- Email: [email protected]
Amino Acids and Protein in Broiler Nutrition
750
R. J. EVANS, D. H. BAUER AND C. J. FLEGAL
Radomski, M. W., and W. H. Cook, 1964. Chromatographic separation of phosvitin, a- and (3-lipovitellin of egg yolk granules on TEAE-cellulose. Can. J. Biochem. 42: 1203-1215. Rhodes, D. N„ 1958. Phospholipids. 5. The effect
of cod-liver oil in the diet on the composition of hen's egg phospholipids. Biochem. J. 68: 380-384. Wallace, R. A., 1965. Resolution and isolation of avian and amphibian yolk granule proteins using TEAEcellulose. Anal. Biochem. 11: 297-311.
J. R . COUCH AND J . K . RAYTON
Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A & M University, Department of Poultry Science, College Station, Texas 77843 (Received for publication July 14, 1973)
ABSTRACT Standard commercial broiler type chicks, 150 males and 150 females per pen, were housed in commercial type broiler house pens and fed diets containing from 18 to 24% protein with milo and corn, milo, corn and wheat as grain sources for a period of eight weeks. Formulas were balanced with regard to the ratio of each of the amino acids to the energy level of the diet. From the data of this experiment, it is quite apparent that broiler diets should be formulated to meet amino acid requirements. If the total formula is made up of soybean meal, corn and milo, or soybean meal with fish meal and wheat, and contains no more than 18% protein, it is necessary to add lysine and methionine to the formulation. If the level of the protein is in the range of 20%, it is not necessary to supplement the diet with lysine. Best results were obtained with milo, followed by corn and wheat, in that order. Indications from this study are to the effect that the lysine requirement may be lowered to the range of 1.07-1.10% or the gm./mc. to the range of 3.30-5.53. It is possible that leucine, isoleucine, and valine may be borderline or limiting when wheat is used as the primary grain source in computerized formulations. POULTRY SCIENCE 53: 750-755, 1974
I
T has been previously reported that broiler feed formulas should be balanced on the basis of the ratio of the amino acid levels to the energy content of the diet (Combs, 1961, 1963,1970). The scarcity and high price of protein concentrates have made it especially important that protein and amino acid levels in broiler diets be reduced to the minimum which will satisfy the amino acid requirements. The purpose of the experiment herein reported, was to investigate the performance of broilers fed diets formulated to meet the amino acid requirements in relation to the energy content of the diets and to evaluate corn, milo, and wheat as energy sources. METHODS OF PROCEDURE Standard commercial broiler type chicks were sexed at one day of age and distributed
at random with 150 males and 150 females per pen. The birds were housed in commercial type broiler house pens on litter. The pens were separated by poultry wire partitions with approximately one square foot of floor space per bird. The chicks were vaccinated with bronchitis-Newcastle vaccine at 7 and 20 days by water administration. Feed and water were supplied ad libitum. Chicks were brooded under gas brooders; feed was supplied in mash form. The composition of the diets is listed in Table 1. Soybean meal (48.5% protein) was used as the primary protein concentrate. Menhaden fish meal (60% protein) was used in three diets only. Combs (1970) and Bird et al. (1971) were used as references in arriving at the amino acid levels used in Diets 3-11, inclusive (Table 2). Diet 1 was formulated with a level of 24% protein which is
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Thomas Jefferson University, Scott Library on May 14, 2015
Amino Acids and Protein in Broiler Nutrition
751
PROTEIN AND AMINO ACIDS TABLE 1.—Composition of diets
Diet no. Ingredient Soybean meal (48.5% protein) 38 38 21.85 23.65 12.60 26.15 24.76 68.71 Grain sorghum Corn 71.26 25.18 24.07 70.80 Wheat Corn gluten meal (60% protein) 2 2 2 2 Defluorinated phosphate 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 Fermentation residue .25 .25 .25 .25 .25 .25
