- Email: [email protected]
Alternate Procedures Used to Process Spent Leghorn Hens1
01997Applied Poultry Science, Inc
ALTERNATE PROCEDURES USEDTO PROCESS SPENT LEGHORN HENS' J. J. LYONS2 and J. M. VANDEPOPULIERE Depanhent of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 Phone: (573) 882-0247 F M : (573) 882-6827 ~
~~
Primary Audience: Egg Producers, Nutritionists, Renderers, Pet Food Manufacturers
Approximately 50% of the 250 million Leghorn hens in the U.S. are classified as spent hens each year, scheduled for removal throughout the year. Processing them into edible products with the residual portions manufactured into animal feedstuffs has been the conventional method of disposal. However, numerous changes in the poultry industry have reduced the number of spent hens utilized in this manner, leading to the need for the development and evaluation of alternate processing methods to handle a portion of the annual production of spent hens and to prevent their disposal from becoming a pollution problem. In order to produce maximum return to the egg producer, it is desirable to develop
cess in which the oil is not removed from the meal. Lyons and Vandepopuliere [l] reported findings on processing units that produce this type product. Spent hen meal can also be produced through a regular rendering plant where a portion of the oil is pressed from the cooked hen prior to grinding and screening. The rendering processingsystem used in these studies was a proprietary process developed by Darling International [2]. The system's cooking variables were adjusted to optimize feather processing and minimize the decrease in the lysine availability of the meat portion. A second system evaluated was produced by BeeHive, Inc. [3]. In this system, two distinct products were developed from the
1 Contribution from the Missouri AgriculturalExperiment Station Journal Series No.
12,500.The use of trade names in this publication does not imply endorsement by the Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station of the equipment mentioned, or criticism of similar equipment not mentioned. 2 To whom correspondence should be addressed
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ at UCSF Library on April 21, 2015
products with high market value. Spent hen DESCRIPTION OF PROBLEM meal can be produced by a dry rendering pro-
Research Report 75
LYONS and VANDEPOPULIERE spent hen: one containing muscle and fat tissue and the other consisting primarily of bones and feathers. This meat product could provide an ingredient for cat and dog food, while the bone plus feathers fraction could make an ingredient for the animal industry. For example, the fish meal industry is not able to keep up with the demand of an expanding livestock industry. Therefore, fish meal diets were included in order to evaluate the replacement value of spent hen ingredients.
duced into a mechanical deboner [3]. The raw meat fraction yield was 70% with 36% DM. It was stored frozen until it was autoclaved, dried, ground, and stored in a freezer. 3. Spent hen mechanically produced bones and feathers (B+F) = C02killed hens were introduced into a mechanical deboner [3]. The raw bone and feather yield was 30% with 50% DM. It was stored frozen until it was autoclaved, dried, ground, and stored in a freezer. Samples of each ingredient were submitted to the University of Missouri Experiment Station Chemical Laboratories [4] for proximate and amino acid analyses and pepsin digestibility using the 0.2% pepsin level. The corn, soybean meal, and Menhaden fish meal were also analyzed for protein and amino acids. The chicken broiler starter diets (Tables 1 and 2) were formulated using the Brill [5] program and the 1994 edition of Nutrient Requirements of Poultry [6], with ingredient values adjusted using assay values obtained for specific ingredient supplies in these studies. In Experiment 1 either DSH or Menhaden fish meal (MFM) was formulated to feed at levels of 3, 6, 9, and 12% and at 3, 6, and 9% in Experiment 2. In Experiment 2 MDM was fed at 3 and 6% and B + F was fed at 2.75%. Day-old male chicken broilers (Peterson x Arbor Acre Feather Sex) were purchased from a local hatchery. The broilers were weighed and distributed on a weight basis equalizing the weight within each cage. Ten broilers were placed in each cage and four cages were placed on each diet using a randomized complete block design. Feed and water were supplied ad libihcrn. The broilers and residual feed were weighed on day 21. The data were subjected to statistical analysis [7] using SAS@ software [8]. Means were compared using the least significantdifference [9] when significant (PI.05) F values were found based on experiment-wide analysis of variance.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The composition of the corn, soybean meal 48%, MFM, and the three spent hen ingredient samples (DSH, MDM, B + F) used in these studies was determined. Table 3 lists
