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Amino acid composition of whole body tissue of rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon
Aquaculture,
48 (1985) 373-376 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam
373 - Printed in The Netherlands
Short Communication AMINO ACID COMPOSlTION OF WHOLE BODY TISSUE OF RAINBOW TROUT AND ATLANTIC SALMON
R.P. WILSON’ and C.B. COWEY
Institute of Marine Biochemistry, St. Fittick’s Road, Aberdeen ABl 3RA (Great Britain) I Department of Biochemietry, Mieeieeippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762 (U.S.A.) (Accepted
27 June 1985)
ABSTRACT Wilson, R.P. and Cowey, C.B., 1985. Amino acid composition of whole rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon. Aquaculture, 48: 373-376.
body tissue of
The amino acid composition of whole body tissue of rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon was determined. No significant differences were observed when the content of each amino acid was compared between these two species. In addition, no apparent differences were observed when these data were compared with previously reported data on the amino acid composition of whole body tissue of coho salmon, cherry salmon and channel catfish. The potential use of these data in formulating amino acid test diets is discussed.
INTRODUCTION
Previous workers have reported improved growth and feed conversions when experimental diets for salmonids were supplemented with essential amino acids to simulate levels found in isolated fish protein or the respective eggs and whole body tissue of the species being studied (Rumsey and Ketola, 1975; Arai, 1981; Ketola, 1982; Ogata et al., 1983). The essential amino acid requirement pattern of a fish has also been shown to correlate well with the essential amino acid pattern of the whole body tissue of that fish (Cowey and Tacon, 1983; Wilson and Poe, 1985). For example, Wilson and Poe (1985) obtained a regression coefficient of 0.96 when the essential amino acid requirement pattern for the channel catfish was regressed against the whole body essential amino acid pattern found in a 30-g channel catfish. This communication reports the amino acid composition of whole body tissue of rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon. The values obtained are also compared with previously reported values for coho salmon, cherry salmon and channel catfish.
044~8466/65/$03.30
o 1985 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.
374 METHODS
Rainbow trout (Sulmo gairdneri) and Atlantic salmon (Sulmo salar) with average weights of 30 and 21 g, respectively, which had been reared on commercial diets, were used for analysis. The fish were killed, their intestinal contents removed, the total carcass homogenized in a Virtis mixer, freezedried, and ground in a mortar with the aid of liquid nitrogen. Amino acids other than tryptophan were determined using a JEOL amino acid analyzer (model JLC-GAH, JOEL (U.K.) Ltd.), following hydrolysis with 5.7 N HCl (Roach et al., 1967). Tryptophan was determined by the method of Basha and Roberts (1977) following alkaline hydrolysis. RESULTS
AND DISCUSSION
The amino acid compositions of whole body tissue of rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon are presented in Table 1 along with comparable literature values for coho salmon, cherry salmon and channel catfish. The amino acid data are expressed as g/100 g amino acids so that direct comparisons beTABLE
1
Amino acid composition of whole body tissue of rainbow compared to values for other fishes (g/100 g amino acids) Amino acid
Rainbow
Ala
6.57 6.41 9.94 0.80 14.22 1.76 2.96 4.34 7.59 8.49 2.88 4.38 4.89 4.66 4.76 0.93 3.38 5.09
Arg Asp CYS Glu GIY His Ile Leu LYS Met Phe Pro Ser Thr Trp Tyr Val s b c d
f t i: t t t t f f t * t i t * + f f
trouts
0.10 0.08 0.13 0.11 0.26 0.32 0.10 0.08 0.03 0.06 0.50 0.01 0.14 0.06 0.07 0.01 0.10 0.01
trout
and AtIantic
Atlantic salmon*
Coho salmonb
Cherry salmonC
Channel catfishd
6.52 * 0.05 6.61 k 0.03 9.92 f 0.11 0.95 i 0.05 14.31 k 0.01 7.41 f 0.17 3.02 ? 0.08 4.41 f 0.03 7.72 i 0.03 9.28 i 0.30 1.83 f 0.03 4.36 * 0.03 4.64 f 0.01 4.61 + 0.03 4.95 * 0.02 0.93 f 0.01 3.50 * 0.01 5.09 f 0.02
6.08 5.99 9.96 1.23 15.25 1.31 2.99 3.70 I .49 8.64 3.53 4.14 4.76 4.67 5.11 1.40 3.44 4.32
6.35 6.23 9.93 1.34 15.39 7.62 2.39 3.96 7.54 8.81 3.14 4.63 4.33 4.48 4.63 0.83 3.58 4.85
6.31 6.67 9.74 0.86 14.39 8.14 2.17 4.29 7.40 8.51 2.92 4.14 6.02 4.89 4.41 0.78 3.28 5.15
Means + SEM of 2 individual fish. Data from Arai (1981). Data from Ogata et al. (1983). Data from Wilson and Poe (1985).