Vitamin mix* 1.0 Hydrolyzed animal & veg. fat 4.6 Fish meal (60% protein) DL-Methionine .07 Feed grade L-lysine
.25 1 7.1
.25 1 3.1
.25 1 0.75
.07
.07 .15
.07 .12
.25 1 6.25 4 .07 .22
11
26.85 26.85 20.10 26.85 26.85 20.10 60.75
63.20
63.02
65.51 2 2.5 .25 .25 1 3.82 .07
63 2 2 2.5 2.5 .25 .25 .25 .25 1 1 6.81 1.5 4 .07 .07
2 2.5 .25 .25 1 6.25 .07
60.71 2 2.5 .25 .25 1 9.1 4 .07 .07
2 2.5 .25 .25 1 4
*A11 diets were supplemented as follows on a per kg. basis: Vitamin E, 7.7 I.U.; riboflavin, 6.6 mg.; calcium pantothenate, 16.5 mg.; niacin, 41.1 mg.; vitamin B12, 19.8 (xg.; vitamin K, 2.3 mg.; vitamin D3, 2,200 I.U.; choline chloride, 250 mg.; vitamin A, 9,900 I.U.; sulfaquinoxaline, 499 mg.; Mn, 121 p.p.m.; Zn, 121 p.p.m.; Zinc bacitracin, 27.5. similar to that often used by practical feed formulators for broiler feeds. In Diet 2, the energy content was increased 121 Kcal.M.E./kg. with the protein and amino acid levels equivalent to that of Diet 1. The protein content of Diets 3-11, inclusive, was: 17.98 (milo), 17.74 (corn), 18.60 (wheat), 19.91 (milo), 19.98 (corn), 21.26 (wheat), 19.69 (milo), 19.76 (corn) and 20.98 (wheat) percent, respectively. It was necessary to add L-lysine to Diets 3, 4 and 5 in order to meet the lysine requirement. The protein content was increased approximately 2% in Diets 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11. The energy content of Diets 9, 10, and 11 was increased approximately 121 Kcal.M.E./kg. over that of Diets 6, 7, and 8. Energy levels used in these studies ranged from 3,089 to 3,249 Kcal.M.E./kg. for the first five weeks. The energy level was increased 121 Kcal.M.E./kg. in all diets from the beginning of the sixth through the eighth weeks. This was done on a practical basis by substituting fat for the grain source. The level of substitution ranged from 2.29 to 2.59%. This was only a minor adjustment of approximately 0.2% protein of the various diets and was not considered to be of signifi-
cance in arriving at the total amino acid content of the diet. Data obtained from this study were statistically analyzed by the procedures of Snedecor (1965). Significantly different means were separated through the use of Duncan's multiple range test (1955). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Eighteen percent protein broiler diets containing milo, corn, or wheat produced as good results as did the 24% protein diets with regard to growth and feed conversion when fed to broilers up to 8 weeks of age (Table 3). It is certainly not necessary to use 24% protein in the diets herein formulated. Feed conversion was improved when the calorie level of diet 2 was increased 121 Kcal.M.E./kg. over that of Diet 1. There is an excess of lysine in the 24% protein diets (Table 2). It was necessary to supplement Diets 3, 4, and 5 with lysine in order to meet the chick requirement for this amino acid. Such supplementation was not necessary when the protein level was increased to approximately 20%. The growth and feed conversion with milo and soybean meal in a 20% protein diet were significantly better than those with corn
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Thomas Jefferson University, Scott Library on May 14, 2015
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COUCH AND J. K .
RAYTON
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of a combination of corn and milo, milo, corn and wheat fed with varying protein chicks
Ave. Ave. Diet Grain Percent weight Kcal. weight no. source protein females gm M.E./kg. males gms. 1 C + M'' 2 1266e 24.20 3120 1593cde 1595cde 2 C + M 1278de 23.98 3241 3 Milo 17.98 3117 1684ab 1346ab 4 Corn 1327ab 17.74 3089 1585de j316cde 5 Wheat 3131 1556" 18.60 1365a 6 Milo 19.91 3122 1692" bc 7 Corn 19.98 1320bc 3109 1640 1595cde 8 Wheat 1257e 21.26 3133* de 9 1272e Milo 3241 19.69 1581 1281cde 0 Corn 3227 19.76 1562e 1 Wheat 1332ab 20.98 3249 1621bcd ' C = Corn;M = Milo. 2 Within each component, means bearing different superscripts are significantly different (P < ,05). 3 g.feed/g.gain.