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ at UCSF Library on April 21, 2015
Three ingredients produced from spent Leghorn hens were prepared for these studies. Spent hens were removed from their cages and killed using carbon dioxide (C02). Processing of the sample (DSH) produced by the Darling process [2] involved a particle-reducing device which yielded small chunks of whole hen. These chunks were introduced into the pressurized rendering cooker along with some poultry oil. After the chunks were cooked, they were passed through a screw press to remove a portion of the oil. The pressed cake was then ground, cooled, screened, and stored in a bulk bin. This product was ready for mixing into the experimental diets. The BeeHive@ [3] mechanical deboner provided a grinding and separating action without any pretreatment, so the CO2-killed hens were introduced immediately into the mechanical deboner. The hens were automatically separated into two fractions. The mechanically deboned meat (MDM) exited at one location and the bones and feathers (B + F) at a second location. Samples containing a portion of each product were obtained during a production run and stored in a freezer until they were heat treated. Both samples were autoclaved at 20 PSI, 260°F for 90 min, placed in a forced air oven at 140°Funtil dry, and ground in a hammer mill and stored in a freezer until they were fed. Three test ingredients were produced by these processes: 1. Spent hen (DSH) = COzkilled hens reduced to small chunks and pressure cooked using a modified rendering process [2]. The cooked mass passed through a screw press, and was then ground, cooled, and stored in a bulk bin. 2. Spent hen mechanically deboned meat (MDM) = CO2-killed hens were intro-
JAPR 76
PROCESSING SPENT LEGHORN HENS
TABLE 1. Composition of broiler dietsAusing fish meal and processed spent hens (Experiment 1)
I
BMenhadenfish meal
‘Spent hens processed by Darling International,West Point, NB 68788, using a proprietary renderingprocess.
DSup lied 0.45%sodium chloride and the following per kg of diet: Mn, 154 m Zn, 154 n-# Fe, 143 mg; Cu, 8.8 m I, 1.61) mg; Se, 0.11 rn? Manufactured,by Poult7 Co.,,El Dorack, AR 71. 0. Vitamin A,9680 cholecalciferol, 4,235 I U; vltamin E, 15 1 IU, vltamin Biz, 1 p nboflawn, 7.3 mg; niacin: 60.5 mg; D-pantothenic acid, 19.2m ,menadione, 1.8 mg;folic acid, 1.5 m g ; ~ d o x i n e , 2 . $ m ;thiamine,1.2m biotin,0.24 mg. Manufactured 07110. by Roche &amins and Fine Chemicals Division, offman-La Rocae, Inc., Nutley,
16
fii
these components. The lysine, methionine, and cystine levels in the test ingredients made it possible to incorporate these ingredients at the levels used in the experiments without the need for synthetic amino acid supplementation greater than that used in the control diet. These ingredients contained desirable levels of protein, energy, calcium, and phosphorus for use in broiler starter diets. A 0.2% level of pepsin was used to determine the pepsin digestibility of fish meal and the three spent hen ingredients. All values were greater than 90%. The digestibility of the DSH sample was lowest at 91.34%. It is possible that some of the feather protein had not been made available during the manufacturing process. The dietary levels of MFM and DSH ranged from 3 to 12% in Experiment 1. In general, the test ingredients replaced SBM (48% CP), fat, dicalcium phosphate, and limestone in the diet formulations. These
ingredients appear to have a somewhat similar nutrient contribution in broiler starter diet computations at these levels. The ingredients were finely ground and blended readily with the other dietary ingredients. The lower level MFM diets supported growth comparable to the control; however, diets containing the higher levels produced signrficantlygreater broiler weights at 21 days (Table 4). Weight of the broilers fed the DSH diets were comparable to the control except for the 12% level. Feed consumption on all diets was comparable to the control. The feed conversion of chicks fed the 3 and 6% MFM diets was comparable to the control, while the higher level diets produced superior feed conversions. Conversions for chicks fed the three lower DSH levels were comparable to the control; however, the 12% level was significantly poorer. The reduced performance at the 12% DSH level would in-
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ at UCSF Library on April 21, 2015
*All diets were calculated to contain 23 % protein, 3200 kcallkg, 1.7 % Ca,and 0.45 % phytate P.