salmon
375
tween species can be made. No significant differences (P >0.05) were observed when the content of each amino acid was compared between rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon. Similarly, there does not appear to be any major difference in the amino acid composition of the whole body tissues of the five species reported. These data could be interpreted to indicate that the amino acid needs, when expressed as a percentage of dietary protein, should be very similar, if not the same, for these species. These data may also be helpful in formulating amino acid test diets for fish. Most investigators have used the method developed by Halver and coworkers (Me&, 1972) to determine the quantitative amino acid requirements of fish. This procedure involves formulating the amino acid test diets to have an amino acid profile identical to whole chicken egg protein. The amino acid profile of whole chicken egg protein was selected because this protein has a very high biological value in other monogastric animals and, therefore, is assumed to have a comparable high biological value for fish. Even though this type of amino acid test diet has been used successfully to estimate the amino acid requirements of certain fishes, the amino acid test diets consistently result in a poorer growth response than comparable diets containing intact protein (Cowey and Luquet, 1983). Baker (1977) has pointed out that, during the development of an acceptable amino acid reference diet for the chick, it was not until an amino acid mixture simulating that of the fat-free chick carcass was fed, that chicks would gain weight acceptably when fed ad libitum. Based on this observation and those discussed above, it seems reasonable to suggest that amino acid test diets for fish may be improved by formulating them to simulate the amino acid profile of whole body tissue of the fish being studied.
REFERENCES Arai, S., 1981. A purified test diet for coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, fry. Bull. Jpn. Sot. Sci. Fish., 47: 547-550. Baker, D.H., 1977. Amino acid nutrition of the chick. In: H.H. Draper (Editor), Advances in Nutritional Research. Vol. 1. Plenum Press, New York/London, pp. 299-335. Basha, S.M.M. and Roberts, R.M., 1977. A simple calorimetric method for the determination of tryptophan. Anal. Biochem., 77: 373-386. Cowey, C.B. and Luquet, P., 1983. Physiological basis of protein requirements of fishes. Critical analysis of allowances. In: R. Pion, M. Arnal and D. Bonin (Editors), Protein Metabolism and Nutrition. Vol. 1. I.N.R.A., Paris, pp. 365-384. Cowey, C.B. and Tacon, A.G.J., 1983. Fish nutrition - relevance to invertebrates. In: G.D. Pruder, C.J. Langdon and D.E. Conklin (Editors), Proceedings, Second International Conference on Aquaculture Nutrition: Biochemical and Physiological Approaches to Shellfish Nutrition. Louisiana State University, Division of Continuing Education, Baton Rouge, LA, pp. 13-30. Ketola, H.G., 1982. Amino acid nutrition of fishes: requirements and supplementation of diets. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 73B: 17-24. Mertz, E.T., 1972. The protein and amino acid needs. In: J.E. Halver (Editor), Fish Nutrition. Academic Press, New York, pp. 105-143.
376 Ogata, H., Arai, S. and Nose, T., 1983. Growth response of cherry salmon Oncorhynchus masou and amago salmon 0. rhodurus fry fed purified casein diets supplemented with amino acids. Bull. Jpn. Sot. Sci. Fish., 49: 1381-1385. Roach, A.G., Sanderson, P. and Williams, D.R., 1967. Comparisons of methods for the determination of available lysine value in animal and vegetable protein sources. J. Sci. Food Agric., 18: 274-278. Rumsey, G.L. and Ketola, H.G., 1975. Amino acid supplementation of casein diets of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fry and of soybean meal for rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) fingerlings. J. Fish. Res. Board Can., 32: 422-426. Wilson, R.P. and Poe, W.E., 1985. Relationship of whole body and egg essential amino acid patterns to amino acid requirement patterns in channel catfish (Zctalurus punctatus). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. ,80B: 385-388.