TABLE 3.—Effect
/ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Thomas Jefferson University, Scott Library on May 14, 2015
754
J. R. COUCH AND J. K. RAYTON
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Thomas Jefferson University, Scott Library on May 14, 2015
and soybean meal (Table 3). The growth and the diets containing wheat (5, 8, 11). The feed conversions with wheat, soybean meal leucine and isoleucine figures agree quite well and fish meal were significantly lower than with the N R C The phenylalanine and phethe milo and corn diets with the exception nylalanine + tyrosine figures would appear of the growth of the males (Table 3). The to be adequate when compared with the wheat diets contained 4% Menhaden fish N.R.C. The latter is also true of valine. The meal, which was necessary in order to balance glycine figures, % and gm.-glycine/mc. are out the amino acid silhouette. When 20% below those of the N.R.C. requirement with protein diets (Diets 9, 10 and 11) were in- the exception of Diets 8 and 11. creased in calories by approximately 121 From the data of this experiment it is quite Kcal.M.E./kg., feed conversion was not im- apparent that broiler diets should be formuproved as much as might have been antici- j lated to meet amino acid requirements. If pated. The feed conversions with milo and the level of protein is in the range of 20%, corn were considerably better than were those it is not necessary to add lysine to the observed when wheat was used as the grain formulation. It is possible to formulate a source. It was pointed out earlier that the broiler diet containing milo or corn and soyfeed was supplied in mash form. Feed con- bean meal, or wheat, soybean meal and fish version would probably have been improved meal which will satisfy the lysine requirement if the feed had been pelleted. with a protein level of approximately 20%. The arginine content of Diets 3, 4, and Indications from this study are to the effect 5 (Table 2) is consistently lower than that that the lysine requirement may be lowered of the National Research Council ( N . R . C , to the range of 1.07-1.10% or the gm./mc. Bird et al., 1971). This is particularly apparent to the range of 3.30-3.53. When wheat is in the figures for the gms. arginine/megaca- used as the primary grain source, lower amino lorie (inc.). It would appear that the lysine acid levels are noted for threonine, leucine, requirement for diets of this type is no more isoleucine, and valine, which may need to than 1.10% which would be in agreement with be considered when using wheat as the prithe latest report of Almquist (1972). This is mary grain source in computerized formulacertainly true for gm.-lysine/mc. in Diets tion. 3-11 (Table 2). The methionine + cystine ACKNOWLEDGMENTS g m . / m c . are lower in Diets 3, 6, 9, and 10 than are those quoted from the University Vitamins A, D 3 , B 12 , D-a-tocopherol aceof Maryland and the N.R.C. (Table 2). The tate, riboflavin, niacin, D-calcium pantothetryptophane figures are very much in agree- nate, choline chloride, menadione sodium biment with the N.R.C. requirement as % sulphite complex, and zinc bacitracin were tryptophane or as g m . / m c . The threonine supplied through the courtesy of Hoffmanfigures for % and g m . / m c . are lower than Taff, Inc., P.O. Box 1246, S.S.S., Springthose of the N . R . C , especially for the wheat field, Missouri, 65805. The zinc bacitracin diets. This may assist in explaining a some- was supplied by the courtesy of Commercial what poorer feed efficiency obtained with Solvents Corporation, Terre Haute, Indiana. the wheat diets (5, 8, 11). The performance of the birds fed Diet 5 is somewhat surprising REFERENCES in view of the low theornine level in the diet. The histidine figures, % and gm.-histidine/ Almquist, H. J., 1972. Proteins and Amino Acids in Animal Nutrition, S. B. Penick & Co., Agribioticsm c , are in quite good agreement with the Nutrition a Unit of CPC International Inc., 100 N . R . C with the exception of Diet 3 and with Church St., New York, Fifth Edition.
755
PROTEIN AND AMINO ACIDS
Bird, H. R., D. R. Clandinin, J. R. Couch, H. M. Edwards, Jr., F. W. Hill, James McGinnis, E. C. Naber, Subcommittee on Poultry Nutrition, 1971. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, Sixth Revised Edition, Number 1. Combs, G. F., 1970, Maryland broiler nutrition studies. Proceedings, Maryland Nutrition Conference: 8189. Combs,G. F., 1963, Maryland broiler nutrition studies.
Proceedings, Maryland Nutrition Conference: 4872. Combs, G. F., 1961, Maryland broiler nutrition studies. Proceedings, Maryland Nutrition Conference: 5164. Duncan, D. B., 1955. Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics, 11: 1-42. Snedecor, G. W., 1965. Statistical Methods, 5th ed., Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, pp. 237290.