Research Report LYONS and VANDEPOPULIERE
77
TABLE 2. Composition of broiler dietsA using fish meal and processed spent hens and spent hen fractions (Experiment 2)
Dicalcium
BMenhaden fish meal 'Spent hens processed by Darling International, West Point, NB 68788, using a proprietaIy rendering process. DMechanicallydeboned meat produced from spent hens using a BeeHiveO mechanical deboner, Sandy, UT 84091. EBone plus feathers product was produced from spent hens using a BeeHiveO mechanical deboner. FSpent hen fractions were autoclaved at 20 psi at 260°F for 90 min, dried in a forced air oven at 122"F, and ground in a hammer mill.
Fe,
143 mg; Cu, 8.8 m GSup lied 0 45% sodium chloride and the following per kg of diet: Mn, 154 m , Zn, 154 mF [, 1.6f mg; Se, 0.11 m Manufactured b ConAgra Poultry Co., El Doracfo, AR 717 0 Vitamin A, 9680 :holecalciferol: 4235 I&; vitamin E, 15.1 bJ; vitamin B12,12,u , riboflavin, 7.3 mg; niacin, 60.5 mg; D-pantothenic acid, 18.2 m ; menadione, 1.8mg; folic acid, 1.5mg; yridoxine, 2.fm thiamine, 1.2 m biotin, 0.24 mg. Manufactured Sy Roche dtamins and Fine Chemicals Division, &offman-La Roc& Inc., Nutley, I 8 07110.
dicate that some available nutrient level was overstated. These data would indicate that MFM can be utilized at levels up to 12% and DSH up to 9%. These DSH levels are much higher than would be generally recommended due to limited supply. Some of the MFM and DSH treatments studied in Experiment 1 were repeated in Experiment 2 (Table 5). In Experiment 2, three levels (3, 6, and 9%) of each ingredient were fed. Results were very similar to those observed in Experiment 1. Body weight, feed consumption, and feed conversion on all diets were not significantly different from the
16
control except that the chicks were heavier than the control when fed the 9% MFM diet and feed conversion was poorer for chicks fed the 9% DSH diet. Performance on 3 and 6% MDM and 2.75% B + F were comparable to that observed on the control diet. The economic value of the spent hen ingredients was calculated using soybean meal (a%), corn, and animal fat values of $195, $107, and $300/ton, respectively. When used at a 3% level in the diet, DSH and MDM had values of $310 and $340/ton, respectively. When using the 2.75% level for B + F, a value of $328/ton was generated.
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ at UCSF Library on April 21, 2015
*All diets were calculated to contain 23% protein, 3200 ME kcalkg, 1.7% Ca,and 0.45% phytate P.