48 (1985) 373-376 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam
373 - Printed in The Netherlands
Short Communication AMINO ACID COMPOSlTION OF WHOLE BODY TISSUE OF RAINBOW TROUT AND ATLANTIC SALMON
R.P. WILSON’ and C.B. COWEY
Institute of Marine Biochemistry, St. Fittick’s Road, Aberdeen ABl 3RA (Great Britain) I Department of Biochemietry, Mieeieeippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762 (U.S.A.) (Accepted
27 June 1985)
ABSTRACT Wilson, R.P. and Cowey, C.B., 1985. Amino acid composition of whole rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon. Aquaculture, 48: 373-376.
body tissue of
The amino acid composition of whole body tissue of rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon was determined. No significant differences were observed when the content of each amino acid was compared between these two species. In addition, no apparent differences were observed when these data were compared with previously reported data on the amino acid composition of whole body tissue of coho salmon, cherry salmon and channel catfish. The potential use of these data in formulating amino acid test diets is discussed.
INTRODUCTION
Previous workers have reported improved growth and feed conversions when experimental diets for salmonids were supplemented with essential amino acids to simulate levels found in isolated fish protein or the respective eggs and whole body tissue of the species being studied (Rumsey and Ketola, 1975; Arai, 1981; Ketola, 1982; Ogata et al., 1983). The essential amino acid requirement pattern of a fish has also been shown to correlate well with the essential amino acid pattern of the whole body tissue of that fish (Cowey and Tacon, 1983; Wilson and Poe, 1985). For example, Wilson and Poe (1985) obtained a regression coefficient of 0.96 when the essential amino acid requirement pattern for the channel catfish was regressed against the whole body essential amino acid pattern found in a 30-g channel catfish. This communication reports the amino acid composition of whole body tissue of rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon. The values obtained are also compared with previously reported values for coho salmon, cherry salmon and channel catfish.
044~8466/65/$03.30
o 1985 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.
374 METHODS
Rainbow trout (Sulmo gairdneri) and Atlantic salmon (Sulmo salar) with average weights of 30 and 21 g, respectively, which had been reared on commercial diets, were used for analysis. The fish were killed, their intestinal contents removed, the total carcass homogenized in a Virtis mixer, freezedried, and ground in a mortar with the aid of liquid nitrogen. Amino acids other than tryptophan were determined using a JEOL amino acid analyzer (model JLC-GAH, JOEL (U.K.) Ltd.), following hydrolysis with 5.7 N HCl (Roach et al., 1967). Tryptophan was determined by the method of Basha and Roberts (1977) following alkaline hydrolysis. RESULTS
AND DISCUSSION
The amino acid compositions of whole body tissue of rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon are presented in Table 1 along with comparable literature values for coho salmon, cherry salmon and channel catfish. The amino acid data are expressed as g/100 g amino acids so that direct comparisons beTABLE
1
Amino acid composition of whole body tissue of rainbow compared to values for other fishes (g/100 g amino acids) Amino acid
Rainbow
Ala
6.57 6.41 9.94 0.80 14.22 1.76 2.96 4.34 7.59 8.49 2.88 4.38 4.89 4.66 4.76 0.93 3.38 5.09
Arg Asp CYS Glu GIY His Ile Leu LYS Met Phe Pro Ser Thr Trp Tyr Val s b c d
f t i: t t t t f f t * t i t * + f f
trouts
0.10 0.08 0.13 0.11 0.26 0.32 0.10 0.08 0.03 0.06 0.50 0.01 0.14 0.06 0.07 0.01 0.10 0.01
trout
and AtIantic
Atlantic salmon*
Coho salmonb
Cherry salmonC
Channel catfishd
6.52 * 0.05 6.61 k 0.03 9.92 f 0.11 0.95 i 0.05 14.31 k 0.01 7.41 f 0.17 3.02 ? 0.08 4.41 f 0.03 7.72 i 0.03 9.28 i 0.30 1.83 f 0.03 4.36 * 0.03 4.64 f 0.01 4.61 + 0.03 4.95 * 0.02 0.93 f 0.01 3.50 * 0.01 5.09 f 0.02
6.08 5.99 9.96 1.23 15.25 1.31 2.99 3.70 I .49 8.64 3.53 4.14 4.76 4.67 5.11 1.40 3.44 4.32
6.35 6.23 9.93 1.34 15.39 7.62 2.39 3.96 7.54 8.81 3.14 4.63 4.33 4.48 4.63 0.83 3.58 4.85
6.31 6.67 9.74 0.86 14.39 8.14 2.17 4.29 7.40 8.51 2.92 4.14 6.02 4.89 4.41 0.78 3.28 5.15
Means + SEM of 2 individual fish. Data from Arai (1981). Data from Ogata et al. (1983). Data from Wilson and Poe (1985).