EDUARDO CHAVEZ AND F . H . KRATZER
Department of Avian Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (Received for publication July 14, 1973)
ABSTRACT A foot pad dermatitis has been noted in White turkey poults fed a methionine deficient diet containing soybean meal. It was not related to a deficiency of biotin. Supplementing this diet with cystine aggravates the condition while methionine prevents it. Metabolic precursors of methionine such as homocystine and betaine or methionine hydroxyanalogue appear to be only partially as effective as DL-methionine. This indicates that dietary methionine is more effective in preventing the foot pad dermatitis than that which becomes available after biosynthesis. Bronze poults did not exhibit the syndrome except when cystine was added to the diet. POULTRY SCIENCE 53: 755-760, 1974
D
ERMATITIS in turkey poults is a common syndrome caused by feeding rations deficient in certain vitamins such as riboflavin (Lepkovsky and Jukes, 1936), biotin (Patrick et al., 1942), pantothenic acid (Kratzer and Williams, 1948) as well as high levels of soybean meal (40% or more) (Jensen et al., 1970). A foot pad dermatitis in turkey poults related to the wetness and crustiness of the litter and the pen location in the brooder house but not to dietary treatment, has been described by (Abbott et al., 1970). Chavez and Kratzer (1970) reported that a similar type of dermatitis produced by a diet containing isolated soybean protein or soybean meal could be prevented by the addition of methionine but was unrelated to the addition of sulfate or extra biotin. The present work describes further experiments studying the relations of various dietary supplements to the prevention of this dermatitis condition.
EXPERIMENTAL
Sexed poults from a Large White strain, except for experiment 2, were fed a practical diet from day-old to five days of age before being distributed into different treatment groups of approximately equal numbers of males and females and of equivalent body weight. Brood Breasted Bronze poults were used in experiment 2. Duplicate groups were used for each treatment and the poults were housed in wire-floored, electrically-heated batteries. Feed and water were supplied ad libitum and the birds were weighed and examined for dermatitis weekly. Dermatitis was scored according to a system by which 4 indicated maximum severity with dermatitis on both feet and 0 indicated the absence of dermatitis. The basal diets are shown in table 1 and supplements were added at the expense of corn starch.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Thomas Jefferson University, Scott Library on May 14, 2015
Effect of Diet on Foot Pad Dermatitis in Poults
R. J. EVANS, D. H. BAUER AND C. J. FLEGAL
Radomski, M. W., and W. H. Cook, 1964. Chromatographic separation of phosvitin, a- and (3-lipovitellin of egg yolk granules on TEAE-cellulose. Can. J. Biochem. 42: 1203-1215. Rhodes, D. N„ 1958. Phospholipids. 5. The effect
of cod-liver oil in the diet on the composition of hen's egg phospholipids. Biochem. J. 68: 380-384. Wallace, R. A., 1965. Resolution and isolation of avian and amphibian yolk granule proteins using TEAEcellulose. Anal. Biochem. 11: 297-311.
J. R . COUCH AND J . K . RAYTON
Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A & M University, Department of Poultry Science, College Station, Texas 77843 (Received for publication July 14, 1973)
ABSTRACT Standard commercial broiler type chicks, 150 males and 150 females per pen, were housed in commercial type broiler house pens and fed diets containing from 18 to 24% protein with milo and corn, milo, corn and wheat as grain sources for a period of eight weeks. Formulas were balanced with regard to the ratio of each of the amino acids to the energy level of the diet. From the data of this experiment, it is quite apparent that broiler diets should be formulated to meet amino acid requirements. If the total formula is made up of soybean meal, corn and milo, or soybean meal with fish meal and wheat, and contains no more than 18% protein, it is necessary to add lysine and methionine to the formulation. If the level of the protein is in the range of 20%, it is not necessary to supplement the diet with lysine. Best results were obtained with milo, followed by corn and wheat, in that order. Indications from this study are to the effect that the lysine requirement may be lowered to the range of 1.07-1.10% or the gm./mc. to the range of 3.30-5.53. It is possible that leucine, isoleucine, and valine may be borderline or limiting when wheat is used as the primary grain source in computerized formulations. POULTRY SCIENCE 53: 750-755, 1974
I