JAPR PROCESSING SPENT LEGHORN HENS
78
P (total %)
0.33
0.73
2.77
2.47
0.59
P (non-phytate %)
0.11 -
0.27 -
2.77
2.47
0.59
3.19
95.86
91.34
96.30
94.74
Pepsin digestibility (%)
3.19
2.30 3.50 1.83 3.27 5.60 4.62 6.29 3.29 1.41 258 0.63 1.74 3.27 1.08 1.90 0.21 0.66 0.06 Lysine
0.32
3.23
4.33
3.57
3.57
1.92
Arginine
0.45
3.74
3.44
3.75
2.76
3.46
TIyptophan
0.06
0.63
0.54
0.48
0.31
0.24
*Assays conducted (except where noted) by the University of Missouri Experiment Station Chemical Laboratories, Columbia, MO 65211. BSoybean meal with a minimum of 48% protein ‘Menhaden fish meal DSpent hens processed by Darling International, West Point, NB 68788, using a proprietary rendering process. EMechanically deboned meat produced from spent hens using a BeeHive@ mechanical deboner, Sandy, UT 84091. FBone plus feather product produced from spent hens using a BeeHive@ mechanical deboner, Sandy, UT 84091. %pent hen fractions were autoclaved at 20 psi at 260°F for 90 min, dried in a forced air oven at 122”F, and ground in a hammer mill. HNutrient Requirements of Poultry [6] ‘Estimated ME, calculated (MI& = 31.02 x CP
+ 74.23 x EE) according to Janssen [lo].
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ at UCSF Library on April 21, 2015
0.13
Research Report LYONS and VANDEPOPULIERE
D I d
WEIGHT
Control
77lbC
MFM, 3%
7&lb
MFM, 6%
812a
79
FEED CONSUMPTION
FEED CONVERSION
982ab
1.27bC
981ab 1013a
1.25* 1.X*
MFM, 9%
alla
MFM, 12%
827a
1013a
1.23d
DSH, 3%
759*
966b
1.27bc
991ab
1.22d
7MbC
973b
1.27bc
762bC
991ab
1.30ab
DSH, 12%
739
97Sb
1.32a
5.6
0.007
Pooled SEMB
4.2
BStandarderror of the mean a 4
Means within a column with no common superscript differ significantly (P5.05).
TABLE 5. Broiler performance when fed diets containing - fish meal and processed spent hens and spent hen fractions from day 1 to day 21 (Experiment 2)
ASeeTable 2 for diets. BStandarderror of the mean awc
Means within a column with no common superscripts differ significantly (P5.05).
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ at UCSF Library on April 21, 2015
DSH, 6% DSH, 9%
JAPR PROCESSING SPENT LEGHORN HENS
80
CONCLUSIONS AND APPLICATIONS 1. Using a modified rendering unit, a feedstuff (DSH) was produced from spent hens. The meal could be used in broiler starter diets up to 6% supporting optimum performance. 2. Separating the bones and feathers from the meat with the use of a mechanical deboner produces two fractions.Autoclaved samples of these fractions, when fed to day-old broilers, supported good production performance. a, The bone plus feathers fraction can serve as a poultry feedstuff. b. The mechanically deboned meat can be used in poultry diets and is a potential ingredient for use in cat and dog diets. 3. DSH can be used to replace Menhaden fish meal (MFM) in broiler starter diets up to a level of 3%.
1. Lyons, J.J. and J.M. Vandepopuliere, 1996. Spent Leghorn hens converted into a feedstuff. J. Appl. Poultry Res. 5:ia-2.5.
7.The experiments were conducted using randomized complete block design with the performance of chicks in each cage being the experimental unit. Each battery of ten cages was a block for a total of four blocks. The block by dietaly treatment interaction was used as the error term.
2. Darling International, West Point, NB 68788. 3. BeeHive Inc., Sandy, UT 84091. 4. Assays conducted by the University of Missouri
riment Station Chemical Laboratories, Columbia, %65211. 5. The Brill Corporation, 6525 The Corners Parkway, Suite 214, Norcross, GA 30092. 6. National Research Council, 1994. Nutrient Reuirements of Poultry. 9th Edition. Natl. Acad. Press, ?Vashington, DC.
'
8. SAS Institute, 1988. SAS/STAT User's Guide. SAS Institute, Inc., Box 8000,Caq, NC 27511-8000. 9. Snedecor, G. and W. Cochran, 1976. Statistical Methods. 6th Edition. The Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA.
10. Janssen, W.M.M.A., 1989. European Table of Energy Values for Poultry Feedstuffs. 3rd Edition. Spelderholt Center for Poultry Research and Information Services, Beekbergen, The Netherlands.
