. The absence of ‘old age’ in the sample may be due to the escape of older fishes to deep areas where fishing is not possible. REFERENCES Liagenal, T.B. and Tesch, F.W., 1978. Age and growth. In: T.B. Bagenal (Editor 1, Methods for Assessment of Fish Production in Freshwaters. IBP Handbook NO. 3,3rd Edition, Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, pp. 101-136.
90
MS. JOHAL AND K.K. TANDON
Beverton, R.J.H. and Halt, S.J., 1957. On the dynamics of exploited fish populations. Fish. Invest. London, 19 (2): 533. Chugunova, N.I., 1963. Handbook for the Study of Age and Growth of Fishes. The National Science Foundation, Washington, pp. i 32 (English translation). Hickling, C.F., 1940. The fecundity of the herring of the Southern North Sea. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc., 48: 211-317. Hoque, B. and Ali, T., 1984. Determination of the age and growth of Cat/a catia (Ham. ) from opercular bones. J. Asiatic Sot. Bangladesh (SC.), 10(2 ): 87-9 1. Johal, MS. and Tandon, K.K., 1983a. The decline of native fishes. Pb. Fish. Bull., 7: 3-l 5. Johal, M.S. and Tandon, K.K., 1983b. Age, growth and length-weight relationship of Carla calla and Cirrhina mrigala (Pisces) from Sukhna Lake, Chandigarh (India). Vestn. Cesk. Spol. Zool., 47: 87-98. Johal, MS. and Tandon, K.K., 1985. Use of growth parameters in Labeo rohita (Pisces: Cyprinidae). Vbtn. Cesk. Spol. Zool., 49: 101-107. Joha1, M.S. and Tandon, K.K., 1987. Age and growth of Cirrhina mrigaia (Pisces: Cypriniformes) from Northern India. Vbtn. Cesk. Spol. Zool., 5 1: 252-280. Le Cren, E.D., 1951. The length-weight relationship and seasonal cycle in gonad weight and condition in perch (Percafluviatilis). J. Anim. Ecol., 20: 201-2 19. Menon, M.D., Srinivasan, S. and Krishnamurthy, B., 1959. Report to the Indian Council of Agricultural Research ori the Madras Pisciculture Scheme worked from 1 July 1942 to 31 March 1952. Madras Government Press, Madras, pp. 17 1. Natarajan, A.V. and Jhingran, V.G., 1963, On the biology of Cut/a cafiu (Ham.) from the river Jamuna. Proc. Natl. Inst. Sci. India, 29B( 3): 326-355. Paloheimo, J.E. and Dickie, L.M., 1965. Food and growth of fishes. I. A growth curve derived from experimental data. J. Fish. Res. Board Can., 32: 521-542. Pauly, D., 1979. Gill size and temperature as governing factors in fish growth: A generalization of Von Bertalanffy’s Growth Formula. Berichte aus dem Institute fur Meereskunde 63, Kiel University, Kiel. Roff, D.A., 1980. A motion for retirement of the von Bertalanffy Function. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 37: 127-129. Saksena, D.N. and Kulkarni, N., 1982. Observations on the condition factor (K) in an Indian major carp, Carla cafia (Ham. ) from two reservoirs. Environ. India, 5: l-6. Tandon, K.K., 1961. Use of ‘n’ values of the length-weight relationship in the determination of the spawning seasons in Selaroides Ieptolepis (Cuv. & Val. ). Sci. Cult., 27: 308. Tripathi, S.D., 1990. Freshwater aquaculture in India. In: M,M. Joseph (Editor), Aquaculture in Asia. Asian Fisheries Society, Indian Branch, Manglore, pp. 19 l-222. Von Bertalanffy, L., 1957. Quantitative laws on metabolism and growth. Q. Rev. Biol., 32: 2 17231. Von Bertalanffy, L., 1964. Basic concepts in quantitative biology of metabolism. Helgol. Wiss. Meeresunters., 9: 5-37. Yab1okov, A.V., 1986. Population Biology: Progress and Problems of Studies on Natural Populations. Mir Publishers, Moscow, pp. 303.