T has been previously reported that broiler feed formulas should be balanced on the basis of the ratio of the amino acid levels to the energy content of the diet (Combs, 1961, 1963,1970). The scarcity and high price of protein concentrates have made it especially important that protein and amino acid levels in broiler diets be reduced to the minimum which will satisfy the amino acid requirements. The purpose of the experiment herein reported, was to investigate the performance of broilers fed diets formulated to meet the amino acid requirements in relation to the energy content of the diets and to evaluate corn, milo, and wheat as energy sources. METHODS OF PROCEDURE Standard commercial broiler type chicks were sexed at one day of age and distributed
at random with 150 males and 150 females per pen. The birds were housed in commercial type broiler house pens on litter. The pens were separated by poultry wire partitions with approximately one square foot of floor space per bird. The chicks were vaccinated with bronchitis-Newcastle vaccine at 7 and 20 days by water administration. Feed and water were supplied ad libitum. Chicks were brooded under gas brooders; feed was supplied in mash form. The composition of the diets is listed in Table 1. Soybean meal (48.5% protein) was used as the primary protein concentrate. Menhaden fish meal (60% protein) was used in three diets only. Combs (1970) and Bird et al. (1971) were used as references in arriving at the amino acid levels used in Diets 3-11, inclusive (Table 2). Diet 1 was formulated with a level of 24% protein which is
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Thomas Jefferson University, Scott Library on May 14, 2015
Amino Acids and Protein in Broiler Nutrition
751
PROTEIN AND AMINO ACIDS TABLE 1.—Composition of diets
Diet no. Ingredient Soybean meal (48.5% protein) 38 38 21.85 23.65 12.60 26.15 24.76 68.71 Grain sorghum Corn 71.26 25.18 24.07 70.80 Wheat Corn gluten meal (60% protein) 2 2 2 2 Defluorinated phosphate 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 Fermentation residue .25 .25 .25 .25 .25 .25
Vitamin mix* 1.0 Hydrolyzed animal & veg. fat 4.6 Fish meal (60% protein) DL-Methionine .07 Feed grade L-lysine
.25 1 7.1
.25 1 3.1
.25 1 0.75
.07
.07 .15
.07 .12
.25 1 6.25 4 .07 .22
11
26.85 26.85 20.10 26.85 26.85 20.10 60.75
63.20
63.02
65.51 2 2.5 .25 .25 1 3.82 .07
63 2 2 2.5 2.5 .25 .25 .25 .25 1 1 6.81 1.5 4 .07 .07
2 2.5 .25 .25 1 6.25 .07
60.71 2 2.5 .25 .25 1 9.1 4 .07 .07
2 2.5 .25 .25 1 4
*A11 diets were supplemented as follows on a per kg. basis: Vitamin E, 7.7 I.U.; riboflavin, 6.6 mg.; calcium pantothenate, 16.5 mg.; niacin, 41.1 mg.; vitamin B12, 19.8 (xg.; vitamin K, 2.3 mg.; vitamin D3, 2,200 I.U.; choline chloride, 250 mg.; vitamin A, 9,900 I.U.; sulfaquinoxaline, 499 mg.; Mn, 121 p.p.m.; Zn, 121 p.p.m.; Zinc bacitracin, 27.5. similar to that often used by practical feed formulators for broiler feeds. In Diet 2, the energy content was increased 121 Kcal.M.E./kg. with the protein and amino acid levels equivalent to that of Diet 1. The protein content of Diets 3-11, inclusive, was: 17.98 (milo), 17.74 (corn), 18.60 (wheat), 19.91 (milo), 19.98 (corn), 21.26 (wheat), 19.69 (milo), 19.76 (corn) and 20.98 (wheat) percent, respectively. It was necessary to add L-lysine to Diets 3, 4 and 5 in order to meet the lysine requirement. The protein content was increased approximately 2% in Diets 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11. The energy content of Diets 9, 10, and 11 was increased approximately 121 Kcal.M.E./kg. over that of Diets 6, 7, and 8. Energy levels used in these studies ranged from 3,089 to 3,249 Kcal.M.E./kg. for the first five weeks. The energy level was increased 121 Kcal.M.E./kg. in all diets from the beginning of the sixth through the eighth weeks. This was done on a practical basis by substituting fat for the grain source. The level of substitution ranged from 2.29 to 2.59%. This was only a minor adjustment of approximately 0.2% protein of the various diets and was not considered to be of signifi-
cance in arriving at the total amino acid content of the diet. Data obtained from this study were statistically analyzed by the procedures of Snedecor (1965). Significantly different means were separated through the use of Duncan's multiple range test (1955). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Eighteen percent protein broiler diets containing milo, corn, or wheat produced as good results as did the 24% protein diets with regard to growth and feed conversion when fed to broilers up to 8 weeks of age (Table 3). It is certainly not necessary to use 24% protein in the diets herein formulated. Feed conversion was improved when the calorie level of diet 2 was increased 121 Kcal.M.E./kg. over that of Diet 1. There is an excess of lysine in the 24% protein diets (Table 2). It was necessary to supplement Diets 3, 4, and 5 with lysine in order to meet the chick requirement for this amino acid. Such supplementation was not necessary when the protein level was increased to approximately 20%. The growth and feed conversion with milo and soybean meal in a 20% protein diet were significantly better than those with corn
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Thomas Jefferson University, Scott Library on May 14, 2015