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ at UCSF Library on April 21, 2015
REFERENCES i AND NOTES
ALTERNATE PROCEDURES USEDTO PROCESS SPENT LEGHORN HENS' J. J. LYONS2 and J. M. VANDEPOPULIERE Depanhent of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 Phone: (573) 882-0247 F M : (573) 882-6827 ~
~~
Primary Audience: Egg Producers, Nutritionists, Renderers, Pet Food Manufacturers
Approximately 50% of the 250 million Leghorn hens in the U.S. are classified as spent hens each year, scheduled for removal throughout the year. Processing them into edible products with the residual portions manufactured into animal feedstuffs has been the conventional method of disposal. However, numerous changes in the poultry industry have reduced the number of spent hens utilized in this manner, leading to the need for the development and evaluation of alternate processing methods to handle a portion of the annual production of spent hens and to prevent their disposal from becoming a pollution problem. In order to produce maximum return to the egg producer, it is desirable to develop
cess in which the oil is not removed from the meal. Lyons and Vandepopuliere [l] reported findings on processing units that produce this type product. Spent hen meal can also be produced through a regular rendering plant where a portion of the oil is pressed from the cooked hen prior to grinding and screening. The rendering processingsystem used in these studies was a proprietary process developed by Darling International [2]. The system's cooking variables were adjusted to optimize feather processing and minimize the decrease in the lysine availability of the meat portion. A second system evaluated was produced by BeeHive, Inc. [3]. In this system, two distinct products were developed from the
1 Contribution from the Missouri AgriculturalExperiment Station Journal Series No.
12,500.The use of trade names in this publication does not imply endorsement by the Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station of the equipment mentioned, or criticism of similar equipment not mentioned. 2 To whom correspondence should be addressed
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ at UCSF Library on April 21, 2015
products with high market value. Spent hen DESCRIPTION OF PROBLEM meal can be produced by a dry rendering pro-
Research Report 75
LYONS and VANDEPOPULIERE spent hen: one containing muscle and fat tissue and the other consisting primarily of bones and feathers. This meat product could provide an ingredient for cat and dog food, while the bone plus feathers fraction could make an ingredient for the animal industry. For example, the fish meal industry is not able to keep up with the demand of an expanding livestock industry. Therefore, fish meal diets were included in order to evaluate the replacement value of spent hen ingredients.
duced into a mechanical deboner [3]. The raw meat fraction yield was 70% with 36% DM. It was stored frozen until it was autoclaved, dried, ground, and stored in a freezer. 3. Spent hen mechanically produced bones and feathers (B+F) = C02killed hens were introduced into a mechanical deboner [3]. The raw bone and feather yield was 30% with 50% DM. It was stored frozen until it was autoclaved, dried, ground, and stored in a freezer. Samples of each ingredient were submitted to the University of Missouri Experiment Station Chemical Laboratories [4] for proximate and amino acid analyses and pepsin digestibility using the 0.2% pepsin level. The corn, soybean meal, and Menhaden fish meal were also analyzed for protein and amino acids. The chicken broiler starter diets (Tables 1 and 2) were formulated using the Brill [5] program and the 1994 edition of Nutrient Requirements of Poultry [6], with ingredient values adjusted using assay values obtained for specific ingredient supplies in these studies. In Experiment 1 either DSH or Menhaden fish meal (MFM) was formulated to feed at levels of 3, 6, 9, and 12% and at 3, 6, and 9% in Experiment 2. In Experiment 2 MDM was fed at 3 and 6% and B + F was fed at 2.75%. Day-old male chicken broilers (Peterson x Arbor Acre Feather Sex) were purchased from a local hatchery. The broilers were weighed and distributed on a weight basis equalizing the weight within each cage. Ten broilers were placed in each cage and four cages were placed on each diet using a randomized complete block design. Feed and water were supplied ad libihcrn. The broilers and residual feed were weighed on day 21. The data were subjected to statistical analysis [7] using SAS@ software [8]. Means were compared using the least significantdifference [9] when significant (PI.05) F values were found based on experiment-wide analysis of variance.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The composition of the corn, soybean meal 48%, MFM, and the three spent hen ingredient samples (DSH, MDM, B + F) used in these studies was determined. Table 3 lists