salmon
375
tween species can be made. No significant differences (P >0.05) were observed when the content of each amino acid was compared between rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon. Similarly, there does not appear to be any major difference in the amino acid composition of the whole body tissues of the five species reported. These data could be interpreted to indicate that the amino acid needs, when expressed as a percentage of dietary protein, should be very similar, if not the same, for these species. These data may also be helpful in formulating amino acid test diets for fish. Most investigators have used the method developed by Halver and coworkers (Me&, 1972) to determine the quantitative amino acid requirements of fish. This procedure involves formulating the amino acid test diets to have an amino acid profile identical to whole chicken egg protein. The amino acid profile of whole chicken egg protein was selected because this protein has a very high biological value in other monogastric animals and, therefore, is assumed to have a comparable high biological value for fish. Even though this type of amino acid test diet has been used successfully to estimate the amino acid requirements of certain fishes, the amino acid test diets consistently result in a poorer growth response than comparable diets containing intact protein (Cowey and Luquet, 1983). Baker (1977) has pointed out that, during the development of an acceptable amino acid reference diet for the chick, it was not until an amino acid mixture simulating that of the fat-free chick carcass was fed, that chicks would gain weight acceptably when fed ad libitum. Based on this observation and those discussed above, it seems reasonable to suggest that amino acid test diets for fish may be improved by formulating them to simulate the amino acid profile of whole body tissue of the fish being studied.
REFERENCES Arai, S., 1981. A purified test diet for coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, fry. Bull. Jpn. Sot. Sci. Fish., 47: 547-550. Baker, D.H., 1977. Amino acid nutrition of the chick. In: H.H. Draper (Editor), Advances in Nutritional Research. Vol. 1. Plenum Press, New York/London, pp. 299-335. Basha, S.M.M. and Roberts, R.M., 1977. A simple calorimetric method for the determination of tryptophan. Anal. Biochem., 77: 373-386. Cowey, C.B. and Luquet, P., 1983. Physiological basis of protein requirements of fishes. Critical analysis of allowances. In: R. Pion, M. Arnal and D. Bonin (Editors), Protein Metabolism and Nutrition. Vol. 1. I.N.R.A., Paris, pp. 365-384. Cowey, C.B. and Tacon, A.G.J., 1983. Fish nutrition - relevance to invertebrates. In: G.D. Pruder, C.J. Langdon and D.E. Conklin (Editors), Proceedings, Second International Conference on Aquaculture Nutrition: Biochemical and Physiological Approaches to Shellfish Nutrition. Louisiana State University, Division of Continuing Education, Baton Rouge, LA, pp. 13-30. Ketola, H.G., 1982. Amino acid nutrition of fishes: requirements and supplementation of diets. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 73B: 17-24. Mertz, E.T., 1972. The protein and amino acid needs. In: J.E. Halver (Editor), Fish Nutrition. Academic Press, New York, pp. 105-143.
376 Ogata, H., Arai, S. and Nose, T., 1983. Growth response of cherry salmon Oncorhynchus masou and amago salmon 0. rhodurus fry fed purified casein diets supplemented with amino acids. Bull. Jpn. Sot. Sci. Fish., 49: 1381-1385. Roach, A.G., Sanderson, P. and Williams, D.R., 1967. Comparisons of methods for the determination of available lysine value in animal and vegetable protein sources. J. Sci. Food Agric., 18: 274-278. Rumsey, G.L. and Ketola, H.G., 1975. Amino acid supplementation of casein diets of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fry and of soybean meal for rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) fingerlings. J. Fish. Res. Board Can., 32: 422-426. Wilson, R.P. and Poe, W.E., 1985. Relationship of whole body and egg essential amino acid patterns to amino acid requirement patterns in channel catfish (Zctalurus punctatus). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. ,80B: 385-388.