Salt
10
J. R.
COUCH AND J. K .
RAYTON
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of a combination of corn and milo, milo, corn and wheat fed with varying protein chicks
Ave. Ave. Diet Grain Percent weight Kcal. weight no. source protein females gm M.E./kg. males gms. 1 C + M'' 2 1266e 24.20 3120 1593cde 1595cde 2 C + M 1278de 23.98 3241 3 Milo 17.98 3117 1684ab 1346ab 4 Corn 1327ab 17.74 3089 1585de j316cde 5 Wheat 3131 1556" 18.60 1365a 6 Milo 19.91 3122 1692" bc 7 Corn 19.98 1320bc 3109 1640 1595cde 8 Wheat 1257e 21.26 3133* de 9 1272e Milo 3241 19.69 1581 1281cde 0 Corn 3227 19.76 1562e 1 Wheat 1332ab 20.98 3249 1621bcd ' C = Corn;M = Milo. 2 Within each component, means bearing different superscripts are significantly different (P < ,05). 3 g.feed/g.gain.
TABLE 3.—Effect
/ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Thomas Jefferson University, Scott Library on May 14, 2015
754
J. R. COUCH AND J. K. RAYTON
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and soybean meal (Table 3). The growth and the diets containing wheat (5, 8, 11). The feed conversions with wheat, soybean meal leucine and isoleucine figures agree quite well and fish meal were significantly lower than with the N R C The phenylalanine and phethe milo and corn diets with the exception nylalanine + tyrosine figures would appear of the growth of the males (Table 3). The to be adequate when compared with the wheat diets contained 4% Menhaden fish N.R.C. The latter is also true of valine. The meal, which was necessary in order to balance glycine figures, % and gm.-glycine/mc. are out the amino acid silhouette. When 20% below those of the N.R.C. requirement with protein diets (Diets 9, 10 and 11) were in- the exception of Diets 8 and 11. creased in calories by approximately 121 From the data of this experiment it is quite Kcal.M.E./kg., feed conversion was not im- apparent that broiler diets should be formuproved as much as might have been antici- j lated to meet amino acid requirements. If pated. The feed conversions with milo and the level of protein is in the range of 20%, corn were considerably better than were those it is not necessary to add lysine to the observed when wheat was used as the grain formulation. It is possible to formulate a source. It was pointed out earlier that the broiler diet containing milo or corn and soyfeed was supplied in mash form. Feed con- bean meal, or wheat, soybean meal and fish version would probably have been improved meal which will satisfy the lysine requirement if the feed had been pelleted. with a protein level of approximately 20%. The arginine content of Diets 3, 4, and Indications from this study are to the effect 5 (Table 2) is consistently lower than that that the lysine requirement may be lowered of the National Research Council ( N . R . C , to the range of 1.07-1.10% or the gm./mc. Bird et al., 1971). This is particularly apparent to the range of 3.30-3.53. When wheat is in the figures for the gms. arginine/megaca- used as the primary grain source, lower amino lorie (inc.). It would appear that the lysine acid levels are noted for threonine, leucine, requirement for diets of this type is no more isoleucine, and valine, which may need to than 1.10% which would be in agreement with be considered when using wheat as the prithe latest report of Almquist (1972). This is mary grain source in computerized formulacertainly true for gm.-lysine/mc. in Diets tion. 3-11 (Table 2). The methionine + cystine ACKNOWLEDGMENTS g m . / m c . are lower in Diets 3, 6, 9, and 10 than are those quoted from the University Vitamins A, D 3 , B 12 , D-a-tocopherol aceof Maryland and the N.R.C. (Table 2). The tate, riboflavin, niacin, D-calcium pantothetryptophane figures are very much in agree- nate, choline chloride, menadione sodium biment with the N.R.C. requirement as % sulphite complex, and zinc bacitracin were tryptophane or as g m . / m c . The threonine supplied through the courtesy of Hoffmanfigures for % and g m . / m c . are lower than Taff, Inc., P.O. Box 1246, S.S.S., Springthose of the N . R . C , especially for the wheat field, Missouri, 65805. The zinc bacitracin diets. This may assist in explaining a some- was supplied by the courtesy of Commercial what poorer feed efficiency obtained with Solvents Corporation, Terre Haute, Indiana. the wheat diets (5, 8, 11). The performance of the birds fed Diet 5 is somewhat surprising REFERENCES in view of the low theornine level in the diet. The histidine figures, % and gm.-histidine/ Almquist, H. J., 1972. Proteins and Amino Acids in Animal Nutrition, S. B. Penick & Co., Agribioticsm c , are in quite good agreement with the Nutrition a Unit of CPC International Inc., 100 N . R . C with the exception of Diet 3 and with Church St., New York, Fifth Edition.