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ at UCSF Library on April 21, 2015
Three ingredients produced from spent Leghorn hens were prepared for these studies. Spent hens were removed from their cages and killed using carbon dioxide (C02). Processing of the sample (DSH) produced by the Darling process [2] involved a particle-reducing device which yielded small chunks of whole hen. These chunks were introduced into the pressurized rendering cooker along with some poultry oil. After the chunks were cooked, they were passed through a screw press to remove a portion of the oil. The pressed cake was then ground, cooled, screened, and stored in a bulk bin. This product was ready for mixing into the experimental diets. The BeeHive@ [3] mechanical deboner provided a grinding and separating action without any pretreatment, so the CO2-killed hens were introduced immediately into the mechanical deboner. The hens were automatically separated into two fractions. The mechanically deboned meat (MDM) exited at one location and the bones and feathers (B + F) at a second location. Samples containing a portion of each product were obtained during a production run and stored in a freezer until they were heat treated. Both samples were autoclaved at 20 PSI, 260°F for 90 min, placed in a forced air oven at 140°Funtil dry, and ground in a hammer mill and stored in a freezer until they were fed. Three test ingredients were produced by these processes: 1. Spent hen (DSH) = COzkilled hens reduced to small chunks and pressure cooked using a modified rendering process [2]. The cooked mass passed through a screw press, and was then ground, cooled, and stored in a bulk bin. 2. Spent hen mechanically deboned meat (MDM) = CO2-killed hens were intro-
JAPR 76
PROCESSING SPENT LEGHORN HENS
TABLE 1. Composition of broiler dietsAusing fish meal and processed spent hens (Experiment 1)
I
BMenhadenfish meal
‘Spent hens processed by Darling International,West Point, NB 68788, using a proprietary renderingprocess.
DSup lied 0.45%sodium chloride and the following per kg of diet: Mn, 154 m Zn, 154 n-# Fe, 143 mg; Cu, 8.8 m I, 1.61) mg; Se, 0.11 rn? Manufactured,by Poult7 Co.,,El Dorack, AR 71. 0. Vitamin A,9680 cholecalciferol, 4,235 I U; vltamin E, 15 1 IU, vltamin Biz, 1 p nboflawn, 7.3 mg; niacin: 60.5 mg; D-pantothenic acid, 19.2m ,menadione, 1.8 mg;folic acid, 1.5 m g ; ~ d o x i n e , 2 . $ m ;thiamine,1.2m biotin,0.24 mg. Manufactured 07110. by Roche &amins and Fine Chemicals Division, offman-La Rocae, Inc., Nutley,
16
fii
these components. The lysine, methionine, and cystine levels in the test ingredients made it possible to incorporate these ingredients at the levels used in the experiments without the need for synthetic amino acid supplementation greater than that used in the control diet. These ingredients contained desirable levels of protein, energy, calcium, and phosphorus for use in broiler starter diets. A 0.2% level of pepsin was used to determine the pepsin digestibility of fish meal and the three spent hen ingredients. All values were greater than 90%. The digestibility of the DSH sample was lowest at 91.34%. It is possible that some of the feather protein had not been made available during the manufacturing process. The dietary levels of MFM and DSH ranged from 3 to 12% in Experiment 1. In general, the test ingredients replaced SBM (48% CP), fat, dicalcium phosphate, and limestone in the diet formulations. These
ingredients appear to have a somewhat similar nutrient contribution in broiler starter diet computations at these levels. The ingredients were finely ground and blended readily with the other dietary ingredients. The lower level MFM diets supported growth comparable to the control; however, diets containing the higher levels produced signrficantlygreater broiler weights at 21 days (Table 4). Weight of the broilers fed the DSH diets were comparable to the control except for the 12% level. Feed consumption on all diets was comparable to the control. The feed conversion of chicks fed the 3 and 6% MFM diets was comparable to the control, while the higher level diets produced superior feed conversions. Conversions for chicks fed the three lower DSH levels were comparable to the control; however, the 12% level was significantly poorer. The reduced performance at the 12% DSH level would in-
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ at UCSF Library on April 21, 2015
*All diets were calculated to contain 23 % protein, 3200 kcallkg, 1.7 % Ca,and 0.45 % phytate P.
Research Report LYONS and VANDEPOPULIERE
77
TABLE 2. Composition of broiler dietsA using fish meal and processed spent hens and spent hen fractions (Experiment 2)
Dicalcium
BMenhaden fish meal 'Spent hens processed by Darling International, West Point, NB 68788, using a proprietaIy rendering process. DMechanicallydeboned meat produced from spent hens using a BeeHiveO mechanical deboner, Sandy, UT 84091. EBone plus feathers product was produced from spent hens using a BeeHiveO mechanical deboner. FSpent hen fractions were autoclaved at 20 psi at 260°F for 90 min, dried in a forced air oven at 122"F, and ground in a hammer mill.
Fe,
143 mg; Cu, 8.8 m GSup lied 0 45% sodium chloride and the following per kg of diet: Mn, 154 m , Zn, 154 mF [, 1.6f mg; Se, 0.11 m Manufactured b ConAgra Poultry Co., El Doracfo, AR 717 0 Vitamin A, 9680 :holecalciferol: 4235 I&; vitamin E, 15.1 bJ; vitamin B12,12,u , riboflavin, 7.3 mg; niacin, 60.5 mg; D-pantothenic acid, 18.2 m ; menadione, 1.8mg; folic acid, 1.5mg; yridoxine, 2.fm thiamine, 1.2 m biotin, 0.24 mg. Manufactured Sy Roche dtamins and Fine Chemicals Division, &offman-La Roc& Inc., Nutley, I 8 07110.
dicate that some available nutrient level was overstated. These data would indicate that MFM can be utilized at levels up to 12% and DSH up to 9%. These DSH levels are much higher than would be generally recommended due to limited supply. Some of the MFM and DSH treatments studied in Experiment 1 were repeated in Experiment 2 (Table 5). In Experiment 2, three levels (3, 6, and 9%) of each ingredient were fed. Results were very similar to those observed in Experiment 1. Body weight, feed consumption, and feed conversion on all diets were not significantly different from the
16
control except that the chicks were heavier than the control when fed the 9% MFM diet and feed conversion was poorer for chicks fed the 9% DSH diet. Performance on 3 and 6% MDM and 2.75% B + F were comparable to that observed on the control diet. The economic value of the spent hen ingredients was calculated using soybean meal (a%), corn, and animal fat values of $195, $107, and $300/ton, respectively. When used at a 3% level in the diet, DSH and MDM had values of $310 and $340/ton, respectively. When using the 2.75% level for B + F, a value of $328/ton was generated.
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ at UCSF Library on April 21, 2015
*All diets were calculated to contain 23% protein, 3200 ME kcalkg, 1.7% Ca,and 0.45% phytate P.