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PROTEIN AND AMINO ACIDS
Bird, H. R., D. R. Clandinin, J. R. Couch, H. M. Edwards, Jr., F. W. Hill, James McGinnis, E. C. Naber, Subcommittee on Poultry Nutrition, 1971. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, Sixth Revised Edition, Number 1. Combs, G. F., 1970, Maryland broiler nutrition studies. Proceedings, Maryland Nutrition Conference: 8189. Combs,G. F., 1963, Maryland broiler nutrition studies.
Proceedings, Maryland Nutrition Conference: 4872. Combs, G. F., 1961, Maryland broiler nutrition studies. Proceedings, Maryland Nutrition Conference: 5164. Duncan, D. B., 1955. Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics, 11: 1-42. Snedecor, G. W., 1965. Statistical Methods, 5th ed., Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, pp. 237290.
EDUARDO CHAVEZ AND F . H . KRATZER
Department of Avian Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (Received for publication July 14, 1973)
ABSTRACT A foot pad dermatitis has been noted in White turkey poults fed a methionine deficient diet containing soybean meal. It was not related to a deficiency of biotin. Supplementing this diet with cystine aggravates the condition while methionine prevents it. Metabolic precursors of methionine such as homocystine and betaine or methionine hydroxyanalogue appear to be only partially as effective as DL-methionine. This indicates that dietary methionine is more effective in preventing the foot pad dermatitis than that which becomes available after biosynthesis. Bronze poults did not exhibit the syndrome except when cystine was added to the diet. POULTRY SCIENCE 53: 755-760, 1974
D
ERMATITIS in turkey poults is a common syndrome caused by feeding rations deficient in certain vitamins such as riboflavin (Lepkovsky and Jukes, 1936), biotin (Patrick et al., 1942), pantothenic acid (Kratzer and Williams, 1948) as well as high levels of soybean meal (40% or more) (Jensen et al., 1970). A foot pad dermatitis in turkey poults related to the wetness and crustiness of the litter and the pen location in the brooder house but not to dietary treatment, has been described by (Abbott et al., 1970). Chavez and Kratzer (1970) reported that a similar type of dermatitis produced by a diet containing isolated soybean protein or soybean meal could be prevented by the addition of methionine but was unrelated to the addition of sulfate or extra biotin. The present work describes further experiments studying the relations of various dietary supplements to the prevention of this dermatitis condition.
EXPERIMENTAL
Sexed poults from a Large White strain, except for experiment 2, were fed a practical diet from day-old to five days of age before being distributed into different treatment groups of approximately equal numbers of males and females and of equivalent body weight. Brood Breasted Bronze poults were used in experiment 2. Duplicate groups were used for each treatment and the poults were housed in wire-floored, electrically-heated batteries. Feed and water were supplied ad libitum and the birds were weighed and examined for dermatitis weekly. Dermatitis was scored according to a system by which 4 indicated maximum severity with dermatitis on both feet and 0 indicated the absence of dermatitis. The basal diets are shown in table 1 and supplements were added at the expense of corn starch.
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Effect of Diet on Foot Pad Dermatitis in Poults