JAPR PROCESSING SPENT LEGHORN HENS
78
P (total %)
0.33
0.73
2.77
2.47
0.59
P (non-phytate %)
0.11 -
0.27 -
2.77
2.47
0.59
3.19
95.86
91.34
96.30
94.74
Pepsin digestibility (%)
3.19
2.30 3.50 1.83 3.27 5.60 4.62 6.29 3.29 1.41 258 0.63 1.74 3.27 1.08 1.90 0.21 0.66 0.06 Lysine
0.32
3.23
4.33
3.57
3.57
1.92
Arginine
0.45
3.74
3.44
3.75
2.76
3.46
TIyptophan
0.06
0.63
0.54
0.48
0.31
0.24
*Assays conducted (except where noted) by the University of Missouri Experiment Station Chemical Laboratories, Columbia, MO 65211. BSoybean meal with a minimum of 48% protein ‘Menhaden fish meal DSpent hens processed by Darling International, West Point, NB 68788, using a proprietary rendering process. EMechanically deboned meat produced from spent hens using a BeeHive@ mechanical deboner, Sandy, UT 84091. FBone plus feather product produced from spent hens using a BeeHive@ mechanical deboner, Sandy, UT 84091. %pent hen fractions were autoclaved at 20 psi at 260°F for 90 min, dried in a forced air oven at 122”F, and ground in a hammer mill. HNutrient Requirements of Poultry [6] ‘Estimated ME, calculated (MI& = 31.02 x CP
+ 74.23 x EE) according to Janssen [lo].
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ at UCSF Library on April 21, 2015
0.13
Research Report LYONS and VANDEPOPULIERE
D I d
WEIGHT
Control
77lbC
MFM, 3%
7&lb
MFM, 6%
812a
79
FEED CONSUMPTION
FEED CONVERSION
982ab
1.27bC
981ab 1013a
1.25* 1.X*
MFM, 9%
alla
MFM, 12%
827a
1013a
1.23d
DSH, 3%
759*
966b
1.27bc
991ab
1.22d
7MbC
973b
1.27bc
762bC
991ab
1.30ab
DSH, 12%
739
97Sb
1.32a
5.6
0.007
Pooled SEMB
4.2
BStandarderror of the mean a 4
Means within a column with no common superscript differ significantly (P5.05).
TABLE 5. Broiler performance when fed diets containing - fish meal and processed spent hens and spent hen fractions from day 1 to day 21 (Experiment 2)
ASeeTable 2 for diets. BStandarderror of the mean awc
Means within a column with no common superscripts differ significantly (P5.05).
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DSH, 6% DSH, 9%
JAPR PROCESSING SPENT LEGHORN HENS
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CONCLUSIONS AND APPLICATIONS 1. Using a modified rendering unit, a feedstuff (DSH) was produced from spent hens. The meal could be used in broiler starter diets up to 6% supporting optimum performance. 2. Separating the bones and feathers from the meat with the use of a mechanical deboner produces two fractions.Autoclaved samples of these fractions, when fed to day-old broilers, supported good production performance. a, The bone plus feathers fraction can serve as a poultry feedstuff. b. The mechanically deboned meat can be used in poultry diets and is a potential ingredient for use in cat and dog diets. 3. DSH can be used to replace Menhaden fish meal (MFM) in broiler starter diets up to a level of 3%.
1. Lyons, J.J. and J.M. Vandepopuliere, 1996. Spent Leghorn hens converted into a feedstuff. J. Appl. Poultry Res. 5:ia-2.5.
7.The experiments were conducted using randomized complete block design with the performance of chicks in each cage being the experimental unit. Each battery of ten cages was a block for a total of four blocks. The block by dietaly treatment interaction was used as the error term.
2. Darling International, West Point, NB 68788. 3. BeeHive Inc., Sandy, UT 84091. 4. Assays conducted by the University of Missouri
riment Station Chemical Laboratories, Columbia, %65211. 5. The Brill Corporation, 6525 The Corners Parkway, Suite 214, Norcross, GA 30092. 6. National Research Council, 1994. Nutrient Reuirements of Poultry. 9th Edition. Natl. Acad. Press, ?Vashington, DC.
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8. SAS Institute, 1988. SAS/STAT User's Guide. SAS Institute, Inc., Box 8000,Caq, NC 27511-8000. 9. Snedecor, G. and W. Cochran, 1976. Statistical Methods. 6th Edition. The Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA.
10. Janssen, W.M.M.A., 1989. European Table of Energy Values for Poultry Feedstuffs. 3rd Edition. Spelderholt Center for Poultry Research and Information Services, Beekbergen, The Netherlands.
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REFERENCES i AND NOTES